EX-99.2 3 a14-8829_2ex99d2.htm EX-99.2

Exhibit 99.2

 

 

www.rpacan.com

 

TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE MERCEDES GOLD-SILVER MINE, SONORA STATE, MEXICO

 

PREPARED FOR YAMANA GOLD INC.

 

Report for NI 43-101

 

Qualified Persons:

 

R. Dennis Bergen, P. Eng.

 

Chester M. Moore, P. Eng.

 

February 25, 2014

 



 

Report Control Form

 

Document Title

 

Technical Report on the Mercedes Gold-Silver Mine, Sonora State, Mexico

 

 

 

Client Name & Address

 

 

Yamana Gold Inc.

9670 Gateway Drive, Suite 200

Reno, Nevada

89521-3952

 

 

 

Document Reference

 

Project # 2175

Status & Issue No.

FINAL Version

 

 

 

 

Issue Date

 

February 25, 2014

 

 

 

Lead Author

 

R. Dennis Bergen

(Signed)

 

 

Chester M. Moore

(Signed)

 

 

 

Peer Reviewer

 

Graham G. Clow

(Signed)

 

 

 

Project Manager Approval

 

Chester M. Moore

(Signed)

 

 

 

Project Director Approval

 

Wayne Valliant

(Signed)

 

 

 

Report Distribution

 

Name

 

No. of Copies

 

 

 

 

 

Client

 

 

 

 

 

RPA Filing

1 (project box)

 

Roscoe Postle Associates Inc.

55 University Avenue, Suite 501

Toronto, ON  M5J 2H7

Canada

Tel: +1 416 947 0907

Fax: +1 416 947 0395

mining@rpacan.com

 



 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

PAGE

 

 

1 SUMMARY

1-1

Executive Summary

1-1

Technical Summary

1-5

 

 

2 INTRODUCTION

2-1

 

 

3 RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS

3-1

 

 

4 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION

4-1

 

 

5 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY

5-1

 

 

6 HISTORY

6-1

 

 

7 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALIZATION

7-1

Regional Geology

7-1

Property Geology

7-4

Mineralization

7-9

 

 

8 DEPOSIT TYPES

8-1

 

 

9 EXPLORATION

9-1

 

 

10 DRILLING

10-1

 

 

11 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY

11-1

Drill Sampling

11-1

Sample Preparation and Analysis

11-4

Mine Production Sample Preparation and Analysis

11-6

Exploration Quality Assurance/Quality Control

11-8

Mine Quality Assurance/Quality Control

11-15

Security of Samples

11-17

 

 

12 DATA VERIFICATION

12-1

 

 

13 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING

13-1

Metallurgical Testing

13-1

Process Description

13-5

 

 

14 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE

14-1

Summary

14-1

Introduction

14-3

Resource Database and Validation

14-3

Geological Interpretation and 3D Solids

14-4

Assay Composites

14-13

Grade Capping

14-13

Bulk Density

14-15

Cut-off Grade

14-16

 

i



 

Variography, Interpolation Parameters and Block Models

14-16

Mineral Resource Classification

14-22

Mineral Resource Summary

14-26

Model Validation

14-27

 

 

15 MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATE

15-1

Summary

15-1

Mineral Reserve Estimation

15-3

Dilution

15-4

Extraction

15-5

Cut-off Grade

15-6

Classification

15-8

RPA Opinions

15-8

 

 

16 MINING METHODS

16-1

Mine Design

16-8

Mining Methods

16-9

Geomechanics, Ground Support

16-9

Infrastructure

16-12

Mine Production

16-19

Production Schedule

16-23

 

 

17 RECOVERY METHODS

17-1

Crushing

17-1

Fine Crushing and Conveying

17-1

Grinding and Classification

17-2

Gravity Concentration

17-2

Pre-leach Thickener

17-2

Leach Circuit and Counter Current Decantation

17-3

 

 

18 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE

18-1

Tailings Storage Facility

18-4

 

 

19 MARKET STUDIES AND CONTRACTS

19-1

Markets

19-1

Contracts

19-1

 

 

20 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING, AND SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACT

20-1

Environmental Permits

20-1

Environmental Studies

20-2

Community Relations

20-4

Mine Closure Requirements

20-6

 

 

21 CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS

21-1

Capital Costs

21-1

Operating Costs

21-1

 

 

22 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

22-1

 

 

23 ADJACENT PROPERTIES

23-1

 

ii



 

24 OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION

24-1

 

 

25 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS

25-1

Exploration Potential

25-1

Geology and Mineral Resources

25-1

Mineral Reserves and Life of Mine Plan

25-2

 

 

26 RECOMMENDATIONS

26-1

Exploration and Mineral Resources

26-1

Mineral Reserves and Strategic Life of Mine Plan

26-2

 

 

27 REFERENCES

27-1

 

 

28 DATE AND SIGNATURE PAGE

28-1

 

 

29 CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFIED PERSON

29-1

 

LIST OF TABLES

 

 

 

PAGE

 

 

 

Table 1-1

2014 Exploration Program

1-4

Table 1-2

Major Discoveries

1-10

Table 1-3

Mineral Resource Estimate (December 31, 2013)

1-11

Table 1-4

Mineral Reserve Estimate (December 31, 2013)

1-12

Table 1-5

SLOM Capital Expenditures

1-15

Table 1-6

SLOM Operating Cost Estimate

1-15

Table 4-1

Mercedes Project Mineral Concessions

4-4

Table 6-1

Historic Production to December 31, 2013

6-4

Table 7-1

Principal Vein Descriptions

7-10

Table 10-1

Major Discoveries

10-1

Table 10-2

Project Drill Summary

10-2

Table 10-3

Selected 2013 Drill Intersections

10-3

Table 11-1

Results of Gold Standards Submitted to the Mine Laboratory in 2013

11-15

Table 11-2

Results of Silver Standards Submitted to the Mine Laboratory in 2013

11-16

Table 13-1

Communition Results

13-4

Table 14-1

Measured Mineral Resource Estimate (December 31, 2013)

14-2

Table 14-2

Indicated Mineral Resource Estimate (December 31, 2013)

14-2

Table 14-3

Inferred Mineral Resource Estimate (December 31, 2013)

14-3

Table 14-4

Gold Assay Statistics

14-5

Table 14-5

Silver Assay Statistics

14-6

Table 14-6

Top Cut Values

14-14

Table 14-7

Summary of Assay Records

14-15

Table 14-8

Bulk Density by Deposit

14-16

Table 14-9

Variography Results

14-17

Table 14-10

Interpolation Parameters

14-18

Table 14-11

Mineral Resource Estimate (December 31, 2013)

14-26

Table 14-12

Mineral Resource Estimate (December 31, 2013)

14-26

Table 14-13

Comparison of Mineral Resource Estimates

14-28

Table 15-1

Mineral Reserve Estimate (December 31, 2013)

15-1

Table 15-2

Mineral Reserve Estimate by Vein (December 31, 2013)

15-2

 

iii



 

Table 15-3

Estimated Dilution Tonnes and Grade

15-5

Table 15-4

Mining Extraction

15-6

Table 15-5

Cut-off Grade Calcualtions

15-7

Table 15-6

Open Pit Cut-off Grade Estimation

15-7

Table 16-1

Whittle Inputs

16-8

Table 16-2

Design Criteria for Open Pit

16-9

Table 16-3

Major Mobile Equipment

16-17

Table 16-5

Mercedes Mine Production

16-19

Table 16-6

SLOM 2013 Case G

16-24

Table 16-7

Breakdown of Material in the SLOM by Classification

16-25

Table 17-1

Mercedes Mill Production

17-6

Table 20-1

Key Environmental Permits

20-2

Table 21-1

SLOM Capital Expenditures

21-1

Table 21-2

2013 Operating Costs

21-2

Table 21-3

SLOM Operating Cost Estimate

21-2

Table 21-4

SLOM Manpower Estimates

21-3

Table 26-1

2014 Exploration Program

26-1

 

LIST OF FIGURES

 

 

 

PAGE

 

 

 

Figure 4-1

Location Map

4-2

Figure 4-2

Concession Boundary

4-3

Figure 7-1

Local Geology

7-2

Figure 7-1A

Local Geology Legend

7-3

Figure 7-2

Property Geology

7-6

Figure 11-1

QQ Plot — Gold Distribution for RC and Core Drill Holes — Mercedes Deposit

11-3

Figure 11-2

QQ Plot — Gold Distribution for RC and Core Drill Holes — Klondike Deposit

11-4

Figure 11-3

Mine Laboratory Sample Preparation and Analytical Procedure

11-7

Figure 14-1

Isometric View of Mercedes and Barrancas Deposits

14-7

Figure 14-2

Isometric View of Klondike and Rey de Oro Deposits

14-8

Figure 14-3

Isometric View of Lupita and Diluvio Deposits

14-9

Figure 14-4

Cross Sections of Mercedes and Barrancas Deposits

14-10

Figure 14-5

Cross Sections of Klondike and Rey de Oro Deposits

14-11

Figure 14-6

Cross Section of Lupita and Diluvio Deposits

14-12

Figure 14-7

AuEq Grade Distribution of the Mercedes and Barrancas Deposits

14-19

Figure 14-8

AuEq Grade Distribution of the Klondike and Rey de Oro Deposits

14-20

Figure 14-9

AuEq Grade Distribution of the Diluvio and Lupita Deposits

14-21

Figure 14-10

Resource Classification at Mercedes and Barrancas Deposits

14-23

Figure 14-11

Resource Classification at Klondike and Rey de Oro Deposits

14-24

Figure 14-12

Resource Classification at Lupita and Diluvio Deposits

14-25

Figure 14-13

Drift Analyses — Klondike

14-29

Figure 14-14

Drift Analyses — Mercedes

14-30

Figure 16-1

Mercedes Mine Deposits

16-2

Figure 16-2

Mercedes Mine Long Section

16-3

Figure 16-3

Klondike Mine Long Section

16-4

Figure 16-4

Lagunas and Barrancas Mine Long Section

16-5

Figure 16-5

Diluvio Mine Isometric View

16-6

 

iv



 

Figure 16-6

Rey De Oro Isometric View

16-7

Figure 16-7

2013 Mine Head Grade

16-20

Figure 16-8

2013 Mercedes Mine Head Grade

16-21

Figure 16-9

2013 Klondike Mine Head Grade

16-21

Figure 16-10

2013 Lagunas Mine Head Grade

16-22

Figure 16-11

2013 Mercedes MCF

16-22

Figure 17-1

Process Flowsheet

17-7

Figure 18-1

Site Plan

18-8

 

v



 

1 SUMMARY

 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 

Roscoe Postle Associates Inc. (RPA) was retained by Yamana Gold Inc. (Yamana) to carry out an audit of the Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources and to prepare an independent Technical Report on the Mercedes Gold-Silver Mine (Mercedes or the Project) of Minera Meridian Minerales S. de R.L. de C.V. (MMM), located in Sonora State, Mexico.  The purpose of this independent Technical Report is to provide support information for the disclosure of Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources at the property.  This Technical Report conforms to NI 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects.  RPA visited the property on November 19 to 21, 2013.

 

Yamana is a Canadian reporting issuer listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).  Yamana’s corporate offices are in Toronto, Canada, and Sao Paulo, Brazil.  Yamana is involved in the acquisition, exploration, development, and mining of gold properties in North, Central, and South America.

 

Yamana acquired Mercedes when it acquired and merged with Meridian Gold Inc. in the third quarter of 2007.  Yamana owns a 100% interest in MMM.

 

Yamana’s other assets include:

 

·                  100% ownership in the Chapada open pit copper and gold mine located in Brazil, 270 km northwest of the capital city of Brasilia.

 

·                  100% ownership in the Jacobina underground gold mining operations located in Bahia State in northeastern Brazil approximately 340 km northwest of the city of Salvador.

 

·                  100% ownership in the Fazenda Brasiliero underground gold mine located in northeast Brazil in the eastern portion of Bahia state, 180 km north-northeast of the state capital city of Salvador.

 

·                  100% ownership in the El Peñón underground and open pit gold-silver mine near Antofagasta in northern Chile.

 

·                  100% ownership of the Pedro Valencia Mine of Minera Florida in the Alhué District, situated 73 km south of Santiago in central Chile.

 

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·                  100% ownership in the Gualcamayo open pit gold operation located in northern San Juan Province, Argentina, approximately 280 km north of the provincial capital of San Juan.

 

·                  12.5% ownership in the Alumbrera open pit copper and gold mine located in northwest Argentina.

 

·                  Other projects in Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.

 

Currently, the major assets and facilities associated with Mercedes are:

 

·                  Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources in 16 known veins on the property with production from Mercedes, Barrancas, and Klondike veins.  Mercedes produced approximately 125,600 ounces of gold and 589,700 ounces of silver in 2013.

 

·                  Grinding and gravity circuit ahead of a Counter Current Decantation (CCD) agitated leach circuit and an INCO SO2/air cyanide destruction circuit, which produces gold doré.  The processing plant operates at a capacity of 1,900 tpd.

 

·                  Mine and mill infrastructure including office buildings, shops, and equipment.

 

·                  A tailings storage facility with current capacity until 2016.

 

RPA has had no previous involvement with this operation.

 

The 2013 Mercedes Mineral Resources reported by Yamana, excluding the Mineral Resources which have been converted to Mineral Reserves, total 3.58 million tonnes of Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources at an average grade of approximately 3.10 g/t Au and 37.8 g/t Ag.  This equates to 356,700 ounces of gold and 4,351,100 ounces of silver.  The deposits are also reported to contain 3.3 million tonnes of Inferred Mineral Resources at an average grade of approximately 3.9 g/t Au and 36.0 g/t Ag.  This equates to 410,000 ounces of gold and 3,840,000 ounces of silver.

 

The Mineral Reserves at the Mercedes operations consist of open pit and underground Mineral Reserves.  The underground Mineral Reserves are being exploited in three separate underground mines and the ore is being processed for the recovery of gold and silver.

 

The Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves are estimated to total 5.60 million tonnes grading 4.69 g/t Au and 46.8 g/t Ag, including:

 

·                  Proven Mineral Reserves of 0.96 million tonnes grading 4.48 g/t Au and 57.7 g/t Ag, and

 

1-2



 

·                  Probable Mineral Reserves of 4.64 million tonnes grading 4.74 g/t Au and 44.5 g/t Ag.

 

Within the total Probable Mineral Reserves, there are 229,000 tonnes grading 2.15 g/t Au and 17.4 g/t Ag of open pit reserves.  The balance of the Mineral Reserves are planned to be recovered using underground mining methods.

 

CONCLUSIONS

 

EXPLORATION POTENTIAL

 

Yamana reports that there is good geological potential for additional gold mineralization at the Mercedes.  Yamana plans to carry out drilling for extensions of known deposits at the Project.

 

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

 

Gold-silver mineralization on the Mercedes Property is hosted within epithermal low sulphidation (adularia-sericite) veins, stockwork, and breccia zones.  Over 15 km Au-Ag-bearing epithermal low sulphidation veins have been identified within or marginal to the andesite-filled basins on the Project.

 

The mineralized zones display a combination of fissure vein, stockwork and breccia morphologies that change rapidly on strike and dip.  The zones range in width from less than 1.0 m to composite vein/stockwork/breccia zones up to 15.0 m wide.  Length of individual veins varies from 100 m to over 2.0 km.  Property-wide, Au-Ag bearing veins occur over a vertical range greater than 600 m (680 m to 1,300 m).

 

Mineralogical studies identified opaque minerals, including iron oxides, pyrite, gold, electrum, stibnite, and rare pyrargyrite, within a gangue of substantial chalcedony, quartz, and carbonate.

 

Except for not using a minimum width and carrying potentially some unmineable remnant blocks in the total, the Mineral Resource estimates, in RPA’s opinion, are prepared in accordance with Canadian Mining Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) definitions as incorporated by reference into NI 43-101.

 

As part of our due diligence on the Mineral Resources, RPA carried out an independent check on the Mercedes and Klondike deposits using a 2.0 g/t gold equivalent (AuEq) cut-off grade

 

1-3



 

and verified wireframes.  It is RPA’s opinion that the Yamana estimates and RPA check estimates show acceptable agreement.

 

MINERAL RESERVES AND OPERATIONS

 

RPA has reviewed the work by Mercedes personnel related to the estimation of the Mineral Reserves and is of the opinion that the Mineral Reserves have been estimated in an appropriate manner.

 

RECOMMENDATIONS

 

EXPLORATION AND MINERAL RESOURCES

 

Based on continuing success in extending known resources, Yamana has continued exploration in and around the current deposits.  The exploration program for 2014 consists of 24,200 m of diamond drilling targeted at ten near mine priority targets (Table 1-1).  The program has an approved budget of US$5.5 million. RPA concurs with this work program.

 

TABLE 1-1   2014 EXPLORATION PROGRAM

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Activity

 

Target Area

 

No. of Holes

 

Length (m)

Underground Drilling

 

Corona de Oro (deep)

 

6

 

1,500

 

 

Casa Blanca (deep)

 

6

 

900

 

 

Breccia Hill (deep, NW)

 

8

 

2,000

 

 

Klondike (strike, dip)

 

8

 

800

Sub-total

 

 

 

30

 

5,200

Surface Drilling

 

Barrancas-Lagunas Gap

 

4

 

1,200

 

 

Breccia Hill (deep, NW)

 

5

 

2,500

 

 

Klondike (strike, dip)

 

8

 

2,400

 

 

Marianas (strike, dip)

 

8

 

4,800

 

 

Sausito-Ramal

 

10

 

2,100

 

 

Lagunas (deep)

 

2

 

900

 

 

Barrancas Central (deep)

 

2

 

900

 

 

Diluvio NW (NW extension)

 

8

 

4,200

Sub-total

 

 

 

47

 

19,000

TOTAL

 

 

 

77

 

24,200

 

Other RPA recommendations include:

 

·                  Complete an independent mine laboratory audit by a qualified external consultant.

 

·                  Apply a minimum mining width to narrow intersections in the block models.

 

·                  Include comparisons of statistics of block grades and original composites and inverse distance squared (ID2) interpolations into resource estimate validations.

 

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·                  Use caution during the conversion of resources to reserves to ensure that planned mining blocks meet or exceed the cut-off grade once expanded to the minimum mining width and external dilution is added.

 

·                  Remove isolated and potentially unmineable material rejected by the mine planning process from the Mineral Resources.

 

MINERAL RESERVES AND STRATEGIC LIFE OF MINE PLAN

 

With regard to the Mineral Reserves and operations, RPA recommends that Yamana:

 

·                  Continue operations and mine development and production at Mercedes.

 

·                  Review mine operating costs and cut-off grade calculations to ensure that cut-off grades are based on actual cost experience.

 

·                  Advance mine development planning for the Diluvio and Rey de Oro deposits.

 

·                  Develop plans for the expansion of the tailings area or for an additional tailings storage facility.

 

·                  Undertake more detailed reconciliation studies to reconcile mine production back to the Mineral Reserve estimate.

 

TECHNICAL SUMMARY

 

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION, TENURE AND LOCATION

 

The Mercedes mining operation is located in the state of Sonora, northwest Mexico, within the Cucurpe municipality (30o33’ W latitude and 110o48’ W longitude).  The Project is located 250 km northeast of Hermosillo, Sonora’s capital city, and 300 km south of Tucson, Arizona.

 

The Mercedes Property consists of approximately 64,650 ha of mineral concessions under lease from the government of Mexico.  The area is covered by 39 mineral concessions, all of which have been titled as Mining Concessions, according to Mexican mining law.  The titles are valid for 50 years from the date titled.  All of the concessions are owned by Minera Meridian Minerales S. de R.L. de C.V., a subsidiary of Yamana.  All of the concessions are in good standing with mining law obligations through twice-annual tax payments and required assessment work.

 

EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE

 

Mercedes is currently mining three deposits and has all required infrastructure necessary for a mining complex including:

 

1-5



 

·                  Declines and series of ramp-connected levels

 

·                  A 1,900 tpd crushing plant and mill

 

·                  Tailings storage facility

 

·                  Associated administrative building, laboratory, shops, and warehouse

 

·                  Water supply

 

·                  Power supply provided by a 65 km, 115 kV power line, from the town of Magdalena de Kino

 

HISTORY

 

Exploration and development work was conducted in at least two or three distinct periods.  The Mercedes, Tucabe, Saucito, Anita, Klondike, Rey de Oro, Reina, and Ponchena veins were the focus of exploration and development work on a limited to moderate scale during the late 19th century and early 20th century.  Very little information is available on this work.

 

The Tucabe vein was mined around the turn of the century.  A cyanide mill was constructed on the site and the Tucabe vein was accessed through a series of tunnels and shafts, covering over 600 m of strike and a vertical range of over 150 m.  The Mercedes vein was discovered in 1936.  Anaconda Copper Company optioned the property in 1937 and spent two years exploring underground.  The work included sinking a 50 m shaft and excavating a series of tunnels and internal raises for sampling and reserve estimation. Little historical data is available for past mining activities at the Klondike mine.  Anaconda files from the 1930s indicate that the Klondike Mine was mined around 1900, with the main stope being about 120 m by 80 m in size.

 

In 1994, the Fomento Minero, an agency of the Mexican government conducted surface and underground sampling of the Tucabe vein to evaluate potential for an open pit, heap leach operation.  Minera Sierra Madre evaluated the property and drilled 800 m of reverse circulation (RC) drilling to depths of 75 m in 1996.  Sampling by Rio Sonora (Gerle Gold Ltd.) of the underground workings on the Saucito zone indicated that the mineralization was very erratic but several samples returned results of greater than 10 g/t Au.  Rio Sonora drilled 10 shallow holes testing the area for near surface open pit potential.  The holes returned low-grade values and in the vicinity of the workings drilling failed to equal the grade from the underground sampling.

 

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In the mid-1990s, Mogul Mining Ltd. acquired the property and reported assay results from several hand-dug surface trenches excavated near the main shaft area.  The only known drill program was by Minera Sortula (Campbell Chibougamau Mines Limited) about 15 years ago.  Four core holes were reportedly drilled into the old workings.  Yamana does not have any of the Mogul Mining Ltd. or Minera Sortula data.

 

The Mercedes and Klondike Mine areas were first examined by Meridian Gold Inc.’s (Meridian) predecessor FMC Gold Company in 1993 as part of a regional exploration program in Mexico.  Meridian geologists completed surface and underground mapping and sampling in 2000.  The surface evaluation identified 11 separate target areas.  Five areas had historic mining activities and were the focus of the first phase of an RC drilling program.

 

RC drilling started in 2001 focusing on the Klondike and Mercedes zones.  This program was successful discovering a narrow, vein-hosted mineralized zone at Mercedes and significant mineralization was also encountered at Klondike.

 

In 2002, Meridian entered into a joint venture (JV) with Fischer-Watt Corporation (Fischer-Watt), to continue exploration at Mercedes.  Fischer-Watt did limited metallurgical testing and developed a preliminary design for underground development on the Mercedes vein.  The JV was terminated in the fall of 2004 and the property was returned to Meridian.

 

The exploration program conducted in 2005 resulted in the discovery of the bonanza grade Corona de Oro shoot in the Mercedes vein.  Drilling expanded in 2006-2007, focusing on the Mercedes, Klondike, and Lupita veins.

 

GEOLOGY AND MINERALIZATION

 

REGIONAL GEOLOGY

 

The geology of north-central Sonora displays a complex history of tectonic and magmatic activity.  The oldest known rocks are folded and variably metamorphosed late Jurassic volcanic sedimentary rocks and lower Cretaceous calcareous sediments.

 

The sedimentary basement rocks are covered by thick and aerially extensive sequences of upper Cretaceous felsic volcanic rocks which are in turn locally intruded and overlain by upper Cretaceous andesite flow and intrusive units.  This entire rock package was then intruded by a

 

1-7



 

series of granitic to granodioritic stocks and dykes.  Continued volcanic activity through the Oligocene produced a bi-modal suite of flows and volcaniclastic units.

 

The Miocene was dominated by extension, erosion, and limited volcanic activity.  Thick and regionally extensive sequences of polymictic conglomerate and arenite, which are locally intercalated with felsic volcanic units, fill extensional basins throughout north-central Sonora.

 

PROPERTY GEOLOGY AND MINERALIZATION

 

Two northwest trending arches with exposed Jurassic marine sediments and Cretaceous lithic and quartz-lithic tuff units dominate the local geology.  The arches have been intruded by at least three stages of dikes and small stocks, ranging in composition from andesite to latite and rhyolite.  Marginal to the northwest trending arches, andesitic volcanic flows and flow breccias have been deposited in at least three west-northwest trending basins.  Dikes of andesite and latite crosscut the andesite flow package.

 

Gold-silver mineralization on the Mercedes Property is hosted within epithermal low sulphidation (adularia-sericite) veins, stockwork, and breccia zones.  Over 15 km of veins have been identified within or marginal to the andesite-filled basins, which constitute the primary exploration target on the Project.  Major veins typically trend N30-70W at 60º to 90º dips following the major regional structural pattern.  Veins typically dip at greater than 60º, but locally range as low as 25º.  Post-mineral latite dikes fill the some of the same northwest trending structures that host some of the veins, locally destroying mineralization as emplaced.

 

The mineralized zones display a combination of fissure vein, stockwork, and breccia morphologies that change rapidly on strike and dip.  The zones range in width from less than 1.0 m to composite vein/stockwork/breccia zones up to 15.0 m wide.  In the Diluvio zone, gold-silver-bearing vein/stockwork zones locally attain thicknesses in excess of 100.0 m.  Length of individual veins varies from 100 m to over 3.0 km.  Property-wide, gold-silver-bearing veins occur over a vertical range greater than 600 m (680 m to 1,300 m).

 

Mineralogical studies identified opaque minerals, including iron oxides, pyrite, gold, electrum, stibnite, and rare pyrargyrite, within a gangue of substantial chalcedony, quartz, and carbonate.

 

1-8



 

Metallurgical studies have identified the presence of very small quantities of native gold, native silver, electrum, pyrargyrite, stibnite, galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite in heavy mineral concentrates.  Copper minerals such as malachite and chrysocolla are most common as fracture fillings in breccias at Klondike, but rare specks are also seen in the Mercedes and Lupita-Diluvio veins.

 

EXPLORATION STATUS

 

Between August 1999 and 2013, mapping and sampling was completed over an area of approximately 235 km2Surface mapping identified three major basins filled with andesitic volcanic rocks and areas in which significant extensions of andesite basins may be covered by shallow post-mineral deposits.

 

Geochemical sampling focused on rock chip samples from outcropping veins along with samples from the historic mine workings.  Rock samples and stream sediment samples were collected to quantify geochemistry within the systems.

 

In 2007, an aggressive drilling and development program was initiated to assess the potential of the Project and bring it to a feasibility study stage.  Drilling from 2009 to 2013 has focused on district exploration outside of the Mercedes-Klondike systems, resulting in the discovery of the Barrancas vein zone, the Diluvio zone at Lupita, and the expansion of the Rey de Oro vein system.

 

The discovery history for major ore shoots on the Mercedes property is summarized in Table 1-2.

 

1-9



 

TABLE 1-2   MAJOR DISCOVERIES

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Year

 

Vein

 

Ore Shoot

 

Discovery 
Hole

 

From 
(m)

 

To
(m)

 

Interval 
(m)

 

True 
Width 
(m)

 

Au 
(g/t)

 

Ag 
(g/t)

 

2000

 

Klondike

 

Klondike

 

K003

 

141.77

 

151.68

 

9.91

 

7.53

 

7.13

 

21.0

 

2005

 

Mercedes

 

Corona de Oro

 

M05-031

 

186.00

 

207.00

 

21.00

 

9.00

 

28.44

 

245.0

 

2006

 

Rey de Oro

 

Rey de Oro

 

R06-008

 

0.00

 

19.30

 

19.30

 

17.20

 

5.21

 

16.3

 

2007

 

Mercedes

 

Sentinela

 

M07-107D

 

253.54

 

255.84

 

2.30

 

2.10

 

157.29

 

574.0

 

2008

 

Mercedes

 

Breccia Hill

 

M08-305D

 

218.24

 

221.28

 

3.04

 

2.00

 

19.43

 

11.6

 

2008

 

Mercedes

 

Tierra De Nadie

 

M08-230D

 

197.30

 

206.29

 

8.99

 

8.10

 

24.11

 

156.2

 

2009

 

Barrancas

 

B. Centro

 

M09-459D

 

318.82

 

333.42

 

14.60

 

6.05

 

5.82

 

186.2

 

2009

 

Barrancas

 

Lagunas

 

M09-449D

 

203.60

 

211.30

 

7.70

 

6.30

 

16.68

 

65.6

 

2009

 

Lupita

 

Lupita

 

L09-021D

 

193.51

 

201.15

 

7.64

 

7.01

 

28.15

 

52.0

 

2010

 

Barrancas

 

Lagunas Norte

 

M10-574D

 

198.12

 

204.52

 

6.40

 

4.90

 

9.31

 

121.1

 

2010

 

Lupita

 

Diluvio

 

L10-073D

 

202.08

 

233.52

 

31.44

 

9.00

 

8.40

 

11.9

 

2011

 

Lupita

 

Diluvio West

 

L11-109

 

421.84

 

430.98

 

9.14

 

7.32

 

7.24

 

48.1

 

2012

 

Barrancas

 

Marianas

 

M12-639D

 

454.77

 

457.81

 

3.04

 

2.20

 

12.69

 

11.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

and

 

476.38

 

477.62

 

1.24

 

0.74

 

74.70

 

4.0

 

 

 

Rey de Oro

 

Rey de Oro Deep

 

R12-066D

 

115.21

 

123.44

 

8.23

 

7.50

 

14.00

 

149.6

 

 

As of the end of 2013, a total of 328,321 m in 1,201 drill holes have been completed on the Project.  Mineralized zones at Mercedes, Klondike, Barrancas, Lupita, and Rey de Oro have been drilled on approximately 30 m to 60 m centers, using a combination of diamond drilling and minor RC drilling.

 

MINERAL RESOURCES

 

For this report, RPA has reviewed the Mineral Resource estimates of the various deposits at the Mercedes Mine as reported by Yamana as of December 31, 2013.  RPA carried out a number of checks to verify the various procedures and numerical calculations used in the Mercedes estimates.  This included detailed tracing of the methodology of estimating tonnage and grade of resource and reserve blocks.  With few exceptions, RPA found that values and compilations of gold grades were accurately recorded and calculated as provided on sections and plans.

 

RPA notes, however, that a minimum thickness was not applied to the mineralized solids in the estimation of Mineral Resources.  Narrow intersections were used in the block models to maintain grade and geological continuity and to facilitate future mine planning activities.  Some

 

1-10



 

of these narrow intersections will not remain economically viable when diluted out to a minimum mining width during the reserve estimation process.

 

The Mineral Resource estimates, exclusive of those resources used to estimate the Mineral Reserves, are summarized in Table 1-3.

 

TABLE 1-3   MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE (DECEMBER 31, 2013)

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

Grade

 

Metal

 

Classification

 

Tonnes

 

Au (g/t)

 

Ag (g/t)

 

AuEq (g/t)

 

Au (oz)

 

Ag (oz)

 

AuEq (oz)

 

Measured

 

172,600

 

4.62

 

49.17

 

4.97

 

25,700

 

272,900

 

27,600

 

Indicated

 

3,412,300

 

3.02

 

37.17

 

3.29

 

331,100

 

4,078,200

 

360,200

 

Total M+I

 

3,584,900

 

3.10

 

37.75

 

3.37

 

356,700

 

4,351,100

 

387,800

 

Inferred

 

3,310,000

 

3.9

 

36.0

 

4.2

 

410,000

 

3,840,000

 

441,300

 

 

Notes:

1.              CIM definitions were followed for Mineral Resources.

2.              Mineral Resources are estimated at a cut-off grade of 2.0 g/t AuEq.

3.              AuEq based on 1.0 g Au = 140.0 g Ag.

4.              Mineral Resources are estimated using a long-term gold price of US$1,500 per ounce.

5.              No minimum mining width was used.

6.              Bulk density is 2.42 t/m3 for ore and 2.44 t/m3 for waste.

7.              Mineral Resources are exclusive of Mineral Reserves.

8.              Numbers may not add due to rounding.

 

RPA is not aware of any environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political, or other relevant issues that would materially affect the Mineral Resource estimate.

 

As part of this audit, RPA carried out independent estimates of the Mercedes and Klondike deposits based on the surface drilling, underground data (drilling and chip samples), and wireframes provided.  In RPA’s opinion, the results show acceptable agreement with the Yamana estimates.

 

MINERAL RESERVES

 

The Mineral Reserves at the Mercedes Mine are mostly underground Mineral Reserves which are being exploited by underground mining.  There is a small planned open pit mine included in the Mineral Reserves.  The Mineral Reserve estimates are summarized in Table 1-4.

 

1-11



 

TABLE 1-4   MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATE (DECEMBER 31, 2013)

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Category

 

Tonnes
(000)

 

Au g/t

 

Ag g/t

 

Au Oz
(000)

 

Ag oz
(000)

 

AuEq
(g/t)

 

GEO
(000)

 

Proven UG

 

963

 

4.48

 

57.7

 

139

 

1,786

 

4.89

 

151

 

Probable UG

 

4,406

 

4.88

 

45.9

 

691

 

6,505

 

5.20

 

737

 

Probable OP

 

229

 

2.15

 

17.4

 

16

 

128

 

2.28

 

17

 

Sub-total Probable

 

4,635

 

4.74

 

44.5

 

706

 

6,633

 

5.06

 

754

 

Proven & Probable

 

5,598

 

4.69

 

46.8

 

845

 

8,419

 

5.03

 

905

 

 

Notes:

1.              CIM definitions were followed for Mineral Reserves.

2.              Underground Mineral Reserves are estimated at a cut-off grade of 3.0 g/t Au.

3.              Open pit Mineral Reserves were estimated at a cut- off grade of 1.55 g/t Au.

4.              Mineral Reserves are estimated using an average gold price of US$950 per ounce and a silver price of $18.00 per ounce.

5.              A minimum mining width of 3.0 m was used.

6.              Bulk density varies from 2.25 t/m3 to 2.46 t/m3 depending on rock type and deposit and based on testwork.

7.              Gold equivalence based upon Au:Ag =140.

8.              Numbers may not add due to rounding.

9.              GEO — gold equivalent ounces.

 

Mineral Reserves are estimated by the application of designed mining shapes and minimum parameters including a minimum width of three metres which are applied to the Mineral resource shapes.  Dilution is included as internal dilution within the mining shape as well as external dilution expected to be mined as part of the operation.

 

RPA has reviewed the work by Yamana and MMM personnel related to the estimation of the Mineral Reserves and is of the opinion that the Mineral Reserves have been estimated in an appropriate manner.

 

MINING METHOD

 

The Mercedes Mine is a mechanized decline access underground mine with three separate underground mines (Mercedes, Klondike, and Lagunas-Barrancas).

 

The planned production rate is approximately 2,000 tpd to 2,100 tpd.  Ore from underground is hauled by dump truck to stockpiles near the portal.  Ore from the Barrancas and Klondike mines (and from Diluvio in future) is hauled to a common stockpile area near the jaw crusher.

 

There are two underground mining methods in use at Mercedes.  Where the rock quality is appropriate, the ore is mined by long hole open stoping with cemented paste backfill.  This is

 

1-12



 

expected to be applied to 70% of the deposit.  For areas with poorer rock conditions, the mining method is mechanized cut and fill stoping.

 

The open pit mine at Rey de Oro is a small open pit which extends up a slope.  The pit contains 229,000 tonnes of ore and has a strip ratio of 2.25:1.  For such a small pit the most reasonable mining scenario would be contract mining with technical supervision and grade control by Mercedes.

 

RPA is of the opinion that the selected mining methods are appropriate for the deposits

 

The main declines are driven with a nominal 12% grade and are five metres wide by five metres high.  The main declines are generally located approximately 60 m from the main mineralization.

 

MINERAL PROCESSING

 

The processing facilities at Mercedes are based on conventional milling with Merrill Crowe recovery of precious metals as listed below:

 

·                  Three-stage crushing with closed circuit tertiary crushing operating at 1,900 tpd

·                  Mill in closed circuit with cyclone classifiers

·                  Gravity concentration

·                  Agitated leach

·                  Counter current decantation

·                  Merrill Crowe precipitation

·                  Smelting

·                  Tailings detoxification

·                  Tailings disposal

 

PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE

 

Mercedes has all required infrastructure necessary for a mining complex including:

 

·                  Mine and mill infrastructure including office buildings, shops, and equipment.

 

·                  A tailings storage facility with additional capacity for two years with plans for further expansion.

 

1-13



 

·                  Local water supplies from the mines and dewatering wells.

 

·                  Electric power from the national grid.

 

·                  Mine ventilation fans and ventilation systems.

 

·                  Haulage roads from the mines to the plant.

 

·                  Stockpile areas.

 

·                  Maintenance facilities.

 

·                  Administrative office facilities.

 

·                  Core storage and exploration offices.

 

·                  Security gates and manned security posts at mine entries.

 

·                  Access road network connecting the mine infrastructure to the town site and to public roads.

 

ENVIRONMENTAL, PERMITTING AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS

 

The Mercedes operation is in production and operating within the environmental framework of Yamana.  Yamana has developed and operates under a corporate responsibility program which includes corporate responsibility, community relations, environment, and health and safety.

 

Yamana has a complete and strong Community Program in the Community of Cucurpe, Sonora, approximately 22 km west of the Mercedes Mine.  Although the mine site is located within a private land, previously purchased from a local rancher, Yamana has established different social and economic programs at the Community of Cucurpe.

 

Mercedes has not developed a detailed closure plan but has engaged a consultant to prepare such a plan.  The Strategic Life of Mine (SLOM) financial model includes a provision of $18 million in the final years of the operation for closure and reclamation.

 

CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST ESTIMATES

 

Mercedes is in operation and the capital plan covers the ongoing operations.  The capital expenditures in the SLOM plan total $195 million as summarized in Table 1-5.

 

1-14



 

TABLE 1-5   SLOM CAPITAL EXPENDITURES

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

US$(000)

 

 

 

2014

 

2015

 

2016

 

2017

 

2018

 

2019

 

2020

 

2021

 

2022

 

2023

 

Building & Infrastructure

 

200

 

350

 

200

 

200

 

200

 

200

 

200

 

200

 

200

 

200

 

Hardware & Software

 

100

 

280

 

5

 

50

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

 

Furniture & Fixture

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

 

Automation

 

3,300

 

3,200

 

1,200

 

590

 

490

 

990

 

790

 

790

 

500

 

 

Land Acquisition

 

1,200

 

1,500

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Machinery & Equipment

 

3,992

 

4,223

 

5,029

 

3,477

 

4,447

 

3,541

 

4,501

 

2,375

 

 

 

Vehicles

 

280

 

 

200

 

80

 

200

 

 

280

 

 

 

 

Underground Mine Development

 

17,735

 

8,412

 

229

 

2,337

 

2,630

 

3,141

 

3,593

 

2,937

 

3,118

 

 

Construction

 

11,479

 

5,214

 

4,884

 

7,000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exploration Capex

 

6,000

 

6,000

 

6,000

 

6,000

 

6,000

 

3,000

 

3,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

1,000

 

Reclamation and Closure

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7,000

 

7,000

 

Total

 

46,286

 

31,179

 

19,747

 

21,734

 

15,977

 

12,872

 

14,364

 

10,302

 

14,818

 

8,200

 

 

The capital plan is based upon a minor increase in the mill capacity and ongoing operations.

 

Operating costs for 2013 were approximately 13% over budget on a cost per tonne basis with the actual cost per tonne of $105.53 compared to the budget of $93.63.

 

The operating costs for the SLOM are summarized in Table 1-6.

 

TABLE 1-6   SLOM OPERATING COST ESTIMATE

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

US$/t feed

 

 

 

2014

 

2015

 

2016

 

2017

 

2018

 

2019

 

2020

 

2021

 

2022

 

2023

 

Mine

 

58.20

 

52.80

 

46.10

 

46.70

 

45.50

 

43.90

 

43.30

 

43.40

 

43.50

 

42.30

 

Plant

 

29.50

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

G&A

 

13.00

 

12.90

 

10.70

 

9.60

 

9.20

 

8.90

 

11.80

 

11.80

 

11.80

 

10.70

 

Total

 

100.70

 

95.50

 

86.60

 

86.10

 

84.50

 

82.60

 

84.90

 

85.00

 

85.10

 

82.80

 

 

1-15



 

2 INTRODUCTION

 

Roscoe Postle Associates Inc. (RPA) was retained by Yamana Gold Inc. (Yamana) to carry out an audit of the Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources and to prepare an independent Technical Report on the Mercedes Gold-Silver Mine (Mercedes or the Project) of Minera Meridian Minerales S. de R.L. de C.V. (MMM), located in Sonora State, Mexico.  The purpose of this independent Technical Report is to provide support information for the disclosure of Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources at the property.  This Technical Report conforms to NI 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects.  RPA visited the property on November 19 to 21, 2013.

 

Yamana is a Canadian reporting issuer listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).  Yamana’s corporate offices are in Toronto, Canada, and Sao Paulo, Brazil.  Yamana is involved in the acquisition, exploration, development, and mining of gold properties in North, Central, and South America.

 

Yamana acquired Mercedes when it acquired and merged with Meridian Gold Inc. (Meridian) in the third quarter of 2007.  Yamana owns a 100% interest in MMM.

 

Yamana’s other assets include:

 

·                  100% ownership in the Chapada open pit copper and gold mine located in Brazil, 270 km northwest of the capital city of Brasilia.

 

·                  100% ownership in the Jacobina underground gold mining operations located in Bahia State in northeastern Brazil approximately 340 km northwest of the city of Salvador.

 

·                  100% ownership in the Fazenda Brasiliero underground gold mine located in northeast Brazil in the eastern portion of Bahia state, 180 km north-northeast of the state capital city of Salvador.

 

·                  100% ownership in the El Peñón underground and open pit gold-silver mine near Antofagasta in northern Chile.

 

·                  100% ownership of the Pedro Valencia Mine of Minera Florida in the Alhué District, situated 73 km south of Santiago in central Chile.

 

·                  100% ownership in the Gualcamayo open pit gold operation located in northern San Juan Province, Argentina, approximately 280 km north of the provincial capital of San Juan.

 

2-1



 

·                  12.5% ownership in the Alumbrera open pit copper and gold mine located in northwest Argentina.

 

·                  Other projects in Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.

 

Currently, the major assets and facilities associated with Mercedes are:

 

·                  Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources in 16 known veins on the property with production from Mercedes, Barrancas, and Klondike veins.  Mercedes produced a total of 116,215 ounces of gold and 489,747 ounces of silver in 2012.

 

·                  Grinding and gravity circuit ahead of a Counter Current Decantation (CCD) agitated leach circuit and an INCO SO2/air cyanide destruction circuit, which produces gold doré.  The processing plant operates at a capacity of 1,500 tpd.

 

·                  Mine and mill infrastructure including office buildings, shops, and equipment.

 

·                  A tailings storage facility with current capacity until 2016.

 

RPA has had no previous involvement with this operation.

 

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

 

The Qualified Persons for this report are Messrs. Chester M. Moore, P. Eng., Principal Geologist with RPA, and R. Dennis Bergen, P. Eng., Associate Principal Mining Engineer with RPA.  In preparation of this report, Messrs. Bergen and Moore reviewed technical documents and reports on Mercedes supplied by MMM and Yamana.  The key technical documents reviewed by RPA for this report are “Mercedes Project Update March 2012” and “Mercedes Mineral Resource Estimate and Summary of Exploration Work 1999 to 2008” plus other documents and on-site technical presentations from Mercedes personnel.

 

Discussions were held with personnel from MMM and Yamana:

 

·                  Mr. William H. Wulftange, Vice President, Resources & Reserves and Technical Compliance with Yamana.

·                  Mr. Mark A. Hawksworth, Director: Mexico Exploration, with MMM

·                  Mr. Alejandro Ramos, Manager of Generative Exploration with MMM

·                  Mr. Carlos Beltran, Mercedes Mine Exploration Superintendent with MMM

·                  Mr. David Sauceda, Manager of Mexico Resources with MMM

·                  Mr. Armando Valencia, Property Manager with Yamana

·                  Mr. Gaspar Mendez, Mine Engineer with MMM

·                  Mr. Cristian Ponce, Mine Engineer with MMM

 

2-2



 

Chester Moore is responsible for all sections of the Technical Report, except Sections 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 and parts of sections 1, 25, and 26.  Dennis Bergen is responsible for Sections 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 and the remaining parts of sections 1, 25, and 26 of the Technical Report.

 

The documentation reviewed, and other sources of information, are listed at the end of this report in Section 27 References.

 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

 

Units of measurement used in this report conform to the metric system.  All currency in this report is US dollars (US$) unless otherwise noted.

 

a

 

annum

 

kWh

 

kilowatt-hour

A

 

ampere

 

L

 

litre

bbl

 

barrels

 

lb

 

pound

btu

 

British thermal units

 

L/s

 

litres per second

°C

 

degree Celsius

 

m

 

metre

C$

 

Canadian dollars

 

M

 

mega (million); molar

cal

 

calorie

 

m2

 

square metre

cfm

 

cubic feet per minute

 

m3

 

cubic metre

cm

 

centimetre

 

m

 

micron

cm2

 

square centimetre

 

MASL

 

metres above sea level

d

 

day

 

mg

 

microgram

dia

 

diameter

 

m3/h

 

cubic metres per hour

dmt

 

dry metric tonne

 

mi

 

mile

dwt

 

dead-weight ton

 

min

 

minute

°F

 

degree Fahrenheit

 

mm

 

micrometre

ft

 

foot

 

mm

 

millimetre

ft2

 

square foot

 

mph

 

miles per hour

ft3

 

cubic foot

 

MVA

 

megavolt-amperes

ft/s

 

feet per second

 

MW

 

megawatt

g

 

gram

 

MWh

 

megawatt-hour

G

 

giga (billion)

 

oz

 

Troy ounce (31.1035g)

Gal

 

Imperial gallon

 

oz/st, opt

 

ounces per short ton

g/L

 

grams per litre

 

ppb

 

parts per billion

Gpm

 

Imperial gallons per minute

 

ppm

 

parts per million

g/t

 

grams per tonne

 

psia

 

pounds per square inch absolute

gr/ft3

 

grains per cubic foot

 

psig

 

pounds per square inch gauge

gr/m3

 

grains per cubic metre

 

RL

 

relative elevation

ha

 

hectare

 

s

 

second

hp

 

horsepower

 

st

 

short ton

hr

 

hour

 

stpa

 

short tons per year

Hz

 

hertz

 

stpd

 

short tons per day

in

 

inch

 

t

 

metric tonne

in2

 

square inch

 

tpa

 

metric tonnes per year

J

 

joule

 

tpd

 

metric tonnes per day

k

 

kilo (thousand)

 

US$

 

United States dollar

kcal

 

kilocalorie

 

USg

 

United States gallon

kg

 

kilogram

 

USgpm

 

US gallons per minute

km

 

kilometre

 

V

 

volt

 

2-3



 

km2

 

square kilometre

 

W

 

watt

km/h

 

kilometres per hour

 

wmt

 

wet metric tonne

kPa

 

kilopascal

 

wt%

 

weight percent

kVA

 

kilovolt-amperes

 

yd3

 

cubic yard

kW

 

kilowatt

 

yr

 

year

 

2-4



 

3 RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS

 

This report has been prepared by Roscoe Postle Associates Inc. (RPA) for Yamana Gold Inc. (Yamana).  The information, conclusions, opinions, and estimates contained herein are based on:

 

·                  Information available to RPA at the time of preparation of this report,

 

·                  Assumptions, conditions, and qualifications as set forth in this report, and

 

·                  Data, reports, and other information supplied by Yamana and other third party sources.

 

For the purpose of this report, RPA has relied on ownership information provided by Mr. Armando Valencia, Property Manager with Yamana.  RPA has not researched property title or mineral rights for the Mercedes operation and expresses no opinion as to the ownership status of the property.

 

RPA has relied on Yamana for guidance on applicable taxes, royalties, and other government levies or interests, applicable to revenue or income from Mercedes.

 

Except for the purposes legislated under provincial securities laws, any use of this report by any third party is at that party’s sole risk.

 

3-1



 

4 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION

 

The Mercedes Project is located in the state of Sonora, northwest Mexico, within the Cucurpe municipality.  The Project is located 250 km northeast of Hermosillo, Sonora’s capital city, and 300 km south of Tucson, Arizona (Figure 4-1).

 

Mercedes is located at 30o33’ N latitude and 110o48’ W longitude.  UTM coordinates are: NAD 27, Zone 12, 549,452 m E, 3,355,473 m N.

 

LAND TENURE

 

The Mercedes Property consists of approximately 64,613 ha of mineral concessions under lease from the government of Mexico (Figure 4-2).  The area is covered by 40 mineral concessions, all of which have been titled as Mining Concessions, according to Mexican mining law.  The titles are valid for 50 years from the date titled.  All of the concessions are owned by Minera Meridian Minerales S. de R.L. de C.V. (MMM), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yamana.

 

Survey control of the mining concessions is based on concrete control points called “Mojonera.”  The Mojoneras and perimeters of the claims are certified by an authorized surveyor, Perito Minero, and validated by the Dirección de Minas.

 

The areas of interest at Mercedes are located on private land.  A surface access agreement has been in place with the owner of the private land surrounding the Project since 2000.

 

4-1



 

FIGURE 4-1   LOCATION MAP

 

 

4-2



 

FIGURE 4-2   CONCESSION BOUNDARY

 

 

4-3



 

MMM controls 100% of the concessions, either through staking mining claims or finalizing Option Contracts with the buyout of the claims.  All of the concessions are in good standing with mining law obligations through twice-annual tax payments and required assessment work.  All concession taxes are paid on a semi-annual basis by MMM.  Table 4-1 lists the mining concessions.

 

TABLE 4-1   MERCEDES PROJECT MINERAL CONCESSIONS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Concession

 

Area (ha)

 

Title

 

Title Date

 

Purchase Date

 

El Principe

 

18.0000

 

172217

 

Oct 27, 83

 

November 2007

 

La Reina

 

12.0369

 

172418

 

Dec 15, 83

 

November 2007

 

Klondike

 

15.5275

 

174794

 

Jun 14, 85

 

November 2007

 

El Rey de Oro

 

18.6164

 

175490

 

Jul 31, 85

 

March 2006

 

El Rey de Oro 2

 

18.4000

 

175511

 

Jul 31, 85

 

March 2006

 

Corona de Oro

 

10.0000

 

175671

 

Aug 06, 85

 

October 2006

 

Klondike 2

 

9.8487

 

175672

 

Aug 06, 85

 

October 2006

 

Pragedia

 

20.0000

 

186251

 

Mar 22, 90

 

March 2006

 

La Bartola

 

10.0000

 

187085

 

May 30, 90

 

March 2006

 

Fracc El Nuevo Tucabe

 

8.8492

 

208553

 

Nov 23, 98

 

March 2006

 

El Tucabe

 

38.4590

 

210794

 

Nov 25, 99

 

March 2006

 

El Sol

 

200.7300

 

210898

 

Jan 26, 00

 

November 2007

 

Argonauta

 

7.7061

 

212480

 

Oct 24, 00

 

August 2002

 

Argonauta

 

390.7005

 

213646

 

Jun 05, 01

 

August 2002

 

El Real de Oro Fracc I

 

497.3410

 

213718

 

Jun 12, 01

 

August 2002

 

El Real de Oro Fracc II

 

3.6784

 

213719

 

Jun 12, 01

 

August 2002

 

El Real de Oro Fracc III

 

4.1211

 

213720

 

Jun 12, 01

 

August 2002

 

El Real 1

 

125.8333

 

215243

 

Feb 14, 02

 

August 2002

 

El Real 2

 

487.6264

 

215244

 

Feb 14, 02

 

August 2002

 

El Tucabe 3

 

109.2250

 

215246

 

Feb 14, 02

 

August 2002

 

Gato 2

 

50.0000

 

215596

 

Mar 05, 02

 

March 2006

 

El Nuevo Tucabe

 

42.3052

 

216522

 

May 17, 02

 

March 2006

 

Gato

 

337.1108

 

221761

 

Mar 19, 04

 

March 2006

 

El Hipo Fracc I

 

45.8914

 

221763

 

Mar 19, 04

 

March 2006

 

El Hipo Fracc II

 

11.7569

 

221764

 

Mar 19, 04

 

March 2006

 

El Hipo Fracc III

 

31.4375

 

221765

 

Mar 19, 04

 

March 2006

 

San Francisco

 

98.9169

 

221919

 

Apr 14, 04

 

March 2006

 

El Hipo Fracc II

 

3.0941

 

221920

 

Apr 14, 04

 

March 2006

 

El Hipo Fracc I

 

123.1961

 

221921

 

Apr 14, 04

 

March 2006

 

Rey V

 

1,597.2124

 

224150

 

Apr 12, 05

 

May 2009

 

Pragedia 2

 

20.0000

 

226071

 

Dec 01, 05

 

March 2006

 

Argonauta 2 Fracc 1

 

4.9663

 

226859

 

Mar 13, 06

 

May 2009

 

Argonauta 2 Fracc 2

 

13.8788

 

226860

 

Mar 13, 06

 

May 2009

 

Argonauta 2 Fracc 3

 

141.8638

 

226861

 

Mar 13, 06

 

May 2009

 

 

4-4



 

Concession

 

Area (ha)

 

Title

 

Title Date

 

Purchase Date

 

Argonauta 3

 

81.0000

 

226862

 

Mar 13, 06

 

May 2009

 

Argonauta 4

 

2,127.0216

 

229005

 

Feb 27, 07

 

Staked by Meridian

 

Argonauta 5 Fracc 1

 

56,298.1556

 

236193

 

May 19, 10

 

Staked by Meridian

 

Argonauta 8

 

1,173.3752

 

238166

 

Aug 09, 11

 

Staked by Meridian

 

Argonauta 9 F-1

 

338.2361

 

238167

 

Aug 09, 11

 

Staked by Meridian

 

Argonauta 9 F-2

 

66.6451

 

238168

 

Aug 09, 11

 

Staked by Meridian

 

Total

 

64,612.7633

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Mercedes Property is not encumbered by any royalties, since all of the claims under contract were purchased with no future obligations.

 

MMM has all required permits to conduct work on the property.  The tailings are considered pH neutral to alkaline and are not acid generating material.  Rehabilitation of the tailings facility and the remainder of the mining areas on site at end of mine life is estimated to cost approximately $18 million.  RPA is not aware of any other significant factors and risks that may affect access, title, or the right or ability to perform work on the property.

 

4-5



 

5 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY

 

ACCESSIBILITY

 

The Mercedes Project is accessed using Highway 54 via Magdalena de Kino located approximately 180 km from both Tucson, Arizona, and Hermosillo, Mexico.  From Magdalena de Kino, access is gained to the property using Highway 15 for 67 km, passing through the village of Cucurpe, to the Rancho Los Pinos entrance.  The mine can be reached via an improved gravel road approximately 10 km from the ranch entrance.

 

CLIMATE

 

The climate in the Mercedes area is typical of the high Sonora desert.  The maximum recorded summer temperature is 41.6°C and the lowest recorded temperature is -15°C with freezing temperatures common at night between December and March.  Rainfall is sparse outside of the monsoon season (variably mid-June to early October).  Rain and rare snow occasionally fall between late January and February.  Average annual precipitation is 506 mm.

 

LOCAL RESOURCES

 

Magdalena de Kino is the closest commercial centre and has a population of about 23,000.  It is a well-established community with a variety of services available, including a small airport, lodging, fuel and groceries, limited medical care, schools, and police.  Cananea, Sonora, is a major Mexican mining center located about 170 km from the site.

 

Hermosillo, Cananea, and Tucson are main suppliers for the mining activity within the area.

 

INFRASTRUCTURE

 

Mercedes is currently mining three deposits and has all required infrastructure necessary for a mining complex including:

 

·                  Declines and series of ramp-connected levels

 

·                  A 1,900 tpd crushing plant and mill

 

5-1



 

·                  Tailings storage facility

 

·                  Associated administrative building, laboratory, shops, and warehouse

 

·                  Sufficient water supply using mine dewatering and purchased water rights

 

·                  Power supply provided by a 65 km, 115 kV power line, from the town of Magdalena de Kino

 

PHYSIOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION

 

The Mercedes Property is located in an area of moderate to rugged topography, with numerous arroyos and canyons incised through volcanic stratigraphy.  The arroyos and canyons contain intermittent streams that ordinarily flow in response to rainfall events or for extended periods during rainy periods.  Elevation in the property area ranges from 950 MASL to 1,400 MASL.

 

Vegetation is typical of the high Sonora desert, including mesquite, desert oak, grasses, and numerous species of cacti, junipers, and cottonwood trees.

 

5-2



 

6 HISTORY

 

EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT HISTORY

 

The Mercedes district has been the focus of mining activities since at least the late 1880s.  Much of the historic data, including ownership information, was lost during the Mexican revolution of 1910.  Since at least the early 1980s, concessions have been held by a number of private individuals, who have leased the holdings to various Canadian and Australian companies.

 

Exploration and development work was conducted in at least two or three distinct periods.  The Mercedes, Tucabe, Saucito, Anita, Klondike, Rey de Oro, Reina, and Ponchena veins all were the focus of exploration and development work on a limited to moderate scale during the late 19th century and early 20th century.  No data is available for these programs, with the exception of selected reports on the Mercedes, Klondike, and Tucabe mines, which were located in the Anaconda collection at the University of Wyoming library.

 

The Tucabe vein was mined around the turn of the century.  A cyanide mill was constructed on the site and the Tucabe vein was accessed through a series of tunnels and shafts, covering over 600 m of strike and a vertical range of over 150 m.  No data is available on the production from this time period.

 

The Mercedes vein was discovered in 1936.  Anaconda Copper Company optioned the property in 1937 and spent two years exploring underground.  The work included sinking a 50 m shaft and excavating a series of tunnels and internal raises for sampling and reserve estimation.  The ore was contained in a crushed vein with an average width of 1.7m.

 

In 1994, the Fomento Minero, an agency of the Mexican government, conducted surface and underground sampling of the Tucabe vein to evaluate potential for an open pit, heap leach operation.  Minera Sierra Madre evaluated the property and drilled 800 m of reverse circulation (RC) drilling to depths of 75 m in 1996.  These holes collared within 20 m of the surface outcrop of the structure and did not encounter the vein at any appreciable depth.  None of the results from that program are available.

 

6-1



 

Local prospectors investigated the Saucito zone, located about one kilometre northwest of the Tucabe area.  These workings expose highly tectonized veins that are crosscut by east-west trending post mineral structures.  Sampling by Rio Sonora (Gerle Gold Ltd.) of the underground workings indicated the mineralization was very erratic but several samples returned results of greater than 10 g/t Au.  Rio Sonora drilled 10 shallow holes testing the area for near surface open pit potential.  The holes returned low-grade values and in the vicinity of the workings drilling failed to equal the grade from the underground sampling.

 

Little historical data is available for past mining activities at the Klondike Mine.  A cross section in the Anaconda file from the 1930s indicates the Klondike Mine was mined around 1900, with the main stope being about 120 m by 80 m in size.  The workings have been inaccessible since the 1930s.  All the reports mention the vein continuing at depth but high inflow of water stopped the mining operation.

 

In the mid-1990s, Mogul Mining Ltd. acquired the property and reported assay results from several hand-dug surface trenches excavated near the main shaft area.  Yamana does not have any of the Mogul Mining data.

 

The only known drill program was by Minera Sortula (Campbell Chibougamau Mines Limited) about 15 years ago.  Four core holes were reportedly drilled into the old workings.  Yamana does not possess any of the Minera Sortula drill data.

 

FMC GOLD COMPANY/MERIDIAN GOLD INC. 1993-2004

 

The Mercedes and Klondike Mine areas were first examined by Meridian Gold Inc.’s (Meridian) predecessor FMC Gold Company in 1993 as part of a regional exploration program in Mexico.  No further work was recommended at the time as the restricted nature of mineralization precluded obvious open pit development opportunities.  The Mercedes District was re-visited in 1999 as part of a program focusing on high grade low sulphidation vein systems.  Based on the excellent potential of the district, acquisition was recommended and field work was initiated.

 

Meridian geologists completed surface and underground mapping and sampling by September of 2000.  The surface evaluation identified 11 separate target areas.  Five areas had historic mining activities and were the focus of the first phase of a reverse circulation drilling program. Veins or stockwork zones were encountered in all five areas by drilling.

 

6-2



 

Mercedes, Klondike, and Tucabe all had at least one drill intercept assaying greater than 10.0 g/t Au.

 

Phase 2 RC drilling started in January 2001 focusing on the Klondike and Mercedes zones.  The Phase 2 program tested the target zones both down dip and along strike.  This program was successful discovering a narrow, vein-hosted mineralized zone at Mercedes and significant mineralization was also encountered at Klondike.

 

With gold prices dropping rapidly to less than $300 per ounce, a decision was made to joint venture the property.  In 2002, Meridian entered into a joint venture (JV) with Fischer-Watt Corporation (Fischer-Watt), to continue exploration at Mercedes.  Fischer-Watt’s focus was the Mercedes vein zone, so the Klondike and Rey de Oro concessions were dropped from the JV.  Fischer-Watt carried out limited metallurgical testing and developed a preliminary design for underground development on the Mercedes vein area south of Corona de Oro.  The JV was terminated in the fall of 2004 and the property was returned to Meridian.

 

The exploration program conducted in 2005 resulted in the discovery of the bonanza grade Corona de Oro shoot in the Mercedes vein.  Drilling expanded in 2006-2007, focusing on the Mercedes, Klondike, and Lupita veins.

 

PAST PRODUCTION

 

No precise production totals are available from historic mining operations.  During the years 1937 to 1939, Minera Oro Chico mined the material outlined by Anaconda at Mercedes.  This probably totalled 20,000 to 30,000 ounces.

 

Given the scale of historic mining observed at Klondike, Rey de Oro, Tucabe or Saucito, and the known high grades in the exploited veins, a reasonable estimate of cumulative past district production is in the order of 150,000 tonnes and approximately 73,000 gold equivalent ounces (GEO).

 

Production by MMM at Mercedes is listed in Table 6-1.

 

6-3


 

 


 

TABLE 6-1   HISTORIC PRODUCTION TO DECEMBER 31, 2013

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Year

 

Tonnes 
Mined
(000)

 

Gold 
Grade
(g/t Au)

 

Silver 
Grade 
(g/t Ag)

 

Gold 
Ounces

(000)

 

Silver 
Ounces

(000)

 

2011

 

36.0

 

4.77

 

57.52

 

5.5

 

66.6

 

2012

 

513.6

 

6.27

 

81.73

 

103.6

 

1,349.6

 

2013

 

640.9

 

6.13

 

76.58

 

126.3

 

1,578.1

 

Total

 

1,190.5

 

6.15

 

78.23

 

235.4

 

2,994.3

 

 

6-4



 

7 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALIZATION

 

REGIONAL GEOLOGY

 

The Mercedes Project lies in the Basin and Range physiographic province, approximately 80 km inboard from the Late Proterozoic rifted continental margin of the North American plate and northeast of the inferred “Sonora-Mojave Mega-shear.”  The area is underlain by a thick succession of shallow-marine shelf carbonate and siliciclastic rocks ranging in age from Jurassic to Cretaceous, which have been moderately to strongly faulted and folded, related to thin-skinned, northeast-directed thrusting during the Late Cretaceous Laramide Orogeny (Figure 7-1).

 

In late Cretaceous to middle Tertiary time, the Jurassic-Cretaceous sediments were overlain by intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks of the Sierra Madre continental volcanic arc.  The andesitic volcanics within this sequence host the quartz-adularia epithermal veins of the Mercedes area.  The most extensive intrusive rocks in the region are stocks, plutons and plugs of Tertiary granodiorite to diorite, which intrude the Jurassic metasedimentary sequence.  The Miocene was dominated by extension, erosion, and limited volcanic activity. Thick and regionally extensive sequences of polymictic conglomerate and arenite, which are locally intercalated with felsic volcanic units, fill fault-bound extensional basins throughout north-central Sonora.

 

7-1



 

FIGURE 7-1   LOCAL GEOLOGY

 

 

7-2



 

FIGURE 7-1A   LOCAL GEOLOGY LEGEND

 

 

7-3


 

 

 


 

PROPERTY GEOLOGY

 

The geology of the Mercedes area is dominated by two northwest-trending arches, which have exposed older marine sediments and overlying interbedded volcaniclastic sediments and lithic to quartz crystal lithic tuff units.  The arches are cut by numerous northwest-trending high angle structures.  Some of these faults have been intruded by at least three stages of dikes and small stocks, ranging in composition from andesite to latite and rhyolite.  Marginal to the northwest-trending arches, andesitic flows and flow breccias (with local coeval andesite dikes) have been deposited and preserved in at least three west-northwest thickening basins.  This andesite package, locally over 500 m thick, and the contact zone  with the underlying tuff host all known economic epithermal vein deposits in the district (Figure 7-2).

 

Post-mineral plagioclase-biotite latite porphyry dikes fill some of the same northwest-trending structures that host veins in the Mercedes/Barrancas corridor, venting to the surface in flow domes and extensive latite porphyry flows ranging from 10.0 to +190.0 m thick.  The latite flow/dome field covers an area of at least 6 km2 to the southwest of the Mercedes fault zone.  Dikes generally crosscut and destroy vein mineralization.  Vitrophyre is locally preserved on both latite dike and flow margins.

 

The latite and all older units are overlain locally by more than 200 m of post-mineral conglomerate and volcaniclastic units of the Miocene Baucarit Formation, as well as local intercalated ash tuff/ignimbrite, highly magnetic andesite flows and overlying bimodal rhyolite and basalt flows.

 

A total of 15.3 km of gold-silver-bearing epithermal low sulphidation veins have been identified within or marginal to the andesite-filled basins, which constitute the primary exploration target on the Project.  Major veins typically trend N30-70W at 60º to 90º dips following the major regional structural pattern.  Other veins trend variably from east-west to north-south, or even northeast.  Veins typically dip at greater than 60º, but locally range as low as 25º.

 

The major exception in the district is the Lupita-Diluvio vein system, which is localized along a N70ºE, 15º to 55º northwest dipping listric fault zone.  In contrast to other vein areas,

 

7-4



 

almost all the stockwork, breccia, and vein-hosted gold-silver mineralization is hosted within older lithic tuff and volcaniclastic units below the andesite package.

 

7-5


 

 


 

FIGURE 7-2   PROPERTY GEOLOGY

 

 

7-6



 

VEIN MINERALOGY AND PARAGENESIS

 

The epithermal veins on the Mercedes Project display multiple stages of quartz, carbonate, and adularia.  Paragenesis is greatly complicated by hydrothermal brecciation and the multiple stages of pre-, syn-, and post-mineral tectonic brecciation and faulting.

 

Quartz types cover the spectrum from clear to grey, yellow, tan, green, grey, and purple.  Textures range from chalcedonic to sugary, granular, and coarsely crystalline.  Boiling (lattice and froth) textures are locally observed in all vein zones.  Greenish quartz is always associated with gold values (ore stage) and the presence of disseminated hematite specks and cubes after oxidized pyrite is often a key guide to bonanza gold grades in all veins.  Native gold is also found as specks within quartz or on late fracture with copper oxides (Klondike).  Earlier mineralized quartz and other quartz pulses is often highly brecciated and cemented by multiple stages of green quartz and 15% to 80% later multiple stages of rhodochrosite, siderite, and barren massive grey calcite.  It is believed that gold and silver were locally deposited with some rhodochrosite and siderite pulses.  Adularia is present as erratic breccia fillings and in bands within veins primarily in the Barrancas and Lupita-Diluvio vein systems.

 

ALTERATION

 

PROPYLITIZATION

 

The main intrusive and extrusive igneous rock packages at Mercedes are variably propylitized by a regional alteration event not considered to be directly related to vein mineralization.  The andesite flow and flow breccia host rocks as well as the massive latite intrusion range from nearly fresh to strongly altered, containing variable amounts of chlorite-calcite and local epidote.

 

SILICIFICATION

 

Silicification is the most prominent alteration associated with the Mercedes area veins, although the distribution and intensity vary within and proximal to the different vein/structural zones.  Wide zones on silicification and stockwork veining, up to 70 m, have been noted in the Corona de Oro, Klondike, and Rey de Oro shoots and are associated with zones of intense fracturing within the host structure.  Conversely, many of the same ore shoots contain wide vein zones with less than 0.5 m of silicified andesite peripheral to the structure.

 

7-7



 

POTASSIC ALTERATION

 

Potassic alteration, in the form of adularia, is widely disseminated in veins and adjacent host rocks at Mercedes. The adularia is common in thin section but difficult to see in hand samples.  By contrast, the Barrancas and Diluvio vein zones contain locally abundant visible adularia both within veins and in adjacent wall rocks.

 

SERICITE-CLAY ALTERATION

 

Argillic alteration is generally present near veins on the property, though bleached rock is typically not a prominent feature.  No detailed analyses have been completed to define clay mineralogy or zoning within the system.

 

DEPTH OF OXIDATION

 

With the exception of isolated grains, the veins and wall rock are almost completely oxidized to drilled depths in all areas (vertical range of 440 m at Mercedes, 280 m at Klondike, 140 m at Rey de Oro, 300 m at Barrancas and 450 m at Lupita).  Goethite is more common in the wall rock at Mercedes and Klondike, whereas at Rey de Oro, hematite is most abundant.  Unoxidized disseminated pyrite was observed in association with propylitic or sericite alteration adjacent to vein zones in only a few deep holes below Corona de Oro.

 

MERCEDES AND BARRANCAS VEIN ALTERATION

 

The veins are hosted in highly variable zones of altered andesite, ranging from nearly fresh to chlorite-calcite-quartz pyrite (Chlorite) with calcite stockwork; quartz-adularia-chlorite-pyrite (silica 1-2); and quartz—adularia+/-sericite-pyrite (QS) with quartz stockwork increasing in intensity as the veins are approached.  However, in some places, veins are encountered with only minor chlorite+/-adularia alteration directly adjacent to the vein contact.  Manganese oxides in the wall rock are generally absent or present in very small amounts, compared to the Klondike system.

 

KLONDIKE VEIN ALTERATION

 

The alteration zone occurs as a southwest dipping shear zone with strong hematite-manganese oxide alteration, silicification, and quartz stockwork.  Little narrowing of the alteration package has been noted at depth, even though the gold and silver values drop significantly below the 1,000 m elevation.

 

7-8



 

REY DE ORO VEIN ALTERATION

 

The alteration zone occurs as a broad area of hematite oxidation and variable silicification, which envelope zones of quartz stockwork veining.  Manganese oxides are generally absent or present in very small amounts, compared to the Klondike system.  Deeper core holes show the silica-hematite alteration zones are increasingly restricted at depth.

 

MINERALIZATION

 

A total of 16 principal low sulphidation epithermal vein/stockwork/breccia zones, have been identified on the Mercedes property.  The currently producing veins have been divided into three sub-district areas:

 

·                  Mercedes Area (Mercedes-Barrancas).

 

·                  Klondike Area (Klondike/Rey de Oro)

 

·                  La Lupita Area (Lupita-Diluvio)

 

Basic data for all of the veins is summarized in Table 7-1.  The majority of the veins are hosted within the andesite package, or locally at the fault contact between andesite and the underlying lithic tuff package.  Only the Diluvio Zone at Lupita and the Anita veins contain significant ore grade mineralization hosted completely in the lower tuff package.

 

The mineralized zones display a combination of fissure vein, stockwork, and breccia morphologies that change rapidly on strike and dip.  The zones range in width from less than 1.0 m to composite vein/stockwork/breccia zones up to 15.0 m wide.  In the Diluvio zone, gold-silver-bearing vein/stockwork zones local attain thicknesses in excess of 100.0 m.  Length of individual veins varies from 100 m to over 2.0 km.  Property-wide, Au-Ag bearing veins occur over a vertical range greater than 600 m (680 m to 1,300 m).

 

Mineralogical studies identified opaque minerals, including iron oxides, pyrite, gold, electrum, stibnite, and rare pyrargyrite, within a gangue of substantial chalcedony, quartz, and carbonate.  In addition to hematite, manganese oxides are an important component in some ore zones, possibly remnant after dissolution of manganese carbonates.  Due to the depth of oxidation, sulphides are rarely observed.  The few exceptions include one hole at depth in Klondike (visible galena and sphalerite) and hole L11-133D at Diluvio, which had an unoxidized vein interval containing widely disseminated pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and silver sulphosalts with greater than 500 g/t Ag.  Metallurgical studies have identified the presence

 

7-9


 

 


 

of very small quantities of native gold, native silver, electrum, pyrargyrite, stibnite, galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite in heavy mineral concentrates. Copper minerals such as malachite and chrysocolla are most common as fracture fillings in breccias at Klondike, but rare specks are also seen in the Mercedes and Lupita-Diluvio veins.

 

TABLE 7-1   PRINCIPAL VEIN DESCRIPTIONS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Vein

 

Host

 

Morphology

 

Strike (º)

 

Dip (º)

 

Length

(m)

 

Width

(m)

 

Elevation

(m)

 

Mercedes Area

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mercedes

 

Andesite

 

Vein/Stwk/Bx

 

315

 

80SW-65NE

 

3,500

 

1.0-2.0

 

680-1,160

 

Sajuaro

 

Andesite

 

Vein

 

315

 

90

 

250

 

1.0-3.0

 

950-1,150

 

Derrama

 

Andesite

 

Vein

 

310

 

80

 

250

 

1.0-4.0

 

870-1,050

 

Paloma/EZ Zone

 

Andesite

 

Stwk/Vein

 

315

 

90

 

1,500

 

0.1-8.0

 

950-1,165

 

Tucabe/Saucito

 

Andesite

 

Vein/Stwk

 

340

 

65 SW

 

1,400

 

1.0-5.0

 

950-1,200

 

Barrancas/Lagunas

 

Andesite

 

Vein/Stwk

 

315

 

80-90

 

1,900

 

1.0-15.0

 

800-1,050

 

Anita/Venado

 

Lithic Tuff

 

Stwk

 

285

 

90

 

700

 

1.0-2.0

 

1,120-1,280

 

Sub-total

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9,500

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Klondike Area

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Klondike

 

Andesite

 

Vein/Bx/Stwk

 

290

 

70 SW

 

800

 

1.0-55.0

 

960-1,200

 

Rey de Oro

 

Andesite

 

Stwk/Vein

 

320

 

50 SW

 

400

 

1.0-70.0

 

1,150-1,300

 

Reina

 

Andesite

 

Vein

 

320

 

90

 

150

 

1.0-2.0

 

1,100-1,200

 

Ponchena

 

Andesite

 

Vein

 

290

 

70 NE

 

300

 

1.0-2.0

 

1,075-1,125

 

Culebra

 

Andesite

 

Vein

 

270

 

45 N

 

600

 

1.0-2.0

 

1,100-1,200

 

Sub-total

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2,250

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lupita Area

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lupita/Diluvio

 

Andesite/Lithic Tuff

 

Vein/Stwk

 

275

 

25-60 N

 

1,800

 

1.0-100.0

 

1,180-1,325

 

Oso Negro

 

Andesite

 

Vein/Stwk

 

0

 

90

 

500

 

1.0-6.0

 

1,150-1,350

 

Margarita

 

Andesite

 

Vein/Stwk

 

170

 

25

 

700

 

0.5-2.0

 

1,180-1,250

 

Chipotle

 

Lithic Tuff

 

Vein/Stwk

 

340

 

70SW

 

600

 

1.0-3.0

 

1,220-1,300

 

Sub-total

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3,600

 

 

 

 

 

Grand Total

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15,350

 

 

 

 

 

 

MERCEDES VEIN MORPHOLOGY

 

The Mercedes vein is the most important and continuous vein system identified on the Project to date, with quartz-carbonate veining being traced almost continuously on strike for nearly 3.5 km.  The Mercedes fault system consists of numerous anastomosing strands within a zone over 50 m wide.  Emplaced within these faults in extensional open areas were

 

7-10



 

a series of complex, multi-stage, anastomosing vein/ breccia/stockwork zones 1.0 m to 15.0 m wide.  Vein mineralogy (multiple quartz and carbonate stages) and morphology changes rapidly along strike and down dip.  Mineralized green-grey sugary to chalcedonic quartz is often highly brecciated and cemented by 15% to 80% late stage gray calcite, rhodochrosite and/or brown-black manganese-iron carbonates.

 

KLONDIKE VEIN MORPHOLOGY

 

The Klondike vein zone trends N70ºW, dipping 65º to 80º southwest.  It is approximately 800 m long, with a maximum vertical range of nearly 300 m and width ranging from 0.5 m to over 50 m.

 

The Klondike vein system is significantly different than at Mercedes, in that it typically forms as a tectonic breccia zone rather than fissure fill vein.  Within the breccia zone, there are highly variable lenses of brecciated white to green or gray quartz and abundant manganese carbonates and calcite.  Fissure filling veins over 0.5 m wide are rare, but the overall zone of crackle brecciation and stockwork veining with silicification and strong manganese-iron oxides may be up to 50 m in width.

 

LUPITA VEIN MORPHOLOGY

 

The Lupita vein zone outcrops on surface for 1,800 m following a contact between the overlying andesite package and underlying quartz-crystal lithic tuff package.  In outcrop, the vein zone ranges from 1.0 m to 5.0 m thick.  Multi-stage quartz-carbonate ± adularia veining locally extends continuously down dip in places more than 450 m along most of the west half of the surface outcrop.

 

Most importantly, at depths of 200 m to 300 m in the Diluvio zone, an extensive zone of multi-stage quartz-carbonate ± adularia vein breccias, stockwork, and hydrothermal breccia up to 150 m thick has been identified that is primarily hosted in the lower lithic tuff-volcaniclastic sequence.  Based on preliminary geologic interpretation, it is proposed that the tuff/volcaniclastic sequence hosting the main portion of the Diluvio deposit is a large fault block that was displaced down the Lupita fault structure prior to andesite deposition.  Diluvio therefore is the only mineral deposit in the district with the lower lithic tuff/volcaniclastic sequence as the primary host.

 

7-11



 

FLUID INCLUSIONS

 

In 2000, J. Reynolds of Fluid Inc. made quick scans of inclusions in vein samples from the Mercedes, Saucito/Tucabe, and Klondike veins.  As expected, the samples are typical of those from a low sulphidation system.  Reynolds noted samples from the Mercedes vein “containing quartz that formed at temperatures of 200°C although some minor quartz formed as high as 240°C to 250°C, with evidence for minor boiling.”  At Klondike, “only quartz that formed at temperatures less than 200°C is present” in the samples submitted for analysis.”  At Saucito, “vein samples contain mostly quartz that formed as hot as 260°C to 270°C, and as low as existed when chalcedonic quartz formed (160°C).  Boiling evidence is common.”

 

7-12



 

8 DEPOSIT TYPES

 

Gold-silver mineralization on the Mercedes Property is hosted within epithermal low sulphidation (adularia-sericite) veins, stockwork, and breccia zones.

 

8-1



 

9 EXPLORATION

 

Yamana’s exploration effort began with surface sampling in 1999.  A total of 399 rock samples and 26 stream sediment samples were collected and a 60 km2 area was mapped.  Mapping and sampling between 2005 and 2013 was subsequently extended to cover an area of approximately 235 km2.

 

Geochemical sampling focused on rock chip samples from outcropping veins along with samples from the historic mine workings.  The abundance of outcrop in the property area, combined with limited vegetation, allow this sampling method to define general grades within veins. A total of 3,311 surface rock samples, 129 soil samples, and 156 stream sediment samples have been collected for geochemical analyses through 2012.

 

Surface mapping identified three major basins filled with andesitic volcanic rocks on the Mercedes property.  Mapping also identified areas in which significant extensions of andesite basins may be covered by shallow post-mineral deposits.  The mapping also identified over 12 km of low sulphidation epithermal veins on the Project area.

 

Some skarn-hosted copper-silver mineralization has been recognized on the property on the southwest side of the Klondike basin and on the internal concession controlled by Penoles, but this mineralization has not been a high priority exploration target.

 

9-1



 

10 DRILLING

 

In October 2007, Yamana took control over the property. An aggressive drilling and development program was initiated to assess the potential of the Project and bring it to a feasibility study stage.  Drilling from 2009 to 2013 has focused on district exploration outside of the Mercedes-Klondike systems, resulting in the discovery of the 1) Barrancas vein zone, 2) Diluvio zone at Lupita, and 3) expansion of the Rey de Oro vein system.

 

The discovery history for major ore shoots on the Mercedes property is summarized in Table 10-1.

 

TABLE 10-1   MAJOR DISCOVERIES

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Year

 

Vein

 

Ore Shoot

 

Discovery
Hole

 

From
(m)

 

To (m

 

Interval
(m)

 

True
Width
(m)

 

Au
(g/t)

 

Ag
(g/t)

2000

 

Klondike

 

Klondike

 

K003

 

141.77

 

151.68

 

9.91

 

7.53

 

7.13

 

21.0

2005

 

Mercedes

 

Corona de Oro

 

M05-031

 

186.00

 

207.00

 

21.00

 

9.00

 

28.44

 

245.0

2006

 

Rey de Oro

 

Rey de Oro

 

R06-008

 

0.00

 

19.30

 

19.30

 

17.20

 

5.21

 

16.3

2007

 

Mercedes

 

Sentinela

 

M07-107D

 

253.54

 

255.84

 

2.30

 

2.10

 

157.29

 

574.0

2008

 

Mercedes

 

Breccia Hill

 

M08-305D

 

218.24

 

221.28

 

3.04

 

2.00

 

19.43

 

11.6

2008

 

Mercedes

 

Tierra De Nadie

 

M08-230D

 

197.30

 

206.29

 

8.99

 

8.10

 

24.11

 

156.2

2009

 

Barrancas

 

B. Centro

 

M09-459D

 

318.82

 

333.42

 

14.60

 

6.05

 

5.82

 

186.2

2009

 

Barrancas

 

Lagunas

 

M09-449D

 

203.60

 

211.30

 

7.70

 

6.30

 

16.68

 

65.6

2009

 

Lupita

 

Lupita

 

L09-021D

 

193.51

 

201.15

 

7.64

 

7.01

 

28.15

 

52.0

2010

 

Barrancas

 

Lagunas Norte

 

M10-574D

 

198.12

 

204.52

 

6.40

 

4.90

 

9.31

 

121.1

2010

 

Lupita

 

Diluvio

 

L10-073D

 

202.08

 

233.52

 

31.44

 

9.00

 

8.40

 

11.9

2011

 

Lupita

 

Diluvio West

 

L11-109

 

421.84

 

430.98

 

9.14

 

7.32

 

7.24

 

48.1

2012

 

Barrancas

 

Marianas

 

M12-639D

 

454.77

 

457.81

 

3.04

 

2.20

 

12.69

 

11.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

and

 

476.38

 

477.62

 

1.24

 

0.74

 

74.70

 

4.0

 

 

Rey de Oro

 

Rey de Oro Deep

 

R12-066D

 

115.21

 

123.44

 

8.23

 

7.50

 

14.00

 

149.6

 

As of the end of 2013, a total of 328,321 m in 1,201 drill holes have been completed on the Project (Table 10-2).  Mineralized zones at Mercedes, Klondike, Barrancas, Lupita and Rey de Oro have been drilled on approximately 30 m to 60 m centres, using a combination of diamond drilling and minor reverse circulation drilling.

 

10-1



 

TABLE 10-2   PROJECT DRILL SUMMARY

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Year

 

RC Holes

 

RC Metres

 

Core
Holes

 

Core Metres

 

Total
Holes

 

Total
Metres

 

2000-01

 

55

 

10,867.93

 

0

 

 

55

 

10,867.93

 

2002-04

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

 

2005

 

9

 

2,257.00

 

6

 

990.15

 

15

 

3,247.15

 

2006

 

64

 

5,693.65

 

11

 

3,063.50

 

75

 

8,757.15

 

2007

 

0

 

 

161

 

43,362.53

 

161

 

43,362.53

 

2008

 

4

 

806.17

 

318

 

82,805.35

 

322

 

83,611.32

 

2009

 

0

 

 

98

 

32,855.51

 

98

 

32,855.51

 

2010

 

0

 

 

151

 

45,805.35

 

151

 

45,805.35

 

2011

 

0

 

 

114

 

43,325.41

 

114

 

43,325.41

 

2012

 

0

 

 

149

 

37,902.88

 

149

 

37,902.88

 

2013

 

0

 

 

61

 

18,655.85

 

61

 

18,655.85

 

Total

 

132

 

19,624.75

 

1,069

 

308,766.53

 

1,201

 

328,391.28

 

 

Drill hole collars are marked up by survey prior to the drill set-up and again after completion of the hole.  A Reflex instrument is used to provide directional information at 50 m intervals in each hole.

 

Yamana has written core and RC logging procedures and the Yamana geologists collected information on standard log forms.  Information collected included lithology, vein type, hydrothermal alteration minerals, and geotechnical information such as rock quality determination (RQD) as well as standard header information such as collar coordinates and hole inclination.  High quality photos were taken of the washed core.

 

Table 10-3 lists selected drill intersections from the 2013 drill program.  Drill holes up to R13-119D and M13-652D were used in the resource estimates.

 

10-2



 

TABLE 10-3   SELECTED 2013 DRILL INTERSECTIONS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Drill Hole

 

From (m)

 

To (m)

 

Core
Length (m)

 

True With
(m)

 

Au (g/t)

 

Ag (g/t)

R13-088D

 

299.31

 

305.10

 

5.79

 

5.75

 

5.18

 

5.38

R13-095D

 

240.79

 

251.46

 

10.67

 

10.20

 

61.57

 

466.3

and

 

255.00

 

264.26

 

9.26

 

9.00

 

11.66

 

100.5

R13-096D

 

223.42

 

226.16

 

2.74

 

2.60

 

6.72

 

49.9

R13-108D

 

142.34

 

148.84

 

6.50

 

5.70

 

9.52

 

88.2

R13-113D

 

330.10

 

333.15

 

3.05

 

3.00

 

3.07

 

54.5

R13-114D

 

256.64

 

259.69

 

3.05

 

3.00

 

5.11

 

60.5

R13-117D

 

283.16

 

289.26

 

6.10

 

5.80

 

4.70

 

87.0

R13-118D

 

308.77

 

316.38

 

7.61

 

7.23

 

10.69

 

121.7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

M13-651D

 

514.50

 

522.30

 

7.80

 

5.05

 

5.78

 

10.0

M13-655D

 

419.40

 

426.42

 

7.02

 

3.16

 

12.81

 

8.70

 

10-3


 

 


 

11 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY

 

DRILL SAMPLING

 

Layne Drilling of Hermosillo performed all the 2000-2001 RC drilling, utilizing a Drill Tech buggy rig with a primary compressor having 350/750 psi air.  The 2006 RC drilling was completed using a portable track RC drill contracted from Diversified Drilling in Hermosillo, Sonora.  All holes were drilled utilizing a face discharge hammer or a Mission hammer with an interchange.

 

SAMPLE COLLECTION - DRY RC DRILLING

 

The 2000-2001 RC drill samples were collected on 1.5 m intervals (50% split) until the vein zone was approached.  In and near vein zones of most holes, RC samples were collected on 0.75 m samples.  This allowed better definition of vein boundaries and acquired additional samples for assay.  In the case of 0.75 m samples near vein zones, generally 75% of the material was collected for assay.

 

All 2006 RC sampling was done on 1.02 m spacing, with three samples per 3.0 m drill rod.

 

With all dry RC sampling in 2006, 100% of the dry samples were sent through the cyclone and collected in a Jones splitter.  The sample was then split in half or quartered and bagged for assay.

 

SAMPLE COLLECTION - WET RC DRILLING

 

In 2000-2001, wet samples were collected on 1.5 m intervals, until the vein zone was approached.  In vein zones, samples were locally collected on 0.75 m intervals.  All 2006 wet RC sampling was done on 1.02 m spacing, with three samples per 3.0 m drill rod.

 

With all wet RC sampling, the entire sample was funneled from the cyclone into a circulating splitter.  Pan blocks were placed on alternate openings in the splitter to cut sample size down to approximately a quarter split.  Samples were collected in bags that fit directly into the 19 L buckets.  Flocculant was added to the buckets in advance of drilling, and the agitation of

 

11-1



 

water helped to settle out fines.  In high water flow areas, water was allowed to flow out of the bucket.

 

SAMPLE COLLECTION - CORE DRILLING

 

Major Drilling conducted all core drilling at Mercedes with the exception of a small program in 2006 conducted by BDW International.

 

During 2006-2010 core drilling, all core boxes were collected at the drill rig under the supervision of Yamana geologists, and transported to the core logging facility in camp.  The basic sequence in the core facility included, in this order:

 

1)             labeling intervals on boxes

 

2)             washing the core

 

3)             core photography

 

4)             geotechnical logging

 

5)             geologic logging

 

6)             marking of sample intervals

 

7)             core splitting

 

8)             transfer of core boxes with mineralized zones to secure warehouse

 

Core intervals to be sampled were selected by the logging geologist, to cover all vein and significant alteration zones.  Typically sampling was started 5.0 m before and extended 5.0 m beyond the point of interest.  Core samples were divided into lengths ranging from 30 cm to a maximum of 1.52 m in length, based on geologic characteristics.  All core was split using manual hydraulic splitters after test sampling with diamond saws demonstrated significant loss of earthy hematite vein-filling material known to commonly contain very small visible gold specks.

 

FACTORS IMPACTING RELIABILITY OF RESULTS

 

Some of the RC drilling on the property was completed in a wet environment.  Wet RC drilling has been known to produce unreliable results when contamination occurs.  Two RC holes at Klondike (K004 and K006) drilled below the water table intersected wide zones of low-grade mineralization, which were not verified by adjacent core holes.  These results have been removed from the database.

 

11-2



 

Samples from RC drilling and adjacent core drilling were compared.  Above values of approximately 3.0 g/t Au, both properties show lower gold grades from RC drilling vs. core drilling as shown in Figures 11-1 for Mercedes and 11-2 for Klondike.  Due to the limited amount of RC drilling in the database it is not expected to significantly affect resource estimation.

 

FIGURE 11-1   QQ PLOT — GOLD DISTRIBUTION FOR RC AND CORE DRILL HOLES — MERCEDES DEPOSIT

 

 

11-3



 

FIGURE 11-2   QQ PLOT — GOLD DISTRIBUTION FOR RC AND CORE DRILL HOLES — KLONDIKE DEPOSIT

 

 

No significant problems have been noted with core recovery that could impact reliability of results, as the majority of the mineralized intercepts have over 80% recovery.

 

SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS

 

Almost all 2000 to 2013 assaying was done at the Bondar-Clegg (now Chemex) laboratories (ISO 9001:2000 certified) in Vancouver, British Columbia.  Due to extreme sample volumes, some sample preparation in 2011 was done by Chemex at preparation facilities in Chihuahua, Zacatecas and Guadalajara, Mexico.

 

At the laboratory, the sample is logged in the tracking system, weighed, dried, and finely crushed to better than 70% passing a 2 mm screen.  A split of up to 250 g is taken and pulverized to better than 85% passing a 200 mesh screen.

 

11-4



 

Bondar Clegg assayed for gold utilizing 30 g fire assay (FA)/Atomic Absorption (AA) finish.  Silver was determined with AA using a single acid dilution.  Any gold assays over 10.0 g/t Au were rerun with fire assay and any silver values over 50 g/t Ag were run a second time utilizing additional dilutions.  The Bondar Clegg fire assay procedure contained the following steps:

 

·                  A prepared sample is fused with a mixture of lead oxide, sodium carbonate, borax, silica and other reagents as required, inquarted with 6 mg of gold-free silver and then cupelled to yield a precious metal bead.  The bead is digested in 0.5 mL dilute nitric acid in the microwave oven.  0.5 mL concentrated hydrochloric acid is then added and the bead is further digested in the microwave at a lower power setting.  The digested solution is cooled, diluted to a total volume of 10 mL with de-mineralized water, and analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy against matrix-matched standards.

 

Throughout 2005-2013, gold and silver analyses were conducted using a 30 or 50 g fire assay, gravimetric finish method.  Most 2005-2013 assaying was done using a gravimetric method at the ALS Chemex laboratory (ALS) in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.  In 2013, gold analyses were done using a FA-AA finish, with all samples over 5.0 g/t re-analyzed by the FA-gravimetric finish method.  Due to high sample volume, a small percentage of the 2007 samples were analyzed in the ALS in Guadalajara, Mexico.  The gravimetric procedure was completed as follows:

 

·                  A prepared sample is fused with a mixture of lead oxide, sodium carbonate, borax, silica and other reagents in order to produce a lead button. The lead button containing the precious metals is cupelled to remove the lead. The remaining gold and silver bead is parted in dilute nitric acid, annealed and weighed as gold. Silver, if requested, is then determined by the difference in weights.

 

When visible gold was noted, samples were sometimes analyzed, or re-assayed by metallic screen methods.  The screen metallic procedure was completed as follows:

 

·                  The sample pulp (1,000 g) is passed through a 100 mm (Tyler 150 mesh) stainless steel screen. Any material remaining on the screen (+) 100 mm is retained and analyzed in its entirety by fire assay with gravimetric finish and reported as the Au (+) fraction. The material passing through the screen (-) 100 mm fraction) is homogenized and two sub-samples are analyzed by fire assay with AAS finish (Au-AA25 and Au-AA25D).  The average of the two AAS results is taken and reported as the Au (-) fraction result.  All three values are used in calculating the combined gold content of the plus and minus fractions.  The gold values for both the (+) 100 mm and (-) 100 mm fractions are reported together with the weight of each fraction as well as the calculated total gold content of the sample.

 

11-5



 

MINE PRODUCTION SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS

 

Figure 11-3 shows the sample preparation and analysis procedure at the mine laboratory.

 

For gold assays, samples are analyzed by FA with an AA finish, and if the results are greater than 5.0 g/t Au, the samples are re-analyzed by FA and gravimetric finish, with both procedures using a 30 g pulp sample.  For silver analysis, samples are assayed by FA with a gravimetric finish using 30 g pulp sample.  Silver digestions can either be a partial digestion using a three acids or a total digestion using four acids when supplies of all four acids are available.

 

11-6


 


 

FIGURE 11-3   MINE LABORATORY SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE

 

 

11-7



 

EXPLORATION QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL

 

2000-2001 RC DRILLING

 

During 2000-2001 RC dry drilling, a second split was routinely collected every tenth sample for check assaying.  In zones of potential mineralization, vein samples were sometimes re-split using the Jones splitter to obtain two identical samples for check assaying.  During wet drilling, duplicate samples were collected every tenth sample by setting a second bucket with sample bag under the overflow pipe.  Flocculant was added to buckets in the same manner as the main sample.  In a few cases, wet sample bags were allowed to sun dry, and a second split was made using the Jones splitter to obtain duplicate samples for analysis.  These were submitted at the end of the same hole, with a different sample number.  Comparison of the original versus duplicate samples returned an excellent R2 factor of 0.96.

 

No standards were submitted with samples in the 2000-2001 RC drilling programs.

 

2005 RC AND CORE DRILLING PROGRAM

 

During 2005 RC dry drilling, a second split was routinely collected every tenth sample for check assaying.  In zones of potential mineralization, vein samples were sometimes re-split using the Jones splitter to obtain two identical samples for check assaying.  During wet drilling, duplicate samples were collected every tenth sample by setting a second bucket with sample bag under the overflow pipe.  These duplicate samples were re-numbered and submitted to Chemex for analysis, due to lack of a certified umpire laboratory in Mexico at the time.

 

Two standards and a sterile blank were routinely submitted with the 2005 RC and core samples to maintain quality control.  The standards were prepared in 1995 by the laboratory at the Beartrack Mine in Idaho, for use in shipping exploration samples to Chemex laboratory.  These consisted of a Beartrack Mine sulphide standard averaging 4.8 g/t Au, and a Beartrack Mine oxide standard averaging 1.7 g/t Au.  Mineralized standards averaged approximately 1.5 kg to 3.0 kg in weight.

 

Sterile samples were collected at Mercedes from unmineralized core or rock outcrops, and typically weighed 3.0 kg to 5.0 kg.

 

11-8



 

Standards were typically placed in the drill sequence as the first or last sample of the drill interval selected for assay.

 

Results for the 2005 standard and sterile samples are not available, but it is assumed that Yamana personnel requested re-analysis where required as a routine activity as was done in subsequent drill programs.

 

Rejects from several high-grade intercepts were submitted for multiple analyses to verify gold grades.  Results from all four samples were similar, with all labs averaging within 10%, and only limited nugget effect noted.

 

2006 RC AND CORE DRILLING PROGRAM

 

ALS was the primary laboratory.  All samples were sent to the sample preparation facilities in Hermosillo, Sonora and were analyzed in Vancouver.  The analytical method was fire assay with gravimetric finish on 50 g pulps.  Some samples with questionable assays were also analyzed by Metallic Screen.

 

Eight types of Au certified reference materials were used in order to monitor the accuracy of the results.  All were bought from CDN Resource Laboratories Ltd. (CDN Labs), of Canada, and about 75% had economic values.  At least one standard was inserted at random, in every work order that was submitted to the lab.

 

A total of 109 standard pulps were included, 18.35% of which showed values outside the accepted range.  Reanalysis was requested when necessary.

 

2007 CORE DRILLING PROGRAM

 

The sterile material used to monitor contamination during sample preparation was a latite rock from old core splits that had no significant gold value.  A total of 115 sterile samples were sent to the lab, 25 of which were above detection limit but only 5 were actually above the accepted range (with values between 0.31 ppm and 1.04 ppm).  This represents 4% of the total sent.  In all these samples, the contamination has probably been carried over from the high-grade samples that were prepared previously in the laboratory.

 

A total of 99 blank pulps were sent to monitor contamination during analysis, six of which were above detection limit (0.05 ppm), but only one was slightly above 0.25 ppm.

 

11-9



 

Twelve standards were used to monitor the accuracy of the results.  At least one standard, ranging from low grade to high grade was inserted in each sample sequence (generally at least every 30 samples).  A total of 319 standard pulps were sent, 24.76% of which returned values outside the accepted range.  The standard with most percentage of failures was CDN-GS-1C, the lowest grade standard in the list.  Reanalysis was completed when necessary.

 

A total of 98 rejects (typically two mineralized samples per drill hole; with one high grade and one low grade) were shipped to Acme Laboratories in Vancouver and run using fire assay-gravimetric procedure, using the same prep methods ALS initially employed.  Results showed a 14% difference between the two laboratories which Yamana found acceptable.

 

2008 TO 2013 CORE DRILLING PROGRAM

 

In these programs, a systematic QC procedure was implemented by Yamana which included the insertion of standards, steriles, and blanks in a logical order, as well as the insertion of duplicates and the regular use of check pulps (every 30-40 samples) in every sample sequence. A QC failure occurs when any of the following cases is encountered:

 

·                  A standard greater than three standard deviations (3SD) from the mean.

 

·                  Two adjacent standards which are greater than two standard deviations (2SD) from the mean, on the same side of the mean (bias).

 

·                  A blank or sterile sample that is greater than the warning limit (i.e., five times the detection limit for the gravimetric method).  This rule is even more of a concern if an adjacent standard also fails.

 

STERILE SAMPLES

 

Sterile material used to monitor contamination during sample preparation was a vitrophyre rock that can be found on the property.  In the 2009 drilling program, a total of 200 steriles were inserted in lab orders.  Six of these (3%) were over the 0.03 g/t Au limit (maximum 0.39 g/t Au) and were considered failures.  A review shows that all of these steriles were located directly after high grade samples, indicating some contamination in the laboratory preparation process.

 

In the 2010 drilling program, a total of 440 steriles were inserted into the sample stream. Only 8 samples (1.8%) were over the 0.03 g/t Au warning limit.

 

11-10



 

In the 2011 drilling program, a total of 173 steriles were inserted.  Only two samples (1.1%) were over the 0.03 g/t Au warning limit.

 

In the 2011 drilling program, a total of 173 steriles were inserted with lab orders.  Only two samples (1.1%) were over the 0.03 g/t Au warning limit.

 

In the 2012 drilling program, a total 335 steriles were inserted with lab orders this period.  All samples fell within the acceptable range.

 

In the 2013 drilling program, a total 123 steriles were inserted with lab orders this period.  All samples fell within the acceptable range.

 

Overall, RPA considers the results of the sterile analyses acceptable in terms of control of contamination in the analytical procedure.

 

BLANK SAMPLES

 

In order to monitor the contamination that might occur during the analytical procedure, blank pulps were inserted in the sampling sequence, at the end of the mineralized zone, and following the sterile and a high-grade standard.  The blank pulps are certified reference material from CDN Labs which come in paper bags of approximately 100 g each.

 

In 2008, a total of 282 blank pulps were sent for analysis and only one exceeded the limit of 0.25 ppm.  The sample though, was clearly a mix-up with a higher grade standard.

 

In 2009, a total of 128 blank samples were inserted.  Only one sample exceeded the 0.3 g/t Au warning limit and it was next to a high grade sample, which could have caused contamination.

 

In 2010, a total of 377 blank samples were inserted with lab orders.  Only one of these (0.2%) was over the 0.03 g/t Au warning limit.

 

In 2011, a total of 152 blank samples were inserted.  None of these were over the 0.03 g/t Au warning limit.

 

11-11



 

In 2012, a total of 291 blank samples were inserted with lab orders (using CDN Lab material standard CDN-GS-BL9).  Only five samples were over the 0.005 g/t Au limit and none approached the 0.03 g/t Au warning limit.

 

In 2013, a total of 111 blank samples were inserted with lab orders (using CDN Lab material standard CDN-GS-BL9).  Only one sample was over the 0.03 g/t Au warning limit but it was not near any vein or zone of interest.

 

Overall, RPA considers the blank results acceptable in terms of control of contamination in the analytical procedure.

 

STANDARD SAMPLES

 

During the 2008 program, five standards, all of economic value, were used to monitor the accuracy of the analytical results.  All standards were bought from CDN Labs.  In 2008, a total of 677 pulps were inserted, 12% of which were outside the accepted range.

 

In 2009, seven different standards were used during the drilling program.  In the first half of the year, three standards were used that were purchased from CDN Labs.  Concurrently, CDN labs were commissioned to make four standards for internal use, utilizing coarse rejects from Mercedes area core.  These standards are at grades of 0.70 g/t Au, 2.36 g/t Au, 5.70 g/t Au, and 14.12 g/t Au have been used exclusively since mid-2009, when the commercial standards were used up.  In 2009, a total of 251 standards were inserted during the drilling program. A total of 23 (9.2%) were outside of the 3SD limit and were considered failures.

 

In 2010, four different standards were professionally prepared by CDN Labs from core rejects collected at the Mercedes site, including MER-HG (high grade), MER-MG (medium grade) MER-LG (low grade) and MER-CG (cut-off grade).  The average of CHEMEX assays for the four standards in subsequent assays has been statistically very close to the mean established by CDN during the round-robin laboratory testing.  A small proportion of the MER-HG standard has reported below the 3SD limit suggesting that there may have been some slight non-homogeneity in the MER-HG standard prep.  These standards were used exclusively during the drilling programs in 2010-2013.

 

In 2010, a total of 450 standards were inserted in the drilling program.  A total of 25 standards (5.5%) were outside the 3SD acceptable range, and all 25 reported lower than

 

11-12



 

3SD.  In 2011, a total of 186 standards were inserted in the drilling program.  A total of eight standards (4.3%) were outside the 3SD acceptable range, with seven being below and one being above the 3SD limit.

 

In 2011, a total of 186 standards were inserted in the drilling program.  A total of eight standards (4.3%) were outside the 3SD acceptable range, with seven being below and one being above the 3SD limit.  Five of the standards reporting low values were from the Mercedes HG (“high grade”) standard, so there may be some slight non-homogeneity in the standards.

 

In 2012, a total of 375 standard samples were submitted with lab orders.  Only one sample assayed above the accepted range and seven standards from different categories assayed below the accepted range.  Those were not considered as a fail but a warning and ALS was informed that some of our control samples were falling outside our accepted ranges.  MER-CG and MER-MG behaved very well in the period; MER-LG had two biases one above and one below, whilst MER-HG had five standards below the 3SD from different batches, those are not considered a fail but bias on the analysis, ALS was informed about those biases.

 

In 2013, a total of 137 standard samples were submitted with lab orders.  No samples assayed above the accepted range (>3SD) and a total of nine standards (7%) from the four combined standards assayed between 2SD and 3SD.

 

Overall, RPA considers the results of the standard samples acceptable in terms of monitoring the accuracy of the analytical procedure.

 

FIELD DUPLICATES

 

In order to monitor the variability of the grades obtained by ALS, the systematic use of field duplicates were implemented at the beginning of the 2008 program.  These duplicates are splits of drill core that are inserted approximately every 30 samples, and are taken randomly from outside the vein.  They are treated as normal samples and are consecutively numbered with respect to the original core split.

 

In 2008, a total of 323 samples, from 169 drill holes, were used to create the correlation and precision graphs.  The correlation between original and duplicates was low (37%).  This is due to the fact that most of the samples (originals and duplicates) are taken from zones with

 

11-13



 

low-grade mineralization.  In 2009, a total of 222 duplicate samples were analyzed by ALS, generally from low grade zones peripheral to veins.  The correlation between samples was 0.998, indicating that the entire process from preparation through analysis was very good and there is a low nugget effect in vein samples.

 

In 2010, a total of 443 duplicate samples were analyzed, generally from low grade zones peripheral to veins.  The correlation between samples started out at over 0.85 from March to October, but decreased significantly to 0.68 in November and December.  It is not known if this is related to sloppy procedures during high sample volume.  It should be noted that the duplicate samples were taken from outside the vein zones, in order to save vein material for metallurgical testwork, so much of the variation relates to samples with less than 0.3 g/t Au.  In general, the overall 2010 data is considered acceptable for monitoring precision of grades, especially when compared to the checks on reject samples from high grade zones.

 

In 2011, a total of 473 duplicate samples from 118 core holes in the Diluvio, Barrancas, Klondike, and Rey de Oro areas were analyzed, generally from low grade zones peripheral to veins.  The correlation between samples for the year averaged 0.83.

 

In 2012, a total of 274 duplicate samples from 149 drill holes from Diluvio, Marianas and Rey de Oro areas were analyzed by Chemex, generally from low grade zones peripheral to veins. Duplicates are inserted every 30 samples in the sampling sequence from material outside the main vein zones in order to preserve the second half of core. Precision graphs were made using all 274 duplicates (cumulative data), in total in order to achieve more precision. The correlation between the original samples and duplicates is good, showing an R2 value of 0.5714.  Considering the variability of the mineralization, the overall 2012 data is considered acceptable for monitoring precision of grades.

 

In 2013, a total of 89 duplicate samples from 61 drill holes were analyzed by Chemex; generally from low grade zones peripheral to veins.  Duplicates are inserted every 40 samples in the sampling sequence from material outside the main vein zones in order to preserve the second half of core. The correlation between the original samples and duplicates is very good, showing an R2 value of 0.8956.

 

Overall, RPA considers the results of the field duplicate analyses acceptable for monitoring precision of grades.

 

11-14



 

PULP DUPLICATES

 

In May 2008, a system for pulp checking was implemented at Mercedes.  Every lab order that is submitted to ALS includes a request for at least one sub-sample of pulp to be sent to Acme with the purpose of checking the reproducibility of the analysis.  These check pulps are selected at random, approximately every 30 to 40 samples, by the person who makes the sample shipment.  Up to November 2008, a total of 143 check assays have been received.  The correlation between originals and checks is good at 98%.

 

No pulp samples were sent to a secondary laboratory for analysis in 2011 to 2013, as per Yamana’s instructions regarding updated QA/QC for the NI 43-101 protocol.

 

MINE QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL

 

During 2013 (to November 20), 10,379 chip samples were dispatched to the Mercedes laboratory located in the processing plant.  A total of 232 standards (207 gold and 25 silver), as well as 83 blanks and sterile samples were inserted to cover all batches of samples on both day and night shifts.  A total of 1,034 preparation duplicates were also submitted for analysis.

 

TABLE 11-1   RESULTS OF GOLD STANDARDS SUBMITTED TO THE MINE LABORATORY IN 2013

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Range

 

Standard

 

Grade
(g/t Au)

 

Number

 

Out of Range
(2SD to 3SD)

 

%

 

Out of Range
(>3SD)

 

%

 

60b

 

2.47

 

71

 

7

 

9.85

 

13

 

8.57

 

68a

 

3.89

 

40

 

4

 

10.00

 

15

 

37.50

 

CDN-FCM-6

 

2.15

 

39

 

6

 

15.38

 

17

 

43.58

 

CDN-FCM-7

 

0.89

 

18

 

2

 

11.11

 

2

 

11.11

 

CDN-GS-5H

 

3.88

 

62

 

7

 

11.29

 

11

 

17.74

 

CDN-GS-6A

 

5.79

 

81

 

9

 

11.11

 

5

 

6.17

 

CDN-GS-7E

 

7.32

 

43

 

6

 

13.95

 

8

 

18.60

 

CDN-GS-12A

 

12.31

 

9

 

0

 

0

 

1

 

11.11

 

CND-ME-16

 

30.80

 

9

 

1

 

11.11

 

2

 

11.11

 

CND-ME-19

 

0.62

 

52

 

10

 

19.23

 

14

 

26.92

 

Total

 

 

 

424

 

52

 

12.26

 

87

 

20.51

 

 

11-15



 

When a standard analysis exceeds the three standard deviation limit, reanalysis is requested for the standard and two samples on each side of it in the batch.  As a result of the reanalyses, the percent failure greater than three standard deviations decreased to 8.96%.  RPA notes that while the error rate is much improved it is still problematic.  Further investigation reveals that the results show no bias, and RPA considers the mine assays are acceptable for use in resource estimation.

 

TABLE 11-2   RESULTS OF SILVER STANDARDS SUBMITTED TO THE MINE LABORATORY IN 2013

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Range

 

Standard

 

Grade
(g/t Au)

 

Number

 

Out of Range
(2SD to 3SD)

 

%

 

Out of Range
(>3SD)

 

%

 

68a

 

42.9

 

40

 

4

 

10.00

 

15

 

37.50

 

CDN-FCM-6

 

156.8

 

39

 

6

 

15.38

 

17

 

43.58

 

CDN-FCM-7

 

0.89

 

18

 

2

 

11.11

 

2

 

11.11

 

CDN-GS-5H

 

50.40

 

62

 

7

 

11.29

 

11

 

17.74

 

CDN —ME-7

 

150.7

 

30

 

8

 

26.66

 

14

 

46.66

 

CND-ME-16

 

30.80

 

9

 

1

 

11.11

 

2

 

11.11

 

CND-ME-19

 

103.0

 

52

 

10

 

19.23

 

14

 

26.92

 

Total

 

 

 

250

 

35

 

14.00

 

76

 

30.40

 

 

When a standard analysis exceeds the three standard deviation limit, reanalysis is requested for the standard and two samples on each side of it in the batch.  As a result of the reanalyses, the percent failure greater than three standard deviations decreased to 8.40%.  Inaccuracies arise due to the encapsulated nature of the silver-bearing minerals and, at times, the incomplete digestion of the samples during analysis.  RPA notes that while the error rate is much improved it is still problematic.  Further investigation reveals that the results show no bias, and RPA considers the mine assays to be acceptable for use in resource estimation.

 

In RPA’s opinion, the mine laboratory at Mercedes would benefit from an independent audit by a qualified external consultant.

 

11-16



 

SECURITY OF SAMPLES

 

REVERSE CIRCULATION DRILLING

 

A geologic determination is made at the rig regarding which samples were to be assayed.  This included any intervals with veining or strong silicification and included several unmineralized samples on either side of the vein zone.  Samples to be shipped were placed in grain sacks, and the tops tied with plastic ties or duct tape.  Samples are transported to the Mercedes camp area by MMM personnel.

 

Samples were collected on-site approximately once per week by drivers from ALS, who come from the Hermosillo preparation facility.  Samples are prepared in Hermosillo and shipped to Vancouver for analysis.  Check samples and duplicate samples are collected daily and stored at the Mercedes camp.  Check samples are periodically shipped when sample quantity justified it.

 

CORE SAMPLES

 

All core drilled between 2005 and 2013 was logged directly at the Mercedes camp.  Samples were placed in plastic bags and sealed with bag ties.  Batches of samples were then placed in grain sacks and sealed with bag ties or duct tape.  Grain sacks were stored in a locked warehouse facility on site.  Samples were collected on-site approximately once per week by drivers from ALS Chemex, who came from the Hermosillo preparation facility.

 

Although there have been some problems with sample preparation and analysis, Yamana personnel have monitored the results and have taken appropriate corrective measures as deemed necessary.  It is RPA’s opinion that Yamana’s sampling, sample preparation, analysis, and security at the Mercedes Project meet industry standards and the resulting data is acceptable for use in resource estimation.

 

11-17



 

12 DATA VERIFICATION

 

Since October 2008, assays are received electronically from ALS and upon passing QA/QC protocols, the results were downloaded directly into the Mercedes Century Systems database.  Reports containing control charts and detailing the results of the assay standards and blanks for the drill core were reviewed.  Mercedes procedures appear to identify assay failures when blanks and/or standards failed to pass set criteria.

 

Drill hole data was viewed both on screen and on paper cross sections to verify that down-hole survey data had been entered into the database with correct coordinates.

 

The Access database and Century System database was validated through the Vulcan internal data verification program to check for overlapping samples, negative or extreme assay values, etc.

 

Part of the resource database and several drill logs were reviewed by RPA for accuracy of assay transcription from the assay certificates.  Approximately 1,400 assays from recent drill holes in the database were compared to the original assay certificates, with no errors noted.  No extreme length samples or excessive assay values were found.  Visual validation of drill hole positions and comparison of in-hole survey and collar surveys with original logs and survey documents revealed no errors.  The standard Gemcom GEMS validations for overlapping samples, etc., also returned no errors.

 

Drill logs for four holes were compared to the core stored at site.  It was determined that the logging and sampling were completed to industry standards.

 

Based on our review of the database and primary records, plus discussions with the Yamana personnel, RPA is of the opinion that data collection and entry, and database verification procedures for the Mercedes Mine comply with industry standards and are adequate for the purposes of resource estimation.

 

12-1



 

13 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING

 

Metallurgical testing for the Mercedes operation was undertaken by McClelland Laboratories, Inc. (MLI), in Sparks, Nevada, with multiple phases of test work from February 2007 to November 2010.  The Mercedes plant has been constructed and attained commercial production as of February 1, 2012 and was in operation at the time of the site visit.

 

METALLURGICAL TESTING

 

Metallurgical testing on the Mercedes Project was conducted in five phases.  The test programs and results are summarized below.

 

PHASE 1

 

Phase I testing was commissioned by Meridian in February 2007.  Testing included scoping level evaluation of cyanidation, gravity concentration, and flotation processing on three RC drill (coarse assay reject) composites.  A total of 23.4 m of sample from six drill holes was used in the three composites as follows:

 

·                  Mercedes high grade (HG) — 29.25 g/t Au

·                  Mercedes average grade (AG) — 8.45 g/t Au

·                  Rey de Oro low grade (LG) — 1.32 g/t Au

 

Mineralogical studies identified opaque minerals, including iron oxides, pyrite, gold, electrum, stibnite, and rare pyrargyrite, within a gangue of substantial chalcedony, quartz, and carbonate.

 

This preliminary testing showed the Mercedes medium and high grade ore types are amenable to milling cyanidation at a 75 µm feed size, with average recoveries of 95% for gold, but only 25% for silver.

 

13-1



 

PHASE II

 

Phase II testing was commissioned by Meridian in December 2007.  The program included ore variability (cyanidation) testing on 12 “coarse reject” drill core composites, detailed process optimization testing (milling/cyanidation and gravity concentration) on three “half-split drill core” composites, and detailed comminution testing on the same three composites and six additional drill core composites.  Composites for the Phase II testing represented multiple grade ranges and rock types from the Mercedes, Klondike, and Corona de Oro zones.

 

CYANIDATION

 

Results from process optimization (Phase II) testing confirmed incremental improvement in silver recovery obtained by finer grinding, and indicated no significant benefit to increasing solution cyanide concentration above approximately 1.5 g NaCN/L.

 

GRAVITY CONCENTRATION

 

Preliminary gravity concentration testing showed that samples responded reasonably well to concentration using conventional gravity methods at an 80% minus 150 µm feed size.  The gravity cleaner concentrates produced represented between 0.1% and 0.2% of the feed weight and contained between 12% and 24% of the total gold.  Cleaner concentrate grades were 612 to 1,349 g/t Au.  Gravity concentration was much less effective with respect to silver recovery.  Both the Mercedes HG-UG (Type 1) and MG-UG (Type 2) composites were tested to determine gravity recoverable gold (GRG) content.  Both composites responded well to centrifugally enhanced (Knelson type concentrator) gravity concentration treatment.  GRG values recovered from the HG-UG and MG-UG core composites were equivalent to 61.9% and 39.7% of gold values contained in the respective feeds.  Cleaner concentrate grades as high as 19 kg Au/t were produced from the HG-UG composite.

 

While whole ore cyanidation gold leach rate data indicated that gold recovery rates were rapid, even for the higher grade composites, it was concluded that head-end gravity concentration treatment may offer some benefit during commercial processing, particularly when higher grade ore is processed.

 

SULPHIDE FLOTATION

 

Neither Mercedes composite responded particularly well to bulk sulphide flotation treatment, at an 80% minus 75 µm feed size.  Gold and silver recoveries to the flotation rougher

 

13-2



 

concentrates were less than 65% and less than 22%, respectively.  No further flotation testing was conducted.

 

ORE VARIABILITY

 

Ore variability testing was conducted to evaluate response of ore from various ore zones, grade ranges and rock types.  Twelve composites representing ore from the Mercedes, Klondike, and Corona de Oro ore zones were subjected to whole ore cyanidation (bottle roll) testing at feed sizes of 80% minus 1.7 mm and 80% minus 75 µm.  Variability testing showed that the ore type composites evaluated were amenable to milling/cyanidation treatment at an 80% minus 75µm feed size.  Gold recoveries ranged from 83% to 99%, and averaged 91%.  It was also noted that gold recovery tended to increase with increasing head grade.

 

CARBON LOADING CAPACITY

 

Partially leached slurry generated from a Mercedes master composite was subjected to carbon-in-pulp (CIP) carbon capacity testing to evaluate carbon loading characteristics for CIP/cyanidation of the Mercedes ore.  The partially leached Mercedes slurry responded well to activated carbon processing, indicating that the CIP treatment of the Mercedes ore would work well.

 

SILVER RECOVERY

 

Results from that testing and analysis indicate that the main causes for low silver recoveries were association of refractory silver values with contained manganese oxide minerals (principally cryptomelane) and silicate minerals (principally orthoclase).

 

COMMINUTION TESTING

 

Detailed comminution testing was conducted on nine drill core composites.  Testing included crusher work index, abrasion index, ball mill work index and JK SimMet SAG mill testing on each of the three Mercedes (Type 1, 2 & 3) metallurgical composites.  Rod mill and ball mill work index tests were also conducted on the “3” series Mercedes comminution composites.  A ball mill work index was conducted on each of the three rock type (vein and stockwork) composites.  Summary results from comminution testing are presented in Table 13-1.

 

13-3



 

TABLE 13-1   COMMUNITION RESULTS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

Work Index (kWh/t)

 

Abrasion

 

Mia

 

Composite

 

Crushing

 

Rod
Mill

 

Ball
Mill

 

Index

 

A

 

b

 

A x b

 

DWi

 

kWh/t

 

Ta

 

Mercedes HG/UG

 

5.53

 

 

 

17.57

 

0.279

 

66.1

 

0.99

 

65.2

 

3.9

 

13.4

 

0.80

 

Mercedes MG/UG

 

5.79

 

 

 

18.29

 

0.280

 

64.4

 

1.1

 

69.0

 

3.6

 

12.9

 

0.86

 

Mercedes LG/UG

 

6.39

 

 

 

18.59

 

0.249

 

69.2

 

0.8

 

56.0

 

4.4

 

15.2

 

0.70

 

Mercedes Hg/UG (3)

 

 

 

14.21

 

17.97

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mercedes MG/UG (3)

 

 

 

13.88

 

18.64

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mercedes LG/UG (3)

 

 

 

13.29

 

18.59

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Klondike Vein

 

 

 

 

 

18.14

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mercedes Stockwork

 

 

 

 

 

17.98

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mercedes Vein

 

 

 

 

 

15.75

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PROCESS SIMULATION

 

A four cycle locked cycle process simulation test was completed to determine if recycling process solutions would cause affect extraction rates.  The test used a grind size of 46% minus 150 µm to simulate the anticipated cyclone underflow particle size.  The material was then treated by gravity separation to produce a concentrate.  Gravity tailings were blended and split into charges of two kilograms each that were used for “new feed” for the cycles.  The gravity separation recovered 0.056% of the feed weight and assayed 2,340 g/t Au and 19,650 g/t Ag.

 

The charge material was ground to 80% minus 45 µm, leached with cyanide and the treated with Carbon-in-pulp (CIP) to recover the precious metals.  CIP was used in preference over Merrill Crowe due to the small quantity of material available.

 

The test produced an average gravity gold recovery of 20.4% and an average CIP recovery of 74.5% for a total recovery of 94.9%.  The test produced an average gravity silver recovery of 6.1% and an average CIP recovery of 16.1% for a total recovery of 22.2%.  At the end of four cycles the average gold tail was 0.2 g/t Au and 124 g/t Ag.  It was concluded that four cycles were sufficient to obtain steady state conditions.

 

PHASE III

 

Phase III testing was commissioned by Yamana in October 2008, and included a process simulation test, cyanide neutralization testing, detailed liquid/solid separation testing, and

 

13-4



 

scoping level tests for evaluation of novel processing alternatives for improving silver recoveries.  The process simulation and cyanide neutralization testing was conducted on a master composite prepared from the three half-split drill core composites evaluated during Phase II testing.  The silver recovery testing was conducted on one selected Mercedes high grade composite.

 

PHASE IV

 

Phase IV testing was commissioned by Yamana in June 2009, and included comminution and gravity recoverable gold testing, and process simulation testing for generation of leach slurry for liquid/solid separation testing and detailed evaluation of tailings neutralization and environmental characterization.  Phase IV testing was conducted on four bulk ore samples and one bulk ore composite.

 

PHASE V

 

Phase V testing was commissioned by Yamana in November 2010, to determine ore variability and diagnosis for samples in the Barrancas and Lupita veins.  The second part of Phase V testing considered simulations of Barrancas and Lupita ore through the designed flowsheet.

 

The testwork indicated that both the Barrancas and Lupita mineralization present similar responses to agitated leaching as the Mercedes ore.

 

PROCESS DESCRIPTION

 

The process is based on conventional milling with Merrill Crowe recovery using the following unit processes (see Figure 17-1 in Section 17 of this report):

 

·                  Three-stage crushing with closed circuit tertiary

·                  Mill in closed circuit with cyclone classifiers

·                  Gravity concentration

·                  Agitated leach

·                  Counter current decantation

·                  Merrill Crowe precipitation

·                  Smelting

 

13-5



 

·                  Tailings detoxification

·                  Tailings disposal

 

The plant was designed to operate at 1,500 tpd.  A more complete description of the process at Mercedes, including a process flowsheet, is located in Section 17.

 

13-6



 

14 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE

 

SUMMARY

 

For this report, RPA has reviewed the Mineral Resource estimates of the various deposits at the Mercedes Mine as reported by Yamana as of December 31, 2013.  RPA carried out a number of checks to verify the various procedures and numerical calculations used in the Mercedes estimates.  This included detailed tracing of the methodology of estimating tonnage and grade of resource and reserve blocks.  With few exceptions, RPA found that values and compilations of gold grades were accurately recorded and calculated as provided on sections and plans.

 

RPA notes that a minimum thickness was not applied to the mineralized solids in the estimation of Mineral Resources.  Narrow intersections were used in the block models to maintain grade and geological continuity and to facilitate future mine planning activities.  However, RPA recommends that these narrow intersections be diluted out to a suitable minimum mining width to determine if they remain potentially economic.  If not, they should be removed from the estimate and the wireframes/solids adjusted accordingly.

 

As part of this audit, RPA carried out independent estimates of the Mercedes and Klondike, deposits based on the surface drilling, underground data (drilling and chip samples), and wireframes provided.

 

The 2013 Mercedes Mineral Resources reported by Yamana, including the Mineral Resources which have been converted to Mineral Reserves, total some 8.65 million tonnes of Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources at an average grade of 5.36 g/t Au and 55.1 g/t Ag (Tables 14-1 and 14-2).  This represents approximately 1.5 million ounces of gold and 15.3 million ounces of silver.  The deposits are also reported to contain some 3.4 million tonnes of Inferred Mineral Resources at an average grade of approximately 4.0 g/t Au and 37.0 g/t Ag (Table 14-3) which represents approximately 430,000 ounces of gold and 4.0 million ounces of silver.

 

14-1



 

RPA notes that the resources listed in Tables 14-1, 14-2, and 14-3 are in accordance with the Mineral Resource/Reserve Classification as recommended by the CIM Committee on Mineral Resources/Reserves.

 

TABLE 14-1   MEASURED MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE (DECEMBER 31, 2013)

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

Grade

 

Metal

 

Deposit

 

Tonnes

 

Au (g/t)

 

Ag (g/t)

 

AuEq (g/t)

 

Au (oz)

 

Ag (oz)

 

AuEq (oz)

 

Mercedes

 

1,125,300

 

8.44

 

113.67

 

9.25

 

305,300

 

4,112,500

 

334,700

 

Barrancas

 

127,500

 

5.40

 

54.04

 

5.79

 

22,100

 

221,500

 

23,700

 

Klondike

 

429,400

 

6.34

 

40.48

 

6.63

 

87,600

 

558,900

 

91,500

 

Rey de Oro

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Diluvio

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lupita

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total

 

1,682,200

 

7.67

 

90.47

 

8.32

 

415,000

 

4,892,900

 

449,900

 

 

Notes:

1.              CIM definitions were followed for Mineral Resources.

2.              Measured Mineral Resources are estimated at a cut-off grade of 2.0 g/t AuEq.

3.              AuEq based on 1.0 g Au = 140.0 g Ag.

4.              Mineral Resources are estimated using a long-term gold price of US$1,500 per ounce.

5.              No minimum mining width was used.

6.              Bulk density is 2.42 t/m3 for ore and 2.44 t/m3 for waste.

7.              Mineral Resources are inclusive of Mineral Reserves.

8.              Numbers may not add due to rounding.

 

TABLE 14-2   INDICATED MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE (DECEMBER 31, 2013)

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

Grade

 

Metal

 

Deposit

 

Tonnes

 

Au (g/t)

 

Ag (g/t)

 

AuEq (g/t)

 

Au (oz)

 

Ag (oz)

 

AuEq (oz)

 

Mercedes

 

1,812,100

 

6.91

 

67.59

 

7.40

 

402,900

 

3,938,000

 

431,000

 

Barrancas

 

1,755,600

 

5.21

 

52.98

 

5.59

 

294,100

 

2,990,400

 

315,400

 

Klondike

 

242,700

 

5.17

 

41.64

 

5.47

 

40,300

 

324,900

 

42,600

 

Rey de Oro

 

880,800

 

3.12

 

48.55

 

3.47

 

88,400

 

1,374,800

 

98,200

 

Diluvio

 

1,866,000

 

3.31

 

22.29

 

3.47

 

198,300

 

1,337,500

 

207,900

 

Lupita

 

409,300

 

3.93

 

34.79

 

4.17

 

51,700

 

457,800

 

54,900

 

Total

 

6,966,500

 

4.80

 

46.54

 

5.13

 

1,075,600

 

10,423,400

 

1,150,100

 

 

Notes:

1.              CIM definitions were followed for Mineral Resources.

2.              Mineral Resources are estimated at a cut-off grade of 2.0 g/t AuEq.

3.              AuEq based on 1.0 g Au = 140.0 g Ag.

4.              Mineral Resources are estimated using a long-term gold price of US$1,500 per ounce.

5.              No minimum mining width was used.

6.              Bulk density is 2.42 t/m3 for ore and 2.44 t/m3 for waste.

7.              Mineral Resources are inclusive of Mineral Reserves.

8.              Numbers may not add due to rounding.

 

14-2



 

TABLE 14-3   INFERRED MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE (DECEMBER 31, 2013)

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

Grade

 

Metal

 

Deposit

 

Tonnes

 

Au (g/t)

 

Ag (g/t)

 

AuEq (g/t)

 

Au (oz)

 

Ag (oz)

 

AuEq (oz)

 

Mercedes

 

570,000

 

5.8

 

42.0

 

6.1

 

110,000

 

770,000

 

110,000

 

Barrancas

 

650,000

 

5.4

 

42.0

 

5.7

 

110,000

 

890,000

 

120,000

 

Klondike

 

140,000

 

3.6

 

27.0

 

3.7

 

16,000

 

120,000

 

20,000

 

Rey de Oro

 

160,000

 

3.0

 

31.0

 

3.2

 

16,000

 

160,000

 

17,000

 

Diluvio

 

1,610,000

 

2.9

 

34.0

 

3.3

 

150,000

 

1,750,000

 

160,000

 

Lupita

 

250,000

 

3.7

 

36.0

 

4.0

 

30,000

 

290,000

 

30,000

 

Total

 

3,380,000

 

4.0

 

37.0

 

4.2

 

430,000

 

4,000,000

 

460,000

 

 

Notes:

1.              CIM definitions were followed for Mineral Resources.

2.              Mineral Resources are estimated at a cut-off grade of 2.0 g/t AuEq.

3.              AuEq based on 1.0 g Au = 140.0 g Ag.

4.              Mineral Resources are estimated using a long-term gold price of US$1,500 per ounce.

5.              No minimum mining width was used.

6.              Bulk density is 2.42 t/m3 for ore and 2.44 t/m3 for waste.

7.              Numbers may not add due to rounding.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

The methodology of estimating Mineral Resources by MMM and Yamana staff on recently updated resource estimates includes:

 

·                  Statistical analysis and variography of gold and silver values in the composite database.

·                  Construction of a block model using Vulcan software.

·                  Grade interpolation using ordinary kriging and inverse distance methodology.

 

RESOURCE DATABASE AND VALIDATION

 

RPA received header, survey, assay, lithology, composite data, and solids for the Mercedes, Barrancas, Klondike, Rey de Oro, Diluvio, and Lupita deposits from Yamana.  The database comprised 894 drill holes with 237,785 m of drilling for an average drill hole length of 266 m and 4,483 channel samples with 19,558 m of sampling for an average channel length of 4.36 m.  The database comprised 85,103 assay records totalling 95,600 m of assays for an average interval length of 1.12 m.  A total of 51,070 lithological records were included in the database.

 

14-3



 

A total of 774 drill holes with 210,634 m of drilling from the database intersected the solids in the Yamana block models.  The average length of intersecting drill hole was 272 m.  A total of 4,100 channels with 18,045 m of sampling from the database intersected the solids in the Yamana block models.  The average length of intersecting channel was 4.40 m. The intersecting drill holes contained 77,703 assays of which 26,579 assays intersected the grade shells.  The average assay interval was 1.12 m in the intersecting drill holes and 0.98 m within the deposit solids.

 

All drill core, survey, geological and assay information used for the resource and reserve estimates is verified and approved by MMM geological staff and maintained as an on-site database.  RPA performed a variety of validation queries and routines in GEMS to help identify data entry errors.  The database was found to be in good shape with no significant problems were noted.

 

GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION AND 3D SOLIDS

 

Drill hole and chip sample data, plotted on detailed cross-sections at approximately 30 m intervals provide the basis for the geological interpretation.  AuEq grade shells were constructed to represent the mineralization that is potentially exploitable using underground mining methods.  Length-weighted compositing of the gold and silver assays was employed to determine inclusion of assay intervals in the various grade groupings.  The grade shells are snapped to the drill hole intercepts that meet or exceed the grade shell cut-off value of 2.0 g/t AuEq (Diluvio 0.5 g/t AuEq, Rey de Oro 0.2 g/t AuEq) with an additional high grade shell set at approximately 50 g/t AuEq at Mercedes and approximately 16 g/t AuEq at Klondike.  Locally, internal waste was included inside the grade shells as long as the adjacent “ore” intervals can carry the waste interval on an individual basis at or above the cutoff value for the grade shell.  Occasional drill hole intercepts that crossed the mineralized trend but were below the grade shell cut-off were included to maintain the along strike and down dip continuity of the mineralized trend as long as they were located in the “centre of mass” for the trend.  The strings were then swept together to create 3D solids, using Vulcan software.

 

Based on the database and geological concepts, a total of 63 grade shells were created in all deposits to represent the current drill defined mineralization.  RPA notes that no minimum mining width or minimum vein separation was applied to the models.  RPA recommends that

 

14-4



 

care be taken during the conversion of resources to reserves to ensure that planned mining blocks meet or exceed the cut-off grade once expanded to the minimum mining width and external dilution is added.

 

Figures 14-1 to 14-3 provide a view of the grade shells at the Mercedes and Barrancas deposits, the Klondike and Rey de Oro deposits, and Lupita and Diluvio deposits respectively.  Figures 14-4 to 14-6 are cross sections through the same deposits.

 

The statistical analyses that were carried out on the database included:

 

·                  Descriptive statistics of composite lengths and associated main variables.  These included:

·                  Log-probability plots

·                  Variography

 

Gold assay statistics for the main zones are provided in Table 14-4 and silver assay statistics are listed in Table 14-5.

 

TABLE 14-4   GOLD ASSAY STATISTICS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Zone

 

Number

 

Mean
(g/t)

 

Standard
Deviation (g/t)

 

Minimum
(g/t)

 

Maximum
(g/t)

 

Coefficient
of Variation

 

Mercedes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Zones

 

11,754

 

9.60

 

15.46

 

0.000

 

2,784.0

 

4.74

 

Barrancas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Zones

 

1,835

 

6.03

 

11.36

 

0.006

 

169.50

 

1.88

 

Klondike

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Zones

 

3,690

 

6.75

 

21.91

 

0.025

 

782.33

 

3.24

 

Rey de Oro

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Zones

 

3,752

 

0.58

 

1.16

 

0.002

 

15.30

 

2.00

 

Lupita

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Zones

 

5,514

 

1.32

 

4.41

 

0.002

 

210.00

 

3.34

 

 

14-5



 

TABLE 14-5   SILVER ASSAY STATISTICS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Zone

 

Number

 

Mean (g/t)

 

Standard
Deviation (g/t)

 

Minimum
(g/t)

 

Maximum
(g/t)

 

Coefficient
of Variation

 

Mercedes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Zones

 

11,754

 

115.03

 

236.37

 

0.000

 

12,936.0

 

2.06

 

Barrancas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Zones

 

1,835

 

59.56

 

56.71

 

0.300

 

864.00

 

0.95

 

Klondike

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Zones

 

3,690

 

39.13

 

40.72

 

0.700

 

697.50

 

1.04

 

Rey de Oro

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Zones

 

3,752

 

23.32

 

30.41

 

0.200

 

753.00

 

1.30

 

Lupita

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Zones

 

5,514

 

18.97

 

40.45

 

0.500

 

1,200.0

 

2.13

 

 

14-6



 

FIGURE 14-1   ISOMETRIC VIEW OF MERCEDES AND BARRANCAS DEPOSITS

 

 

14-7



 

FIGURE 14-2   ISOMETRIC VIEW OF KLONDIKE AND REY DE ORO DEPOSITS

 

 

14-8



 

FIGURE 14-3   ISOMETRIC VIEW OF LUPITA AND DILUVIO DEPOSITS

 

 

14-9



 

FIGURE 14-4   CROSS SECTIONS LOOKING SE OF MERCEDES AND BARRANCAS DEPOSITS

 

 

14-10



 

FIGURE 14-5   CROSS SECTIONS LOOKING WNW OF KLONDIKE AND REY DE ORO DEPOSITS

 

 

14-11


 

 


 

FIGURE 14-6   CROSS SECTION LOOKING WEST OF LUPITA AND DILUVIO DEPOSITS

 

 

14-12



 

ASSAY COMPOSITES

 

Previous studies of sample lengths have determined that 1.0 m was the most common length at the various deposits at Mercedes.  A composite length of 1.0 m was selected by MMM so that the majority of the assay intervals were not split into separate composite values.

 

GRADE CAPPING

 

The gold and silver composite assay database was statistically examined by MMM for the presence of local high-grade outliers which could potentially affect the accuracy of the resource estimate.   A 99.0th percentile value was selected for grade capping for Mercedes and Klondike gold and silver composite assays (Table 14-6).  In some cases, the top cuts are indicated to be below the 99th percentile, and this typically reflects that there were few samples in the mineralized group so the selected top cut was the highest value indicated by the statistics.  Not all grade estimation populations had top cuts applied.

 

The Barrancas and Lupita gold and silver composites were examined and the top cuts were determined using probability plot values for individual mineralized zones. The top cut values for gold and silver for Barrancas and Lupita range from 88th to 99th percentile values with local zones not being cut because of a limited number of composite samples.

 

14-13



 

TABLE 14-6   TOP CUT VALUES

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Deposit

 

Group

 

Gold (g/t Au)

 

Values Cut

 

Silver (g/t Ag)

 

Values Cut

 

Mercedes

 

BH Channels

 

67.2

 

3

 

266.1

 

3

 

 

 

CB Channels

 

78.7

 

11

 

718.9

 

9

 

 

 

CDO Channels

 

272.7

 

18

 

1093.7

 

33

 

 

 

Main Holes

 

288.4

 

6

 

824.9

 

11

 

 

 

HG Holes

 

None

 

0

 

None

 

0

 

 

 

HW Holes

 

38.7

 

3

 

296.0

 

4

 

 

 

FW Holes

 

29.4

 

4

 

220.0

 

2

 

Barrancas

 

Channels 1

 

None

 

0

 

None

 

0

 

 

 

Channels 2

 

39.5

 

5

 

211.8

 

1

 

 

 

Channels 3

 

48.2

 

1

 

220.3

 

5

 

 

 

Lag-A Holes

 

18.8

 

11

 

75.6

 

5

 

 

 

Lag-B Holes

 

26.1

 

8

 

102.0

 

8

 

 

 

Lag-C Holes

 

16.2

 

9

 

123.0

 

4

 

 

 

Lag-E Holes

 

21.8

 

3

 

171.0

 

5

 

 

 

Lag-F Holes

 

33.1

 

10

 

142.1

 

11

 

 

 

Barr C 23 Holes

 

18.7

 

3

 

150.0

 

2

 

 

 

Barr C 24 Holes

 

20.1

 

1

 

112.4

 

6

 

 

 

Barr C 25 Holes

 

18.6

 

9

 

228.3

 

2

 

 

 

Barr C 26 Holes

 

5.4

 

4

 

86.1

 

4

 

 

 

Barr C 27 Holes

 

13.3

 

7

 

120.0

 

2

 

Klondike

 

All Channels

 

81.6

 

14

 

264.4

 

6

 

 

 

Main Holes

 

21.8

 

1

 

158.0

 

2

 

 

 

HG Holes

 

None

 

0

 

None

 

0

 

 

 

HW Holes

 

6.2

 

2

 

86.0

 

0

 

 

 

FW Holes

 

5.7

 

2

 

56.0

 

3

 

Rey de Oro

 

Main

 

19.2

 

12

 

196.7

 

9

 

 

 

HW

 

2.3

 

4

 

37.5

 

4

 

 

 

FW

 

1.2

 

5

 

88.0

 

2

 

Diluvio -

 

Diluvio All

 

11.0

 

61

 

150.0

 

66

 

Lupita

 

Diluvio West

 

10.0

 

1

 

25.0

 

10

 

 

 

Lupita

 

15.0

 

13

 

155.0

 

3

 

 

In addition to the grade capping, an area of influence limit has been applied to local zones at Mercedes and Klondike for selected composite values as indicated by a probability plot.  When a composite value is greater than the selected value, the area of influence around the composite is limited to an ellipsoid shape with the dimensions of 10 m in major direction, 10 m in the semi major direction and two metres in the minor direction.  Not all grade estimation populations had area of influence limits applied. Grade restrictions were applied to the composites during grade estimation.

 

14-14



 

Area of influence limits were not used in the grade estimation of the Barrancas and Lupita models.

 

Basic statistics for cut gold and silver assays, uncut composites, and cut composites on a zone by zone basis are given in Table 14-7.  A total of 231 gold composites and 222 silver composites were cut.

 

Resource estimates were run for Mercedes and Klondike deposits without using any cut values for comparison with the cut composite results.  At the 2.0 g/t AuEq cut-off grade, the uncut Measured plus Indicated resources at Mercedes deposit contained approximately 53,770 (7.5%) more ounces of gold and 412,440 (5.1%) more ounces of silver than the resource estimated using cut grades.  The uncut Measured plus Indicated resources at Klondike deposit contained approximately 8,160 (6.0%) more ounces of gold and 5,040 (0.6%) more ounces of silver than the resource estimated using cut grades.

 

TABLE 14-7   SUMMARY OF ASSAY RECORDS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

Cut Assays

 

Composites

 

Cut Composites

 

Deposit

 

(g/t Au)

 

(g/t Ag)

 

(g/t Au)

 

(g/t Ag)

 

(g/t Au)

 

(g/t Ag)

 

Mercedes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number

 

11,754

 

11,754

 

11,194

 

11,164

 

11,194

 

11,164

 

Mean

 

8.62

 

107.82

 

9.52

 

114.20

 

8.76

 

108.02

 

Standard Deviation

 

23.90

 

126.18

 

37.61

 

209.37

 

22.02

 

122.07

 

Minimum

 

0.00

 

0.00

 

0.00

 

0.00

 

0.00

 

0.00

 

Maximum

 

644.0

 

1,935.0

 

2,040.0

 

9,107.1

 

644.0

 

1,935.0

 

Coefficient of Variation

 

2.78

 

1.17

 

3.95

 

1.83

 

2.51

 

1.13

 

Klondike

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number

 

3,690

 

3,690

 

3,336

 

3,336

 

3,336

 

3,336

 

Mean

 

6.22

 

38.80

 

6.75

 

39.16

 

6.50

 

38.94

 

Standard Deviation

 

12.31

 

36.50

 

20.40

 

35.99

 

13.46

 

33.72

 

Minimum

 

0.025

 

0.700

 

0.050

 

0.700

 

0.050

 

0.700

 

Maximum

 

241.0

 

264.4

 

782.3

 

460.0

 

481.8

 

264.4

 

Coefficient of Variation

 

1.98

 

0.94

 

3.02

 

0.92

 

2.07

 

0.87

 

 

BULK DENSITY

 

Due to the variable composition of the vein structures and the wallrock identified at the Mercedes Project, bulk density measurements were taken to accurately determine tonnes

 

14-15



 

based on geology.  The measurements were conducted by the Mercedes Project staff and McClelland Laboratories in Sparks, Nevada.  The completed bulk densities were averaged by geology type, and the resulting averages are listed in Table 14-8.

 

TABLE 14-8   BULK DENSITY BY DEPOSIT

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Rock

 

Mercedes (t/m3)

 

Klondike (t/m3)

 

Barrancas (t/m3)

 

Lupita (t/m3)

 

Latite

 

2.25

 

2.25

 

2.25

 

2.25

 

Andesite

 

2.35

 

2.35

 

2.35

 

2.35

 

Stockwork

 

2.31

 

2.39

 

2.44

 

2.44

 

Vein

 

2.46

 

2.46

 

2.44

 

2.44

 

 

For the 2013 estimations, Yamana used average bulk density values of 2.42 t/m3 for mineralized material and 2.44 t/m3 for waste.

 

CUT-OFF GRADE

 

The grade shells are snapped to drill hole intercepts that meet or exceed the cut-off value of 2.0 g/t AuEq (Diluvio 0.5 g/t AuEq, Rey de Oro 0.4 g/t AuEq) with an additional high grade shells set at approximately 50 g/t AuEq at Mercedes and approximately 16 g/t AuEq at Klondike.

 

The AuEq cut-off grade used in building the grade shells is based on gold price, silver price, and metallurgical recoveries for gold and silver.  For the purposes of the grade shell modeling for YE2013 and to remain consistent with modeling in previous years, the AuEq factor was set at 140 parts silver equal one (1) part gold.

 

VARIOGRAPHY, INTERPOLATION PARAMETERS AND BLOCK MODELS

 

Variogram studies were conducted by Yamana for the various deposits at Mercedes.  The variogram searches were fit to the orientation of the deposits.  RPA examined the variography and found it acceptable for use in resource estimation.  The derived variogram parameters are listed in Table 14-9.

 

14-16



 

TABLE 14-9   VARIOGRAPHY RESULTS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

Azimuth

 

Plunge

 

Dip

 

 

 

Axes (m)

 

Deposit

 

(°)

 

(°)

 

(°)

 

Nugget

 

Major

 

Semi-Major

 

Minor

 

Klondike

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Structure 1

 

285

 

0

 

75

 

0.3

 

10.0

 

8.0

 

7.0

 

Structure 2

 

285

 

0

 

75

 

0.3

 

80.0

 

40.0

 

8.0

 

Rey de Oro

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Structure 1

 

309

 

-10

 

50

 

0.2

 

25.0

 

15.0

 

5.0

 

Mercedes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Structure 1

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0.6

 

25.0

 

10.0

 

1.0

 

Structure 2

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0.1

 

4.0

 

60.0

 

10.

 

Diluvio

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Structure 1

 

060

 

0

 

-30

 

0.5

 

24.0

 

 

 

 

 

Structure 2

 

060

 

0

 

-30

 

0.5

 

122.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

All models have a rotated origin to represent the general northwest to southeast trend of the vein mineralization.  These models were generated using the 2.0 g/t AuEq and high grade AuEq grade shells as well as other descriptive solids such as geology, domain, and waste boundaries respectively.  For the Mercedes, Barrancas and Klondike zones, the block size is 10 m by 10 m by 10 m, sub-blocked down to a minimum size of 0.5 m by 0.5 m by 0.5 m. For Rey de Oro, the block size is 20 m by 20 m by 20 m, sub-blocked down to a minimum size of 0.5 m by 0.5 m by 0.5 m. For the Diluvio-Lupita zones, the block size is 1.0 m by 1.0 m by 1.0 m.

 

Grades for gold and silver were estimated separately using  ordinary kriging (OK) or inverse distance squared (ID2) techniques based on estimation zones defined by the 2.0 g/t AuEq envelope and high grade solids, waste (the zone outside of the grade shells), mineralization, geology, and domain.  Three estimation passes were made for each estimation zone to reflect changes in search distances and sample selection.  AuEq grades within the block models are calculated from the estimated gold and silver grades.

 

Table 14-10 lists parameters used in the grade interpolations of the block models for the three groups of deposits.

 

14-17



 

TABLE 14-10   INTERPOLATION PARAMETERS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Drill

 

 

 

Estimation

 

Estimation

 

Search Distance

 

Samples

 

Hole

 

Deposit

 

Method

 

Pass

 

Major

 

Semi-major

 

Minor

 

Min

 

Max

 

Limit

 

Mercedes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Channels

 

OK

 

1

 

2.5

 

2.5

 

1.0

 

1

 

8

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

15

 

15

 

5

 

2

 

8

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

30

 

30

 

15

 

1

 

8

 

 

Drill holes

 

OK

 

1

 

30

 

30

 

15

 

4

 

8

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

60

 

60

 

30

 

2

 

8

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

90

 

90

 

60

 

1

 

8

 

 

Klondike

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Channels

 

OK

 

1

 

2.5

 

2.5

 

1

 

1

 

8

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

15

 

15

 

5

 

6

 

8

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

30

 

30

 

15

 

1

 

8

 

 

Drill holes

 

OK

 

1

 

30

 

30

 

15

 

4

 

8

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

60

 

60

 

30

 

2

 

8

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

90

 

90

 

60

 

1

 

8

 

 

Lupita

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ID3

 

1

 

40

 

40

 

20

 

6

 

8

 

2

 

 

 

ID3

 

2

 

80

 

80

 

40

 

4

 

8

 

3

 

 

 

ID3

 

3

 

120

 

120

 

60

 

2

 

8

 

3

 

 

Figures 14-7, 14-8, and 14-9, respectively show longitudinal sections of the calculated gold equivalent block grades for Mercedes and Barrancas, Klondike and Rey de Oro, and Diluvio and Lupita deposits.

 

14-18


 

 


 

FIGURE 14-7   AUEQ GRADE DISTRIBUTION OF THE MERCEDES AND BARRANCAS DEPOSITS

 

 

14-19



 

FIGURE 14-8   AUEQ GRADE DISTRIBUTION OF THE KLONDIKE AND REY DE ORO DEPOSITS

 

 

14-20



 

FIGURE 14-9   AUEQ GRADE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DILUVIO AND LUPITA DEPOSITS

 

 

14-21


 

 


 

MINERAL RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION

 

The resource blocks are classified based on average distance of data points, a minimum number of drill holes, and on the minimum number of samples from different octants.  Based on the ranges indicated by the omnidirectional variograms and a conditional simulation run conducted by Yamana in Brazil, it was determined that Indicated resources could be defined out to a distance of 40 m.  Resources located at distances greater than 40 m are classified in the Inferred category.

 

The resource classification criteria are as follows:

 

Measured — Based on underground access and sampling.

 

Indicated — First and second estimation passes with at least two separated drill holes in the estimate with an average estimation distance less than or equal to 40 meters.

 

Inferred — First and second estimation passes with an average estimation distance greater than 40 meters.  All third estimation pass and estimations completed with only one drill hole.

 

Because there are instances where Inferred resources may be completely surrounded by Indicated resources or thin edges of Inferred resources occur along the grade shell bounded by low grade intercepts, an interpreted polygon was created to convert the Inferred resources in these instances to an Indicated resource.

 

Figures 14-10, 14-11, and 14-12, respectively, show the distribution of the resource classes at the Mercedes and Barrancas deposits, the Klondike and Rey de Oro deposits, and Lupita and Diluvio deposits.

 

14-22



 

FIGURE 14-10   RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION AT MERCEDES AND BARRANCAS DEPOSITS

 

 

14-23



 

FIGURE 14-11   RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION AT KLONDIKE AND REY DE ORO DEPOSITS

 

 

14-24



 

FIGURE 14-12   RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION AT LUPITA AND DILUVIO DEPOSITS

 

 

14-25



 

MINERAL RESOURCE SUMMARY

 

Table 14-11 contains the global Mineral Resources for the Mercedes operations as of December 31, 2013.

 

TABLE 14-11   MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE (DECEMBER 31, 2013)

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

Grade

 

Metal

 

Classification

 

Tonnes

 

Au (g/t)

 

Ag (g/t)

 

AuEq (g/t)

 

Au (oz)

 

Ag (oz)

 

AuEq (oz)

 

Measured

 

1,682,200

 

7.67

 

90.47

 

8.32

 

415,000

 

4,893,000

 

450,000

 

Indicated

 

6,966,500

 

4.80

 

46.54

 

5.13

 

1,075,600

 

10,423,400

 

1,150,100

 

Total M+I

 

8,648,600

 

5.36

 

55.08

 

5.75

 

1,490,600

 

15,316,300

 

1,600,100

 

Inferred

 

3,380,000

 

3.9

 

37

 

4.2

 

430,000

 

3,970,000

 

460,000

 

 

Notes:

1.              CIM definitions were followed for Mineral Resources.

2.              Mineral Resources are estimated at a cut-off grade of 2.0 g/t AuEq.

3.              AuEq based on 1.0 g Au = 140.0 g Ag.

4.              Mineral Resources are estimated using a long-term gold price of US$1,500 per ounce.

5.              No minimum mining width was used.

6.              Bulk density is 2.42 t/m3 for ore and 2.44 t/m3 for waste.

7.              Mineral Resources are inclusive of Mineral Reserves.

8.              Numbers may not add due to rounding.

 

Table 14-12 contains the Mineral Resources that were not included in the conversion of resources to Mineral Reserves.

 

TABLE 14-12   MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE (DECEMBER 31, 2013)

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

Grade

 

Metal

 

Classification

 

Tonnes

 

Au (g/t)

 

Ag (g/t)

 

AuEq (g/t)

 

Au (oz)

 

Ag (oz)

 

AuEq (oz)

 

Measured

 

172,600

 

4.62

 

49.17

 

4.97

 

25,700

 

272,900

 

27,600

 

Indicated

 

3,412,300

 

3.02

 

37.17

 

3.29

 

331,100

 

4,078,200

 

360,200

 

Total M+I

 

3,584,900

 

3.10

 

37.75

 

3.37

 

356,700

 

4,351,100

 

387,800

 

Inferred

 

3,310,000

 

3.9

 

36.0

 

4.2

 

410,000

 

3,840,000

 

441,300

 

 

Notes:

1.              CIM definitions were followed for Mineral Resources.

2.              Mineral Resources are estimated at a cut-off grade of 2.0 g/t AuEq.

3.              AuEq based on 1.0 g Au = 140.0 g Ag.

4.              Mineral Resources are estimated using a long-term gold price of US$1,500 per ounce.

5.              No minimum mining width was used.

6.              Bulk density is 2.42 t/m3 for ore and 2.44 t/m3 for waste.

7.              Mineral Resources are exclusive of Mineral Reserves.

8.              Numbers may not add due to rounding.

 

14-26



 

RPA notes that the remaining resources contain isolated remnants and zones remaining after the reserve conversion process.  It is RPA’s opinion that the remnants are removed from the resource total if they are deemed not to be economically viable.

 

RPA is not aware of any environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political, or other relevant issues that would materially affect the Mineral Resource estimate.

 

MODEL VALIDATION

 

Validation of the block models by Yamana included:

 

·                  On-screen displays of plans and sections showing composite and block grades.

·                  A Nearest Neighbour (NN) estimate to compare resource totals.

·                  Drift Analysis (Figures 14-13 and 14-14).

 

RPA understands that the results of the Yamana validation were satisfactory.  RPA recommends, however, that future validations include comparisons of statistics of block grades and original composites as well as a separate ID2 check interpolation.

 

RPA also validated the main block models for the Mercedes operations.  Comparisons of statistics of block grades with the composites were completed.  Cross sectional plots were visually inspected to check the position of the grade shells and to compare the composite data on the drill holes with the block grades.  No significant errors were noted.

 

RPA estimates were independently completed on the Mercedes and Klondike zones using an ID2 method.  The results are compared with Yamana’s OK totals (Table 14-13).  It is RPA’s opinion that the estimates show acceptable agreement considering the different methodologies used.

 

14-27



 

TABLE 14-13   COMPARISON OF MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Measured plus Indicated

 

 

 

 

 

Grade

 

Metal

 

Classification

 

Tonnes

 

Au (g/t)

 

Ag (g/t)

 

AuEq (g/t)

 

Au (oz)

 

Ag (oz)

 

AuEq (oz)

 

Mercedes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Yamana (OK)

 

2,397,400

 

7.50

 

85.24

 

8.11

 

708,200

 

8,051,000

 

765,700

 

RPA (ID2)

 

2,942,300

 

7.59

 

85.42

 

8.20

 

718,300

 

8,080,000

 

776,000

 

Klondike

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Yamana (OK)

 

672,100

 

5.92

 

40.90

 

6.21

 

127,900

 

883,800

 

134,200

 

RPA (ID2)

 

671,900

 

6.25

 

41.47

 

6.54

 

134,900

 

895,800

 

141,300

 

 

Note:

1.              Mineral Resources are estimated at a 2.0 g/t AuEq cut-off grade.

 

14-28



 

FIGURE 14-13   DRIFT ANALYSES — KLONDIKE

 

Main Area

 

 

Hangingwall

 

 

Footwall

 

 

14-29



 

FIGURE 14-14   DRIFT ANALYSES — MERCEDES

 

Drift 11

 

 

Drift 21

 

 

Drift 31

 

 

14-30



 

15 MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATE

 

SUMMARY

 

For this report, RPA has reviewed the Mineral Reserve estimates of the various deposits at the Mercedes Mine as reported by Yamana as of December 31, 2013.  RPA visited the site, met with management, and carried out a number of checks to verify the various procedures and numerical calculations used in the Mercedes estimates.

 

The Mineral Reserve estimate for the Mercedes operation is summarized in Table 15-1 and 15-2.

 

TABLE 15-1   MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATE (DECEMBER 31, 2013)

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

Tonnes
(000)

 

Au
(g/t)

 

Ag
(g/t)

 

Au
(oz 000)

 

Ag
(oz 000)

 

AuEq
(g/t)

 

GEO
(000)

 

Proven UG

 

963

 

4.48

 

57.7

 

139

 

1,786

 

4.89

 

151

 

Probable UG

 

4,406

 

4.88

 

45.9

 

691

 

6,505

 

5.20

 

737

 

Probable OP

 

229

 

2.15

 

17.4

 

16

 

128

 

2.28

 

17

 

Sub-total Probable

 

4,635

 

4.74

 

44.5

 

706

 

6,633

 

5.06

 

754

 

Proven & Probable

 

5,598

 

4.69

 

46.8

 

845

 

8,419

 

5.03

 

905

 

 

Notes:

1.              CIM definitions were followed for Mineral Reserves.

2.              Underground Mineral Reserves are estimated at a cut-off grade of 3.0 g/t Au.

3.              Open pit Mineral Reserves were estimated at a cut-off grade of 1.55 g/t Au.

4.              Mineral Reserves are estimated using an average gold price of US$950 per ounce and a silver price of $18.00 per ounce.

5.              A minimum mining width of 3 m was used.

6.              Bulk density varies from 2.25 t/m3 to 2.46 t/m3 depending on rock type and deposit and based on testwork.

7.              Gold equivalence based upon Au:Ag =140.

8.              Numbers may not add due to rounding.

9.              GEO — gold equivalent ounces.

 

Mineral Reserves are estimated for four separate deposits at Mercedes.  The Mercedes mine, located adjacent to the mill site, includes the Corona de Oro, Casa Blanca and Brecha Hill deposits, the Barrancas Mine is located approximately two kilometres to the northwest of the Mercedes deposit and includes the Barrancas, Lagunas and Taraisito veins, the Klondike deposit is located approximately four kilometres northeast of the Mercedes Mine, and the Diluvio deposit is located approximately six kilometres northeast of the Mercedes Mine.

 

15-1



 

These are straight line distances; with the rugged terrain of the Mercedes area, the distance by road is considerably longer.

 

TABLE 15-2   MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATE BY VEIN (DECEMBER 31, 2013)

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

Category

 

Tonnes
(000)

 

Au
(g/t)

 

Ag
(g/t)

 

Au
(oz)

 

Ag
(oz)

 

AuEq
(g/t)

 

GEO
(000)

 

Corona de Oro

 

Proven UG

 

181

 

5.94

 

78.8

 

35

 

458

 

6.5

 

38

 

Corona de Oro CAF

 

Proven UG

 

89

 

5.87

 

99.6

 

17

 

285

 

6.6

 

19

 

Casa Blanca

 

Proven UG

 

242

 

3.39

 

66.9

 

26

 

520

 

3.9

 

30

 

Brecha Hill

 

Proven UG

 

46

 

5.75

 

52.7

 

8

 

77

 

6.1

 

9

 

Lagunas

 

Proven UG

 

145

 

3.48

 

38.1

 

16

 

177

 

3.8

 

17

 

Klondike

 

Proven UG

 

260

 

4.31

 

32.0

 

36

 

267

 

4.5

 

38

 

TOTAL

 

Proven UG

 

963

 

4.48

 

57.7

 

139

 

1,786

 

4.9

 

151

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Corona de Oro

 

Probable UG

 

717

 

4.83

 

51

 

111

 

1,167

 

5.2

 

120

 

Corona de Oro CAF

 

Probable UG

 

74

 

3.93

 

59

 

9

 

142

 

4.4

 

10

 

Casa Blanca

 

Probable UG

 

484

 

6.71

 

79

 

104

 

1,230

 

7.3

 

113

 

Brecha Hill

 

Probable UG

 

365

 

5.90

 

39

 

69

 

455

 

6.2

 

73

 

Lagunas

 

Probable UG

 

990

 

4.31

 

40

 

137

 

1,269

 

4.6

 

146

 

Barrancas Centro

 

Probable UG

 

769

 

4.00

 

54

 

99

 

1,344

 

4.4

 

109

 

Taraisito

 

Probable UG

 

108

 

4.97

 

9

 

17

 

33

 

5.0

 

18

 

Klondike

 

Probable UG

 

136

 

5.46

 

36

 

24

 

156

 

5.7

 

25

 

Diluvio

 

Probable UG

 

603

 

4.93

 

20

 

96

 

390

 

5.1

 

98

 

Rey de Oro UG

 

Probable UG

 

159

 

4.50

 

63

 

23

 

319

 

4.9

 

25

 

Subtotal

 

Probable UG

 

4,406

 

4.88

 

46

 

691

 

6,505

 

5.2

 

737

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rey de Oro OP

 

Probable OP

 

229

 

2.15

 

17.4

 

16

 

128

 

2.3

 

17

 

Total

 

Probable

 

4,635

 

4.74

 

44.5

 

706

 

6,633

 

5.1

 

754

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Corona de Oro

 

P&P

 

898

 

5.06

 

56.3

 

146

 

1,625

 

5.5

 

158

 

Corona de Oro CAF

 

P&P

 

164

 

4.99

 

81.2

 

26

 

427

 

5.6

 

29

 

Casa Blanca

 

P&P

 

726

 

5.60

 

75.0

 

131

 

1,751

 

6.1

 

143

 

Brecha Hill

 

P&P

 

411

 

5.88

 

40.3

 

78

 

532

 

6.2

 

81

 

Lagunas

 

P&P

 

1,135

 

4.21

 

39.7

 

154

 

1,447

 

4.5

 

164

 

Barrancas Centro

 

P&P

 

769

 

4.00

 

54.4

 

99

 

1,344

 

4.4

 

109

 

Taraisito

 

P&P

 

108

 

4.97

 

9.4

 

17

 

33

 

5.0

 

18

 

Klondike

 

P&P

 

396

 

4.71

 

33.3

 

60

 

424

 

4.9

 

63

 

Diluvio

 

P&P

 

603

 

4.93

 

20.1

 

96

 

390

 

5.1

 

98

 

Rey de Oro UG

 

P&P

 

159

 

4.50

 

62.5

 

23

 

319

 

4.9

 

25

 

Subtotal

 

P&P

 

5,368

 

4.80

 

48.0

 

829

 

8,290

 

5.1

 

888

 

Rey de Oro OP

 

P&P

 

229

 

2.15

 

17.4

 

16

 

128

 

2.3

 

17

 

Total

 

P&P

 

5,598

 

4.69

 

46.8

 

845

 

8,419

 

5.0

 

905

 

 

15-2



 

 

Notes:

1.              CIM definitions were followed for Mineral Reserves.

2.              Underground Mineral Reserves are estimated at a cut-off grade of 3.0 g/t Au.

3.              Open pit Mineral Reserves were estimated at a cut-off grade of 1.55 g/t Au.

4.              Mineral Reserves are estimated using an average gold price of US$950 per ounce and a silver price of $18.00 per ounce.

5.              A minimum mining width of 3 m was used.

6.              Bulk density varies from 2.25 t/m3 to 2.46 t/m3 depending on rock type and deposit and based on testwork.

7.              Gold equivalence based upon Au:Ag =140

8.              Numbers may not add due to rounding.

9.              GEO — gold equivalent ounces.

 

MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATION

 

Underground Mineral Reserves for the Mercedes operation are generally estimated by site personnel applying mining considerations to the mineral resource block model.  External consultants are engaged from time to time to support the mine personnel in completing mineral reserve estimates.  Stope designs are prepared in Vulcan together with the required development for access to the stopes.  The shapes are subject to a minimum mining width.  Dilution is estimated by the expansion of the mining shape to include dilution expected to be incurred over the course of mining.

 

The diluted stopes are reviewed to ensure that the shapes are reasonable and the stope economics are estimated to ensure that blocks have a positive economic value.  Those stope shapes that meet or exceed the cut-off grade are then tabulated to form the Mineral Reserve estimate.

 

Open pit Mineral Reserves have been estimated for the Rey de Oro deposit (in addition to the underground Mineral Reserves on Rey de Oro).  The open pit Mineral Reserves are based upon the application of a floating cone optimization using applicable mining dimensions and operating cost estimates.

 

15-3



 

DILUTION

 

For development in vein widths less than the minimum mining width of three metre dilution taken to expose the ore is accounted for within the plan (planned dilution).  In addition to the planned dilution (included in mineable envelopes) a further 0.25 m of unplanned dilution resulting from blast over break, mining inefficiency, and scaling is projected.  Approximately, 29% of the reserves are within zones that are less than three metres wide.

 

Where the vein width is greater than four metres, the combination of waste excavation to expose the vein contact plus the over break from blasting is considered unplanned dilution.

 

Waste rock dilution from the stope walls in the longhole open stoping (LHOS) mining of both Mercedes and Klondike were estimated using the factors developed from the geotechnical assessment.  An assessment of rock quality was made for each geotechnical domain of both deposits and estimates of wall dilution, in metres, were made over the full 24 m stope height.  These estimates were then represented as a percentage dilution based on the stope widths within each corresponding domain.

 

The planned dilution was considered as the dilution out to the minimum three metre mining width.  The unplanned dilution is the additional waste rock that sloughs into the stope beyond these planned limits.  The unplanned dilution was considered to be one meter of waste on each of the hangingwall and footwall.  The grades of waste rock dilution were estimated from the resource block model.  Dilution grades were estimated using a dilution “shape” created by extruding one metre outside the limits (walls) of the mineable shapes.  This volume was queried for tonnes and grade from the block model.  From this data an average dilution grade was determined and used in estimating the Mineral Reserves.  Table 15-3 summarizes the average unplanned waste rock dilution estimates.

 

15-4



 

TABLE 15-3   ESTIMATED DILUTION TONNES AND GRADE

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

Tonnes
(000)

 

Au
(g/t)

 

Ag
(g/t)

 

Au
(oz 000)

 

Ag
(oz 000)

 

AuEq
(g/t)

 

GEO
(000)

 

% Dilution

 

Corona de Oro

 

297

 

0.3

 

17

 

3

 

163

 

0.4

 

4

 

49

%

Corona de Oro CAF

 

65

 

0.3

 

31

 

1

 

66

 

0.5

 

1

 

66

%

Casa Blanca

 

200

 

0.2

 

15

 

2

 

99

 

0.3

 

2

 

38

%

Brecha Hill

 

115

 

0.3

 

12

 

1

 

44

 

0.4

 

1

 

39

%

Lagunas

 

293

 

0.3

 

15

 

3

 

139

 

0.4

 

4

 

35

%

Barrancas Norte

 

0

 

 

 

0

 

0

 

0.0

 

0

 

0

%

Barrancas Centro

 

210

 

0.3

 

16

 

2

 

106

 

0.4

 

3

 

38

%

Taraisito

 

37

 

0.2

 

4

 

0

 

5

 

0.3

 

0

 

53

%

Klondike

 

124

 

0.2

 

10

 

1

 

42

 

0.3

 

1

 

46

%

Diluvio

 

129

 

1.4

 

14

 

6

 

59

 

1.5

 

6

 

27

%

Rey de Oro

 

42

 

1.0

 

41

 

1

 

56

 

1.2

 

2

 

36

%

TOTAL UG

 

1,513

 

0.4

 

16

 

19

 

778

 

0.5

 

25

 

39

%

 

Notes:

1.              GEO — gold equivalence ounces

 

BACKFILL DILUTION

 

Backfill dilution will occur as a result of mucking from cemented paste fill floors along the full length of cut-and-fill (CAF) cuts.  It is estimated that the average depth of over-digging the floor will be 0.25 m.

 

In the LHOS there will be backfill dilution from mucking on paste fill floors.  In this scenario the majority of mucking will be done by tele-remote and the backfill dilution is estimated to be 0.5 m for each stope panel.  Backfill dilution is expected from stope end walls as blasting and slot development is done against paste fill.  It is estimated that an average of 0.3 m of backfill dilution will result from each stope backfill end wall.  Backfill dilution is included in Table 15-3.

 

Open pit dilution for the Rey de Oro pit has been estimated to be 10% of the ore tonnage with the dilution being low grade material grading approximately 0.7 g/t Au and 12 g/t Ag.

 

EXTRACTION

 

The mining recoveries used in estimating the Mineral Reserves for Mercedes, Barrancas, and Klondike are tabulated in Table 15-4.  Extraction is slightly higher for ore development due to increased grade control and selectivity.  Losses in stopes can occur from inefficient

 

15-5



 

drilling and blasting in stope corners or walls and loss of ore from remote mucking stope corners and edges or abandoning stopes due to excessive waste slough.

 

TABLE 15-4   MINING EXTRACTION

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Mining Type

 

Recovery (%)

 

LHOS Development

 

97

 

LHOS

 

95

 

CAF

 

97

 

 

CUT-OFF GRADE

 

Mercedes estimates the cut-off grade based upon the budget costs and using the metal prices as set by Yamana.  Cut-off grades are estimated on both a fully costed basis and on an incremental basis.  Cut-off grade sensitivity to the metal price is also displayed in the Mercedes cut-off grade estimation sheet.  The cut-off grade (COG) calculations are shown in Table 15-5.

 

RPA concurs with the form of the cut-off grade estimation, however, RPA notes that the December 2013 YTD costs are 22% higher than the values used by Yamana for the estimation of the cut-off grade.  The higher costs would increase the full cost cut-off grade from 3.0 g/t Au to 3.7 g/t Au.  RPA recommends that Mercedes review its selection of costs for the cut-off grade calculations in future Mineral Reserve estimates.

 

RPA recognizes that unit operating costs in the final months of the year have exceeded budget by a considerable margin, however, even the costs to the third quarter exceeded the budget values used for the cut-off grade calculation.  RPA recommends that actual cost information be included in the estimation of the cut-off grade and that the sensitivity to operating cost as well as to metal price be considered.

 

15-6



 

TABLE 15-5   CUT-OFF GRADE CALCUALTIONS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

RPA 2013
YTD

 

RPA Sep 2013
YTD Costs

 

Mercedes

 

Au price

 

$/oz

 

950

 

950

 

950

 

Au rec

 

%

 

94.5

%

94.5

%

94.5

%

value/gm

 

$/g

 

28.86

 

28.86

 

28.86

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

less ref

 

$/g

 

0.42

 

0.42

 

0.42

 

net $/gm

 

$/g

 

28.45

 

28.45

 

28.45

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Operating Cost

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mine

 

$/t

 

57.19

 

56.63

 

42.83

 

Process

 

$/t

 

30.12

 

30.48

 

27.24

 

G&A

 

$/t

 

18.22

 

12.55

 

16.41

 

Total

 

$/t

 

105.53

 

99.66

 

86.48

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COG

 

g/t

 

3.7

 

3.5

 

3.0

 

 

The open pit cut-off grade calculations are shown in Table 15-6.  Total open pit operating costs and the incremental costs (for a tonne of rock that must be mined) are shown.

 

TABLE 15-6   OPEN PIT CUT-OFF GRADE ESTIMATION

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

All In Costs

 

Incremental
Ore Haul Cost

 

Au price

 

$/oz

 

950

 

950

 

Au rec

 

%

 

95.0

%

95.0

%

value/g

 

$/g

 

29.02

 

29.02

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

less ref

 

$/g

 

0.42

 

0.42

 

net $/g

 

$/g

 

28.60

 

28.60

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Operating Cost

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mine

 

$/t

 

3.80

 

0.80

 

Process

 

$/t

 

27.24

 

27.24

 

G&A

 

$/t

 

16.41

 

16.41

 

Total

 

$/t

 

47.45

 

44.45

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COG

 

g/t

 

1.66

 

1.55

 

 

15-7



 

Metal prices used for reserves are based on consensus, long term forecasts from banks, financial institutions, and other sources.  For resources, metal prices used are slightly higher than those for reserves.

 

GOLD EQUIVALENCE

 

For the estimation of the gold equivalence at the reserve stage, it is necessary to include the relative metallurgical recoveries of silver and gold.  Using the metal price and recovery assumptions for the 2013 estimate, RPA estimates the Ag:Au equivalence ratio to be 145.  This compares to the Ag:Au ratio of 52.8 based on metal price alone.  RPA is of the opinion that the use of equivalent grades or production should always include a note of the equivalence factor used.

 

Mercedes has used a silver to gold ratio of 140:1 for the estimation of GEO in the reporting of Mineral Reserves.

 

CLASSIFICATION

 

Measured Mineral Resources are converted to Proven Mineral Reserves and Indicated Mineral Resources are converted to Probable Mineral Reserves.

 

RPA OPINIONS

 

RPA is of the opinion that the Mineral Reserves are being estimated in an appropriate manner using current mining software and procedures consistent with reasonable practice.

 

RPA is not aware of any mining, metallurgical, infrastructure, permitting, and other relevant factors which could materially affect the Mineral Reserve estimates.

 

15-8



 

16 MINING METHODS

 

The Mercedes operation consists of four separate underground mines, three of which are being developed or in production and one is in the planning stage, plus an open pit mine that is in the planning stage.  Production is coming from the Mercedes and Klondike mines, the Barrancas Mine is being developed, and the Diluvio and Rey De Oro mines are planned for future production.

 

The Mercedes Mine includes four separate areas, Breccia Hill, Corona de Oro, Tierra de Nadie/Centenela, and Casa Blanca.  The Barrancas area includes the Lagunas deposit.  Schematic views of the mine layouts are shown in Figures 16-1 to 16-6.

 

16-1



 

FIGURE 16-1   MERCEDES MINE DEPOSITS

 

 

16-2



 

FIGURE 16-2   MERCEDES MINE LONG SECTION

 

 

16-3



 

FIGURE 16-3   KLONDIKE MINE LONG SECTION

 

 

16-4



 

FIGURE 16-4   LAGUNAS AND BARRANCAS MINE LONG SECTION

 

 

16-5



 

FIGURE 16-5   DILUVIO MINE ISOMETRIC VIEW

 

 

16-6



 

FIGURE 16-6   REY DE ORO MINE ISOMETRIC VIEW

 

 

16-7


 

 


 

MINE DESIGN

 

UNDERGROUND MINES

 

The underground mines are all designed as ramp access mechanized mines.  The planned production rate is approximately 2,000 tpd to 2,100 tpd.  Ore from underground is hauled by dump truck to stockpiles near the portal.  Ore from the Barrancas and Klondike mines (and from Diluvio in future) is hauled to a common stockpile area near the jaw crusher.

 

The mine schedule is based on a 7 day in/7 day out roster for 365 days per year.  Crews work 12 hour shifts and the planning is based upon the loss of three hours per shift for breaks, safety meetings, equipment checks and minor maintenance.  The total hours worked per year per person on this schedule is 2,190 hours.  The available working time per shift equates to an average availability of 75%.

 

OPEN PIT DESIGN

 

The Rey de Oro open pit was designed using a Whittle pit optimization routine with parameters as shown in Table 16-1.  The shallow open pit slope (40°) was chosen consistent with the lack of geotechnical information available.

 

TABLE 16-1   WHITTLE INPUTS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

Units

 

Value

 

Gold Price

 

US$/oz

 

950

 

Silver Price

 

US$/oz

 

18

 

Selling Cost

 

US$/oz

 

13

 

Rec Au

 

%

 

95

 

Rec Ag

 

%

 

33

 

Mine Cost (Open Pit)

 

US$/oz

 

3.0

 

Ore Haulage

 

US$/oz

 

0.8

 

Over All Angle

 

o

 

40

 

 

The open pit design criteria for the Rey de Oro open pit are shown in Table 16-2.

 

16-8



 

TABLE 16-2   DESIGN CRITERIA FOR OPEN PIT

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Bench Height

 

5 m

 

Inter Ramp Angle

 

43°

 

Batter Angle

 

75°

 

Berm Width

 

3.8 m

 

Ramp Width

 

12 m

 

Ramp Gradient

 

10%

 

 

MINING METHODS

 

There are two underground mining methods in use at Mercedes.  Where the rock quality is appropriate the ore is mined by LHOS with cemented paste backfill.  This is expected to be applied to 70% of the deposit.  For areas with poorer rock conditions, the mining method is mechanized CAF stoping.

 

The open pit mine at Rey de Oro is a small open pit which extends up a slope.  The pit contains 229,000 tonnes of ore and has a strip ratio of 2.25:1.  For such a small pit, the most reasonable mining scenario would be contract mining with technical supervision and grade control by Mercedes.

 

RPA is of the opinion that the selected mining methods are appropriate for the deposits.

 

GEOMECHANICS, GROUND SUPPORT

 

UNDERGROUND

 

Geotechnical characterization of the deposit(s) and surrounding rock mass has been carried out using available drill hole data, laboratory testing data, geological models, and underground mapping.  Geotechnical models of the Mercedes and Klondike mines were developed based on these characterization studies.  Observations of ground performance in the underground ramp and vein cross-cuts have been used to confirm and revise the geotechnical model where appropriate.

 

The ground conditions at Barrancas are being analyzed by a Chilean geotechnical consulting firm and the preliminary results indicate that the rockmass quality is poor to very poor, comparable to the low quality areas of Mercedes, and thus the amount of conventional CAF

 

16-9



 

is expected to be approximately 40% in the area.  A specific geotechnical model for Barrancas is being prepared.

 

ROCK STRENGTH

 

The primary host rock at Mercedes, Barrancas, and Klondike is a medium strong, moderate to highly fractured or faulted andesite rock mass.  At Mercedes, the immediate wall rock has generally been qualitatively estimated as strong.  Zones of weak rock strength are more prevalent in the west wall than in the east wall.  The most extensive area of weak rock is in the west wall of the upper Corona de Oro as well as the Barrancas area where the latite dike runs along or near the vein contact.  In other areas of the vein, weak rock is generally not continuous in the walls over a significant area and appears randomly distributed along the vein.

 

At Klondike, wall rock is also generally estimated as strong.  The east wall has slightly more areas of weak rock than the west wall.  In particular, there is an extensive zone of weak rock indicated near surface in the east wall.  As in Mercedes, other areas of weak rock are randomly distributed and do not appear continuous over significant areas.

 

The veins at Mercedes, Barrancas, and Klondike are primarily quartz with lesser proportions of carbonates and calcite.  The highest grades are found within the vein with lesser grades found in stockwork and breccia with decreasing intensity with distance from the vein.  On average, the vein can be described as a strong to very strong, moderate to highly fractured rock mass, however, some areas have been heavily altered to near soil-like conditions.

 

ROCK QUALITY

 

The estimated rock quality distributions in both the immediate east and west walls of Mercedes indicate highly variable rock quality.  Rock quality in the immediate walls at Klondike and Barrancas is also highly variable.  Rock quality is low in both walls near surface, above an approximate elevation of 1,150 m.  There is a general increase in quality with depth in the east wall however this is not as apparent in the west wall where areas of low quality are randomly distributed throughout the vein.  Fracture intensity and rock quality appear to improve approximately 20 m outside of the vein.

 

16-10



 

Rock quality in the vein at Mercedes is variable, with the lowest quality areas located in the upper area of Corona de Oro, in Brecha Hill, and in Tierra de Nadie.  There is no apparent correlation between rock quality and depth, as zones of weaker rock are apparent throughout the vein.

 

At Klondike, the lowest rock quality in the vein is near surface, above an approximate elevation of 1,100 m.  Below 1,100 m, the rock quality is generally higher, consisting of strong, moderate to highly fractured rock.

 

At Barrancas, the lowest rock quality is in the Centro vein, where the dike and a series of faults cross the veins.  To the north, the rock quality increases as the dike moves away from the vein.

 

STABILITY ANALYSIS

 

Base case stope sizes used in analyses were based on 20 m sublevel spacing (floor-to-floor), resulting in 24 m wall height exposures and with 15 m stope length.  For average rock quality conditions, some flexibility was allowed for shortening or lengthening stopes in varying rock quality.

 

Stability analyses were then performed using the Mathew’s method to estimate average stable stope sizes for each domain.  Where the empirical approach indicated that strike lengths should be limited to less than 10 m for the average rock quality conditions, open stoping is not considered practical and cut and fill mining is planned.  These areas are mainly near surface in the Corona de Oro area of the Mercedes vein.

 

In most cases, the sizes of the stopes are limited by the sidewall rock quality.

 

For Barrancas, based upon the rock quality results, it is expected to have a combination of the characteristics of Corona de Oro and Brecha Hill.

 

HYDROLOGY

 

All geotechnical design analyses assumed that the deposit will be depressurized in advance of mining.  At the Mercedes vein, the groundwater table was originally intersected in the main ramp at an approximate elevation of 1,070 m (i.e., approximately 60 m to 70 m below ground

 

16-11



 

surface).  Current water level is estimated at the 1,000 m level showing a significant drop in the water table due to the mine dewatering.  Several cross-cuts and ramp have encountered water with average flow of 20 L/s, and peaks of up to 40 L/s.  The Mercedes Mine has water accumulation in low spots in the drifts, but the mine is not a wet mine from RPA’s observations.

 

For Klondike, the same behaviour was observed, as the water table has dropped to the level 1,140 m as the ramp progressed.  The mine area is planning a dewatering well in Klondike in order to speed up dewatering for production.

 

Similar hydrogeological conditions are expected at the Barrancas vein where the groundwater table is estimated, from drill holes, to be approximately 60 m below ground surface.

 

OPEN PIT GEOTECHNICAL

 

There has been no geotechnical work completed specifically for the Rey de Oro pit.

 

INFRASTRUCTURE

 

MERCEDES MINE ACCESS

 

Primary access to the Mercedes Mine is via a portal above the central Corona zone.  This portal provides access to the main decline that was designed to accommodate ore haulage as well as underground delineation diamond drilling.  The main decline has a nominal 12% grade and is 5.0 m wide by 5.0 m high.  The main decline is located approximately 60 m from the main mineralization.

 

To facilitate the loading of trucks in the main decline, a flat portion of ramp is designed at every 60 m vertically.  Re-muck bays are developed at main level intersections and main electrical sub-stations are designed at each main level (every 60 m vertically).

 

A second portal accesses the Casa Blanca zone from surface.  This excavation provides an additional source of fresh air to the mine and a secondary egress.

 

16-12



 

KLONDIKE MINE ACCESS

 

The Klondike deposit is accessed by a portal and single ramp driven from surface.  The portal is located on the hanging wall side of the deposit, however; the ramp swings around the mineralized zone and is located on the footwall side.

 

The 5.0 m wide by 5.0 m high decline is nominally 12% grade and accesses levels every 20 vertical metres.  Each level is accessed by a 4.0 m wide by 4.0 m high cross-cut driven at -2% grade from the ramp for approximately 10 m to a sump and then driven at +2% grade towards the ore sill access drifts.  A 5.0 m by 6.25 m truck loading bay is developed at each level-ramp intersection, opposite to the main level cross-cut.  The level access drift infrastructure also includes paste line access, electrical sub-stations, escapeway accesses, and sumps.

 

Vertical development for the deposit includes a 3.6 m diameter return air raise (RAR) and escapeway raise for secondary egress.  A 127 mm diameter paste fill borehole, drilled from surface, also accesses each level of the Klondike deposit for the distribution of paste fill to the mined stopes.

 

BARRANCAS ACCESS

 

The Barrancas deposit is accessed by two separate portals with declines for access.  The Barrancas Mine design parameters were modelled after the Mercedes design.

 

Vertical development for the deposit includes a 3.6 m diameter RAR and escapeway raise for secondary egress.  A 127 mm diameter paste fill borehole, drilled from surface, also accesses each level of the Barrancas deposit for the distribution of paste fill to the mined stopes.

 

INTERNAL DECLINES

 

A number of internal ramps are required between the main truck loading levels that are located at 60 m vertical intervals.  These smaller ramps are a nominal 4.0 m wide by 4.0 m high and can be used by all mobile equipment other than the ore haulage trucks.  Internal ramps are also designed for accessing the lower Corona, Casa Blanca, and Breccia Hill zones.  These are standard spiral declines grading at 15% and will be either 5.0 m by 5.0 m or 4.0 m by 4.0 m depending on whether truck access is required.

 

16-13



 

LEVEL DRIVES AND STOPE ACCESS

 

The average drift size for waste development is 4.0 m wide by 4.0 m high.  The minimum ore drift size is 3.0 m wide by 4.0 m high.  The minimum mining width is 3.0 m.

 

Ore sills are driven under geological control to ensure that they closely follow the economic veins.  Typically, this requires that the vein contact be exposed in the upper shoulder or back of the sills.  This requires close control and training of development crews and supervisors in order to minimize dilution.

 

MINE VENTIALTION

 

The ventilation design for the Mercedes and Klondike deposits was modelled using the software Ventsim Visual.  The airflow requirements are based on Mexican law which states that 0.048 m3/s of airflow per engine-kilowatt is required. On the basis of 100% diesel equipment utilization and the assumed diesel equipment fleet the ventilation requirement for the Mercedes Mine was 203 m3/s of total airflow and the Klondike Mine required 108 m3/s of total airflow.

 

Four 225 kW (300 HP) surface fans with variable speed drives are required; one for each of the three exhaust raises at the Mercedes Mine and one for the exhaust raise at the Klondike Mine to provide this airflow.

 

The Mercedes Mine is supplied with fresh air through the Corona portal, the Casa Blanca portal and a fresh air raise (FAR) located on the northern edge of the Corona ramp.  The FAR is connected to the Corona ramp in two locations with ventilation bulkheads in each of these accesses.  The bulkheads allow variable openings to control the flow of fresh air depending on which of the four sections has the main mining activity.  The FAR has a velocity restriction placed on it past the 860 level after which it operates mainly as an escapeway for the Lower Corona section.

 

Each of the Casa Blanca, Corona, and Breccia Hill sections has a dedicated escapeway which is connected to surface.  These raises are not used as primary FARs, but are designed to have sufficient airflow to ensure that they are constantly in fresh air.

 

16-14



 

The “used” air is exhausted through raises with accesses on each level in each of the sections.  The mine is under negative pressure (a pull system); therefore ventilation bulkheads will have to be constructed in each of the exhaust raise accesses with variable openings to control the flow onto the level, depending on the activity on the level.  The exhaust raises in the Casa Blanca, Corona, and Breccia Hill are connected to surface and the exhaust raise in the Lower Corona section is connected to the bottom of the Breccia Hill exhaust raise.

 

Auxiliary ventilation is required on each active level.

 

MINE DEWATERING

 

The geotechnical assessments, mining methods, production and development schedules, and Mineral Reserve statement in this report assume that both the Mercedes and Klondike deposits will be depressurized in advance of mining activity.

 

The underground dewatering system of the Mercedes and Klondike mines has been designed to handle an average water inflow of 20 L/s including groundwater and mine activity sources (drilling, washing, etc.).

 

The mine dewatering system for Mercedes was designed by Yamana and consists of a main sump with two 75 kW (100 HP) sump pumps capable of pumping a 120 m head.  Secondary 44 kW pumps are located in sumps situated at 60 m vertical intervals in the main ramp system (main level accesses for truck loading).  In addition, a series of 10 kW face pumps are used at individual development headings or mining fronts.  Mine water is pumped from the secondary sumps up to the primary sumps on the 1040 Level and then up to a surface cleaning pond.  From here water is transferred to a surface storage pond.  A similar dewatering design is planned for the Klondike and Barrancas mines.

 

COMPRESSED AIR

 

Compressed air is required underground for long hole production drilling (air-powered rigs), drift development, handheld drilling equipment (jacklegs and stopers) and some utility requirements.  Two 1,500 cfm compressors (350 HP) are required at Mercedes and one similar compressor is needed for Klondike and one in Barrancas.

 

16-15



 

A 150 mm diameter, schedule 40 steel pipe will be run from the compressor on surface to the portal location.  From here the pipe will run along the main decline and into each level access.  Smaller, 50 mm steel pipes will connect from the main line into the stoping areas on each level.

 

ELECTRICAL

 

The underground electrical demand for the Mercedes Mine is estimated to be 2.1 MW including the contractor equipment (capital development).  The electrical power requirement for the Klondike Mine is estimated to be 1.0 MW including the contractor equipment (capital development).

 

For the Mercedes Mine, two 4,160 V feeders will feed the underground to provide a redundant power supply.  At Klondike, there is a single 4,160 V feeder which will be installed in the main ramp to the underground workings.

 

A portable switch skid and Mine Power Centre (MPC) is located underground to minimize long cable runs to Mine Load Centres (MLC).  This 4160 V MPC consists of three 4,160 V, 600 A protected feeder vacuum circuit breakers and one 300 kVA, 4,160 V to 480 V transformer.  Five 750 kVA skid mounted MLCs are available to provide power to specific active locations.

 

COMMUNICATIONS

 

A leaky feeder communications system is installed in Mercedes and Klondike and it is planned to expand it to Barrancas.  This system will ensure communication between the underground workforce and to surface.  It is an important part of managing safe development and extraction in the mine operation.

 

MINE MAINTENANCE

 

All mine maintenance will be done in surface equipment shops located near the Mercedes portal.  Small repairs at Klondike and Barrancas will be done in a small surface area near the Klondike and Barrancas portals.

 

16-16



 

REFUGE STATIONS AND ESCAPEWAYS

 

Three portable refuge stations are in place in the Mercedes Mine and one station is planned for the Klondike Mine and two for Barrancas.  These stations consist of a 16-person air-lock chamber with double steel doors and viewing windows.  They will be situated in crosscuts developed from the main accesses or ramp and can be moved within the mine as mining progresses.  At Mercedes, there will be one within the main Corona ramp system and another in the Breccia Hill system.

 

MINE EQUIPMENT

 

The major mine mobile equipment is listed in Table 16-3.  The equipment is generally new and is appropriate for the scale of operations and the mine headings.

 

TABLE 16-3   MAJOR MOBILE EQUIPMENT

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Manufacturer

 

Model

 

Size

 

Units

 

Atlas Copco LHD

 

ST. 7

 

6 yd3

 

2

 

Atlas Copco LHD

 

ST. 1030

 

8 yd3

 

4

 

Atlas Copco LHD

 

ST. 7

 

3.5 yd3

 

1

 

Kenworth truck

 

 

 

16 t

 

11

 

Tractor backhoe

 

Case

 

M 580N

 

4

 

Atlas Copco

 

Bolters

 

MC, MD & 235

 

4

 

Terex crane

 

 

 

50 t

 

1

 

Telehandlers

 

 

 

TL 943

 

2

 

Getman

 

scissor lift

 

 

 

2

 

Getman

 

boom truck

 

 

 

1

 

Getman

 

CSS scaler

 

 

 

3

 

Anfo Loader

 

Anfo Loader

 

 

 

3

 

Atlas Copco

 

Jumbo

 

L1C

 

1

 

Atlas Copco

 

Jumbo

 

L2C

 

1

 

Atlas Copco

 

Jumbo

 

S1D

 

2

 

Atlas Copco

 

long hole drill

 

Simba M7C

 

2

 

Atlas Copco

 

Compressor

 

G-160

 

4

 

Cummins

 

generator

 

2,000 kW

 

1

 

Caterpillar

 

generator

 

500 kW

 

1

 

Boart Long Year

 

long hole drill

 

stope mate

 

1

 

 

Statistics for the availability, utilization, and overall efficiency are shown in Table 16-4.

 

16-17



 

TABLE 16-4   MINE EQUIPMENT USEAGE AND AVAILABILITY

Yamana Gold Inc. – Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

Unit

 

Dec 2013
YTD
Actual

 

Dec 2013
YTD Actual

 

Variance
(%)

 

Trucks - OEE

 

%

 

52

 

47

 

9

%

Availability

 

%

 

82

 

85

 

-4

%

Utilization

 

%

 

74

 

76

 

-3

%

Production Efficiency

 

%

 

86

 

73

 

17

%

Productivity

 

t/h

 

17

 

20

 

-14

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Drills Horizontal- OEE

 

%

 

22

 

30

 

-24

%

Availability

 

%

 

79

 

85

 

-7

%

Utilization

 

%

 

40

 

50

 

-19

%

Production Efficiency

 

%

 

70

 

70

 

1

%

Productivity

 

t/h

 

33

 

47

 

-30

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Drills Vertical- OEE

 

%

 

35

 

51

 

-31

%

Availability

 

%

 

75

 

85

 

-12

%

Utilization

 

%

 

50

 

85

 

-41

%

Production Efficiency

 

%

 

92

 

70

 

32

%

Productivity

 

t/h

 

60

 

65

 

-8

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LHD 3.5 YD³ - OEE

 

%

 

36

 

32

 

13

%

Availability

 

%

 

71

 

85

 

-17

%

Utilization

 

%

 

60

 

75

 

-21

%

Production Efficiency

 

%

 

86

 

50

 

71

%

Productivity

 

t/h

 

26

 

30

 

-14

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LHD 6.0 YD³ - OEE

 

%

 

50

 

30

 

69

%

Availability

 

%

 

81

 

85

 

-4

%

Utilization

 

%

 

70

 

70

 

0

%

Production Efficiency

 

%

 

89

 

50

 

77

%

Productivity

 

t/h

 

25

 

28

 

-11

%

 

OPEN PIT MINE INFRASTRUCTURE

 

There is no current infrastructure in place for the Rey de Oro open pit.  The key requirement for the pit will be access roads and a rock dump area.  The pit is too small to require any significant infrastructure.

 

16-18



 

MINE PRODUCTION

 

PRODUCTION HISTORY

 

The Mercedes Mine commenced commercial production in November 2011.  Mine production since that time is shown in Table 16-5.

 

TABLE 16-5   MERCEDES MINE PRODUCTION

Yamana Gold Inc. – Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

Ore
Mined

 

Grade
Au

 

Grade
Ag

 

Gold

 

Waste
Marginal

 

Total
Moved

 

Development

 

 

 

(t 000)

 

(g/t)

 

(g/t)

 

(oz 000)

 

(t 000)

 

(t 000)

 

(m)

 

Nov 2011

 

19.0

 

4.97

 

61.69

 

3.04

 

34.0

 

53.0

 

777

 

Dec

 

17.0

 

4.54

 

52.9

 

2.48

 

15.0

 

32.0

 

727

 

Jan 2012

 

35.5

 

4.18

 

57.92

 

4.78

 

2.1

 

37.6

 

984

 

Feb

 

30.5

 

4.66

 

59.10

 

4.57

 

4.7

 

35.2

 

1,128

 

Mar

 

34.2

 

4.76

 

71.49

 

5.23

 

4.5

 

38.7

 

1,273

 

Apr

 

37.3

 

5.86

 

66.00

 

7.03

 

14.0

 

51.3

 

1,420

 

May

 

51.2

 

7.50

 

99.30

 

12.35

 

10.6

 

61.8

 

1,536

 

Jun

 

50.0

 

4.20

 

73.03

 

6.76

 

9.2

 

59.3

 

1,361

 

Jul

 

48.4

 

6.39

 

79.03

 

9.94

 

10.7

 

59.1

 

1,072

 

Aug

 

48.6

 

6.16

 

81.73

 

9.62

 

19.1

 

67.6

 

1,087

 

Sep

 

41.8

 

9.19

 

110.53

 

12.36

 

15.1

 

56.9

 

1,122

 

Oct

 

44.0

 

6.59

 

79.67

 

9.32

 

7.1

 

51.1

 

1,169

 

Nov

 

44.7

 

7.08

 

87.82

 

10.17

 

9.2

 

53.8

 

1,298

 

Dec

 

47.4

 

7.49

 

97.65

 

11.42

 

13.2

 

60.6

 

1,211

 

Jan 2013

 

45.0

 

6.50

 

99.47

 

9.41

 

12.0

 

57.0

 

1,176

 

Feb

 

54.4

 

8.62

 

114.02

 

15.06

 

13.0

 

67.4

 

1,205

 

Mar

 

52.6

 

5.28

 

76.93

 

8.93

 

18.3

 

70.9

 

1,201

 

Apr

 

57.6

 

5.16

 

68.79

 

9.57

 

19.5

 

77.1

 

1,207

 

May

 

59.2

 

6.50

 

65.13

 

12.39

 

21.0

 

80.2

 

1,215

 

Jun

 

58.5

 

6.64

 

72.35

 

12.50

 

15.3

 

73.9

 

971

 

Jul

 

56.9

 

5.52

 

63.22

 

10.09

 

24.5

 

81.5

 

1,124

 

Aug

 

51.8

 

6.01

 

73.73

 

10.01

 

21.3

 

73.1

 

1,007

 

Sep

 

38.5

 

6.21

 

75.67

 

7.68

 

26.6

 

65.1

 

1,148

 

Oct

 

52.6

 

6.18

 

83.81

 

10.45

 

21.9

 

74.5

 

1,300

 

Nov

 

55.3

 

4.97

 

63.16

 

8.85

 

27.3

 

82.6

 

1,329

 

Dec 2013

 

58.5

 

6.04

 

69.67

 

11.35

 

28.3

 

86.8

 

1,369

 

Total

 

1,190.7

 

6.15

 

78.23

 

235.4

 

417.5

 

1,608

 

30,417

 

 

16-19



 

2013 MINE PRODUCTION RECONCILIATION

 

RPA reviewed the 2013 mine production statistics with respect to gold grades by deposit and overall.  RPA did not complete the same review for silver as the silver is approximately 10% of the ore value.

 

The gold grade by month for 2013 for the mine as a whole (including the plant head grade for comparison) and for each of the Mercedes, Klondike, and Lagunas mines is shown in Figures 16-7 to 16-10.

 

FIGURE 16-7   2013 MINE HEAD GRADE

 

 

Overall mine grades were generally slightly below plan for 2013.  Mill grade decreased late in the year at the same time as the stockpiles were effectively depleted.

 

16-20



 

FIGURE 16-8   2013 MERCEDES MINE HEAD GRADE

 

 

FIGURE 16-9   2013 KLONDIKE MINE HEAD GRADE

 

 

16-21



 

FIGURE 16-10   2013 LAGUNAS MINE HEAD GRADE

 

 

RECONCILIATION

 

Mercedes reports mine call factors (MCF) in its monthly Key Performance Indicator (KPI) reports.  The MCF for gold and for silver is reported with an overall MCF which is the product of the mine-model, mine-planning, and mine-operation call factors.  The MCF for 2013 is shown in Figure 16-11.

 

FIGURE 16-11   2013 MERCEDES MCF

 

 

16-22



 

RPA is of the opinion that further review and consideration of the reconciliation data is warranted as the positive monthly MCF is inconsistent with under performance of the grade compared to plan and is inconsistent with the YTD value of 88% reported in the KPI.

 

PRODUCTION SCHEDULE

 

The Mercedes Mine prepares Strategic Life of Mine (SLOM) on a regular basis, and in recent periods, there has been a focus on revisions to the SLOM in response to current metal prices and economic conditions.

 

In 2013, Mercedes generated a comparison of plans for the SLOM with options considering production rates of 660,000 tpa and 730,000 tpa.  The SLOM typically includes conversion of a portion of the Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources as well as a smaller proportion of the mineral resource potential as estimated by site personnel.  The higher production rate alternatives yielded higher production, but the Project Net Present Value (NPV) did not vary significantly across the three cases considered.

 

The LOM plan was prepared over the course of the fall of 2013 and was completed prior to the final year end Mineral Reserve estimation.  The Rey de Oro open pit was not included in the LOM.  A production schedule for the Rey de Oro open pit was prepared along with the mine design.  The open pit production schedule extends over a 22 month period with ore production rates of 300 tpd to 700 tpd and waste production rates up to 1,700 tpd.

 

SLOM CASE G

 

While the site personnel were revising the SLOM, RPA was given a copy of the 2013 SLOM Case G for review and that case is described in this section.  The SLOM includes Mineral Reserves and conversion of Mineral Resources.  The production is scheduled to take Mineral Reserves in the initial years of the plan.  The Case G SLOM envisions an increase in the annual production commencing in 2014.  The Case G SLOM is summarized in Table 16-6.

 

16-23



 

TABLE 16-6  SLOM 2013 CASE G

Yamana Gold Inc. – Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

Ore Mined

 

Gold Grade

 

Silver Grade

 

Contained Gold

 

Contained Silver

 

Year

 

(tonnes)

 

(g/t)

 

(g/t)

 

(oz)

 

(oz)

 

2013

 

647,715

 

6.74

 

73.74

 

140,346

 

1,535,686

 

2014

 

799,212

 

5.46

 

58.61

 

140,375

 

1,506,043

 

2015

 

790,124

 

5.30

 

59.39

 

134,540

 

1,508,644

 

2016

 

742,112

 

4.52

 

42.27

 

107,798

 

1,008,617

 

2017

 

740,202

 

4.57

 

47.62

 

108,684

 

1,133,222

 

2018

 

704,717

 

4.27

 

44.24

 

96,787

 

1,002,350

 

2019

 

721,750

 

4.02

 

38.80

 

93,352

 

900,415

 

2020

 

725,239

 

3.97

 

35.36

 

92,683

 

824,392

 

2021

 

725,986

 

4.13

 

36.85

 

96,313

 

860,149

 

2022

 

724,765

 

3.86

 

38.78

 

89,984

 

903,652

 

2023

 

725,081

 

3.45

 

38.34

 

80,332

 

893,728

 

 

 

8,046,904

 

4.60

 

46.70

 

1,181,194

 

12,076,897

 

 

A breakdown of the SLOM production by class of material is shown in Table 16-7.  Only 67% of the SLOM production is from the Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves.  Additionally, the remnant resources pose, in RPA’s opinion, a risk to the plan in light of the low grade and the location of these resources within the previously mined area.  Based upon RPA’s estimate of the cut-off grade for Mercedes, the non-Mineral Reserve material would not meet the cut-off grade criteria.

 

Considering that the 2013 mine production did not meet the 2013 budget level, the stockpiles are essentially consumed and the 2013 mine development was 20% below plan, RPA is of the opinion that a 24% expansion of the mine production in 2014 (compared to 2013) presents a formidable challenge for the operation.

 

16-24



 

TABLE 16-7   BREAKDOWN OF MATERIAL IN THE SLOM BY CLASSIFICATION

Yamana Gold Inc. – Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

Units

 

Total

 

AuEq Grade
(g/t)

 

% of
Total

 

P&P Reserves

 

tonnes

 

5,135,682

 

 

 

67

 

 

 

Au g/t

 

5.53

 

 

 

116

 

 

 

Ag g/t

 

54.27

 

5.92

 

112

 

 

 

Au oz

 

913,675

 

 

 

77

 

 

 

Ag oz

 

8,961,750

 

 

 

75

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Remnant M&I Resources

 

tonnes

 

367,072

 

 

 

5

 

 

 

Au g/t

 

3.28

 

 

 

68

 

 

 

Ag g/t

 

40.13

 

3.56

 

83

 

 

 

Au oz

 

38,669

 

 

 

3

 

 

 

Ag oz

 

473,663

 

 

 

4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Remnant Inferred Resources

 

tonnes

 

898,527

 

 

 

12

 

 

 

Au g/t

 

3.26

 

 

 

68

 

 

 

Ag g/t

 

35.54

 

3.51

 

73

 

 

 

Au oz

 

94,118

 

 

 

8

 

 

 

Ag oz

 

1,026,837

 

 

 

9

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Potential Resources

 

tonnes

 

1,265,599

 

 

 

17

 

 

 

Au g/t

 

3.26

 

 

 

68

 

 

 

Ag g/t

 

36.88

 

3.53

 

76

 

 

 

Au oz

 

132,787

 

 

 

11

 

 

 

Ag oz

 

1,500,500

 

 

 

13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total

 

tonnes

 

7,666,880

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Au g/t

 

4.78

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ag g/t

 

48.53

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Au oz

 

1,179,250

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ag oz

 

11,962,749

 

 

 

 

 

 

The SLOM is prepared using the Mineral Reserves before including any other material in the production schedule and the first Mineral Resources in the SLOM production are in 2018.

 

LIFE OF MINE PLAN

 

Mercedes does not prepare a formal LOM plan using only Mineral Reserves.  RPA is of the opinion that the operation could be maintained at a rate of approximately 650,000 tpa for a six year period on Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves (2014 to 2019) before the limited remaining Mineral Reserves would be expected to be insufficient to maintain this level of production (assuming no exploration success and no conversion of Mineral Resources).

 

16-25



 

17 RECOVERY METHODS

 

The processing facilities at Mercedes are based on conventional milling with Merrill Crowe recovery of precious metals as shown in the flowsheet in Figure 17-1.

 

CRUSHING

 

Run of Mine (ROM) stockpiles ahead of the crusher are used to blend different grades of ore material.  ROM ore discharges from the crusher dump hopper onto a vibrating grizzly feeder and thence directly to the jaw crusher.  The jaw crusher product discharges onto the crusher discharge belt feeder and thence onto a transfer conveyor to the coarse ore storage bin.

 

A hydraulic rock breaker mounted on a mobile backhoe is used at the crusher dump pocket for breaking oversize ROM material.

 

FINE CRUSHING AND CONVEYING

 

The reclaim conveyor discharges ore to the Secondary/Tertiary Control Bin and thence directly onto the secondary screen.  Secondary screen undersize material (final product) discharges to the screen undersize conveyor and thence to the tertiary feed conveyor.  Oversize material from the secondary screen discharges to the secondary crusher feed bin.  Secondary screen bottom deck oversize material is combined with the secondary and tertiary crusher discharge and routed to the tertiary screen.

 

Tertiary screen oversize material discharges into the tertiary crusher feed bin.  Tertiary screen undersize (final product) discharges onto the screen undersize collection conveyor.  Screen undersize from the secondary and tertiary screens is combined and conveyed to the fine ore bin ahead of the grinding circuit.

 

The fine ore bin is a 3,500 t live and 5,275 t total capacity bin measuring 16 m diameter and 16 m high. Ore is withdrawn from the bin by two 1,220 mm wide fine ore bin reclaim belt feeders.

 

17-1



 

GRINDING AND CLASSIFICATION

 

The grinding circuit reduces the crushed ore from 80% passing 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) to 80% passing 45 µm.

 

A single ball mill measuring 5.03 m in diameter and 8.84 m long, powered by a 3,430 kW motor, performs all grinding in closed circuit with hydrocyclones.  The undersized material combines with gravity concentrator tails.  Combined slurry is pumped using variable speed horizontal centrifugal slurry pumps to five operating 254 mm (10 inch) hydrocyclones.  A portion of the hydrocyclone underflow flows by gravity to the gravity concentration circuit.  The remainder of the underflow reports back to the ball mill.  Hydrocyclone overflow (final grinding circuit product) flows by gravity to the preleach thickener deaeration feed box.

 

Pebble lime is added to the ball mill feed conveyor to adjust pH of the slurry.  A sodium cyanide solution is added into the Primary Cyclone Feed sump.

 

GRAVITY CONCENTRATION

 

Approximately 25% of the hydrocyclone underflow is directed to a 762 mm diameter bowl style gravity concentrator.  Bowl concentrator tailing is returned to the ball mill circuit.  Bowl concentrate is fed by gravity to a magnetic separator and shaking table circuit.  Nonmagnetic concentrate material is further upgraded on a shaking table.  The table middlings are recirculated to the table while the table tails are pumped back to the ball mill circuit.  The table concentrate is dried in an electric oven prior to smelting.  The concentrate is smelted to produce a final doré product.

 

PRE-LEACH THICKENER

 

Flocculant and dilution water are added to a 16.4 m diameter high rate thickener feed to aid in settling.  A variable speed thickener underflow pump is adjusted to either thickener underflow density or thickener solids loading.  Underflow from the pre-leach thickener is pumped at approximately 50% solids where it is cyanide leached in a series of four agitated leach tanks.  The thickener overflow is pumped to the carbon column circuit.

 

17-2



 

LEACH CIRCUIT AND COUNTER CURRENT DECANTATION

 

The leach circuit consists of four 9.3 m diameter by 9.9 m high agitated tanks.  Each tank has a working volume of 581 m³.  The four tanks provide approximately 24 hours of retention time at 50% solids.  Cyanide solution may be added to the first, third, and fourth tanks.  Low pressure air is piped to all tanks.

 

Slurry advances by gravity from leach tank to leach tank, exiting the last leach tank and reporting by gravity flow to a series of four high capacity 16.4 m diameter counter-current-decantation (CCD) thickeners for washing and solid liquid separation.  CCD thickener underflow is advanced by pumping from thickener to thickener, exiting the last tank and reporting to the cyanide recovery thickener.  CCD thickener overflow flows by gravity between CCD thickeners and will be pumped to the pre-leach thickener overflow tank.

 

Overflow from the cyanide recovery thickener, along with barren solution from the Merrill Crowe plant, are pumped to the final CCD thickener dilution box to be used as wash water.

 

The leach tailings are washed in CCD to remove soluble gold and silver prior to disposal.  Slurry, at 60% solids, is advanced by pumping from thickener to thickener, exiting the last tank and reporting to the cyanide recovery thickener ahead of detoxification.  Barren solution, used as wash water, is introduced into the final CCD thickener.

 

CYANIDE RECOVERY THICKENER

 

Underflow from the last stage of CCD reports to a high capacity, 16.4 m diameter cyanide recovery thickener.  Flocculant and dilution water are added to the thickener feed to aid in settling.  The withdrawal rate of settled solids is controlled by a variable speed, thickener underflow pump to maintain either thickener underflow density or thickener solids loading.  The thickener underflow pump sends the cyanide recovery slurry to the detoxification circuit while overflow from the cyanide recovery thickener is pumped back to the CCD circuit as wash water.

 

TAILINGS DETOXIFICATION

 

In the tailings detoxification tanks, weak acid dissociable (WAD) residual cyanide is oxidized to the relatively non-toxic form of cyanate by a sulphur compound/air process using sodium metabisulphite and oxygen, with copper sulphate as a catalyst.  Milk of lime is also added to

 

17-3



 

maintain a slurry pH in the range of 8.0 to 8.5.  The more stable iron cyanides are removed from solution as an insoluble ferrocyanide precipitate.  Cyanide levels are reduced to an environmentally acceptable level.

 

The detoxification reactors are two 7.5 m diameter by 8.5 m high agitated tanks.  Each tank provides a residence time of approximately 1.5 hours.

 

Underflow from the cyanide recovery thickener is diluted to approximately 35% solids (w/w), with overflow from the tails thickener, in the cyanide detoxification tank.  Slurry discharged from the detoxification circuit flows by gravity to a high capacity, 16.4 m diameter tail thickener.  Flocculant and dilution water are added to the thickener feed to aid in settling.

 

Tails thickener underflow is final plant tailing and is pumped to a tailing impoundment or will be pumped to a mine cement backfill tank for use in the underground mine.  Overflow from the tails thickener is pumped back to the detoxification circuit for dilution water or to the process water pond.

 

MERRILL CROWE

 

Gold and silver are recovered from pregnant solution by zinc precipitation of metal ions using zinc dust in a Merrill Crowe process.  The process of recovering silver and gold by the Merrill Crowe process includes:

 

·                  clarification and filtering of pregnant solution to remove suspended solids

 

·                  deaeration of pregnant solution to reduce dissolved oxygen

 

·                  precipitating gold and silver metal out by addition of zinc dust

 

·                  filtering and drying of precipitate

 

The precious metal recovery circuit is designed to process approximately 155,000 ounces of gold and 594,834 ounces of silver.  Barren solution (filtrate) exiting the Merrill Crowe circuit flows into a barren solution tank for re-use in the process.

 

REFINERY

 

The zinc precipitate and gravity concentrate are independently batch smelted in one of two retort furnaces to vaporize mercury, which may be present.  The dry precipitate and/or the concentrate are mixed with fluxing materials and are charged to a diesel fired, indirect fired

 

17-4



 

crucible melting furnace and brought to the melting temperature.  The metal, containing the gold and silver and minor impurities, is poured into bar molds.

 

MILL PRODUCTION

 

The Mercedes mill commenced commercial production in November 2011.  The production since that time is summarized in Table 17-1.  The plant throughput rapidly climbed to the design throughput of 1,500 tpd and then surpassed that level to operate at a rate of 1,838 tpd for 2013.  RPA notes that while the mill has demonstrated the ability to operate at the higher rate and attain high recovery of gold, the stockpiles at the site have decreased significantly over the course of 2013, and if a high production rate is to be maintained, the mine production will have to increase.

 

17-5



 

TABLE 17-1   MERCEDES MILL PRODUCTION

Yamana Gold Inc. – Mercedes Mine

 

Date

 

Plant Feed
(000 t)

 

Gold Grade
(g/t Au)

 

Silver Grade
(g/t Ag)

 

Gold
Recovery
(%)

 

Silver
Recovery

(%)

 

2011

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

November

 

14.6

 

4.11

 

66.6

 

83.3

 

23.3

 

December

 

33.0

 

9.07

 

135.6

 

90.1

 

31.0

 

2012

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

January

 

42.6

 

7.22

 

102.8

 

92.1

 

28.5

 

February

 

44.1

 

5.23

 

72.6

 

95.1

 

28.4

 

March

 

49.3

 

5.35

 

76.9

 

94.0

 

28.4

 

April

 

50.9

 

5.41

 

67.1

 

95.2

 

30.1

 

May

 

51.2

 

5.50

 

80.1

 

94.7

 

32.0

 

June

 

49.3

 

5.69

 

64.4

 

95.0

 

30.3

 

July

 

51.6

 

5.52

 

65.6

 

93.1

 

29.2

 

August

 

47.3

 

7.23

 

82.1

 

94.9

 

29.3

 

September

 

52.5

 

7.58

 

75.6

 

95.4

 

30.4

 

October

 

54.3

 

7.12

 

76.0

 

95.3

 

40.8

 

November

 

53.8

 

7.65

 

78.7

 

96.0

 

38.4

 

December

 

56.2

 

7.37

 

100.3

 

96.0

 

37.4

 

2013

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

January

 

58.2

 

6.30

 

86.6

 

95.4

 

39.3

 

February

 

50.0

 

6.97

 

87.1

 

95.3

 

37.8

 

March

 

56.9

 

6.41

 

84.7

 

94.9

 

38.9

 

April

 

52.2

 

6.67

 

92.5

 

94.7

 

39.3

 

May

 

56.2

 

6.69

 

84.2

 

94.7

 

29.3

 

June

 

56.0

 

6.85

 

95.3

 

94.1

 

34.9

 

July

 

55.3

 

6.37

 

76.2

 

94.3

 

30.9

 

August

 

60.0

 

5.53

 

70.6

 

94.5

 

26.5

 

September

 

56.2

 

5.61

 

59.2

 

93.6

 

31.0

 

October

 

56.3

 

5.23

 

68.6

 

94.0

 

31.2

 

November

 

56.4

 

4.69

 

71.0

 

94.6

 

34.1

 

December

 

57.1

 

6.80

 

78.8

 

94.3

 

41.0

 

Total

 

1,321.7

 

6.33

 

80.2

 

94.4

 

33.2

 

 

17-6



 

FIGURE 17-1   PROCESS FLOWSHEET

 

 

17-7



 

18 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE

 

Mercedes has all required infrastructure necessary for a mining complex including:

 

·                  Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources and production from veins at Barrancas, Klondike, Lagunas, and Mercedes mines.

 

·                  A conventional mill consisting of three-stage crushing, grinding, with a Carbon-in-Leach (CIL) circuit, a cyanide destruction circuit, and a Merrill-Crowe process that produces gold doré.  The processing plant has a current nominal capacity of 1,900 tonnes of ore per day.

 

·                  Mine and mill infrastructure including office buildings, shops, and equipment.

 

·                  A tailings storage facility with additional capacity for two years with plans for further expansion.

 

·                  Local water supplies from the mines and dewatering wells.

 

·                  Electric power from the national grid.

 

·                  Mine ventilation fans and ventilation systems

 

·                  Haulage roads from the mines to the plant

 

·                  Stockpile areas

 

·                  Maintenance facilities

 

·                  Administrative office facilities

 

·                  Core storage and exploration offices

 

·                  Security gates and manned security posts at mine entries

 

·                  Access road network connecting the mine infrastructure to the town site and to public roads

 

ACCESS ROADS

 

Access to the mine property is by paved road.  At the turn off from the paved road there is a manned gate to control access to the property and a fence to deter entry.  From the first gate to the main gate is a distance of approximately ten kilometres.  The main entry gate is manned by armed security guards.

 

18-1



 

There is a network of roads on the property to access the various facilities around the plant as well as the paste plant, man camp, maintenance areas, and the Klondike and Barrancas portals.

 

ELECTRICAL ENERGY SUPPLY

 

The electric power supply to Mercedes is a dedicated 115 kV line some 65 km long.  The line begins at the CFE sub-station (the national electrical energy provider in Mexico) in Magdalen.  The main substation at Mercedes has two 115 kV to 13.8 kV Transformers with one as a standby in case of emergency.

 

The installed capacity is approximately 14 MW.  The line has a contracted capacity of 20 MW and a technical capacity of 30 MW.  In 2013 the average electrical energy used was 7.7 MW.

 

OFFICES AND ACCOMMODATIONS

 

Lockers, shower and change room facilities (Mine Dry) are provided for the miners in the surface mine facility design.  Separate staff and women’s Dry facilities are also provided.

 

Office space for underground management, engineering, supervision and clerical staff are included in the surface facilities.  Also included are a lamp room, safety room and meeting rooms.

 

PASTE BACKFILL PLANT

 

A paste plant was designed by Golder PasteTec to be capable of mixing the combined tailings and aggregate with binder at a utilization rate of approximately 60%, yielding a nominal output rate of 94 tonnes per hour (tph) of paste backfill at 78 wt% solids content.  The plant will be located as close as possible to the midpoint along the strike of the Corona orebody and in a convenient location to allow road access to the plant as well as the Klondike deposit.  A relatively small amount of excavation is needed in the selected area to provide a level surface on which to place the plant and required stockpiles.

 

Minus 16 mm (-5/8 in.) crushed and screened waste rock is delivered to an open stockpile located at the paste plant for use in the preparation of backfill and underground roadbed.  The aggregate storage capacity at the plant has been set to a nominal 2,000 tonnes which would provide a sufficient supply for just less than two and a half days of backfilling

 

18-2



 

operations.  All of the material for these purposes will come from underground waste rock production.

 

Paste backfill will be delivered to the underground workings either directly into two boreholes at the Corona deposit, or by ready mix truck to boreholes at Casa Blanca, Breccia Hill, and the Barrancas and Klondike Mines.

 

BATCH PLANT

 

There is a batch pant on site for the preparation of shotcrete and for concrete as required.

 

STOCKPILE AREAS

 

There are ore and waste stockpile areas at the Mercedes mine, Klondike, and Barrancas.  The stockpiles at Klondike and Barrancas are smaller short term areas where ore is dumped by trucks from underground and then reloaded into highway style dump trucks to be hauled to the stockpile area at Mercedes.

 

Ore is managed at the Mercedes stockpile area with ore dumped into separate areas depending upon the grade.  There is no segregation based on the ore source.  The ore is sorted into:

 

·                  Waste — less than 1 g/t

·                  Marginal — 1 to 2.5 g/t

·                  Ore - 2.5 to 5 g/t

·                  High grade — 5 to 10 g/t

·                  Above 10 g/t/

 

The desired blend of materials is relayed the mill by geology and the loader operator takes material from the designated grade piles to feed the jaw crusher.

 

At the time of the site visit the ore stockpile tonnage was approximately 2,000 t.  The ore stockpile had been as high as 47,600 t in June, 2013.  There is a significant amount of marginal material in that stockpile.

 

18-3



 

SURFACE MAINTENANCE FACILITIES

 

Surface shops for heavy equipment maintenance are located near the portal at Mercedes and include concrete floors, offices, and roofs for overhead protection.

 

The Klondike shops are smaller than those at Mercedes but have concrete floors and a roof.  At Barrancas, maintenance is done at an open area adjacent to the portal.

 

TAILINGS STORAGE FACILITY

 

The Mercedes tailings storage facility (TSF) and related facilities are shown in Figure 18-1.  The TSF will be developed by cutting native material within the TSF basin and placing cut material as rockfill on the basin sides and embankment.  The TSF was constructed in two phases.  Phase 1 was constructed to an elevation of 1,204 m and provided storage capacity for tailings and stormwater for approximately 2.5 years of operation.  For Phase 2, the impoundment and embankment were raised to an elevation of 1,213 m.  The impoundment has been sized to contain 2.55 million tonnes of tailings, plus free water and stormwater resulting from a 1,000-yr, 24-hr storm event (300 mm).

 

The TSF is located in the upper reaches of a small natural basin.  Peripheral areas that could contribute stormwater runoff to the TSF are limited in extent.  As such, no perimeter or upstream surface-water diversion structures are required.

 

The TSF has a synthetic geomembrane liner underlain by a low-permeability liner bedding fill layer to cushion the liner and eliminate the potential for seepage of residual process solutions.  Fine-grained materials suitable for liner bedding layer fill construction were not identified at Mercedes.

 

Hydrogeologic exploration of the TSF area indicates that depth to groundwater beneath the TSF exceeds 60 m and that the foundation of the TSF is composed of undeformed conglomeratic sandstone and pyroclastic units of the Baucarit Formation.  The foundation rock fracture density is low, and the hydraulic conductivity of the foundation units ranges from 10-6 to 10-8 cm/sec.  Based on these considerations, the foundation of the TSF will provide geologic containment of potential impoundment leakage.

 

18-4



 

Therefore, the liner system consists of a 60-mil (1.5-mm) high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane liner on a prepared foundation of compacted native soil materials with no permeability specification.

 

The ore processing rate will be 1,500 tpd.  Tailings are assumed to be delivered to the tailings impoundment at an average rate of 1,125 tpd (46.9 t/h) at 60% solids by weight.  The water content of the tailings is estimated to be 35 m3/hr.  For evaluation of storage capacity, a tailings dry density of 1.44 t/m3 is assumed.  Slurry consolidation testing suggest a maximum density of 1.6 t/m3.

 

Deposition will be managed by conventional subarea deposition techniques to cycle the discharge location and produce relatively thin lifts of tailings solids on the resulting tailings.  Subsequent exposure to evaporation will facilitate consolidation of the tailings and attainment of the target density of 1.44 t/m3.

 

To facilitate consolidation of the tailings mass, an underdrain was constructed on the impoundment liner at the bottom of the TSF.  Seepage will be routed to a rock-filled underdrain sump located at the inside base of the TSF embankment.  The underdrain sump will be fitted with an HDPE pipe riser and seepage reclaim pump.  Seepage will be discharged into the tailings impoundment and recovered for reuse via the process-water reclaim system.

 

The facility has sufficient capacity for approximately 2.55 million tonnes of tailings in addition to normal process water and stormwater storage, with a dry freeboard of one metre.

 

The tailings delivery system consists of a tailings header pipe and a series of tailings discharge spigots.  Tailings are deposited from the crest of the embankment and around the impoundment perimeter to generate a surface slope that concentrates all free water in the area of the reclaim water intake.  Cycling tailings deposition around the impoundment perimeter will also result in thin-lift deposition and facilitate evaporation of entrained water and consolidation of the tailings solids.

 

Process water and stormwater will be recovered via a floating pump.  A pressure pipe will be required to lift water out of the impoundment to embankment crest level.  Thereafter, reclaim water can flow by gravity to the process plant.

 

18-5



 

WATER BALANCE

 

Water balance calculations were completed for the three conditions discussed below:

 

·                  Case 1 — average rainfall and evaporation based on estimated site precipitation and evaporation rates,

 

·                  Case 2 - a wet climate cycle considering a 25% increase in monthly precipitation, and

 

·                  Case 3 - a wet climate cycle with a 1,000-yr 24-hr storm of 300 mm occurring in Year 6 during the summer months when the highest monthly precipitation occurs.

 

Under normal conditions (Case 1), the water balance evaluation predicts an average of approximately 6,700 m3/month will be available for reclaim and use as process make-up water.  The estimated make-up water requirement from other sources is an average of approximately 9,900 m3/month. The water balance analysis predicts a short-term accumulation of excess water during the summer rainy season; however, make-up water demand will consume excess stormwater during the fall when monthly precipitation declines.  Water in storage is not predicted to exceed 16,000 m3.  The average annual tailings water reclaim rate is estimated to be approximately 41% of the process water make-up requirements (assuming the backfill filtration plant recovery of 6,675 m3/month is returned to the process plant for reuse).

 

In Case 2, the wet climate cycle analysis, the average monthly water reclaim availability is estimated to increase to approximately 8,300 m3/month.  There is a predicted increase in the accumulation of stormwater in the summer rainy season; however, excess stormwater will be drawn down when the rate of monthly precipitation decreases in the fall.  Water in storage is not predicted to exceed 28,000 m3 under the assumed wet conditions.

 

In Case 3 with a 1,000-yr storms occurring early and late in the operation of the TSF, water reclaim at the maximum rate will draw down excess stormwater in approximately five to six months.

 

Stormwater storage capacity will not be critical until the later stages of impoundment operation when available storage capacity and freeboard behind the embankment will approach a minimum.  The TSF has the capacity to contain stormwater associated with the

 

18-6



 

1,000-yr storm event occurring at the end of the mining operation with a freeboard of approximately 1.0 m.

 

Water accumulation has been an issue to date as evidenced by the presence of evaporators on the crest of the TSF.

 

STABILITY EVALUATION

 

A two-dimensional limit equilibrium tailings embankment stability analysis was performed with the computer program SLIDE™ Version 5.038 (Rocscience, 2000).  The stability analysis included static and pseudostatic analyses of the tailings embankment.  Circular failure analyses were conducted using Bishop’s modified method (Bishop, 1955).  Both local and global (overall) circular failure analyses were performed.

 

In all cases, factors of safety indicate the tailings disposal facility will be stable.  The minimum static field of slope (FOS) is 1.56, while under seismic loading, and the minimum FOS is 1.28.

 

The Project footprint is shown in Figure 18-1.

 

18-7



 

FIGURE 18-1   SITE PLAN

 

 

18-8



 

19 MARKET STUDIES AND CONTRACTS

 

MARKETS

 

The principal commodities at Mercedes are freely traded at prices that are widely known, so prospects for sale of any production are virtually assured.  RPA used a gold price of US$950 per ounce for the Base Case.

 

CONTRACTS

 

Mercedes is an operating mine and process facility and has contracts in place for the provision of various services and supplies including but not limited to:

 

·                  Underground mine development.

·                  Ore haulage.

·                  Supply of concrete and shotcrete.

·                  Supply of electricity.

·                  Equipment maintenance.

·                  Catering.

·                  Security, and.

·                  Diamond drilling.

 

RPA did not review the contracts but considers the level of contracting to be within industry norms for Mexican operations.

 

19-1



 

20 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING, AND SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACT

 

The Mercedes operation is in production and operating within the environmental framework of Yamana.  Yamana has developed and operates under a corporate responsibility program which includes corporate responsibility, community relations, environment, and health and safety.

 

ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS

 

The key environmental permits for the Mercedes operation are listed in Table 20-1.

 

20-1


 

 


 

TABLE 20-1   KEY ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

LICENCES

 

Agency

 

Date

MIA Túnel de Exploración

 

SEMARNAT

 

Resolutivo / Feb-2008

CUS Túnel de Exploración

 

SEMARNAT / CONAFOR

 

Resolutivo / Jun-2008

MIA Mercedes

 

SEMARNAT

 

Resolutivo/ Abr-2010

CUS Mercedes

 

SEMARNAT / CONAFOR

 

Resolutivo/ Abr-2010

MIA Línea Eléctrica de 115 Kv

 

SEMARNAT

 

Resolutivo/ Jul-2010

CUS Línea Eléctrica de 115 Kv

 

SEMARNAT / CONAFOR

 

Resolutivo/ Dic-2010, Nov-2010, May-2011 y Jul-2011

MIA Ampliación Mercedes

 

SEMARNAT

 

Resolutivo / Dic-2010

CUS Ampliación Mercedes

 

SEMARNAT / CONAFOR

 

Resolutivo/ Mar-2012

MIA Barrancas

 

SEMARNAT

 

Resolutivo/ Sep-2012

CUS Barrancas

 

SEMARNAT / CONAFOR

 

Resolutivo/ Oct-2011

MIA Diluvio - Lupita

 

SEMARNAT

 

Resolutivo/ Nov-2012

CUS Diluvio - Lupita

 

SEMARNAT / CONAFOR

 

Resolutivo / Mar- 2013

Número de Registro Ambiental (NRA)

 

SEMARNAT

 

NRA MMMSP2602211

Registro como generador de residuos peligrosos

 

SEMARNAT

 

Registro / Dic-2010

Licencia Ambiental Única (LAU)

 

SEMARNAT

 

LAU / Feb-2013

Permiso de descarga de agua residual

 

CONAGUA

 

Permiso/ Nov-2012

Plan de Manejo de Gran Generador de Residuos

 

SEMARNAT

 

Entrega / Jun-2013

Plan de Manejo de Residuos Mineros

 

SEMARNAT

 

Entrega / Oct-2013

Cédula de Operación Anual (COA)

 

SEMARNAT

 

Entrega / Jun-2013

 

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

 

Over the course of mine exploration, permitting, and development, a number of environmental studies have been completed to support the development of the Project.

 

ACID GENERATION POTENTIAL

 

The acid base accounting (ABA) results indicate that the ore head samples and tailings sample have a slightly alkaline paste pH.  The paste pH for all ore head samples ranges from 7.96 to 8.44.  The highest paste pH (8.59) was associated with the tailings sample, which may be reflective of lime added to the tailings to maintain optimum conditions for gold recovery.

 

20-2



 

The total sulphur content of the ore head samples is low and ranges from non-detectable to 0.12%, while the tailings sample contains 0.15% total sulphur.  Approximately 30% to 80% of this sulphur is present as sulphate sulphur.

 

The neutralization potential to acid generating potential ratios for the ore head samples and the tailings sample from 23.3 to over 1,000, indicating very low potential for acid generation. In addition to ABA results, net acid generation (NAG) test pH values can be used to determine the likelihood of acid generation.  The NAG test results indicate pH values from 5.7 to 7.4 for all the samples, with all but one result above 6.3.   According to the NAG pH values, all samples should be considered non-acid generating as well.  Given the very low total and oxidizable sulphur contents in all samples, it is considered very unlikely that acid-generating conditions will develop, regardless of the disposal methods or exposure of future tailings

 

MINERALOGY AND METAL LEACHING POTENTIAL

 

The mineralogical analysis results show that the silicate minerals quartz and potassium feldspar make up the bulk of the samples.  Other silicates occurring in lesser concentrations include clinochlore, biotite, muscovite, plagioclase, and montmorillonite.  Calcite [CaCO3] was detected in all but one sample (at concentrations ranging from 1.1% to over 20%.  Other carbonates present include siderite [FeCO3] and dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2].

 

The results from the chemical analysis of the samples can be used to make an inference regarding elements of potential environmental concern.  Constituents that are significantly elevated relative to crustal abundance (arbitrarily defined as five times crustal abundance) in all samples include silver, arsenic, and antimony.  Molybdenum, lead, and cadmium are elevated relative to average crustal abundance in approximately half of the samples, while bismuth and selenium are elevated in one sample.

 

Whole rock analysis (WRA) results shown indicate that silica is the dominant constituent in all samples, and is reflective of the silicate minerals identified in the mineralogical analysis.  WRA results also confirm the low concentration of sulphur indicated in the ABA test results.  Calcium and magnesium oxides, that are presumed to be derived from calcite and dolomite, are present in all samples and their concentrations are consistent with the measured NP values.

 

20-3



 

Comprehensive analysis of the NAG leachates was conducted on the tailings sample to evaluate leachate quality resulting from oxidation of reactive sulphides, if present.  In the absence of kinetic testing information, analysis of NAG leachates is a useful surrogate for identifying constituents of potential environmental concern under pH conditions caused by sulphide oxidation.

 

The results indicate a tailings NAG leachate pH value of 6.82.  Most metals in the NAG leachate occur at near detection limit levels.  A comparison against NOM-052-SEMARNAT-2005 (Estados Unidos Mexicanos - Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, 2006) which contains a list of “toxic constituents” and their concentration limits shows that no constituents exceeded maximum concentration limits in the NAG leachates.

 

Leach testing of the tailings sample was conducted using a ASTM method D3987-85 in accordance with NOM-141-SEMARNAT-2003 (Estados Unidos Mexicanos - Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, 2004). The leachate was slightly alkaline with a pH of 8.75.  Trace metal leachability was generally low.  Total and weak acid dissociable (WAD) cyanide concentrations were 1.18 and 0.03 milligrams per liter (mg/L), respectively.  A comparison of test results against NOM-052-SEMARNAT-2005 (Estados Unidos Mexicanos - Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, 2006) indicates no toxicity limit was exceeded.

 

Geochemical testing of the milled ore head samples and tailings sample indicates no potential for acid generation.  The test results also indicate that the tailings can be classified as non-toxic.  Given the low potential for acid generation and the low metal concentrations observed in the NAG and SFE leachates, it is anticipated that the quality of drainage from future tailings will have low concentrations of metals of concern.

 

COMMUNITY RELATIONS

 

Yamana Gold has a complete and strong Community Program in the Community of Cucurpe, Sonora approximately 22 km west of the Mercedes Mine.  Although the mine site is located within a private land, previously purchased from a local rancher, Yamana Gold has established different social and economic programs at the Community of Cucurpe.

 

In 2012 the main Activities consisted of:

 

20-4



 

·                  Open Doors Program

 

·                  This program aims to establish in a clear and transparent manner, better communication between Yamana and local communities (Cucurpe and Magdalena). Employees and their families, students and community representatives visit our Mercedes mine to learn more about the Company’s vision, values, and safety procedures environmental management policies. The program was conducted from February through December of 2012.

 

·                  Education

 

·                  At Cucurpe there are three levels of education: Kindergarten, Elementary and Middle-High School.  Yamana has a direct contact with the three schools and the main support from our company consists of providing School and sport supplies benefiting 168 children.

·                  Also, Yamana supports all year around a scholarship program to benefit the students that attend elementary, Middle School and College.

 

·                  Social Activities

 

·                  Yamana organized different classes involving physical, art and cooking activities for the local people of Cucurpe.

 

·                  Infrastructure-Highway and Roads

 

·                  Along with the Local Highway Department Yamana has participated on improving the pavement and the local roads.

 

At the end of 2012 a Social Diagnostic Study was conducted in the Municipality of Cucurpe, in order to identify the main Stakeholders and their special needs.

 

In 2013, besides the Open Doors Program, two new programs were established complying with the General Corporate Community Program of Yamana Gold: Partnership Seminars, and Integration Program.

 

·                  Partnership Seminars Program

 

·                  The main purpose of the Partnership Seminars Program is to support productive projects that will benefit the community, creating new jobs and work opportunities, using a fund provided by Yamana.  However, in 2013 only four teams participated in this program and none of the projects had the characteristics of a self-supported project. Two out the four projects were selected by the four teams and the Yamana group committee.  One of the projects consists on: building two new functional restrooms for the Kindergarten that will benefit 48 children and the second consisted of providing the furniture and didactic material for the local Catechism Church Program, benefiting 90 children.

 

·                  Open Doors Program

 

·                  A total of five visits were hosted at the Mercedes Mine.  Four of the visits were from three High School-College Institutions from Magdalena, and the other one from Hermosillo.  The other Group was from the Health, Security and Community area of Timmins Gold.

 

20-5



 

·                  Integration Program

 

·                  As part of this program, one day was dedicated to provide health screenings to a total of 124 people of Cucurpe.

 

·                  Health Program

 

·                  A week was spent on providing health awareness to the students and parents of the three local Schools on nutrition, food selection and how to have healthy pregnancy to the local woman.

 

·      Education

 

·                  Like every year, Yamana continued on providing School, cleaning and sport material to the three local Schools.

 

·                  Corporate Social Responsibility

 

·                  Yamana Gold in Mexico is on the process of obtaining this Certificate.

 

MINE CLOSURE REQUIREMENTS

 

Mercedes has not developed a detailed closure plan but has engaged a consultant to prepare such a plan.  The SLOM financial model includes a provision of $18 million in the final years of the operation for closure and reclamation.

 

Mexican law requires only a conceptual plan that meets legal guidelines for implementation. Yamana has developed a conceptual plan includes the following:

 

·                  Restoration and progressive revegetation of disturbed areas that have no future use.

·                  Stabilization of the tailings dam.

·                  Removal of machinery and equipment outside the area.

·                  Dismantling of structures and plant facilities.

·                  Withdrawal of laboratory and offices outside the area.

 

Final reforestation of areas disturbed by infrastructure.

 

Within the context of restoration measures and remediation practices, the following are identified:

 

·                  Activities designed to degrade and permanently confine the dumps.

·                  Reinstate the use and ecological productivity of the land to conditions similar to before the development of the Project.

·                  Planting to encourage colonization and generation of organic matter.

·                  Management of restored areas.

·                  Reseeding practices.

·                  Monitoring

 

20-6



 

21 CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS

 

CAPITAL COSTS

 

Mercedes is in operation and the capital plan covers the ongoing operations.  The capital expenditures in the SLOM plan total US$195 million as summarized in Table 21-1.

 

TABLE 21-1   SLOM CAPITAL EXPENDITURES

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

US$(000)

 

 

 

2014

 

2015

 

2016

 

2017

 

2018

 

2019

 

2020

 

2021

 

2022

 

2023

 

Building & Infrastructure

 

200

 

350

 

200

 

200

 

200

 

200

 

200

 

200

 

200

 

200

 

Hardware & Software

 

100

 

280

 

5

 

50

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

 

Furniture & Fixture

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

 

Automation

 

3,300

 

3,200

 

1,200

 

590

 

490

 

990

 

790

 

790

 

500

 

 

Land Acquisition

 

1,200

 

1,500

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Machinery & Equipment

 

3,992

 

4,223

 

5,029

 

3,477

 

4,447

 

3,541

 

4,501

 

2,375

 

 

 

Vehicles

 

280

 

 

200

 

80

 

200

 

 

280

 

 

 

 

Underground Mine Development

 

17,735

 

8,412

 

229

 

2,337

 

2,630

 

3,141

 

3,593

 

2,937

 

3,118

 

 

Construction

 

11,479

 

5,214

 

4,884

 

7,000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exploration Capex

 

6,000

 

6,000

 

6,000

 

6,000

 

6,000

 

3,000

 

3,000

 

2,000

 

2,000

 

1,000

 

Reclamation and Closure

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7,000

 

7,000

 

Total

 

46,286

 

31,179

 

19,747

 

21,734

 

15,977

 

12,872

 

14,364

 

10,302

 

14,818

 

8,200

 

 

The capital plan is based upon a minor increase in the mill capacity and ongoing operations.

 

OPERATING COSTS

 

CURRENT OPERATING COSTS

 

The 2013 operating cost data for the Mercedes Mine is shown in Table 21-2.  Operating costs for the year were approximately 13% over budget on a cost per tonne basis.

 

21-1



 

TABLE 21-2   2013 OPERATING COSTS

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

ACTUAL

 

BUDGET

 

Variance

 

Var. (%)

 

Drilling

 

US$

 

7.24

 

8.26

 

1.01

 

12

 

Blasting

 

US$

 

5.03

 

3.69

 

(1.34

)

-36

 

Loading

 

US$

 

6.15

 

7.18

 

1.03

 

14

 

Hauling

 

US$

 

4.95

 

6.29

 

1.34

 

21

 

Geology

 

US$

 

3.04

 

2.02

 

(1.01

)

-50

 

Administration

 

US$

 

5.48

 

2.10

 

(3.38

)

-161

 

Fortification

 

US$

 

12.29

 

9.64

 

(2.65

)

-28

 

Backfill

 

US$

 

5.46

 

5.05

 

(0.41

)

-8

 

Services

 

US$

 

7.55

 

5.86

 

(1.69

)

-29

 

Other

 

US$

 

-

 

0.70

 

0.70

 

100

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Crushing

 

US$

 

1.58

 

2.29

 

0.71

 

31

 

Grinding

 

US$

 

9.82

 

8.32

 

(1.50

)

-18

 

Leaching

 

US$

 

2.20

 

2.89

 

0.69

 

24

 

CCD

 

US$

 

1.69

 

1.19

 

(0.50

)

-42

 

Filtration

 

US$

 

2.59

 

1.99

 

(0.60

)

-30

 

Other

 

US$

 

12.25

 

11.60

 

(0.64

)

-6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Business Unit G&A

 

US$

 

17.13

 

14.55

 

(2.58

)

-18

 

Other

 

US$

 

1.09

 

 

(1.09

)

 

 

Totals

 

US$

 

105.53

 

93.63

 

(11.91

)

-13

 

 

SLOM OPERATING COST ESTIMATE

 

The operating costs for the SLOM are summarized in Table 21-3.

 

TABLE 21-3   SLOM OPERATING COST ESTIMATE

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

US$/t feed

 

 

 

2014

 

2015

 

2016

 

2017

 

2018

 

2019

 

2020

 

2021

 

2022

 

2023

 

Mine

 

58.20

 

52.80

 

46.10

 

46.70

 

45.50

 

43.90

 

43.30

 

43.40

 

43.50

 

42.30

 

Plant

 

29.50

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

29.80

 

G&A

 

13.00

 

12.90

 

10.70

 

9.60

 

9.20

 

8.90

 

11.80

 

11.80

 

11.80

 

10.70

 

Total

 

100.70

 

95.50

 

86.60

 

86.10

 

84.50

 

82.60

 

84.90

 

85.00

 

85.10

 

82.80

 

 

MANPOWER

 

The manpower requirements for the SLOM are summarized in Table 21-4.

 

21-2



 

TABLE 21-4   SLOM MANPOWER ESTIMATES

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

 

 

 

 

2014

 

2015

 

2016

 

2017

 

2018

 

2019

 

2020

 

2021

 

2022

 

2023

 

Total Head Count

 

Qty

 

759

 

669

 

560

 

553

 

534

 

554

 

550

 

554

 

555

 

510

 

Owner

 

Qty

 

461

 

435

 

389

 

388

 

385

 

380

 

376

 

378

 

378

 

373

 

Contractors

 

Qty

 

299

 

234

 

171

 

165

 

150

 

174

 

175

 

176

 

177

 

138

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mine

 

Qty

 

438

 

363

 

285

 

284

 

271

 

298

 

302

 

301

 

302

 

267

 

Owner

 

Qty

 

271

 

255

 

227

 

229

 

229

 

229

 

229

 

229

 

229

 

229

 

Contractors

 

Qty

 

167

 

109

 

59

 

55

 

41

 

69

 

73

 

72

 

73

 

38

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Plant

 

Qty

 

91

 

86

 

78

 

76

 

75

 

72

 

70

 

72

 

72

 

69

 

Owner

 

Qty

 

91

 

86

 

78

 

76

 

75

 

72

 

70

 

72

 

72

 

69

 

Contractors

 

Qty

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G&A and Others

 

Qty

 

230

 

219

 

197

 

193

 

189

 

183

 

178

 

182

 

182

 

174

 

Owner

 

Qty

 

99

 

94

 

84

 

83

 

81

 

79

 

76

 

78

 

78

 

75

 

Contractors

 

Qty

 

132

 

125

 

113

 

110

 

108

 

105

 

102

 

104

 

104

 

100

 

 

21-3



 

22 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

 

This section is not required as the property is currently in production and there is no material expansion of current production.

 

22-1



 

23 ADJACENT PROPERTIES

 

There are no adjacent properties relevant to this report.

 

23-1



 

24 OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION

 

No additional information or explanation is necessary to make this Technical Report understandable and not misleading.

 

24-1



 

25 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS

 

EXPLORATION POTENTIAL

 

Yamana reports that there is good geological potential for additional gold mineralization at the Mercedes.  Yamana plans to carry out drilling for extensions of known deposits at the Project.

 

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

 

Gold-silver mineralization on the Mercedes Property is hosted within epithermal low sulphidation (adularia-sericite) veins, stockwork and breccia zones.  Over 15 km Au-Ag-bearing epithermal low sulphidation veins have been identified within or marginal to the andesite-filled basins on the Project.

 

The mineralized zones display a combination of fissure vein, stockwork and breccia morphologies that change rapidly on strike and dip.  The zones range in width from less than 1.0 m to composite vein/stockwork/breccia zones up to 15.0 m wide.  Length of individual veins varies from 100 m to over 2.0 km.  Property-wide, Au-Ag bearing veins occur over a vertical range greater than 600 m (680 m to 1,300 m).

 

Mineralogical studies identified opaque minerals, including iron oxides, pyrite, gold, electrum, stibnite, and rare pyrargyrite, within a gangue of substantial chalcedony, quartz, and carbonate.

 

Except for not using a minimum width and carrying potentially some unmineable remnant blocks in the total, these resource estimates, in RPA’s opinion, are prepared in accordance with CIM definitions as incorporated by reference into NI 43-101.

 

As part of our due diligence on the Mineral Resources, RPA carried out an independent check on Mercedes and Klondike deposits using a 2.0 g/t AuEq cut-off grade and verified wireframes.  It is RPA’s opinion that the Yamana estimates and RPA check estimates show acceptable agreement.

 

25-1



 

MINERAL RESERVES AND LIFE OF MINE PLAN

 

MINERAL RESERVES AND OPERATIONS

 

RPA has reviewed the work by Mercedes personnel related to the estimation of the Mineral Reserves and is of the opinion that the Mineral reserves have been estimated in an appropriate manner.

 

The Mineral reserves at the Mercedes Mine consist of open pit and underground Mineral Reserves.  The underground Mineral Reserves are being exploited in three separate underground mines and the ore is being processed for the recovery of gold and silver.

 

The Proven and Probable Mineral reserves are estimated to total 5.60 million tonnes grading 4.69 g/t Au and 46.8 g/t Ag and including:

 

·                  Proven Mineral Reserves of 0.96 million tonnes grading 4.48 g/t Au and 57.7 g/t Ag, and

 

·                  Probable Mineral Reserves of 4.64 million tonnes grading 4.74 g/t Au and 44.5 g/t Ag.

 

Within the total Probable Mineral Reserves, there are 229,000 tonnes grading 2.15 g/t Au and 17.4 g/t Ag of open pit mineral reserves.  The balance of the Mineral Reserves are planned to mined by underground mining.

 

25-2



 

26 RECOMMENDATIONS

 

EXPLORATION AND MINERAL RESOURCES

 

Based on continuing success in extending known resources, Yamana has continued exploration in and around the current deposits.  The exploration program for 2014 consists of 5,200 m of diamond drilling targeted at ten near mine priority targets (Table 26-1).  The program has an approved budget of US$5.5 million. RPA concurs with this work program.

 

TABLE 26-1  2014 EXPLORATION PROGRAM

Yamana Gold Inc. — Mercedes Mine

 

Activity

 

Target Area

 

No. of Holes

 

Length (m)

 

Underground Drilling

 

Corona de Oro (deep)

 

6

 

1,500

 

 

 

Casa Blanca (deep)

 

6

 

900

 

 

 

Breccia Hill (deep, NW)

 

8

 

2,000

 

 

 

Klondike (strike, dip)

 

8

 

800

 

Sub-total

 

 

 

30

 

5,200

 

Surface Drilling

 

Barrancas-Lagunas Gap

 

4

 

1,200

 

 

 

Breccia Hill (deep, NW)

 

5

 

2,500

 

 

 

Klondike (strike, dip)

 

8

 

2,400

 

 

 

Marianas (strike, dip)

 

8

 

4,800

 

 

 

Sausito-Ramal

 

10

 

2,100

 

 

 

Lagunas (deep)

 

2

 

900

 

 

 

Barrancas Central (deep)

 

2

 

900

 

 

 

Diluvio NW (NW extension)

 

8

 

4,200

 

Sub-total

 

 

 

47

 

19,000

 

Total

 

 

 

77

 

24,200

 

 

Other RPA recommendations include:

 

·                  Complete an independent mine laboratory audit by a qualified external consultant.

 

·                  Apply a minimum mining width to narrow intersections in the block models.

 

·                  Include comparisons of statistics of block grades and original composites and ID2 interpolations into resource estimate validations.

 

·                  Use caution during the conversion of resources to reserves to ensure that planned mining blocks meet or exceed the cut-off grade once expanded to the minimum mining width and external dilution is added.

 

·                  Remove isolated and potentially unmineable material rejected by the mine planning process from the Mineral Resources.

 

26-1



 

MINERAL RESERVES AND STRATEGIC LIFE OF MINE PLAN

 

With regard to the Mineral Reserves and operations, RPA recommends that Yamana and MMM:

 

·                  Continue operations and mine development and production at Mercedes.

 

·                  Review mine operating costs and cut-off grade calculations to ensure that cut-off grades are based on actual cost experience.

 

·                  Advance mine development planning for the Diluvio and Rey de Oro deposits.

 

·                  Develop plans for the expansion of the tailings area or for an additional tailings storage facility.

 

·                  Undertake more detailed reconciliation studies to reconcile mine production back to the Mineral Reserve estimate.

 

26-2



 

27 REFERENCES

 

Hawksworth, M., P. E., Ramos, A., Trotman, R., Burkett, S. 2009, Geology and Epithermal Au-Ag Vein Mineralization of the Mercedes Area, Sonora, Mexico, Geology Tour Report prepared for Yamana Gold Inc., February 22, 2009.

 

Hawksworth, M., P. G., Walker, G., P. G., Welhener, H., P. E., 2008, Mercedes Project, Sonora, Mexico, Mineral Resource Estimate and Summary of Exploration Work conducted between 1999 and September 10, 2008, In-house report for Yamana Gold Inc., November 18, 2008.

 

Hernandez, G., Hawksworth, M., P. G., Walker, G., P. G., 2012, Mercedes Project Update, In-house report prepared for Yamana Gold Inc., March 2012.

 

M3 Engineering, 2010, Feasibility Study Mercedes Project Report M3-PN09027 Rev 1 prepared for Yamana Gold Inc., March 15, 2010.

 

27-1



 

28 DATE AND SIGNATURE PAGE

 

This report titled “Technical Report on the Mercedes Gold-Silver Mine, Sonora State, Mexico” and dated February 25, 2014 was prepared and signed by the following authors:

 

 

(Signed & Sealed) “R. Dennis Bergen

 

 

 

 

Dated at Toronto, ON

R. Dennis Bergen, P. Eng.

February 25, 2014

Associate Principal Mining Engineer

 

 

 

 

 

(Signed & Sealed) “Chester M. Moore

 

 

 

 

Dated at Toronto, ON

Chester M. Moore, P. Eng.

February 25, 2014

Principal Geologist

 

28-1



 

29 CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFIED PERSON

 

RAYMOND DENNIS BERGEN

 

I, Raymond Dennis Bergen, P. Eng., as an author of this this report entitled “Technical Report on the Mercedes Gold-Silver Mine, Sonora State, Mexico” prepared for Yamana Gold Inc. and dated February 25, 2014, do hereby certify that:

 

1.             I am an Associate Principal Mining Engineer engaged by Roscoe Postle Associates Inc. of Suite 501, 55 University Ave Toronto, ON, M5J 2H7.

 

2.             I am a graduate of the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, in 1979 with a Bachelor of Applied Science degree in Mineral Engineering.  I am a graduate of the British Columbia Institute Technology in Burnaby, B.C. Canada, in 1972 with a Diploma in Mining Technology.

 

3.             I am registered as a Professional Engineer in the Province of British Columbia (Reg.# 16064) and as a Licensee with the Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists of the Northwest Territories (Licence L1660).  I have worked as an engineer in the mining industry for over 34 years since my graduation.  My relevant experience for the purpose of the Technical Report is:

 

·                                Practice as a mining engineer, production superintendent, mine manager, Vice President of Operations and a consultant in the design, operation and review of mining operations.

·                                Review and report, as an employee and as a consultant, on numerous mining operations and projects around the world for due diligence and operational review related to project acquisition and technical report preparation, including NI 43-101 technical report preparation.

·                                Mining engineer in underground gold and base metal mines.

·                                Consulting engineer working on project acquisition and project design.

·                                Mine Manager at three different mines with open pit and underground operations.

 

4.              I have read the definition of “qualified person” set out in National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”) and certify that by reason of my education, affiliation with a professional association (as defined in NI 43-101) and past relevant work experience, I fulfill the requirements to be a “qualified person” for the purposes of NI 43-101.

 

5.              I visited the Mercedes Mine, from November 19 to 21, 2013.

 

6.              I am responsible for parts of Sections 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 and parts of Sections 1, 25 and 26 of the Technical Report.

 

7.             I am independent of the Issuer applying the test set out in Section 1.5 of NI 43-101.

 

8.            I have had no prior involvement with the property that is the subject of the Technical Report

 

9.             I have read NI 43-101, and the Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with NI 43-101 and Form 43-101F1.

 

29-1



 

10.               At the effective date of the Technical Report, to the best of my knowledge, information, and belief, the Section Nos. I am responsible for in the Technical Report contain all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical Report not misleading

 

 

Dated 25th day of February, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(Signed & Sealed) “R. Dennis Bergen

 

 

 

 

 

Raymond Dennis Bergen, P. Eng.

 

 

29-2



 

CHESTER M. MOORE

 

I, Chester M. Moore as an author of this report entitled “Technical Report on the Mercedes Gold-Silver Mine, Sonora State, Mexico” prepared for Yamana Gold Inc. and dated February 25, 2014, do hereby certify that:

 

1.             I am Principal Geologist with Roscoe Postle Associates Inc. of Suite 501, 55 University Ave Toronto, ON, M5J 2H7.

 

2.              I am a graduate of the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario in 1972 with a Bachelor of Applied Science degree in Geological Engineering.

 

3.              I am registered as a Professional Engineer in the Province of Ontario (Reg. #32455016).  I have worked as a geologist for over 40 years since my graduation.  My relevant experience for the purpose of the Technical Report is:

 

·                  Mineral Resource and Reserve estimation, feasibility studies, due diligence, corporate review and audit on exploration projects and mining operations world wide

·                  Various advanced exploration and mine geology positions at base metal and gold mining operations in Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan

·                  Director, Mineral Reserve Estimation and Reporting at the corporate offices of a former major Canadian base metal producer

 

4.              I have read the definition of “qualified person” set out in National Instrument 43-101 (NI43-101) and certify that by reason of my education, affiliation with a professional association (as defined in NI43-101) and past relevant work experience, I fulfill the requirements to be a “qualified person” for the purposes of NI43-101.

 

5.              I visited the Mercedes Mine, from November 19 to 21, 2013.

 

6.              I am responsible for all sections of the Technical Report, except Sections 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 and parts of sections 1, 25, and 26.

 

7.              I am independent of the Issuer applying the test set out in Section 1.5 of National Instrument 43-101.

 

8.              I have had no previous involvement with the Mercedes gold-silver mining operation.

 

9.              I have read National Instrument 43-101, and the Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with National Instrument 43-101 and Form 43-101F1.

 

29-3



 

10.       To the best of my knowledge, information, and belief, the Technical Report contains all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the technical report not misleading.

 

Dated this 25th day of February, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

(Signed & Sealed) “Chester M. Moore

 

 

 

Chester M. Moore, P. Eng.

 

 

29-4