BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES [Abstract]
Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (a) The Company Globus Medical, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, is a medical device company that develops and commercializes solutions for the treatment of musculoskeletal solutions. We are primarily focused on implants that promote healing in patients with spine disorders, but recently launched a robotic guidance and navigation system and products to treat patients who have experienced orthopedic traumas. We are an engineering-driven company with a history of rapidly developing and commercializing advanced products and procedures that assist surgeons in effectively treating their patients, respond to evolving surgeon needs and address new treatment options. Since our inception in 2003, we have launched over 180 products and offer a product portfolio addressing a broad array of spinal pathologies, anatomies and surgical approaches. We are headquartered in Audubon, Pennsylvania, and market and sell our products through our exclusive sales force in the United States, as well as within North, Central & South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. The sales force consists of direct sales representatives and distributor sales representatives employed by exclusive independent distributors. The terms the “Company,” “Globus,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Globus Medical, Inc. and, where applicable, our consolidated subsidiaries. (b) Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). During the fourth quarter of 2016, we self-identified and recorded non-cash prior period adjustments primarily related to depreciation and scrap expense for our instruments and cases. This $1.8 million net cumulative adjustment related to the period beginning in 2013 and through 2015 and resulted in a $5.5 million pre-tax increase in depreciation and a $3.7 million pre-tax decrease in scrap and provision for excess and obsolete inventory, both of which are primarily components of our full fiscal year 2016 cost of goods sold on our consolidated statement of income. We performed the analysis required by Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, Materiality, and Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108, Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements When Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements, and determined that the effect of the adjustments was not material to the financial position, results of operations or cash flows of any prior fiscal year from both a quantitative and qualitative perspective and is not material to the full fiscal year 2016. During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company identified and recorded an adjustment to its December 31, 2016 consolidated balance sheet to correct the presentation of $65.8 million of its Variable Rate Demand Notes (“VRDNs”) as short-term marketable securities instead of cash and cash equivalents. Accordingly, the statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2016 has been adjusted to appropriately increase purchases of marketable securities by $63.3 million, resulting in an increase in net cash used in investing activities and a decrease to cash and cash equivalents, end of period of $63.3 million. The statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2015 has been adjusted to appropriately increase purchases of marketable securities by $2.5 million, resulting in an increase in net cash used in investing activities and a decrease to cash and cash equivalents, end of period of $2.5 million. As of December 31, 2016, this adjustment also resulted in the addition of VRDNs to the table in Note 5, Marketable Securities and an adjustment to appropriately present VRDNs in the table in Note 6, Fair Value Measurements within Municipal bonds instead of cash equivalents. In accordance with FASB Topic ASC 320, Investments-Debt and Equity Securities, based on our ability to market and sell these instruments and our intent to not hold such instruments until maturity, we account for VRDNs as available-for-sale, and carry them at their fair value. VRDNs are similar to short-term debt instruments because their interest rates are reset periodically. Investments in these securities can be sold for cash on the auction date. We classify VRDNs at December 31, 2016 as short-term based on the reset dates. The Company does not own VRDNs as of December 31, 2017. (c) Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Globus and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. (d) Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We base our estimates, in part, on historical experience that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates and assumptions are periodically reviewed and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary. Significant areas that require management’s estimates include intangible assets, contingent payment liabilities, allowance for doubtful accounts, stock-based compensation, write-down for excess and obsolete inventory, useful lives of assets, the outcome of litigation, recoverability of intangible assets and income taxes. We are subject to risks and uncertainties due to changes in the healthcare environment, regulatory oversight, competition, and legislation that may cause actual results to differ from estimated results. During fourth quarter of 2017, we completed a review of the estimated useful life of our Instruments and Modules and cases. Based on historical useful life information, forecasted product life cycles and demand expectations, the useful life of Instruments and Modules and cases were extended from three to five years. This was accounted for as a change in accounting estimate and was made on a prospective basis effective October 1, 2017. For the year ended and quarter ended December 31, 2017, depreciation expense was lower by approximately $1.7 million than it would have been had the useful life of these assets not been extended. The effect of this change on basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $0.01 per share and for the quarter ended December 31, 2017 was $0.01 per share. (e) Foreign Currency Translation The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is generally their local currency. Assets and liabilities of the foreign subsidiaries are translated at the period end currency exchange rate and revenues and expenses are translated at an average currency exchange rate for the period. The resulting foreign currency translation gains and losses are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Gains and losses arising from intercompany foreign transactions are included in other income, net on the consolidated statement of income. (f) Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased. (g) Restricted Cash In December 2014, we set aside cash for the payment of a portion of the DePuy Synthes and Bianco litigations. We classified this cash as restricted, as the amount was placed in escrow to be used for payment of the litigation obligations, should we not be successful with our appeals. On January 13, 2016, we settled our litigation with DePuy Synthes and made a payment of $7.9 million and recovered approximately $8.4 million related to that settlement shortly thereafter. As of December 31, 2017, we have no restricted cash remaining. See “Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies” below for more details regarding these litigations. (h) Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, are primarily marketable securities and accounts receivable. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are limited due to the large number of entities comprising our customer base. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and generally do not require collateral. There was no customer that accounted for 10% or more of sales for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. (i) Marketable Securities Our marketable securities include municipal bonds, VRDNs, corporate debt securities, commercial paper, securities of U.S. government-sponsored agencies and asset-backed securities, and are classified as available-for-sale as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value in both short-term and long-term marketable securities on our consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value for available-for-sale securities is recorded, net of taxes, as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss on our consolidated balance sheets. Premiums and discounts are recognized over the life of the related security as an adjustment to yield using the straight-line method. Realized gains or losses from the sale of our marketable securities are determined on a specific identification basis. Realized gains and losses, along with interest income and the amortization/accretion of premiums/discounts are included as a component of other income, net, on our consolidated statements of income. Interest receivable is recorded as a component of prepaid expenses and other current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. We maintain a portfolio of various holdings, types and maturities, though most of the securities in our portfolio could be liquidated at minimal cost at any time. We invest in securities that meet or exceed standards as defined in our investment policy. Our policy also limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issue, issuer or type of security. We review our securities for other-than-temporary impairment at each reporting period. If an unrealized loss for any security is considered to be other-than-temporary, the loss will be recognized in our consolidated statement of income in the period the determination is made. (j) Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out basis. The majority of our inventories are finished goods and we utilize both in-house manufacturing and third-party suppliers to source our products. We periodically evaluate the carrying value of our inventories in relation to our estimated forecast of product demand, which takes into consideration the estimated life cycle of product releases. When quantities on hand exceed estimated sales forecasts, we record a write-down for such excess inventories. (k) Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Additions or improvements are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization are provided using the straight-line method over the related useful lives of the assets. When assets are sold or otherwise disposed of, the related property, equipment, and accumulated depreciation amounts are relieved from the accounts, and any gain or loss is recorded in the consolidated statements of income. Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses were $6.5 million, $5.2 million, and $4.8 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. (l) Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair values of the identifiable assets acquired less the liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested for impairment at a minimum on an annual basis. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level by comparing the reporting unit’s carrying amount to the fair value of the reporting unit. The fair values are estimated using an income and discounted cash flow approach. We perform our annual impairment test for goodwill in the fourth quarter of each year. We consider qualitative indicators of the fair value of a reporting unit when it is unlikely that a reporting unit has impaired goodwill. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we did not record any impairment charges related to goodwill. Intangible assets consist of purchased in-process research and development (“IPR&D”), developed technology, supplier network, patents, customer relationships and non-compete agreements. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over the period of estimated benefit using the straight-line method and estimated useful lives ranging from one to seventeen years. Intangible assets are tested for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate that a carrying amount of an asset (asset group) may not be recoverable. If impairment is indicated, we measure the amount of the impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset. Fair value is generally determined using a discounted future cash flow analysis. During 2017, we recorded an impairment charge of $0.5 million related to one of our developed technologies related to one of our systems as a component of selling, general and administrative expense. There were no impairments of finite-lived intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. IPR&D has an indefinite life and is not amortized until completion of the project at which time the IPR&D becomes an amortizable asset. If the related project is not completed in a timely manner, we may have an impairment related to the IPR&D, calculated as the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. During 2016, we recorded an impairment charge of $3.5 million related to one of our IPR&D projects as a component of acquisition related costs. There were no impairments of IPR&D during the years ended December 31, 2017 or 2015. (m) Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We periodically evaluate the recoverability of the carrying amount of long-lived assets, which include property and equipment, as well as whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be fully recoverable. An impairment is assessed when the undiscounted future cash flows from the use and eventual disposition of an asset group are less than its carrying value. If impairment is indicated, we measure the amount of the impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset group. Our fair value methodology is based on quoted market prices, if available. If quoted market prices are not available, an estimate of fair value is made based on prices of similar assets or other valuation techniques including present value techniques. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we did not record any impairment charges related to long-lived assets. (n) Revenue Recognition Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, product delivery has occurred, pricing is fixed or determinable, and collection is reasonably assured. A significant portion of our revenue is generated from consigned inventory maintained at hospitals or with sales representatives. For these products, revenue is recognized at the time the product is used or implanted. For all other transactions, we recognize revenue when title to the goods and risk of loss transfer to customers, provided there are no remaining performance obligations that will affect the customer’s final acceptance of the sale. Our policy is to classify shipping and handling costs billed to customers as sales and the related expenses as cost of goods sold. (o) Cost of Goods Sold Cost of goods sold consists primarily of costs from our in-house manufacturing, costs of products purchased from third-party suppliers, excess and obsolete inventory charges, depreciation of surgical instruments and cases, royalties, shipping, inspection and related costs incurred in making our products available for sale or use. (p) Research and Development Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs include salaries, employee benefits, supplies, consulting services, clinical services and clinical trial costs, and facilities costs. Costs incurred in obtaining technology licenses and patents are charged immediately to research and development expense if the technology licensed has not reached technological feasibility and has no alternative future use. (q) Stock-Based Compensation The cost for employee and non-employee director awards is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. The fair value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period of the equity award). Awards issued to non-employees are recorded at their fair value as determined in accordance with authoritative guidance, and are periodically revalued as the awards vest and are recognized as expense over the requisite service period. The determination of the fair value of stock options is made utilizing the Black-Scholes option-pricing model which is affected by our stock price and a number of assumptions, including expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. As we became a publicly traded entity in 2012, historic volatility for our common stock is insufficient to estimate expected volatility. As a result, we estimate volatility based on a consistently defined peer group of public companies that we believe collectively provides a reasonable basis for estimating volatility. We intend to continue to use the consistently defined group of publicly traded peer companies to determine volatility in the future until sufficient information regarding volatility of the price of our shares of Class A common stock becomes available or the selected companies are no longer suitable for this purpose. The expected term of the stock options is determined utilizing the simplified method given the limited extent of our historical data. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates of U.S. Treasury securities appropriate for the expected terms of the stock options. The dividend yield assumption is based on the history and expectation of no dividend payouts. (r) Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which such items are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established to offset any deferred tax assets if, based upon available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Significant judgment is required in determining income tax provisions and in evaluating tax positions. We will establish additional provisions for income taxes when, despite the belief that tax positions are fully supportable, there remain certain positions that do not meet the minimum probability threshold that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the taxing authority. In the normal course of business, we and our subsidiaries are examined by various federal, state, and foreign tax authorities. We regularly assess the potential outcomes of these examinations and any future examinations for the current or prior years in determining the adequacy of the provision for income taxes. We periodically assess the likelihood and amount of potential adjustments and adjust the income tax provision, the current tax liability, and deferred taxes in the period in which the facts that give rise to a revision become known. (s) Fair Value of Financial Instruments As of December 31, 2017, the carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, short and long-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their respective fair values based on their short and long-term nature. We classify our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value into one of the three categories based upon inputs used to determine fair value. See “Note 6. Fair Value Measurements” below for more details regarding inputs and classifications. (t) Advertising Expense We expense advertising costs as they are incurred. Advertising expense was $1.5 million, $0.9 million and $0.4 million, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. (u) Legal Costs We expense legal costs related to loss contingencies as incurred. (v) Acquisition Related Costs Acquisition related costs represents the change in fair value of business acquisition related contingent consideration; costs related to integrating recently acquired businesses including but not limited to costs to exit or convert contractual obligations, severance, and information system conversion; and specific costs related to the consummation of the acquisition process such as banker fees, legal fees, and other acquisition related professional fees. (w) Medical Device Excise Tax Effective as of January 1, 2013, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act (collectively “PPACA”) imposed a medical device excise tax (“MDET”) of 2.3% on any entity that manufactures or imports certain medical devices offered for sale in the United States. We account for the MDET as a component of our cost of goods sold. For the year ended December 31, 2015 we recognized $8.1 million of expense. The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016, which was signed into law in December 2015, includes a two-year suspension on the medical device excise tax, effective January 1, 2016. In January 2018, Congress further extended the moratorium on the medical device excise tax through January 1, 2020. (x) Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 amends the guidance in former Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and most other existing revenue guidance in US GAAP. Under the new standard, an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the payment to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services and provide additional disclosures. As amended, the effective date for public entities is annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods therein. Early adoption is not permitted prior to the first quarter of 2017. We will adopt ASU 2014-09 effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method (retrospective application with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application). As of December 31, 2017, we finalized our assessment of the standard. As a significant portion of our revenues do not result from multiple element arrangements and we currently recognize revenue at the time the product is used or implanted, this update will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. The updated guidance will require additional disclosure regarding our revenue transactions. A significant portion of our revenue is generated from consigned inventory maintained at hospitals or with sales representatives. For these products, revenue is recognized at the time the product is used or implanted. For all other transactions, we recognize revenue when title to the goods and risk of loss transfer to customers, provided there are no remaining performance obligations that will affect the customer’s final acceptance of the sale. In February 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). Under ASU 2016-02, a right-of-use asset and lease obligation will be recorded for all leases with terms greater than 12 months, whether operating or financing, while the income statement will reflect lease expense for operating leases and amortization/interest expense for financing leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, and requires the use of the modified retrospective method, which will require adjustment to all comparative periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact of this update on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. In August 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which addresses whether to present certain specific cash flow items as operating, investing or financing activities. ASU 2016-15 is effective for public entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. We will adopt ASU 2016-15 on January 1, 2018. We believe that this update will not have a material impact on our consolidated statements of cash flows. In October 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”). ASU 2016-16 removes the current exception in US GAAP prohibiting entities from recognizing current and deferred income tax expenses or benefits related to transfer of assets, other than inventory, within the consolidated entity. The current exception to defer the recognition of any tax impact on the transfer of inventory within the consolidated entity until it is sold to a third party remains unaffected. This update is effective for public entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted and should be in the first interim period if an entity issues interim financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact of this new accounting standard on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. In November 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”), which requires that amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the total beginning and ending amounts for the periods shown on the statement of cash flows. Transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents will no longer be presented in the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this update should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years; early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. We will adopt ASU 2016-18 effective January 1, 2018, and this update will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. The updated guidance will require additional disclosure regarding the total of our cash and restricted cash. In January 2017, the FASB released ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASU 2017-01”), which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of assets or businesses. The amendments in this ASU should be applied prospectively and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early application permitted. No disclosures are required at transition. We will adopt ASU 2017-01 effective January 1, 2018, and this update will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In January 2017, the FASB released ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 805): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which eliminates the Step 2 calculation for the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Under the updated standard, an entity will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. ASU 2017-04 does not change the guidance on completing Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test and still allows an entity to perform the optional qualitative goodwill impairment assessment before determining whether to proceed to Step 1. This update is effective for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted for any impairment test performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. This update will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In May 2017, the FASB released ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”), which clarifies the changes to terms or conditions of a share based payment award that requires application of modification accounting under Topic 718. A change to an award should be accounted for as a modification unless the fair value of the modified award is the same as the original award, the vesting conditions do not change, and the classification as an equity or liability instrument does not change. This update is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early application is permitted and prospective application is required for awards modified on or after the adoption date. We will adopt ASU 2017-09 effective January 1, 2018, and this update will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or disclosures. (y) Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In July 2015, the FASB released ASU 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (Topic 330) (“ASU 2015-11”) as part of the FASB’s Simplification Initiative. This standard is intended to more closely align the measurement of inventory under GAAP with the measurement of inventory under International Financial Reporting Standards. Within the scope of the update, an entity is required to measure inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value is defined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonable and predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. ASU 2015-11 is effective for all public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that period, and is required to be applied prospectively, with early adoption permitted. We adopted ASU 2015-11 on January 1, 2017. This standard does not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. In September 2015, the FASB released ASU 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments (“ASU 2015-16”). ASU 2015-16 requires that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. Prior to the issuance of the standard, entities were required to retrospectively apply adjustments made to provisional amounts recognized in a business combination. The amendments in ASU 2015-16 require an entity to present separately on the face of the income statement, or disclose in the notes, the portion of the amount recorded in current-period earnings by line item that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date. ASU 2015-16 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2015. We adopted ASU 2015-16 on January 1, 2016. This update does not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. In November 2015, the FASB released ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes (“ASU 2015-17”). ASU 2015-17 simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes by requiring that all deferred income taxes are classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The amendments in ASU 2015-17 also aligns the presentation of deferred taxes with that of International Financial Reporting Standards. This standard is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods, with earlier application permitted for all entities as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. We adopted ASU 2015-17 prospectively effective March 31, 2016, therefore prior periods were not adjusted. In March 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2016-09”), which will simplify the income tax consequences, accounting for forfeitures, and classification on the statements of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016, and is required to be applied either prospectively, retrospectively or using a modified retrospective transition method, depending on the area covered in this update. We adopted ASU 2016-09 effective January 1, 2017. ASU 2016-09 requires that all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies are recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur. The adoption of this provision is required to be applied using a prospective transition method, therefore prior period net income has not been adjusted. Under the provisions of the new guidance, we elected to account for forfeitures as they occur, and using the required modified retrospective adoption, the impact to retained earnings was immaterial. We elected to apply the presentation requirements for cash flows related to excess tax benefits retrospectively to all periods presented. As a result of this retrospective application, our cash provided by operating activities increased by $1.6 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, and 2015, respectively, and our cash provided by financing activities decreased by $1.6 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

(a) The Company

Globus Medical, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, is a medical device company that develops and commercializes solutions for the treatment of musculoskeletal solutions. We are primarily focused on implants that promote healing in patients with spine disorders, but recently launched a robotic guidance and navigation system and products to treat patients who have experienced orthopedic traumas.

We are an engineering-driven company with a history of rapidly developing and commercializing advanced products and procedures that assist surgeons in effectively treating their patients, respond to evolving surgeon needs and address new treatment options. Since our inception in 2003, we have launched over 180 products and offer a product portfolio addressing a broad array of spinal pathologies, anatomies and surgical approaches.

We are headquartered in Audubon, Pennsylvania, and market and sell our products through our exclusive sales force in the United States, as well as within North, Central & South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. The sales force consists of direct sales representatives and distributor sales representatives employed by exclusive independent distributors.

The terms the “Company,” “Globus,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Globus Medical, Inc. and, where applicable, our consolidated subsidiaries.

(b) Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).

During the fourth quarter of 2016, we self-identified and recorded non-cash prior period adjustments primarily related to depreciation and scrap expense for our instruments and cases. This $1.8 million net cumulative adjustment related to the period beginning in 2013 and through 2015 and resulted in a $5.5 million pre-tax increase in depreciation and a $3.7 million pre-tax decrease in scrap and provision for excess and obsolete inventory, both of which are primarily components of our full fiscal year 2016 cost of goods sold on our consolidated statement of income. We performed the analysis required by Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, Materiality, and Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108, Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements When Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements, and determined that the effect of the adjustments was not material to the financial position, results of operations or cash flows of any prior fiscal year from both a quantitative and qualitative perspective and is not material to the full fiscal year 2016.

During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company identified and recorded an adjustment to its December 31, 2016 consolidated balance sheet to correct the presentation of $65.8 million of its Variable Rate Demand Notes (“VRDNs”) as short-term marketable securities instead of cash and cash equivalents. Accordingly, the statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2016 has been adjusted to appropriately increase purchases of marketable securities by $63.3 million, resulting in an increase in net cash used in investing activities and a decrease to cash and cash equivalents, end of period of $63.3 million. The statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2015 has been adjusted to appropriately increase purchases of marketable securities by $2.5 million, resulting in an increase in net cash used in investing activities and a decrease to cash and cash equivalents, end of period of $2.5 million. As of December 31, 2016, this adjustment also resulted in the addition of VRDNs to the table in Note 5, Marketable Securities and an adjustment to appropriately present VRDNs in the table in Note 6, Fair Value Measurements within Municipal bonds instead of cash equivalents.

In accordance with FASB Topic ASC 320, Investments-Debt and Equity Securities, based on our ability to market and sell these instruments and our intent to not hold such instruments until maturity, we account for VRDNs as available-for-sale, and carry them at their fair value. VRDNs are similar to short-term debt instruments because their interest rates are reset periodically. Investments in these securities can be sold for cash on the auction date. We classify VRDNs at December 31, 2016 as short-term based on the reset dates. The Company does not own VRDNs as of December 31, 2017.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Globus and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

(d) Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We base our estimates, in part, on historical experience that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates and assumptions are periodically reviewed and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary.

Significant areas that require management’s estimates include intangible assets, contingent payment liabilities, allowance for doubtful accounts, stock-based compensation, write-down for excess and obsolete inventory, useful lives of assets, the outcome of litigation, recoverability of intangible assets and income taxes. We are subject to risks and uncertainties due to changes in the healthcare environment, regulatory oversight, competition, and legislation that may cause actual results to differ from estimated results.

During fourth quarter of 2017, we completed a review of the estimated useful life of our Instruments and Modules and cases. Based on historical useful life information, forecasted product life cycles and demand expectations, the useful life of Instruments and Modules and cases were extended from three to five years. This was accounted for as a change in accounting estimate and was made on a prospective basis effective October 1, 2017. For the year ended and quarter ended December 31, 2017, depreciation expense was lower by approximately $1.7 million than it would have been had the useful life of these assets not been extended. The effect of this change on basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $0.01 per share and for the quarter ended December 31, 2017 was $0.01 per share.

(e) Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is generally their local currency. Assets and liabilities of the foreign subsidiaries are translated at the period end currency exchange rate and revenues and expenses are translated at an average currency exchange rate for the period. The resulting foreign currency translation gains and losses are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Gains and losses arising from intercompany foreign transactions are included in other income, net on the consolidated statement of income.

(f) Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased.

(g) Restricted Cash

In December 2014, we set aside cash for the payment of a portion of the DePuy Synthes and Bianco litigations. We classified this cash as restricted, as the amount was placed in escrow to be used for payment of the litigation obligations, should we not be successful with our appeals. On January 13, 2016, we settled our litigation with DePuy Synthes and made a payment of $7.9 million and recovered approximately $8.4 million related to that settlement shortly thereafter. As of December 31, 2017, we have no restricted cash remaining. See “Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies” below for more details regarding these litigations.

(h) Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, are primarily marketable securities and accounts receivable. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are limited due to the large number of entities comprising our customer base. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and generally do not require collateral.

There was no customer that accounted for 10% or more of sales for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

(i) Marketable Securities

Our marketable securities include municipal bonds, VRDNs, corporate debt securities, commercial paper, securities of U.S. government-sponsored agencies and asset-backed securities, and are classified as available-for-sale as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value in both short-term and long-term marketable securities on our consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value for available-for-sale securities is recorded, net of taxes, as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss on our consolidated balance sheets. Premiums and discounts are recognized over the life of the related security as an adjustment to yield using the straight-line method. Realized gains or losses from the sale of our marketable securities are determined on a specific identification basis. Realized gains and losses, along with interest income and the amortization/accretion of premiums/discounts are included as a component of other income, net, on our consolidated statements of income. Interest receivable is recorded as a component of prepaid expenses and other current assets on our consolidated balance sheets.

We maintain a portfolio of various holdings, types and maturities, though most of the securities in our portfolio could be liquidated at minimal cost at any time. We invest in securities that meet or exceed standards as defined in our investment policy. Our policy also limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issue, issuer or type of security. We review our securities for other-than-temporary impairment at each reporting period. If an unrealized loss for any security is considered to be other-than-temporary, the loss will be recognized in our consolidated statement of income in the period the determination is made.

(j) Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out basis. The majority of our inventories are finished goods and we utilize both in-house manufacturing and third-party suppliers to source our products. We periodically evaluate the carrying value of our inventories in relation to our estimated forecast of product demand, which takes into consideration the estimated life cycle of product releases. When quantities on hand exceed estimated sales forecasts, we record a write-down for such excess inventories.

(k) Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Additions or improvements are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization are provided using the straight-line method over the related useful lives of the assets.

When assets are sold or otherwise disposed of, the related property, equipment, and accumulated depreciation amounts are relieved from the accounts, and any gain or loss is recorded in the consolidated statements of income.

Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses were $6.5 million, $5.2 million, and $4.8 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

(l) Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair values of the identifiable assets acquired less the liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested for impairment at a minimum on an annual basis. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level by comparing the reporting unit’s carrying amount to the fair value of the reporting unit. The fair values are estimated using an income and discounted cash flow approach. We perform our annual impairment test for goodwill in the fourth quarter of each year. We consider qualitative indicators of the fair value of a reporting unit when it is unlikely that a reporting unit has impaired goodwill. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we did not record any impairment charges related to goodwill.

Intangible assets consist of purchased in-process research and development (“IPR&D”), developed technology, supplier network, patents, customer relationships and non-compete agreements. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over the period of estimated benefit using the straight-line method and estimated useful lives ranging from one to seventeen years. Intangible assets are tested for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate that a carrying amount of an asset (asset group) may not be recoverable. If impairment is indicated, we measure the amount of the impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset. Fair value is generally determined using a discounted future cash flow analysis. During 2017, we recorded an impairment charge of $0.5 million related to one of our developed technologies related to one of our systems as a component of selling, general and administrative expense. There were no impairments of finite-lived intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

IPR&D has an indefinite life and is not amortized until completion of the project at which time the IPR&D becomes an amortizable asset. If the related project is not completed in a timely manner, we may have an impairment related to the IPR&D, calculated as the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. During 2016, we recorded an impairment charge of $3.5 million related to one of our IPR&D projects as a component of acquisition related costs. There were no impairments of IPR&D during the years ended December 31, 2017 or 2015.

(m) Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We periodically evaluate the recoverability of the carrying amount of long-lived assets, which include property and equipment, as well as whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be fully recoverable. An impairment is assessed when the undiscounted future cash flows from the use and eventual disposition of an asset group are less than its carrying value. If impairment is indicated, we measure the amount of the impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset group. Our fair value methodology is based on quoted market prices, if available. If quoted market prices are not available, an estimate of fair value is made based on prices of similar assets or other valuation techniques including present value techniques. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we did not record any impairment charges related to long-lived assets.

(n) Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, product delivery has occurred, pricing is fixed or determinable, and collection is reasonably assured. A significant portion of our revenue is generated from consigned inventory maintained at hospitals or with sales representatives. For these products, revenue is recognized at the time the product is used or implanted. For all other transactions, we recognize revenue when title to the goods and risk of loss transfer to customers, provided there are no remaining performance obligations that will affect the customer’s final acceptance of the sale. Our policy is to classify shipping and handling costs billed to customers as sales and the related expenses as cost of goods sold.

(o) Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold consists primarily of costs from our in-house manufacturing, costs of products purchased from third-party suppliers, excess and obsolete inventory charges, depreciation of surgical instruments and cases, royalties, shipping, inspection and related costs incurred in making our products available for sale or use.

(p) Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs include salaries, employee benefits, supplies, consulting services, clinical services and clinical trial costs, and facilities costs. Costs incurred in obtaining technology licenses and patents are charged immediately to research and development expense if the technology licensed has not reached technological feasibility and has no alternative future use.

(q) Stock-Based Compensation

The cost for employee and non-employee director awards is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. The fair value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period of the equity award). Awards issued to non-employees are recorded at their fair value as determined in accordance with authoritative guidance, and are periodically revalued as the awards vest and are recognized as expense over the requisite service period.

The determination of the fair value of stock options is made utilizing the Black-Scholes option-pricing model which is affected by our stock price and a number of assumptions, including expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. As we became a publicly traded entity in 2012, historic volatility for our common stock is insufficient to estimate expected volatility. As a result, we estimate volatility based on a consistently defined peer group of public companies that we believe collectively provides a reasonable basis for estimating volatility. We intend to continue to use the consistently defined group of publicly traded peer companies to determine volatility in the future until sufficient information regarding volatility of the price of our shares of Class A common stock becomes available or the selected companies are no longer suitable for this purpose.

The expected term of the stock options is determined utilizing the simplified method given the limited extent of our historical data. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates of U.S. Treasury securities appropriate for the expected terms of the stock options. The dividend yield assumption is based on the history and expectation of no dividend payouts.

(r) Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which such items are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established to offset any deferred tax assets if, based upon available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Significant judgment is required in determining income tax provisions and in evaluating tax positions. We will establish additional provisions for income taxes when, despite the belief that tax positions are fully supportable, there remain certain positions that do not meet the minimum probability threshold that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the taxing authority. In the normal course of business, we and our subsidiaries are examined by various federal, state, and foreign tax authorities. We regularly assess the potential outcomes of these examinations and any future examinations for the current or prior years in determining the adequacy of the provision for income taxes. We periodically assess the likelihood and amount of potential adjustments and adjust the income tax provision, the current tax liability, and deferred taxes in the period in which the facts that give rise to a revision become known.

(s) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

As of December 31, 2017, the carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, short and long-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their respective fair values based on their short and long-term nature. We classify our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value into one of the three categories based upon inputs used to determine fair value. See “Note 6. Fair Value Measurements” below for more details regarding inputs and classifications.

(t) Advertising Expense

We expense advertising costs as they are incurred. Advertising expense was $1.5 million, $0.9 million and $0.4 million, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

(u) Legal Costs

We expense legal costs related to loss contingencies as incurred.

(v) Acquisition Related Costs

Acquisition related costs represents the change in fair value of business acquisition related contingent consideration; costs related to integrating recently acquired businesses including but not limited to costs to exit or convert contractual obligations, severance, and information system conversion; and specific costs related to the consummation of the acquisition process such as banker fees, legal fees, and other acquisition related professional fees.

(w) Medical Device Excise Tax

Effective as of January 1, 2013, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act (collectively “PPACA”) imposed a medical device excise tax (“MDET”) of 2.3% on any entity that manufactures or imports certain medical devices offered for sale in the United States. We account for the MDET as a component of our cost of goods sold. For the year ended December 31, 2015 we recognized $8.1 million of expense.

The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016, which was signed into law in December 2015, includes a two-year suspension on the medical device excise tax, effective January 1, 2016. In January 2018, Congress further extended the moratorium on the medical device excise tax through January 1, 2020.

(x) Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 amends the guidance in former Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and most other existing revenue guidance in US GAAP. Under the new standard, an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the payment to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services and provide additional disclosures. As amended, the effective date for public entities is annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods therein. Early adoption is not permitted prior to the first quarter of 2017. We will adopt ASU 2014-09 effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method (retrospective application with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application). As of December 31, 2017, we finalized our assessment of the standard. As a significant portion of our revenues do not result from multiple element arrangements and we currently recognize revenue at the time the product is used or implanted, this update will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. The updated guidance will require additional disclosure regarding our revenue transactions.

A significant portion of our revenue is generated from consigned inventory maintained at hospitals or with sales representatives. For these products, revenue is recognized at the time the product is used or implanted. For all other transactions, we recognize revenue when title to the goods and risk of loss transfer to customers, provided there are no remaining performance obligations that will affect the customer’s final acceptance of the sale.

In February 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). Under ASU 2016-02, a right-of-use asset and lease obligation will be recorded for all leases with terms greater than 12 months, whether operating or financing, while the income statement will reflect lease expense for operating leases and amortization/interest expense for financing leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, and requires the use of the modified retrospective method, which will require adjustment to all comparative periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact of this update on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures.

In August 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which addresses whether to present certain specific cash flow items as operating, investing or financing activities. ASU 2016-15 is effective for public entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. We will adopt ASU 2016-15 on January 1, 2018. We believe that this update will not have a material impact on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

In October 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”). ASU 2016-16 removes the current exception in US GAAP prohibiting entities from recognizing current and deferred income tax expenses or benefits related to transfer of assets, other than inventory, within the consolidated entity. The current exception to defer the recognition of any tax impact on the transfer of inventory within the consolidated entity until it is sold to a third party remains unaffected. This update is effective for public entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted and should be in the first interim period if an entity issues interim financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact of this new accounting standard on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures.

In November 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”), which requires that amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the total beginning and ending amounts for the periods shown on the statement of cash flows. Transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents will no longer be presented in the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this update should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years; early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. We will adopt ASU 2016-18 effective January 1, 2018, and this update will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. The updated guidance will require additional disclosure regarding the total of our cash and restricted cash.

In January 2017, the FASB released ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASU 2017-01”), which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of assets or businesses. The amendments in this ASU should be applied prospectively and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early application permitted. No disclosures are required at transition. We will adopt ASU 2017-01 effective January 1, 2018, and this update will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB released ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 805): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which eliminates the Step 2 calculation for the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Under the updated standard, an entity will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. ASU 2017-04 does not change the guidance on completing Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test and still allows an entity to perform the optional qualitative goodwill impairment assessment before determining whether to proceed to Step 1. This update is effective for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted for any impairment test performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. This update will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In May 2017, the FASB released ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”), which clarifies the changes to terms or conditions of a share based payment award that requires application of modification accounting under Topic 718. A change to an award should be accounted for as a modification unless the fair value of the modified award is the same as the original award, the vesting conditions do not change, and the classification as an equity or liability instrument does not change. This update is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early application is permitted and prospective application is required for awards modified on or after the adoption date. We will adopt ASU 2017-09 effective January 1, 2018, and this update will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or disclosures.

(y) Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In July 2015, the FASB released ASU 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (Topic 330) (“ASU 2015-11”) as part of the FASB’s Simplification Initiative. This standard is intended to more closely align the measurement of inventory under GAAP with the measurement of inventory under International Financial Reporting Standards. Within the scope of the update, an entity is required to measure inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value is defined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonable and predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. ASU 2015-11 is effective for all public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that period, and is required to be applied prospectively, with early adoption permitted. We adopted ASU 2015-11 on January 1, 2017. This standard does not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures.

In September 2015, the FASB released ASU 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments (“ASU 2015-16”). ASU 2015-16 requires that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. Prior to the issuance of the standard, entities were required to retrospectively apply adjustments made to provisional amounts recognized in a business combination. The amendments in ASU 2015-16 require an entity to present separately on the face of the income statement, or disclose in the notes, the portion of the amount recorded in current-period earnings by line item that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date. ASU 2015-16 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2015. We adopted ASU 2015-16 on January 1, 2016. This update does not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures.

In November 2015, the FASB released ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes (“ASU 2015-17”). ASU 2015-17 simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes by requiring that all deferred income taxes are classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The amendments in ASU 2015-17 also aligns the presentation of deferred taxes with that of International Financial Reporting Standards. This standard is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods, with earlier application permitted for all entities as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. We adopted ASU 2015-17 prospectively effective March 31, 2016, therefore prior periods were not adjusted.

In March 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2016-09”), which will simplify the income tax consequences, accounting for forfeitures, and classification on the statements of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016, and is required to be applied either prospectively, retrospectively or using a modified retrospective transition method, depending on the area covered in this update. We adopted ASU 2016-09 effective January 1, 2017.

ASU 2016-09 requires that all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies are recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur. The adoption of this provision is required to be applied using a prospective transition method, therefore prior period net income has not been adjusted. Under the provisions of the new guidance, we elected to account for forfeitures as they occur, and using the required modified retrospective adoption, the impact to retained earnings was immaterial. We elected to apply the presentation requirements for cash flows related to excess tax benefits retrospectively to all periods presented. As a result of this retrospective application, our cash provided by operating activities increased by $1.6 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, and 2015, respectively, and our cash provided by financing activities decreased by $1.6 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, and 2015, respectively.