Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year's presentation related to the adoption of ASU 2017-07, Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost, which is discussed further in this note. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. In addition, in the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal, recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the periods presented have been included.

Business Combinations

The Company recognizes all of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed, contractual contingencies, and contingent consideration at their fair value on the acquisition date. Acquisition-related costs are recognized separately from the acquisition and expensed as incurred. Restructuring costs incurred in periods subsequent to the acquisition date are expensed when incurred. Subsequent changes to the purchase price (i.e., working capital adjustments) or other fair value adjustments determined during the measurement period are recorded as an adjustment to goodwill, with the exception of contingent consideration, which is recognized in the statement of operations in the period it is modified. All subsequent changes to a valuation allowance or uncertain tax position that relate to the acquired company and existed at the acquisition date that occur both within the measurement period and as a result of facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date are recognized as an adjustment to goodwill. All other changes in valuation allowances are recognized as a reduction or increase to income tax expense or as a direct adjustment to additional paid-in capital as required.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid securities purchased with an initial maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Short-term Investments

The Company's short-term investments at September 30, 2019 and 2018 consisted of various certificates of deposit with maturities of six months or less with interest rates between 1.97% and 2.8%.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and are non-interest bearing. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts to reserve for potentially uncollectible receivables. Allowances are based on management’s judgment, which considers historical bad debt experience, a specific review of all significant outstanding invoices, and an assessment of general economic conditions.

Inventory

Inventory consists of property obtained for resale, generally through the online auction process, and is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is generally determined using the specific identification method. Costs associated with our warehouse operations are expensed as incurred and included within Technology and operations expenses in the Statements of Operations. Charges for unsellable inventory, as well as for inventory written down to net realizable value, are included in Cost of goods sold in the period in which they have been determined to occur.  As of September 30, 2019, and September 30, 2018, the Company's inventory reflects write-downs of $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets includes the short-term portion of a promissory note (described in "Other Assets"), as well as other miscellaneous prepaid expenses.

Other Assets

On September 30, 2015, the Company sold certain assets related to its Jacobs Trading business to Tanager Acquisitions, LLC ("Tanager"). In connection with the disposition, Tanager assumed certain liabilities related to the Jacobs Trading business. Tanager issued a $12.3 million 5-year interest bearing promissory note to the Company. Of the $12.3 million owed to the Company under the promissory note, $4.0 million has been repaid as of September 30, 2019.

On October 10, 2019, the Company entered into a Forbearance Agreement and Amendment to Note, Security Agreement and Guaranty Agreement (the "Forbearance Agreement") with Tanager (now known as Jacobs Trading, LLC) and certain of its affiliates (collectively, "JTC"). In exchange for additional collateral, security, and a higher interest rate, the Company granted JTC a new repayment schedule that requires quarterly payments to be made from August 2020 to August 2023. On that date, JTC repaid $2.5 million in principal, plus $0.4 million of accrued interest. JTC has the opportunity to prepay the full amount remaining before May 15, 2020 at a $500,000 discount.

The Company considered the terms of the Forbearance Agreement and the cash flows expected to be received from JTC under the new repayment schedule in concluding that it remains probable that the Company will collect the amounts due to the Company as of September 30, 2019 and that no impairment loss has been incurred. Of the $8.3 million outstanding at September 30, 2019, $5.5 million was recorded in Other assets, and $2.8 million in Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of September 30, 2019.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost, and depreciated or amortized on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:

Computers and purchased software	One to five years
Office/operational equipment	Three to five years
Furniture and fixtures	Five to seven years
Internally developed software for internal-use	Five years (1)
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of lease term or useful life
Buildings	Thirty-nine years
Vehicles	Five years
Land	Not depreciated

(1) As part of our reassessment of the estimated useful lives of our property and equipment, our estimate of the useful life of internally developed software for internal-use changed from seven years to five years in the fourth quarter of the year ended September 30, 2019. This change in estimate was applied prospectively and it increased amortization expense by $0.1 million for the year ended September 30, 2019 and is expected to increase amortization expense by approximately $0.7 million for the year ended September 30, 2020.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of contract intangibles, brand and technology, and patent and trademarks. Intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, including definite-lived intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. If an impairment indicator is present, the Company evaluates recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If the assets are impaired, the impairment recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets. No impairment charges were recorded during the years ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. During the year ended September 30, 2017, the Company's IronDirect and TruckCenter businesses recorded impairment charges of $1.3 million for contract intangibles and $0.6 million for leasehold improvements. See Notes 5 and 7 for further information.

Goodwill

The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually on July 1, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate impairment may exist. Examples of such events or circumstances could include a significant change in business climate or the loss of a significant contract.

In evaluating goodwill for impairment, the Company may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not (that is, a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company concludes that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, no further testing of goodwill assigned to the reporting unit is required. If the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company applies a fair value-based test.

The Company generally tests its goodwill for impairment using a fair-value based test, where the Company determines the fair value of each of its reporting units and compares that amount to the carrying amount of the respective reporting units, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, no impairment loss is recognized. If, instead, the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in the amount of the excess carrying value. Under previous accounting guidance applied to goodwill impairment tests performed in fiscal 2018 and prior, a second step was required. The second step involved comparing the carrying amount of a reporting unit's goodwill to the implied fair value of its goodwill, and recognizing an impairment loss in the amount that the carrying amount of goodwill exceeded the implied fair value of goodwill.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue is primarily derived from subscription fees charged to customers for promotional placement on Machinio's search engine over periods ranging from one to fifteen months. Subscription fees are recognized ratably over the term of the agreements.

Short-Term Borrowings

The Company may enter into collateralized short-term borrowing agreements with banks to facilitate certain international transactions conducted under the purchase model. During the year ended September 30, 2019, the Company borrowed and fully repaid its borrowings under such arrangements. No borrowings were performed during the years ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. No short-term debt was outstanding as of September 30, 2019 or 2018.

Revenue Recognition

In the Consolidated Statements of Operations, revenue from the resale of inventory that the Company purchases from Sellers is recognized within Revenue. Revenue from the sale of inventory that the Company sells on a consignment basis, and other non-consignment fee revenue, which includes Machinio's sales listing subscription service, service revenue from the Surplus Contract (defined below), as well as other services including returns management and refurbishment of assets, is recognized within Fee Revenue.

The Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standard Board's (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) effective October 1, 2018.

The Company recognizes revenue when or as performance obligations are satisfied and control is transferred to the customer. Revenue is recognized in the amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled.

Revenue is also evaluated to determine whether the Company should report the gross proceeds as revenue, when the Company acts as the principal in the arrangement, or the Company should report its revenue on a net basis, when the Company acts as an agent. Specifically, when other parties are involved in providing goods or services to a customer, the Company must determine whether the nature of its promise is a performance obligation to provide the specified goods or services itself, or to arrange for another party to provide them. The Company evaluates the following factors to determine if it is acting as a principal: (1) whether the Company is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the asset or assets; (2) whether the Company has inventory risk of the asset or assets before they are transferred to the Buyer; and (3) whether the Company has discretion in establishing the price for the asset or assets.

The Company enters into contracts with Buyers and Sellers. The Company has master agreements with some Sellers pertaining to the sale of a flow of surplus assets over the term of the master agreement; however, a revenue contract for accounting purposes exists when the Company agrees to sell a specific asset or assets. When acting as a principal (a “purchase” arrangement), the Company purchases an asset or assets from a Seller and then the Company seeks to sell the asset or assets to a Buyer. The Company recognizes as Revenue the gross proceeds from the sale, including Buyer's premiums. In purchase arrangements, the contract with the Seller is not a revenue contract in the scope of the revenue recognition guidance; rather, it is a purchase of inventory. When the Company is acting as an agent (a “consignment” arrangement), its performance obligation is to arrange for the Seller to sell an asset or assets to the Buyer directly. The Company recognizes Fee Revenue based on the sales commissions that are paid to the Company by the Sellers for utilizing the Company's services; in this situation, sales commissions represent a percentage of the gross proceeds from the sale that the Seller pays to the Company upon completion of the transaction.

In both purchase and consignment contracts, the Company sometimes provides distinct services to the Seller, such as returns management, refurbishment of assets, or valuation services. These services are distinct because the Seller could benefit from the services separately from the asset sale, and as such they are treated as separate performance obligations. Some services provided to Sellers are not distinct, like providing access to the Company’s e-commerce marketplaces or promoting the asset or assets for sale, because they could not benefit the Seller separately from the sale of the asset or assets.

The consideration received from Buyers and Sellers includes (1) Buyer’s premiums, (2) Seller’s commissions, and (3) fees for services, including reimbursed expenses. Consideration is variable based on units, final auction prices, or other factors, until the Buyer’s purchase of the asset or assets is complete, or the service has been provided. Recognition of variable consideration that is based on the results of auctions or purchases by Buyers is constrained until those transactions have been finalized. The Company estimates and recognizes amounts related to sales returns, discounts or rebates promised to customers, and reimbursed expenses, however, those estimates are not significant relative to the Company's consolidated revenues. The total transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and revenue is recognized when or as the performance obligation is satisfied. Variable consideration is allocated to individual performance obligations when the variable consideration is related to satisfying that performance obligation and consistent with the allocation objective. The Company's revenue is generally recorded subsequent to receipt of payment authorization, utilizing credit cards, wire transfers and PayPal, an Internet-based payment system, as methods of payments. Goods are generally not shipped before payment is received. For certain transactions, payment is due upon invoice and the payment terms vary depending on the business segment.

The Company collects and remits sales taxes on merchandise that it purchases and sells and has elected the practical expedient to report such amounts under the net method in its Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company also provides shipping and handling services in some arrangements and has elected the practical expedient to treat those activities as a fulfillment cost. If the Company is acting as a principal for the combined obligation, amounts received from customers for shipping are recognized as Revenue, and amounts paid for shipping are recognized as costs of goods sold. If the Company is acting as an agent for the combined obligation, shipping revenue and costs will be netted and recognized within costs of goods sold.

The Company’s performance obligations are satisfied when control of the asset is transferred to the Buyer or when the service is completed. The Company determines when control has transferred by evaluating the following five indicators: (1) whether the Company has a present right to payment for the asset or assets; (2) whether the Buyer has legal title to the asset; (3) whether the Buyer has physical possession of the asset or assets; (4) whether the Buyer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership; and (5) whether the Buyer has accepted the asset or assets.

For the Company's Machinio business segment, the performance obligation is satisfied over time as the Company provides the sales listing services over the term of the subscription. At September 30, 2019, the Machinio business segment had a remaining performance obligation of $3.0 million; the Company expects to recognize the substantial majority of that amount as Fee Revenue over the next 12 months.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold includes the costs of purchasing and transporting property for auction, shipping and handling costs, as well as credit card transaction fees. The Company purchases the majority of its inventory at a percentage of the vendor's original acquisition cost under the Surplus Contract and certain commercial contracts, and at a percentage of the vendor's last retail price under certain commercial contracts. Title for the inventory passes to the Company at the time of purchase and the Company bears the risks and rewards of ownership. The Company does not have title to assets sold on behalf of its commercial or government Sellers when it performs under a consignment arrangement and, as such, recognizes no inventory and related cost of goods sold associated with those sales.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets reflect an estimate of expenses that will be reimbursed upon settlement with a Seller. The contract asset balance was $0.7 million as of October 1, 2018 and $0.3 million as of September 30, 2019 and is included in the line item Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Contract liabilities reflect obligations to provide services for which the Company has already received consideration, and generally arise from up-front payments received in connection with Machinio's subscription services. The contract liability balance was $2.1 million as of October 1, 2018, and $3.0 million as of September 30, 2019 and is included in the line item Deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheets. Of the October 1, 2018 contract liability balance, $2.1 million was earned as Fee Revenue during the year ended September 30, 2019.

Contract Costs

Contract costs relate to sales commissions paid on consignment contracts that are capitalized. Contract costs are amortized over the expected life of the customer contract. The contract cost balance was $0.1 million as of October 1, 2018 and $0.5 million as of September 30, 2019 and is included in the line item Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. Amortization expense was immaterial during the year ended September 30, 2019.

Risk Associated with Certain Concentrations

For the majority of Buyers that receive goods before payment to the Company is made, credit evaluations are performed. However, for the remaining Buyers, goods are not shipped before payment is made, and as a result the Company is not subject to significant collection risk from those Buyers.

For consignment sales transactions, funds are typically collected from Buyers and are held by the Company on the Sellers' behalf. The funds are included in Cash and cash equivalents in the consolidated financial statements. The Company releases the funds to the Seller, less the Company's commission and other fees due, after the Buyer has accepted the goods or within 30 days, depending on the state where the Buyer and Seller conduct business. The amount of cash held on behalf of the Sellers is recorded as Payables to sellers in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of Cash and cash equivalents in banks over FDIC limits, Short-term investments, and Accounts receivable. The Company deposits its Cash and cash equivalents with and acquires Short-term investments from financial institutions that the Company considers to be of high credit quality.

During the years ended September 30, 2019, 2018, and 2017, the Company had two material vendor contracts with the Department of Defense (DoD) under which it acquired, managed and sold government property. Revenue from the sale of property acquired, as well as provision of services, under the Surplus Contract accounted for 0%, 12.4%, and 27.6%, of the Company's consolidated revenue for the years ended September 30, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Revenue from the sale of property acquired under the Scrap Contract accounted for 7.4%, 10.2% and 11.1% of the Company's total revenue for the years ended September 30, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. These contracts are included within the Company's CAG segment. See Note 3, Significant Contracts, for further information related to the Scrap and Surplus Contracts.

Additionally, the Company has multiple vendor contracts with Amazon.com, Inc. under which it acquires and sells commercial merchandise. The property purchased under this contract represented 43.6%, 33.7%, and 21.8% of cost of goods sold for the years ended September 30, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. This contract is included within the RSCG segment.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using an asset and liability approach for measuring deferred taxes based on temporary differences between the financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities existing at each balance sheet date using enacted tax rates for the years in which the taxes are expected to be paid or recovered. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent that it believes that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax asset. The resulting net tax asset reflects management's estimate of the amount that will be realized.

The Company applies the authoritative guidance related to uncertainty in income taxes. Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740 states that a benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, on the basis of technical merits. During the year ended September 30, 2019, the Company recorded a charge of $0.3 million for unrecognized tax benefits related to foreign operations. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties in the period in which they occur in the income tax provision. The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various state and local jurisdictions and in foreign jurisdictions including, among others, Canada and the U.K.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company has incentive plans under which stock options, restricted stock units, restricted stock awards, and stock appreciation rights are issued. The awards issued can contain service conditions, performance conditions based upon Company financial results, and/or market conditions based upon changes in the Company's stock price.

Service- and performance-based stock awards are measured at fair value on their grant date. Stock options and stock appreciation rights are measured at fair value using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. However, because the stock appreciation rights are cash settled, they are also measured at fair value in each reporting period. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model includes assumptions for the expected term, volatility, and dividend yield, each of which are determined in reference to the Company's historical results. Restricted stock units and restricted stock awards are measured at fair value using the closing price of the Company's stock on the grant date. For service-based stock awards, the Company recognizes expense on a straight-line basis over the service period, which is generally a period one to four years. For performance-based stock awards, the Company recognizes expense on a straight-line basis over the derived service period expected to be required to achieve the performance condition. The Company records a cumulative adjustment to compensation expense for performance-based awards if there is a change in determination of whether it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.

Market-based stock awards are measured at fair value on their grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo simulation includes assumptions for the expected term, volatility, and dividend yield, each of which are determined in reference to the Company's historical results. For market-based stock option and restricted stock awards, the Company recognizes expense on a straight-line basis over the derived service period determined by the Monte Carlo simulation, for each stock price target within the award. The Company accelerates expense when a stock price target is achieved prior to the derived service period. The Company, however, does not reverse expense recognized if the stock price target(s) are not ultimately achieved, as required by equity accounting for market-based awards. For market-based stock appreciation rights, because they are cash settled, they are measured at fair value in each reporting period. The Company recognized expense on a straight-line basis over the derived service period determined by the Monte Carlo simulation in each reporting period, for each stock price target within

the award. The Company accelerates expense when a stock price target is achieved prior to the derived service period, and reverses expense recognized if the stock price target(s) are not ultimately achieved, as required by liability accounting for market-based awards.

The Company recognizes the impact of forfeitures in the period they occur. This policy was adopted in the first quarter of 2018 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-09, which resulted in a $0.2 million retained earnings adjustment as of October 1, 2017.

Compensation expense from the stock awards is included in the same lines on the consolidated statements of operations as the cash compensation to the employees receiving the stock awards.

Excess tax benefits realized from stock awards are reported as cash flows from operating activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Advertising Costs

Advertising expenditures are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs charged to expense were $2.7 million, $3.6 million and $5.2 million for the years ended September 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of the Company's foreign subsidiaries is primarily the local currency. The translation of the subsidiary's financial statements into U.S. dollars is performed for balance sheet accounts using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and for revenue and expense accounts using an average exchange rate during the period. The resulting translation adjustments are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, a separate component of stockholders' equity. Realized and unrealized foreign currency transaction gains and losses for 2019, 2018 and 2017 are included in interest and other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)

The following table shows the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (in thousands):

	Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments		Net Change Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance at September 30, 2016	$	(7,345)	$	(1,226)	$	(8,571)
Current-period other comprehensive (loss) income	551		1,589		2,140
Balance at September 30, 2017	(6,794)		363		(6,431)
Current-period other comprehensive (loss) income	(791)		773		(18)
Balance at September 30, 2018	(7,585)		1,136		(6,449)
Current-period other comprehensive (loss) income	(984)		(540)		(1,524)
Balance at September 30, 2019	$	(8,569)	$	596	$	(7,973)

Net Income (Loss) Per Share (EPS)

The Company calculates basic EPS by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Unvested restricted stock awards, which are included in shares issued and outstanding on the consolidated balance sheets, are excluded from weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period because they do not have nonforfeitable rights to dividends.

The Company calculates diluted EPS giving effect to potentially dilutive common shares using the treasury stock method. The Company's potentially dilutive common shares include stock options, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards. For such awards that have performance- or market-conditions, they are considered only when those performance- or market-conditions have been satisfied as of the reporting date. However, in periods of a net loss, the Company's diluted EPS will equal its basic EPS, as all its potential common shares are anti-dilutive in that case.

For the years ended September 30, 2019, September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company operated at a net loss, and basic and diluted weighted average common shares were the same because the inclusion of potentially dilutive common shares would have been anti-dilutive. See Note 11 for outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards, all of which are anti-dilutive as of September 30, 2019.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Adopted

On October 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606 using the modified retrospective transition method. The Company applied the new revenue standard to all contracts that were not completed as of October 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis and recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. The comparative period information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.

The cumulative effect of the changes made to the consolidated October 1, 2018 balance sheet for the adoption of ASC 606 was as follows (in thousands):

	Balance at September 30, 2018		Adjustment due to adoption of ASC 606		Balance as adjusted at October 1, 2018
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	7,816	$	671	$	8,487
Other assets	$	14,124	$	59	$	14,183
Accumulated deficit	$	(100,045)	$	730	$	(99,315)

The impact of adopting ASC 606 on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations and the consolidated balance sheet for the year ended September 30, 2019 was as follows (in thousands):

	Year ended September 30, 2019
	As reported	Balance without adoption of ASC 606	Effect of change Higher/(lower)
Consolidated statement of operations:
Fee revenue	78,636	78,989	(353)

	September 30, 2019
	As reported	Balance without adoption of ASC 606	Effect of change Higher/(lower)
Consolidated balance sheet:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	8,350	7,844	506
Other assets	12,136	11,827	309
Accumulated deficit	(118,572)	(117,757)	(815)

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. ASU 2017-07 changes how employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and/or other postretirement benefit plans present the cost of the benefits in the income statement. Under this standard, employers will present the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item(s) as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period. Employers will present the other components of the net periodic benefit cost separately from the line item(s) that includes the service cost and outside of any subtotal of operating income, if one is presented. The adoption of ASU 2017-07 on October 1, 2018, using the retrospective method, did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. As a result of adopting this standard $347 thousand, $335 thousand and $244 thousand for years ended September 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, were reclassified in the consolidated statement of operations from General and administrative, a component of loss from operations, to Interest and other income, net, which is outside of loss from operations.

The Company also adopted the following ASUs during the year ended September 30, 2019 that did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements or the related footnote disclosures:

Accounting Standards Update		Effective Date
2017-09	Scope of Modification Accounting	October 1, 2018
2017-01	Clarifying the Definition of a Business	October 1, 2018
2016-16	Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory	October 1, 2018
2016-15	Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments	October 1, 2018
2016-01	Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities, as updated by 2018-03	October 1, 2018
2017-04	Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment	July 1, 2019
2018-14	Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans	September 30, 2019
2018-13	Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements	September 30, 2019

Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), or ASC 842. ASC 842, including all amendments and related guidance, will change the way the Company recognizes its leased assets. It will require organizations that lease assets—referred to as "lessees"—to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities representing the rights and obligations created by those leases. ASC 842 will also require disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The guidance will be effective for the Company beginning on October 1, 2019. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into, after either the adoption date or the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. In its adoption of ASU 842, the Company will not adjust its comparative periods. In addition, the Company will elect to use the package of practical expedients offered by ASC 842, which will permit the Company to not reassess whether a contract is or contains a lease, lease classification, or initial direct costs. The Company will not apply hindsight when determining the lease term. For all of its asset classes, the Company will account for both lease and non-lease components as a single component and account for it as a lease, and the Company will not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for its short-term leases. The Company will use incremental borrowing rates that average between 6% and 7%, which are consistent with the lease term determined at the lease's commencement. The Company is substantially complete with its adoption of ASC 842, and expects to recognize $11.0 to $12.5 million of operating right-of-use assets and $12.0 to $13.5 million of operating lease liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets on October 1, 2019. The Company does not expect to have significant finance lease assets or liabilities. Adopting ASC 842 will also require the Company to make quantitative and qualitative disclosures about its leases.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract. ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs in a cloud computing arrangement with the requirement for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This ASU will become effective for the Company beginning October 1, 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of this ASU may have on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326), or ASC 326. ASC 326, including all amendments and related guidance, was designed to provide financial statement users with more useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit. ASC 326 will require estimation of expected credit losses using a methodology that takes into consideration a broad range of reasonable and supportable information. The guidance will be effective for the Company beginning on October 1, 2023 and will be applied on a modified-retrospective basis, with any cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to retained earnings on the adoption date. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact ASC 326 will have on its consolidated financial statements and expects to estimate credit losses on its financial assets such as its Accounts Receivable, Short-term Investments, and Promissory Note. While the Company has not experienced significant credit losses historically, the materiality of the impact of adoption will depend on events and conditions as of the date of adoption, which cannot be determined conclusively at this time.

The Company has also completed its evaluation of the following ASUs, which are not expected to have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements or the related footnote disclosures:

Accounting Standards Update		Effective Date
2018-07	Improvements to Nonemployee Share-based Payment Accounting	October 1, 2019
2018-02	Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income	October 1, 2019