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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The significant accounting policies and estimates used in preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are described in the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017, and the notes thereto, which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K. Material changes to the significant accounting policies previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 are reflected below.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), and follow the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim reporting.  As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by U.S. GAAP can be condensed or omitted.  These financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the Company’s annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments that are necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s financial information.  The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 has been derived from audited financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the financial information required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.  Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2018.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated.  The Company acquired CareDx International AB, formerly Allenex AB “Allenex”, on April 14, 2016.  Since the acquisition of Allenex through March 15, 2018, the Company owned less than 100% of the shares of Allenex and recorded a net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in its condensed consolidated statements of operations equal to the percentage of the economic or ownership interest retained by the respective noncontrolling parties in such entities.  On March 15, 2018, the Company acquired the remaining noncontrolling interest in Allenex and has not reported any noncontrolling interest balances since this date.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes.  On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, including those related to (i) variable transaction price consideration related to contracts with customers, (ii) the determination of the accruals for clinical studies, (iii) the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations, including contingent consideration, (iv) inventory valuation, (v) the valuation of common stock warrant liability, (vi) the fair value of embedded derivatives, (vii) measurement of stock-based compensation expense, (viii) the determination of the valuation allowance and estimated tax benefit associated with deferred tax assets and net deferred tax liability, (ix) any impairment of long-lived assets, including in-process technology and goodwill, and (x) legal contingencies.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, approximately 47% and 27%, respectively, of total revenue was derived from Medicare. No other payers or customers represented more than 10% of total revenue for these periods.

At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, approximately 29% and 16%, respectively, of accounts receivable was due from Medicare.  No other payer or customer represented more than 10% of accounts receivable on either September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.

Restricted Cash

A restricted cash balance of $9.4 million was released upon the full conversion of the debt obligation to JGB Collateral LLC and certain of its affiliates (“JGB”) (refer to Note 10) during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and is no longer classified as restricted cash.

As a condition of the lease agreements for certain facilities and an agreement with the State of Florida Medicaid, the Company must maintain letters of credit, minimum collateral requirements and a surety bond.  These agreements are collateralized by cash.  The cash used to support these arrangements is classified as long-term restricted cash on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Common Stock Warrant Liability and Derivative Liability

Common Stock Warrant Liability

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-11, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features and Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral of Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception.  The Company determined that the common stock warrants issued to JGB (the “JGB Warrants”) meet equity classification criteria under the new standard and reclassified $6.6 million (the fair value of the JGB Warrants as of January 1, 2018) from warrant liability to equity (additional paid in capital). As of September 30, 2018, the JGB Warrants were fully exercised.

The warrant issued to Perceptive (the “Perceptive Tranche A Warrant”), on April 17, 2018, also met the equity classification as noted in Note 13. The new standard did not impact the classification of the other warrants included in the warrant liability balance as these financial instruments have other than down-round anti-dilution adjustments features.

Derivative Liability

The convertible debt financing with JGB (the “JGB Debt”), included certain embedded derivatives that required bifurcation, including settlement and penalty provisions.  The combined embedded derivative was remeasured at each reporting period with changes recorded in change in estimated fair value of common stock warrant liability and derivative liability in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.  As of March 27, 2018, the JGB Debt was fully converted to shares of the Company’s common stock.  The change in the fair market value of the derivative liability through March 27, 2018 was recorded in change in estimated fair value of common stock warrant liability and derivative liability in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

On April 17, 2018, the Company entered into the Perceptive Credit Agreement, which included an embedded derivative that required bifurcation related to early repayment provisions. This embedded derivative fair value of $0.2 million was recorded as debt issuance discount. Refer to Note 10 for additional details.  The derivative is remeasured at the end of each reporting period if debt remains outstanding with changes recorded in change in estimated fair value of common stock warrant liability and derivative liability in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue

The Company recognizes revenue from testing services, products, and license and other revenue in the amount that reflects the consideration which it expects to be entitled in exchange for goods or services as it transfers control to its customers.  Revenue is recorded considering a five-step model that includes identifying the contract with a customer, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price, allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations, and recognizing revenue when, or as, an entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Testing Services Revenue

AlloMap and AlloSure patient tests are ordered by healthcare providers.  The Company receives a test requisition form with payer information along with a collected patient blood sample. The Company considers the patient to be its customer and the test requisition form a contract. Testing services are performed in the Company’s laboratory. Testing services represent one performance obligation in a contract and are performed when results of the test are provided to the healthcare provider, at a point of time.

The healthcare providers that order the tests and on whose behalf CareDx provides testing services are generally not responsible for the payment of these services.  The first and second revenue recognition criteria are satisfied when the Company receives a test requisition form with payer information from the healthcare provider.  Generally, the Company bills third-party payers upon delivery of an AlloMap or AlloSure test result to the healthcare provider. Amounts received may vary amongst payers based on coverage practices and policies of the payer.  The Company has used the portfolio approach, a practical expedient under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, to identify financial classes of payers. Transaction prices are determined for each financial class using history of reimbursements, including analysis of an average reimbursement per test and a percentage of tests reimbursed. The Company estimates revenue for non-contracted payers and self-payers using this methodology.  The estimate requires significant judgment. Revenue recognized for Medicare and other contracted payers is based on the agreed current reimbursement rate per test, adjusted for historical collection trends where applicable.

The Company monitors revenue estimates at each reporting period based on actual cash collections in order to assess whether a revision to the estimate is required. As of September 30, 2018, the Company had received payments of $0.3 million more than estimated as of December 31, 2017, related to tests performed in prior periods. This change in estimate was included in testing services revenue in the three months ended September 30, 2018, when cash was collected. Changes in transaction price estimates are updated quarterly based on actual cash collected or changes made to contracted rates.

Product Revenue

Product revenue is recognized from the sale of products to end-users, distributors and strategic partners when all revenue recognition criteria are satisfied.  The Company generally has a contract or a purchase order from a customer with the specified required terms of order, including the number of products ordered. Transaction prices are determinable and products are delivered and risk of loss passed to the customer upon either shipping or delivery, as per the terms of the agreement. There are no further performance obligations related to a contract and revenue is recognized at the point of delivery consistent with the terms of the contract or purchase order.

License and Other Revenue

The Company generates revenue from license agreements.  License agreements may include non-refundable upfront payments, partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs, contingent payments based on the occurrence of specified events under the agreements, license fees and royalties on sales of products or product candidates if they are successfully commercialized.  The Company’s performance obligations under the agreements may include the transfer of intellectual property rights in the form of licenses, obligations to provide research and development services and obligations to participate on certain development committees.  The Company makes judgments to determine if performance obligations are distinct or should be combined and the transaction price allocated to each performance obligation, which affect the periods over which revenue is recognized.  The Company periodically reviews its estimated periods of performance based on the progress under each arrangement and accounts for the impact of any change in estimated periods of performance on a prospective basis. The Company constrains variable consideration, such as milestones, if it is probable that a significant portion of revenue would be reversed. The Company’s deferred revenue relates to one performance obligation, which should be recognized over time.

The Company did not recognize any revenue connected with milestones during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017.

Cost of Testing Services

Cost of testing services reflects the aggregate costs incurred in delivering the Company’s testing services.  The components of cost of testing are materials and service costs, direct labor costs, stock-based compensation, equipment and infrastructure expenses associated with testing samples, shipping, logistics and specimen processing charges to collect and transport samples, and allocated overhead including rent, information technology, equipment depreciation, utilities and royalties.  Prior to adoption of the new revenue guidance, the Company recorded costs of testing associated with performing tests (except royalties) in the period when tests were performed without consideration of whether revenue was recognized in the same period.  With the adoption of the new revenue standard on January 1, 2018, revenue and cost of testing for tests performed are recognized in the same period. Royalties for licensed technology, calculated as a percentage of testing services revenues, are recorded as license fees in cost of testing services at the time the testing services revenues are recognized.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the new revenue accounting standard Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) ("ASC 606") using the modified retrospective method. The adoption of ASC 606 resulted in a one-time adjustment of $2.9 million to accounts receivable and retained earnings on January 1, 2018.  The adjustment reflects the estimated payments to be received for tests where the result had been delivered at December 31, 2017, but associated revenue had not been recognized by December 31, 2017, because payment had not been received. As of September 30, 2018, the Company had received payments of $3.2 million for tests where the results had been delivered at December 31, 2017 but associated revenue had not been recognized by December 31, 2017. Payments received in excess of the $2.9 million accounts receivable adjustment recorded on January 1, 2018 were recognized in testing services revenue in the period of collection. The new standard did not impact the Company’s product revenue or license and other revenue, nor did it impact contract assets or contract liabilities.

The following table summarizes the impact of the ASC 606 adoption on accounts receivable as of September 30, 2018 (in thousands):

 

 

 

Balance as Reported

 

 

Balance without the adoption of ASC 606

 

 

Impact of Adoption of ASC 606

 

Balance Sheets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accounts Receivable

 

$

9,641

 

 

$

5,734

 

 

$

3,907

 

The following table summarizes the impact to the statement of operations in accordance with the new revenue standard requirements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 (in thousands):

 

 

 

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018

 

 

 

Balance As Reported

 

 

Balance without the adoption of ASC 606

 

 

Revenue Impact of adoption of ASC 606

 

Statements of Operations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Testing revenue

 

$

16,847

 

 

$

16,561

 

 

$

286

 

Product revenue

 

 

4,223

 

 

 

4,223

 

 

 

 

License and other revenue

 

 

114

 

 

 

114

 

 

 

 

 

 

$

21,184

 

 

$

20,898

 

 

$

286

 

 

 

 

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

 

 

 

Balance As Reported

 

 

Balance without the adoption of ASC 606

 

 

Revenue Impact of adoption of ASC 606

 

Statements of Operations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Testing revenue

 

$

41,448

 

 

$

40,637

 

 

$

811

 

Product revenue

 

 

11,080

 

 

 

11,080

 

 

 

 

License and other revenue

 

 

532

 

 

 

532

 

 

 

 

 

 

$

53,060

 

 

$

52,249

 

 

$

811

 

 

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASC 842”), which, for operating leases, requires the lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in its balance sheet.  The guidance also requires a lessee to recognize single lease costs, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, generally on a straight-line basis.  In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases. Additionally, the FASB issued ASU, No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which offers a practical expedient for transitioning at the adoption date. These ASUs will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2019 and the Company has chosen to use this practical expedient and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of the accumulated deficit.  The Company also plans to apply other practical expedients provided by the standard. The Company has begun an implementation plan, including the identification of its lease population, the selection of a new lease software, and the implementation of changes to existing processes that will be required to implement the new lease standard. The Company believes the most significant changes to the financial statements will relate to the recognition of right-of-use assets and offsetting lease liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheet for operating leases. The impact on the condensed consolidated balance sheet will be contingent upon the Company's population of operating leases at adoption, however the Company does not expect the standard to have a material impact on the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows or the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force) (“ASU 2016-15”), to reduce the diversity in practice with respect to the presentation of certain cash flows.  The ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017.  The Company adopted ASU 2016-15 on January 1, 2018 on a retrospective basis.  The adoption of ASU 2016-15 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force) (“ASU 2016-18”).  This guidance requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents.  Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective for all interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017.  The Company adopted ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018 on a retrospective basis and included restricted cash together with cash and cash equivalents in its condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”).  The amendments provide guidance about how to account for changes to terms or conditions of a share-based payment award required under modification accounting.  ASU 2017-09 is effective for all interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2017-09 on January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis and the adoption of ASU 2017-09 did not have a material impact to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features and Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral of Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception (“ASU 2017-11”). ASU 2017-11 is effective for all interim and annual reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted.  The Company adopted ASU 2017-11 on January 1, 2018, and the adoption resulted in the JGB common stock warrant liability balance being reclassified to additional paid in capital (Refer to Note 13).  

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220):  Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“ASU 2018-02”).  The amendments in ASU 2018-02 allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for certain tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”).  The Company is still reviewing the Tax Act and its impact to the condensed consolidated financial statements. ASU 2018-02 will become effective for all interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and may be applied retrospectively or as of the beginning of the period of adoption.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2018-07”). ASU 2018-07 is effective for all interim and annual reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2018. The Company will adopt ASU 2018-07 on January 1, 2019 and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact to the condensed consolidated financial statements.