UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

ý	Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
	For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2016 or
o	Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
	For the transition period from__________ to __________

Commission file number: 001-32550

WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	88-0365922
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

One E. Washington Street Suite 1400, Phoenix, AZ	85004
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(602) 389-3500

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ý    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ý    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	ý	Accelerated filer	¨
Non-accelerated filer	¨	Smaller reporting company	¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  ý

As of October 26, 2016, Western Alliance Bancorporation had 105,069,893 shares of common stock outstanding.

INDEX

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	4
	Consolidated Income Statements	5
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	6
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	7
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8
	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	10
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	60
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	88
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	90
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	91
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	91
Item 5.	Other Information	91
Item 6.	Exhibits	92
SIGNATURES		93

2

PART I

GLOSSARY OF ENTITIES AND TERMS

The acronyms and abbreviations identified below are used in various sections of this Form 10-Q, including "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," in Item 2 and the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in Item I of this Form 10-Q.

ACRONYMS OR ABBREVIATIONS:
AAB	Alliance Association Bank	HFI	Held-for-Investment
ABA	Alliance Bank of Arizona	HFS	Held-for-Sale
AFS	Available-for-Sale	HOA	Homeowner Associations
ALCO	Asset and Liability Management Committee	HTM	Held-to-Maturity
AOCI	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income	ICS	Insured Cash Sweep Service
ASC	Accounting Standards Codification	IRC	Internal Revenue Code
ASU	Accounting Standards Update	ISDA	International Swaps and Derivatives Association
ATM	At-the-Market	LIBOR	London Interbank Offered Rate
BOD	Board of Directors	LIHTC	Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
BON	Bank of Nevada	LVSP	Las Vegas Sunset Properties
Bridge	Bridge Bank	MBS	Mortgage-Backed Securities
CAMELS	Capital Adequacy, Assets, Management Capability, Earnings, Liquidity, Sensitivity	NBL	National Business Lines
CDARS	Certificate Deposit Account Registry Service	NOL	Net Operating Loss
CDO	Collateralized Debt Obligation	NPV	Net Present Value
CEO	Chief Executive Officer	NUBILs	Net Unrealized Built In Losses
CFO	Chief Financial Officer	OCI	Other Comprehensive Income
Company	Western Alliance Bancorporation and subsidiaries	OREO	Other Real Estate Owned
CRA	Community Reinvestment Act	OTTI	Other-than-Temporary Impairment
CRE	Commercial Real Estate	PCI	Purchased Credit Impaired
EPS	Earnings per share	PPNR	Pre-Provision Net Revenue
EVE	Economic Value of Equity	SBA	Small Business Administration
Exchange Act	Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended	SBIC	Small Business Investment Company
FASB	Financial Accounting Standards Board	SEC	Securities and Exchange Commission
FDIC	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation	SERP	Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
FHLB	Federal Home Loan Bank	SSAE	Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements
FIB	First Independent Bank	TDR	Troubled Debt Restructuring
FRB	Federal Reserve Bank	TEB	Tax Equivalent Basis
FVO	Fair Value Option adjustment on junior subordinated debt	TPB	Torrey Pines Bank
GAAP	U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles	WAB or Bank	Western Alliance Bank
GE	GE Capital US Holdings, Inc.	WAL or Parent	Western Alliance Bancorporation
GSE	Government-Sponsored Enterprise	XBRL	eXtensible Business Reporting Language
HFF	Hotel Franchise Finance

3

Item 1. Financial Statements

WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
	(Unaudited)
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	180,752		$	133,709
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions	175,331			90,931
Cash and cash equivalents	356,083			224,640
Money market investments	247			122
Investment securities - measured at fair value; amortized cost of $1,208 at September 30, 2016 and $1,389 at December 31, 2015	1,279			1,481
Investment securities - AFS, at fair value; amortized cost of $2,617,028 at September 30, 2016 and $1,966,034 at December 31, 2015	2,659,182			1,982,523
Investment securities - HTM, at amortized cost; fair value of $55,717 at September 30, 2016 and $0 at December 31, 2015	52,421			—
Investments in restricted stock, at cost	65,013			58,111
Loans - HFS	21,337			23,809
Loans - HFI, net of deferred loan fees and costs	13,012,262			11,112,854
Less: allowance for credit losses	(122,884		)	(119,068		)
Net loans held for investment	12,889,378			10,993,786
Premises and equipment, net	121,274			118,535
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	49,619			43,942
Bank owned life insurance	163,605			162,458
Goodwill	289,967			289,638
Other intangible assets, net	13,625			15,716
Deferred tax assets, net	72,720			86,352
Other assets	286,852			273,976
Total assets	$	17,042,602		$	14,275,089
Liabilities:
Deposits:
Non-interest-bearing demand	$	5,624,816		$	4,093,976
Interest-bearing	8,818,344			7,936,648
Total deposits	14,443,160			12,030,624
Customer repurchase agreements	44,372			38,155
Other borrowings	—			150,000
Qualifying debt	382,932			210,328
Other liabilities	314,784			254,480
Total liabilities	15,185,248			12,683,587
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock - par value $0.0001; 200,000,000 authorized; 106,367,895 shares issued at September 30, 2016 and 104,082,230 at December 31, 2015	10			10
Additional paid in capital	1,394,526			1,323,473
Treasury stock, at cost (1,296,681 shares at September 30, 2016 and 995,186 shares at December 31, 2015)	(26,210		)	(16,879		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	36,392			22,260
Retained earnings	452,636			262,638
Total stockholders’ equity	1,857,354			1,591,502
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	17,042,602		$	14,275,089

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Interest and dividend income:
Loans, including fees	$	167,914		$	133,087		$	467,715		$	338,946
Investment securities	13,797			10,559			37,278			27,075
Dividends	2,209			2,542			6,217			7,629
Other	830			45			1,885			163
Total interest income	184,750			146,233			513,095			373,813
Interest expense:
Deposits	8,072			5,550			21,993			16,058
Qualifying debt	4,048			2,008			8,746			2,900
Other borrowings	68			1,246			366			5,558
Other	15			22			46			64
Total interest expense	12,203			8,826			31,151			24,580
Net interest income	172,547			137,407			481,944			349,233
Provision for credit losses	2,000			—			7,000			700
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	170,547			137,407			474,944			348,533
Non-interest income:
Service charges and fees	4,877			4,327			13,849			10,344
SBA / warrant income	1,457			846			2,828			846
Card income	1,177			954			3,268			2,666
Income from bank owned life insurance	899			984			2,858			2,733
Lending related income and gains (losses) on sale of loans, net	459			(314		)	3,282			5
Gain (loss) on sales of investment securities, net	—			(62		)	1,001			582
Other income	1,814			1,767			5,289			3,113
Total non-interest income	10,683			8,502			32,375			20,289
Non-interest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits	49,542			43,660			139,108			108,607
Occupancy	6,856			5,915			20,359			15,677
Data processing	6,077			4,338			16,506			10,147
Legal, professional, and directors' fees	5,691			4,052			17,010			12,658
Insurance	3,144			3,375			9,430			7,739
Marketing	678			747			2,432			1,587
Loan and repossessed asset expenses	788			1,099			2,522			3,473
Card expense	536			757			2,247			1,844
Intangible amortization	697			704			2,091			1,266
Net (gain) loss on sales / valuations of repossessed and other assets	(146		)	(104		)	(91		)	(1,673		)
Acquisition / restructure expense	2,729			835			6,391			8,836
Other expense	8,415			7,538			24,299			17,997
Total non-interest expense	85,007			72,916			242,304			188,158
Income before provision for income taxes	96,223			72,993			265,015			180,664
Income tax expense	29,171			17,133			75,017			44,946
Net income	67,052			55,860			189,998			135,718
Dividends on preferred stock	—			176			—			599
Net income available to common stockholders	$	67,052		$	55,684		$	189,998		$	135,119
Earnings per share available to common stockholders:
Basic	0.65			0.55			1.85			1.46
Diluted	0.64			0.55			1.84			1.45
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic	103,768			100,776			102,791			92,345
Diluted	104,564			101,520			103,532			92,932
Dividends declared per common share	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
	(in thousands)
Net income	$	67,052		$	55,860		$	189,998		$	135,718
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net:
Unrealized (loss) gain on AFS securities, net of tax effect of $4,671, $(3,437), $(7,837) and $(2,579), respectively	(7,415		)	5,486			16,316			4,261
Unrealized gain (loss) on SERP, net of tax effect of $(4), $143, $(10) and $(63), respectively	6			(229		)	18			108
Unrealized (loss) gain on junior subordinated debt, net of tax effect of $1,779, $(2,051), $895 and $1,044, respectively	(2,825		)	3,274			(1,491		)	(1,676		)
Realized (gain) loss on sale of AFS securities included in income, net of tax effect of $0, $(24), $290 and $217, respectively	—			38			(711		)	(365		)
Net other comprehensive (loss) income	(10,234		)	8,569			14,132			2,328
Comprehensive income	$	56,818		$	64,429		$	204,130		$	138,046

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)

	Preferred Stock			Common Stock Outstanding				Additional Paid in Capital		Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Retained Earnings			Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares		Amount
	(all amounts in thousands)
Balance, January 1, 2015 (1)	71	$	70,500	88,691		$	9	$	837,603	$	(9,276	)	$	32,948	$	69,144		$	1,000,928
Net income	—	—		—		—		—		—			—		135,718			135,718
Exercise of stock options	—	—		166		—		1,738		—			—		—			1,738
Restricted stock, performance stock units, and other grants, net	—	—		451		—		19,993		—			—		—			19,993
Restricted stock surrendered	—	—		—		—		—		(7,440		)	—		—			(7,440		)
Issuance of common stock in connection with the acquisition of Bridge (2)	—	—		12,997		1		431,030		—			—		—			431,031
Dividends on preferred stock	—	—		—		—		—		—			—		(599		)	(599		)
Other comprehensive income, net	—	—		—		—		—		—			2,328		—			2,328
Balance, September 30, 2015	71	$	70,500	102,305		$	10	$	1,290,364	$	(16,716	)	$	35,276	$	204,263		$	1,583,697
Balance, December 31, 2015	—	$	—	103,087		$	10	$	1,323,473	$	(16,879	)	$	22,260	$	262,638		$	1,591,502
Net income	—	—		—		—		—		—			—		189,998			189,998
Exercise of stock options	—	—		62		—		755		—			—		—			755
Restricted stock, performance stock units, and other grants, net	—	—		673		—		14,513		—			—		—			14,513
Restricted stock surrendered	—	—		(301	)	—		—		(9,331		)	—		—			(9,331		)
Issuance of common stock under ATM offering, net of offering costs	—	—		1,550		—		55,785		—			—		—			55,785
Other comprehensive income, net	—	—		—		—		—		—			14,132		—			14,132
Balance, September 30, 2016	—	$	—	105,071		$	10	$	1,394,526	$	(26,210	)	$	36,392	$	452,636		$	1,857,354

(1) As adjusted, see Treasury Shares section in "Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion.

(2) Includes value of certain share-based awards replaced in connection with the acquisition.

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015
	(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	189,998		$	135,718
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses	7,000			700
Depreciation and amortization	9,272			6,039
Stock-based compensation	15,039			13,288
Excess tax benefit of stock-based compensation	(4,064		)	(5,660		)
Deferred income taxes	4,191			(4,122		)
Amortization of net premiums for investment securities	9,659			6,815
Accretion and amortization of fair market value adjustments on loans acquired from business combinations	(22,278		)	(12,151		)
Accretion and amortization of fair market value adjustments on other assets and liabilities acquired from business combinations, net	2,323			955
Income from bank owned life insurance	(2,858		)	(2,733		)
(Gains) / Losses on:
Sales of investment securities	(1,001		)	(582		)
Sale of loans	(2,258		)	(387		)
Extinguishment of debt	—			81
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	304			(2,585		)
Valuation adjustments of other repossessed assets, net	(127		)	931
Sale of premises, equipment, and other assets, net	(268		)	(19		)
Changes in:
Other assets	20,498			(2,898		)
Other liabilities	(10,948		)	11,198
Net cash provided by operating activities	214,482			144,588
Cash flows from investing activities:
Investment securities - measured at fair value
Principal pay downs and maturities	256			301
Investment securities - AFS
Purchases	(1,017,250		)	(661,417		)
Principal pay downs and maturities	323,426			181,286
Proceeds from sales	34,304			129,323
Investment securities - HTM
Purchases	(52,607		)	—
Purchase of investment tax credits	(23,672		)	(17,583		)
(Purchase) sale of money market investments, net	(126		)	(636		)
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance	1,710			382
(Purchase) liquidation of restricted stock	(6,902		)	(25,695		)
Loan fundings and principal collections, net	(551,931		)	(943,775		)
Purchase of premises, equipment, and other assets, net	(9,324		)	(11,860		)
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	6,034			30,062
Cash and cash equivalents (used) acquired in acquisitions, net	(1,272,187		)	342,427
Net cash used in investing activities	(2,568,269		)	(977,185		)

8

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015
	(in thousands)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net increase (decrease) in deposits	$	2,412,537		$	937,514
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt	169,268			148,211
Net (decrease) increase in borrowings	(143,784		)	(91,966		)
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	755			1,738
Cash paid for tax withholding on vested restricted stock	(9,331		)	(6,947		)
Excess tax benefit of stock-based compensation	—			5,660
Cash dividends paid on preferred stock	—			(599		)
Proceeds from issuance of stock in offerings, net	55,785			—
Net cash provided by financing activities	2,485,230			993,611
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	131,443			161,014
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	224,640			164,396
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	356,083		$	325,410
Supplemental disclosure:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	35,056		$	25,572
Income tax payments	46,863			21,047
Non-cash investing and financing activity:
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	11,888			27,570
Change in unfunded investment tax credits and SBIC commitments	31,602			4,652
Non-cash assets acquired in acquisition	1,284,557			1,587,626
Non-cash liabilities acquired in acquisition	12,559			1,765,146
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on AFS securities, net of tax	15,605			3,896
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on TRUP securities, net of tax	(1,491		)	(1,676		)
Change in unfunded obligations	(19,236		)	(2,507		)

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

9

WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of operation

WAL is a bank holding company headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware. WAL provides a full spectrum of deposit, lending, treasury management, international banking, and online banking products and services through its wholly-owned banking subsidiary, WAB.

WAB operates the following full-service banking divisions: ABA, BON, FIB, Bridge, and TPB. The Company also serves business customers through a national platform of specialized financial services including AAB, Corporate Finance, Equity Fund Resources, HFF, Life Sciences Group, Mortgage Warehouse Lending, Public and Nonprofit Finance, Renewable Resource Group, Resort Finance, and Technology Finance. In addition, the Company has one non-bank subsidiary, LVSP, which holds and manages certain non-performing loans and OREO.

Basis of presentation

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are in accordance with GAAP and conform to practices within the financial services industry. The accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries are included in the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management evaluates these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis and bases its estimates on experience, current and expected future conditions, third-party evaluations and various other assumptions that management believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities as well as identifying and assessing the accounting treatment with respect to commitments and contingencies. Actual results may differ from those estimates and assumptions used in the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses; estimated cash flows related to PCI loans; fair value determinations related to acquisitions and other assets and liabilities carried at fair value; and accounting for income taxes.

Principles of consolidation

As of September 30, 2016, WAL has ten wholly-owned subsidiaries: WAB, LVSP, and eight unconsolidated subsidiaries used as business trusts in connection with the issuance of trust-preferred securities.

The Bank has the following significant wholly-owned subsidiaries: WAB Investments, Inc., BON Investments, Inc., and TPB Investments, Inc., which hold certain investment securities, municipal and nonprofit loans, and leases; and BW Real Estate, Inc., which operates as a real estate investment trust and holds certain of WAB's real estate loans and related securities.

The Company does not have any other significant entities that should be considered for consolidation. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in the Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2015 and for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015 have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. The reclassifications have no effect on net income or stockholders’ equity as previously reported.

10

Interim financial information

The accompanying Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015 have been prepared in condensed format and, therefore, do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These statements have been prepared on a basis that is substantially consistent with the accounting principles applied to the Company's audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

The information furnished in these interim statements reflects all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the results for each respective period presented. Such adjustments are of a normal, recurring nature. The results of operations in the interim statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other quarter or for the full year. The interim financial information should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited Consolidated Financial Statements

Business combinations

Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Under the acquisition method, the acquiring entity in a business combination recognizes all of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities at their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets and other identifiable intangible assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. To the extent the fair value of net assets acquired, including identified intangible assets, exceeds the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Changes to estimated fair values from a business combination are recognized as an adjustment to goodwill during the measurement period and are recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. Results of operations of an acquired business are included in the Consolidated Income Statement from the date of acquisition. Acquisition-related costs, including conversion and restructuring charges, are expensed as incurred.

Investment securities

Investment securities may be classified as HTM, AFS, or measured at fair value. The appropriate classification is initially decided at the time of purchase. Securities classified as HTM are those debt securities that the Company has both the intent and ability to hold to maturity regardless of changes in market conditions, liquidity needs, or general economic conditions. These securities are carried at amortized cost. The sale of a security within three months of its maturity date or after the majority of the principal outstanding has been collected is considered a maturity for purposes of classification and disclosure.

In May 2014, management reassessed its intent to hold certain CDOs classified as HTM, which necessitated a reclassification of all of the Company's HTM securities to AFS at the date of the transfer. As an extended period of time has passed since this reclassification was made, beginning in 2016, management believes that the Company is again able to assert that it has both the intent and ability to hold certain securities classified as HTM to maturity. See "Note 2. Investment Securities" of these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for additional detail related to HTM securities.

Securities classified as AFS or trading securities measured at fair value are reported as an asset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at their estimated fair value. As the fair value of AFS securities changes, the changes are reported net of income tax as an element of OCI, except for other-than-temporarily-impaired securities. When AFS securities are sold, the unrealized gain or loss is reclassified from OCI to non-interest income. The changes in the fair values of trading securities are reported in non-interest income. Securities classified as AFS are both equity and debt securities that the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a security classified as AFS would be based on various factors, including significant movements in interest rates, changes in the maturity mix of the Company’s assets and liabilities, liquidity needs, decline in credit quality, and regulatory capital considerations.

Interest income is recognized based on the coupon rate and increased by accretion of discounts earned or decreased by the amortization of premiums paid over the contractual life of the security, adjusted for prepayment estimates, using the interest method.

In estimating whether there are any OTTI losses, management considers the 1) length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost; 2) financial condition and near term prospects of the issuer; 3) impact of changes in market interest rates; and 4) intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value and whether it is not more likely than not the Company would be required to sell the security.

Declines in the fair value of individual AFS debt securities that are deemed to be other-than-temporary are reflected in earnings when identified. The fair value of the debt security then becomes the new cost basis. For individual debt securities where the

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Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the other-than-temporary decline in fair value of the debt security related to 1) credit loss is recognized in earnings; and 2) interest rate, market, or other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income or loss.

For individual debt securities where the Company either intends to sell the security or more likely than not will not recover all of its amortized cost, the OTTI is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the security's cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. For individual debt securities for which a credit loss has been recognized in earnings, interest accruals and amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts are suspended when the credit loss is recognized. Interest received after accruals have been suspended is recognized on a cash basis.

Restricted stock

On January 30, 2015, WAB became a member of the Federal Reserve System and, as part of its membership, is required to maintain stock in the FRB in a specified ratio to its capital. In addition, WAB is a member of the FHLB system and, accordingly, maintains an investment in capital stock of the FHLB based on the borrowing capacity used. The Bank also maintains an investment in its primary correspondent bank. All of these investments are considered equity securities with no actively traded market. Therefore, the shares are considered restricted investment securities. These investments are carried at cost, which is equal to the value at which they may be redeemed. The dividend income received from the stock is reported in interest income. The Company conducts a periodic review and evaluation of its restricted stock to determine if any impairment exists. No impairment has been recorded to date.

Loans, held for sale

Loans, held for sale consist primarily of SBA and CRE loans that the Company originates (or acquires) and intends to sell. These loans are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. Fair value is determined based on available market data for similar assets, expected cash flows, and appraisals of underlying collateral or the credit quality of the borrower. Gains and losses on the sale of loans are recognized pursuant to ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing. Interest income of these loans is accrued daily and loan origination fees and costs are deferred and included in the cost basis of the loan. The Company issues various representations and warranties associated with these loan sales. The Company has not experienced any losses as a result of these representations and warranties.

Loans, held for investment

The Company generally holds loans for investment and has the intent and ability to hold loans until their maturity. Therefore, they are reported at book value. Net loans are stated at the amount of unpaid principal, adjusted for net deferred fees and costs, purchase accounting fair value adjustments, and an allowance for credit losses. In addition, the book value of loans that are subject to a fair value hedge is adjusted for changes in value attributable to the effective portion of the hedged benchmark interest rate risk.

The Company may also acquire loans through a business combination. These acquired loans are recorded at estimated fair value on the date of purchase, which is comprised of unpaid principal adjusted for estimated credit losses and interest rate fair value adjustments. Loans are evaluated individually to determine if there has been credit deterioration since origination. Such loans may then be aggregated and accounted for as a pool of loans based on common characteristics. When the Company acquires such loans, the yield that may be accreted (accretable yield) is limited to the excess of the Company’s estimate of undiscounted cash flows expected to be collected over the Company’s initial investment in the loan. The excess of contractual cash flows over the cash flows expected to be collected may not be recognized as an adjustment to yield, loss, or a valuation allowance. Subsequent increases in cash flows expected to be collected generally are recognized prospectively through adjustment of the loan’s yield over the remaining life. Subsequent decreases to cash flows expected to be collected are recognized as impairment. The Company may not carry over or create a valuation allowance in the initial accounting for loans acquired under these circumstances. For purchased loans that are not deemed impaired, fair value adjustments attributable to both credit and interest rates are accreted (or amortized) over the contractual life of the individual loan. For additional information, see "Note 3. Loans, Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses" of these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Loan fees collected for the origination of loans less direct loan origination costs (net deferred loan fees) are amortized over the contractual life of the loan through interest income. If the loan has scheduled payments, the amortization of the net deferred loan fee is calculated using the interest method over the contractual life of the loan. If the loan does not have scheduled payments, such as a line of credit, the net deferred loan fee is recognized as interest income on a straight-line basis over the contractual life of the loan commitment. Commitment fees based on a percentage of a customer’s unused line of credit and fees

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related to standby letters of credit are recognized over the commitment period. When loans are repaid, any remaining unamortized balances of premiums, discounts, or net deferred fees are recognized as interest income.

Non-accrual loans: For all loan types except credit cards, when a borrower discontinues making payments as contractually required by the note, the Company must determine whether it is appropriate to continue to accrue interest. The Company ceases accruing interest income when the loan has become delinquent by more than 90 days or when management determines that the full repayment of principal and collection of interest according to contractual terms is no longer likely. The Company may decide to continue to accrue interest on certain loans more than 90 days delinquent if the loans are well secured by collateral and in the process of collection. Credit card loans and other personal loans are typically charged off no later than 180 days delinquent.

For all loan types, when a loan is placed on non-accrual status, all interest accrued but uncollected is reversed against interest income in the period in which the status is changed and, the Company makes a loan-level decision to apply either the cash basis or cost recovery method. The Company recognizes income on a cash basis only for those non-accrual loans for which the collection of the remaining principal balance is not in doubt. Under the cost recovery method, subsequent payments received from the customer are applied to principal and generally no further interest income is recognized until the principal has been paid in full or until circumstances have changed such that payments are again consistently received as contractually required.

Impaired loans: A loan is identified as impaired when it is no longer probable that interest and principal will be collected according to the contractual terms of the original loan agreement. Generally, impaired loans are classified as non-accrual. However, in certain instances, impaired loans may continue on an accrual basis, if full repayment of all principal and interest is expected and the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. Impaired loans are measured for reserve requirements in accordance with ASC 310, Receivables, based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or, as a practical expedient, at the loan's observable market price or the fair value of the collateral less applicable disposition costs if the loan is collateral dependent. The amount of an impairment reserve, if any, and any subsequent changes are recorded as a provision for credit losses. Losses are recorded as a charge-off when losses are confirmed. In addition to management's internal loan review process, regulators may from time to time direct the Company to modify loan grades, loan impairment calculations, or loan impairment methodology.

Troubled Debt Restructured Loans: A TDR loan is a loan on which the Company, for reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Company would not otherwise consider. The loan terms that have been modified or restructured due to a borrower’s financial situation include, but are not limited to, a reduction in the stated interest rate, an extension of the maturity or renewal of the loan at an interest rate below current market, a reduction in the face amount of the debt, a reduction in the accrued interest, or deferral of interest payments. A TDR loan is also considered impaired. A TDR loan may be returned to accrual status when the loan is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual restructured terms for a reasonable period of time (generally six months) and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual restructured principal and interest is no longer in doubt. However, such loans continue to be considered impaired. Consistent with regulatory guidance, a TDR loan that is subsequently modified in another restructuring agreement but has shown sustained performance and classification as a TDR, will be removed from TDR status provided that the modified terms were market-based at the time of modification.

Allowance for credit losses

Credit risk is inherent in the business of extending loans and leases to borrowers, for which the Company must maintain an adequate allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is established through a provision for credit losses recorded to expense. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the contractual principal or interest will not be collected. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. The allowance is an amount believed adequate to absorb estimated probable losses on existing loans that may become uncollectable, based on evaluation of the collectability of loans and prior credit loss experience, together with other factors. The Company formally re-evaluates and establishes the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses on a quarterly basis.

The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific allowance applies to impaired loans. For impaired collateral dependent loans, the reserve is calculated based on the collateral value, net of estimated disposition costs. Generally, the Company obtains independent collateral valuation analysis for each loan every twelve months. Loans not collateral dependent are evaluated based on the expected future cash flows discounted at the original contractual interest rate.

The general allowance covers all non-impaired loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for various qualitative and quantitative factors listed below.

The Company’s allowance for credit loss methodology incorporates several quantitative and qualitative risk factors used to establish the appropriate allowance for credit losses at each reporting date. Quantitative factors include: 1) the Company's

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historical loss experience; 2) levels of and trends in delinquencies and impaired loans; 3) levels of and trends in charge-offs and recoveries; 4) trends in volume and terms of loans; 5) changes in underwriting standards or lending policies; 6) experience, ability, depth of lending staff; 7) national and local economic trends and conditions; 8) changes in credit concentrations; 9) out-of-market exposures; 10) changes in quality of loan review system; and 11) changes in the value of underlying collateral.

An internal ten-year loss history is also incorporated into the allowance calculation model. Due to the credit concentration of the Company's loan portfolio in real estate secured loans, the value of collateral is heavily dependent on real estate values in Nevada, Arizona, and California. While management uses the best information available to make its evaluation, future adjustments to the allowance may be necessary if there are significant changes in economic or other conditions. In addition, regulators, as an integral part of their examination processes, periodically review the Bank's allowance for credit losses, and may require the Bank to make additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination. Management regularly reviews the assumptions and formulae used in determining the allowance and makes adjustments if required to reflect the current risk profile of the portfolio.

Other assets acquired through foreclosure

Other assets acquired through foreclosure consist primarily of properties acquired as a result of, or in-lieu-of, foreclosure. Properties or other assets (primarily repossessed assets formerly leased) are classified as OREO and other repossessed property and are initially reported at fair value of the asset less estimated selling costs. Subsequent adjustments are based on the lower of carrying value or fair value less estimated costs to sell the property. Costs related to the development or improvement of the assets are capitalized and costs related to holding the assets are charged to non-interest expense. Property is evaluated regularly to ensure the recorded amount is supported by its current fair value and valuation allowances.

Goodwill and other intangible assets

The Company records as goodwill the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in accordance with applicable guidance. The Company performs its annual goodwill and intangibles impairment tests as of October 1 each year, or more often if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. During the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, there were no events or circumstances that indicated that an interim impairment test of goodwill or other intangible assets was necessary.

Treasury Shares

Effective January 1, 2016, the Company has separately presented treasury shares, which represent shares surrendered to the Company equal in value to the statutory payroll tax withholding obligations arising from the vesting of employee restricted stock awards. Prior period amounts have been adjusted to reflect this new presentation, with no change to total stockholders' equity. Treasury shares are carried at cost.

Derivative financial instruments

The Company uses interest-rate swaps to mitigate interest-rate risk associated with changes to 1) the fair value of certain fixed-rate financial instruments (fair value hedges) and 2) certain cash flows related to future interest payments on variable rate financial instruments (cash flow hedges).

The Company recognizes derivatives as assets or liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at their fair value in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and further, on the type of hedging relationship. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, the Company designates the derivative as a fair value hedge or cash flow hedge. Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset or liability attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges.

Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated and qualifies as a fair value hedge, along with changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk are recorded in current-period earnings. For a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in AOCI and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Any ineffective portion of the change in fair value of a cash flow hedge is recognized immediately in non-interest income in the Consolidated Income Statement. Under both the fair value and cash flow hedge scenarios, changes in the fair value of derivatives not considered to be highly effective in hedging the change in fair value or the expected cash flows of the hedged item are recognized in earnings as non-interest income during the period of the change.

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The Company documents its hedge relationships, including identification of the hedging instruments and the hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge transaction at the time the derivative contract is executed. Both at inception and at least quarterly thereafter, the Company assesses whether the derivatives used in hedging transactions are highly effective (as defined in the guidance) in offsetting changes in either the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. Retroactive effectiveness is assessed, as well as the continued expectation that the hedge will remain effective prospectively. The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when it is determined that a hedge is no longer highly effective. When hedge accounting is discontinued on a fair value hedge that no longer qualifies as an effective hedge, the derivative continues to be reported at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, but the carrying amount of the hedged item is no longer adjusted for future changes in fair value. The adjustment to the carrying amount of the hedged item that existed at the date hedge accounting is discontinued is amortized over the remaining life of the hedged item into earnings.

Derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges, so called free-standing derivatives, are reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value and the changes in fair value are recognized in earnings as non-interest income during the period of change.

The Company may in the normal course of business purchase a financial instrument or originate a loan that contains an embedded derivative instrument. Upon purchasing the instrument or originating the loan, the Company assesses whether the economic characteristics of the embedded derivative are clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the remaining component of the financial instrument (i.e., the host contract) and whether a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded instrument would meet the definition of a derivative instrument. When it is determined that the embedded derivative possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is separated from the host contract and carried at fair value. However, in cases where the host contract is measured at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in current earnings, or the Company is unable to reliably identify and measure an embedded derivative for separation from its host contract, the entire contract is carried in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value and is not designated as a hedging instrument.

Income taxes

The Company is subject to income taxes in the United States and files a consolidated federal income tax return with all of its subsidiaries, with the exception of BW Real Estate, Inc. Deferred income taxes are recorded to reflect the effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their income tax bases using enacted tax rates that are expected to be in effect when the taxes are actually paid or recovered. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes.

Net deferred tax assets are recorded to the extent that these assets will more-likely-than-not be realized. In making these determinations, all available positive and negative evidence is considered, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, tax planning strategies, projected future taxable income, and recent operating results. If it is determined that deferred income tax assets to be realized in the future are in excess of their net recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance will be recorded, which will reduce the Company's provision for income taxes.

A tax benefit from an unrecognized tax benefit may be recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including related appeals or litigation, based on technical merits. Income tax benefits must meet a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold at the effective date to be recognized.

Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized as part of the provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Income Statement. Accrued interest and penalties are included in the related tax liability line with other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Off-balance sheet instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into off-balance sheet financial instrument arrangements consisting of commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements when they are funded. They involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Losses would be experienced when the Company is contractually obligated to make a payment under these instruments and must seek repayment from the borrower, which may not be as financially sound in the current period as they were when the commitment was originally made. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The Company enters into credit arrangements that generally provide for the termination of advances in the event of a covenant violation or other event of default. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do

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not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the party. The commitments are collateralized by the same types of assets used as loan collateral.

As with outstanding loans, the Company applies qualitative factors and utilization rates to its off-balance sheet obligations in determining an estimate of losses inherent in these contractual obligations. The estimate for credit losses on off-balance sheet instruments is included in other liabilities and the charge to income that establishes this liability is included in non-interest expense.

The Company also has off-balance sheet arrangements related to its derivative instruments. Derivative instruments are recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements at fair value and their notional values are carried off-balance sheet. See "Note 9. Derivatives and Hedging Activities" of these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Finance Statements for further discussion.

Fair values of financial instruments

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities. ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurement as well as enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The Company uses various valuation approaches, including market, income, and/or cost approaches. ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the factors market participants would consider in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs, as follows:

• Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

• Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These might include quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (such as interest rates, prepayment speeds, volatilities, etc.) or model-based valuation techniques where all significant assumptions are observable, either directly or indirectly, in the market.

• Level 3 - Valuation is generated from model-based techniques where one or more significant inputs are not observable, either directly or indirectly, in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect the Company’s own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques may include use of matrix pricing, discounted cash flow models, and similar techniques.

The availability of observable inputs varies based on the nature of the specific financial instrument. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant who may purchase the asset or assume the liability rather than an entity-specific measure. When market assumptions are available, ASC 820 requires the Company to make assumptions regarding the assumptions that market participants would use to estimate the fair value of the financial instrument at the measurement date.

ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value.

Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent limitations in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates

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presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sales transaction at September 30, 2016 and 2015. The estimated fair value amounts for September 30, 2016 and 2015 have been measured as of period-end, and have not been re-evaluated or updated for purposes of these Consolidated Financial Statements subsequent to those dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the reporting date may be different than the amounts reported at period-end.

The information in "Note 13. Fair Value Accounting" in these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the entire Company since a fair value calculation is only required for a limited portion of the Company’s assets and liabilities.

Due to the wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimate, comparisons between the Company’s disclosures and those of other companies or banks may not be meaningful.

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating the fair value of its financial instruments:

Cash and cash equivalents

The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and due from banks approximate their fair value.

Money market investments

The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for money market investments approximate their fair value.

Investment securities

The fair values of CRA investments, mutual funds, and exchange-listed preferred stock are based on quoted market prices and are categorized as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

The fair values of other investment securities were determined based on matrix pricing. Matrix pricing is a mathematical technique that utilizes observable market inputs including, for example, yield curves, credit ratings, and prepayment speeds. Fair values determined using matrix pricing are generally categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

The Company owns certain CDOs for which quoted prices are not available. Quoted prices for similar assets are also not available for these investment securities. In order to determine the fair value of these securities, the Company engages a third party to estimate the future cash flows and discount rate using third party quotes adjusted based on assumptions a market participant would assume necessary for each specific security. As a result of the lack of an active market, the resulting fair values have been categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Restricted stock

WAB is a member of the Federal Reserve System and the FHLB and, accordingly, maintains investments in the capital stock of the FRB and the FHLB. WAB also maintains an investment in its primary correspondent bank. These investments are carried at cost since no ready market exists for them, and they have no quoted market value. The Company conducts a periodic review and evaluation of its restricted stock to determine if any impairment exists. The fair values of these investments have been categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Loans

The fair value of loans is estimated based on discounted cash flows using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers with similar credit quality and adjustments that the Company believes a market participant would consider in determining fair value based on a third party independent valuation. As a result, the fair value for loans is categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, excluding impaired loans which are categorized as Level 3.

Accrued interest receivable and payable

The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for accrued interest receivable and payable approximate their fair value.

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Derivative financial instruments

All derivatives are recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at their fair value. The fair value for derivatives is determined based on market prices, broker-dealer quotations on similar products, or other related input parameters. As a result, the fair values have been categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Deposits

The fair value disclosed for demand and savings deposits is by definition equal to the amount payable on demand at their reporting date (that is, their carrying amount), which the Company believes a market participant would consider in determining fair value. The carrying amount for variable-rate deposit accounts approximates their fair value. Fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered on certificates to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on these deposits. The fair value measurement of the deposit liabilities is categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

FHLB advances and other borrowed funds

The fair values of the Company’s borrowings are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, based on the market rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. The FHLB advances have been categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy due to their short durations. Other borrowings have been categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Subordinated debt

The fair value of subordinated debt is based on the market rate for the respective subordinated debt security. Subordinated debt has been categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Junior subordinated debt

Junior subordinated debt is valued based on a discounted cash flow model which uses as inputs Treasury Bond rates and the 'BB' rated financial index. Junior subordinated debt has been categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Off-balance sheet instruments

The fair value of the Company’s off-balance sheet instruments (lending commitments and standby letters of credit) is based on quoted fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements, and the counterparties’ credit standing.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In June 2014, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2014-12, Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of anAward Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period. The amendments in ASU 2014-12 to Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, provide explicit guidance on whether to treat a performance target that could be achieved after the requisite service period as a performance condition that affects vesting or as a nonvesting condition that affects the grant-date fair value of an award. The amendments are effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. An entity may elect to apply the amendments either prospectively to all awards granted or modified after the effective date or retrospectively to all awards with performance targets that are outstanding as of the beginning of the earliest annual period presented in the financial statements and to all new or modified awards thereafter. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2014, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern. The amendments in ASU 2014-15 to Subtopic 205-40, Going Concern, provide guidance about management's responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern. The amendments require management to assess an entity's ability to continue as a going concern by incorporating and expanding upon certain principles that are currently in U.S. auditing standards. The amendments are effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016, and for annual periods and interim periods thereafter. Early application is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

In February 2015, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2015-02, Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis. The amendments in ASU 2015-02 to Topic 810, Consolidation, change the analysis that a reporting entity must perform to determine whether it should consolidate certain types of legal entities. Specifically, the amendments modify the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are variable interest entities or voting interest entities, eliminate the

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presumption that a general partner should consolidate a limited partnership, affect the consolidation analysis of reporting entities that are involved with variable interest entities, particularly those that have fee arrangements and related party relationships, and provide a scope exception from consolidation guidance for reporting entities with interests in legal entities that are required to comply with or operate in accordance with requirements that are similar to those in Rule 2a-7 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 for registered money market funds. The amendments are effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. An entity may apply the amendments in this Update using a modified retrospective approach by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption or, may apply the amendments retrospectively. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In November 2015, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes. The amendments in ASU 2015-17 to Topic 740, Income Taxes, changes the presentation of deferred income tax liabilities and assets, from previously bifurcated current and noncurrent, to a single noncurrent amount on the classified statement of financial position. The amendment is effective from the annual period ending after December 15, 2016, and for and interim periods within those annual periods. Early application is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The amendments in ASU 2016-01 to Subtopic 825-10, Financial Instruments, contain the following elements: 1) requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income; 2) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment; 3) eliminates the requirement for public entities to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet; 4) requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; 5) requires an entity to present separately in OCI the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments; 6) requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or accompanying notes to the financial statements; 7) clarifies that the entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to AFS securities in combination with the entity's other deferred tax assets. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. Except for the early application of the amendment noted in item 5) above (which the Company elected to early adopt effective January 1, 2015 as discussed in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015), early adoption of the amendments in this Update is not permitted. The adoption of the other amendments in this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2016-02, Leases. The amendments in ASU 2016-02 to Topic 842, Leases, require lessees to recognize the lease assets and lease liabilities arising from operating leases in the statement of financial position. The accounting applied by a lessor is largely unchanged from that applied under previous GAAP. The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Management is in the process of evaluating the effects that the standard is expected to have on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2016-05, Effect of Derivative Contract Novations on Existing Hedge Accounting Relationships. The amendments in ASU 2016-05 to Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, clarify that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as the hedging instrument under Topic 815 does not, in and of itself, require dedesignation of that hedging relationship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria continue to be met. An entity has the option to apply the amendments in this Update on either a prospective basis or a modified retrospective basis. The amendments in this Update are effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The amendments in ASU 2016-09 to Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, require recognition of all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies through income tax expense or benefit in the income statement. Other amendments in this ASU include guidance on the classification of share-based payment transactions in the statement of cash flows and an option to account for forfeitures of share-based awards as they occur rather than estimating the compensation cost based on the number of awards that are expected to vest. The amendments in this Update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. Effective January 1, 2016, the Company elected early adoption of ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based

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Payment Accounting. As a result of adoption, the Company recognized a $3.9 million tax benefit as a reduction of income tax expense during the three months ended March 31, 2016. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recognized a $4.1 million tax benefit related to adoption of this new guidance. The Company has elected to continue to estimate compensation cost based on the number of awards that are expected to vest. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, require that an organization measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ASU also requires enhanced disclosures, including qualitative and quantitative disclosures that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. Additionally, the ASU amends the accounting for credit losses on AFS debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Management is in the process of evaluating the effects that the standard is expected to have on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The amendments in ASU 2016-15 to Topic 230, Statement of Cash Flows, provide guidance on eight specific cash flow classification issues, which include: 1) debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; 2) settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments; 3) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; 4) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; 5) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; 6) distributions received from equity method investments; 7) beneficial interest in securitization transactions; and 8) separately identifiable cash flows and the application of the predominance principle. The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period, however, an entity is required to adopt all of the amendments in the same period. The amendments in this Update should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. Management is in the process of evaluating the effects that the standard is expected to have on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

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2. INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The carrying amounts and fair values of investment securities at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are summarized as follows: 

	September 30, 2016
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity
Tax-exempt bonds	$	52,421	$	3,296	$	—		$	55,717
Available-for-sale
Collateralized debt obligations	$	50	$	10,502	$	—		$	10,552
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	126,814		422		(641		)	126,595
Corporate debt securities	25,062		566		—			25,628
CRA investments	37,471		282		—			37,753
Municipal obligations	387,250		17,525		(1,358		)	403,417
Preferred stock	104,621		5,886		(28		)	110,479
Private label residential MBS	461,066		2,896		(871		)	463,091
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	1,381,198		15,813		(1,326		)	1,395,685
Trust preferred securities	32,000		—		(7,555		)	24,445
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	59,000		81		(80		)	59,001
U.S. treasury securities	2,496		40		—			2,536
Total AFS securities	$	2,617,028	$	54,013	$	(11,859	)	$	2,659,182
Securities measured at fair value
Residential MBS issued by GSEs								$	1,279

	December 31, 2015
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available-for-sale
Collateralized debt obligations	$	50	$	10,059	$	(49	)	$	10,060
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	19,147		72		(105		)	19,114
Corporate debt securities	12,769		482		—			13,251
CRA investments	34,722		—		(37		)	34,685
Municipal obligations	320,087		14,743		—			334,830
Preferred stock	108,417		4,286		(1,467		)	111,236
Private label commercial MBS	4,685		6		—			4,691
Private label residential MBS	261,530		5		(4,407		)	257,128
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	1,169,631		5,254		(4,664		)	1,170,221
Trust preferred securities	32,000		—		(7,686		)	24,314
U.S. treasury securities	2,996		—		(3		)	2,993
Total AFS securities	$	1,966,034	$	34,907	$	(18,418	)	$	1,982,523
Securities measured at fair value
Residential MBS issued by GSEs								$	1,481

For additional information on the fair value changes of securities measured at fair value, see the trading securities table in "Note 13. Fair Value Accounting" of these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Company conducts an OTTI analysis on a quarterly basis. The initial indication of OTTI for both debt and equity securities is a decline in the market value below the amount recorded for an investment, and taking into account the severity and duration

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of the decline. Another potential indication of OTTI is a downgrade below investment grade. In determining whether an impairment is OTTI, the Company considers the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been below cost, recent events specific to the issuer, including investment downgrades by rating agencies and economic conditions of its industry, and the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery. For marketable equity securities, the Company also considers the issuer’s financial condition, capital strength, and near-term prospects.

For debt securities, for the purpose of an OTTI analysis, the Company also considers the cause of the price decline (general level of interest rates, credit spreads, and industry and issuer-specific factors), the issuer’s financial condition, near-term prospects, and current ability to make future payments in a timely manner, as well as the issuer’s ability to service debt, and any change in agencies’ ratings at the evaluation date from the acquisition date and any likely imminent action.

The Company has reviewed securities for which there is an unrealized loss in accordance with its accounting policy for OTTI described above and determined that there were no impairment charges for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015. The Company does not consider any securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. No assurance can be made that OTTI will not occur in future periods.

Information pertaining to securities with gross unrealized losses at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position follows:

	September 30, 2016
	Less Than Twelve Months				More Than Twelve Months				Total
	Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available-for-sale
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	$	641	$	82,249	$	—	$	—	$	641	$	82,249
Municipal obligations	1,358		75,042		—		—		1,358		75,042
Preferred stock	9		5,880		19		1,504		28		7,384
Private label residential MBS	741		152,364		130		19,412		871		171,776
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	1,259		248,285		67		5,875		1,326		254,160
Trust preferred securities	—		—		7,555		24,445		7,555		24,445
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	80		14,920		—		—		80		14,920
Total AFS securities	$	4,088	$	578,740	$	7,771	$	51,236	$	11,859	$	629,976

	December 31, 2015
	Less Than Twelve Months				More Than Twelve Months				Total
	Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available-for-sale
Collateralized debt obligations	$	49	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	49	$	1
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	105		17,051		—		—		105		17,051
CRA investments	37		24,729		—		—		37		24,729
Preferred stock	377		10,542		1,090		14,761		1,467		25,303
Private label residential MBS	3,733		226,720		674		30,372		4,407		257,092
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	3,566		536,515		1,098		38,338		4,664		574,853
Trust preferred securities	—		—		7,686		24,314		7,686		24,314
U.S. treasury securities	3		2,006		—		—		3		2,006
Total AFS securities	$	7,870	$	817,564	$	10,548	$	107,785	$	18,418	$	925,349

At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company’s unrealized losses relate primarily to interest rate fluctuations, credit spread widening, and reduced liquidity in applicable markets. The total number of securities in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2016 was 78, compared to 146 at December 31, 2015. In analyzing an issuer’s financial condition, management considers whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and industry analysis reports. Since material downgrades have not occurred and

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management does not intend to sell the debt securities in an unrealized loss position in the foreseeable future, none of the securities described in the above table or in this paragraph were deemed to be OTTI.

The trust preferred securities have yields based on floating rate LIBOR, which are highly correlated to the federal funds rate and have been negatively affected by the low rate environment. This has resulted in unrealized losses for these securities.

The table below shows the amortized cost and fair value of securities as of September 30, 2016, by contractual maturities. MBS are shown separately as individual MBS are comprised of pools of loans with varying maturities. Therefore, these securities are listed separately in the maturity summary. 

	September 30, 2016
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity
After five years through ten years	$	15,363	$	15,508
After ten years	37,058		40,209
Total HTM securities	$	52,421	$	55,717
Available-for-sale
Due in one year or less	$	40,295	$	40,695
After one year through five years	48,744		50,645
After five years through ten years	150,034		155,411
After ten years	408,877		427,060
Mortgage-backed securities	1,969,078		1,985,371
Total AFS securities	$	2,617,028	$	2,659,182

The following tables summarize the carrying amount of the Company’s investment ratings position as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015: 

	September 30, 2016
	AAA		Split-rated AAA/AA+		AA+ to AA-		A+ to A-		BBB+ to BBB-		BB+ and below		Unrated		Totals
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity
Tax-exempt bonds	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	52,421	$	52,421
Available-for-sale
Collateralized debt obligations	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10,552	$	—	$	10,552
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	—		126,595		—		—		—		—		—		126,595
Corporate debt securities	—		—		5,628		—		20,000		—		—		25,628
CRA investments	—		—		—		—		—		—		37,753		37,753
Municipal obligations	14,602		—		288,888		99,757		—		170		—		403,417
Preferred stock	—		—		—		—		76,664		15,510		18,305		110,479
Private label residential MBS	406,781		—		49,927		4,751		1,288		344		—		463,091
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	—		1,395,685		—		—		—		—		—		1,395,685
Trust preferred securities	—		—		—		—		24,445		—		—		24,445
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	—		59,001		—		—		—		—		—		59,001
U.S. treasury securities	—		2,536		—		—		—		—		—		2,536
Total AFS securities (1)	$	421,383	$	1,583,817	$	344,443	$	104,508	$	122,397	$	26,576	$	56,058	$	2,659,182
Securities measured at fair value
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	$	—	$	1,279	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,279

(1) Where ratings differ, the Company uses the average of the ratings by S&P, Moody’s, and Fitch.

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	December 31, 2015
	AAA		Split-rated AAA/AA+		AA+ to AA-		A+ to A-		BBB+ to BBB-		BB+ and below		Unrated		Totals
	(in thousands)
Available-for-sale
Collateralized debt obligations	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10,060	$	—	$	10,060
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	—		19,114		—		—		—		—		—		19,114
Corporate debt securities	—		—		2,721		5,489		5,041		—		—		13,251
CRA investments	—		—		—		—		—		—		34,685		34,685
Municipal obligations	7,949		—		180,460		131,110		6,243		180		8,888		334,830
Preferred stock	—		—		—		—		79,955		23,655		7,626		111,236
Private label commercial MBS	4,691		—		—		—		—		—		—		4,691
Private label residential MBS	235,605		—		40		3,186		1,750		2,705		13,842		257,128
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	—		1,170,221		—		—		—		—		—		1,170,221
Trust preferred securities	—		—		—		—		24,314		—		—		24,314
U.S. treasury securities	—		2,993		—		—		—		—		—		2,993
Total AFS securities (1)	$	248,245	$	1,192,328	$	183,221	$	139,785	$	117,303	$	36,600	$	65,041	$	1,982,523
Securities measured at fair value
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	$	—	$	1,481	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,481

(1) Where ratings differ, the Company uses the average of the ratings by S&P, Moody’s, and Fitch.

Securities with carrying amounts of approximately $854.1 million and $830.7 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, were pledged for various purposes as required or permitted by law.

The following table presents gross gains and losses on sales of investment securities: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016		2015			2016			2015
Gross gains	$	—	$	—		$	2,057		$	1,103
Gross losses	—		(62		)	(1,056		)	(521		)
Net gains on sales of investment securities	$	—	$	(62	)	$	1,001		$	582

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3. LOANS, LEASES AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The composition of the Company’s held for investment loan portfolio is as follows: 

	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
	(in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	5,603,605		$	5,114,257
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	3,623,417			2,283,536
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	1,983,945			2,083,285
Construction and land development	1,379,735			1,133,439
Residential real estate	271,808			322,939
Commercial leases	111,361			148,493
Consumer	38,391			26,905
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	13,012,262			11,112,854
Allowance for credit losses	(122,884		)	(119,068		)
Total loans HFI	$	12,889,378		$	10,993,786

Net deferred loan fees and costs as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 total $21.0 million and $19.2 million, respectively, which is a reduction in the carrying value of loans. Net unamortized discounts on loans total $6.6 million and $8.2 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Total loans held for investment are also net of interest rate and credit marks on acquired loans totaling $77.4 million and $40.5 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, which is a reduction in the carrying value of acquired loans.

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company also had $21.3 million and $23.8 million of HFS loans, respectively.

The following table presents the contractual aging of the recorded investment in past due loans held for investment by class of loans:

	September 30, 2016
	Current		30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		Over 90 days Past Due		Total Past Due		Total
	(in thousands)
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	$	1,978,680	$	1,048	$	—	$	4,217	$	5,265	$	1,983,945
Non-owner occupied	3,406,304		1,135		—		2,106		3,241		3,409,545
Multi-family	213,872		—		—		—		—		213,872
Commercial and industrial
Commercial	5,582,418		9,290		2,539		9,358		21,187		5,603,605
Leases	110,993		330		—		38		368		111,361
Construction and land development
Construction	913,299		1,625		—		—		1,625		914,924
Land	463,528		—		—		1,283		1,283		464,811
Residential real estate	262,495		149		4,095		5,069		9,313		271,808
Consumer	38,189		31		—		171		202		38,391
Total loans	$	12,969,778	$	13,608	$	6,634	$	22,242	$	42,484	$	13,012,262

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	December 31, 2015
	Current		30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		Over 90 days Past Due		Total Past Due		Total
	(in thousands)
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	$	2,078,968	$	445	$	362	$	3,510	$	4,317	$	2,083,285
Non-owner occupied	2,099,274		2,481		—		2,822		5,303		2,104,577
Multi-family	178,959		—		—		—		—		178,959
Commercial and industrial
Commercial	5,066,197		26,358		14,124		7,578		48,060		5,114,257
Leases	145,905		—		—		2,588		2,588		148,493
Construction and land development
Construction	694,527		—		—		—		—		694,527
Land	438,495		—		—		417		417		438,912
Residential real estate	317,677		888		159		4,215		5,262		322,939
Consumer	26,587		12		91		215		318		26,905
Total loans	$	11,046,589	$	30,184	$	14,736	$	21,345	$	66,265	$	11,112,854

The following table presents the recorded investment in non-accrual loans and loans past due ninety days or more and still accruing interest by class of loans: 

	September 30, 2016								December 31, 2015
	Non-accrual loans						Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing		Non-accrual loans						Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing
	Current		Past Due/ Delinquent		Total Non-accrual				Current		Past Due/ Delinquent		Total Non-accrual
	(in thousands)
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	$	1,042	$	4,217	$	5,259	$	—	$	749	$	3,253	$	4,002	$	339
Non-owner occupied	7,874		—		7,874		2,106		11,851		2,822		14,673		—
Multi-family	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial
Commercial	9,771		10,049		19,820		705		3,263		15,026		18,289		2,671
Leases	—		364		364		—		—		2,588		2,588		—
Construction and land development
Construction	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Land	—		1,284		1,284		—		1,892		417		2,309		—
Residential real estate	442		5,401		5,843		—		1,835		4,489		6,324		—
Consumer	—		164		164		7		—		196		196		18
Total	$	19,129	$	21,479	$	40,608	$	2,817	$	19,590	$	28,791	$	48,381	$	3,028

The reduction in interest income associated with loans on non-accrual status was approximately $0.6 million and $0.5 million for three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $1.5 million and $1.9 million for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The Company utilizes an internal asset classification system as a means of reporting problem and potential problem loans. Under the Company’s risk rating system, the Company classifies problem and potential problem loans as Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss. Substandard loans include those characterized by well-defined weaknesses and carry the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loans classified as Doubtful, or risk rated eight, have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as Substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. The final rating of Loss covers loans considered uncollectible and having such little recoverable value that it is not practical to defer writing off the asset. Loans that do not currently expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories, but possess weaknesses that warrant management’s close attention, are deemed to be Special Mention. Risk ratings are updated, at a minimum, quarterly.

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The following tables present HFI loans by risk rating: 

	September 30, 2016
	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
	(in thousands)
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	$	1,945,850	$	20,551	$	15,309	$	2,235	$	—	$	1,983,945
Non-owner occupied	3,327,622		34,749		47,174		—		—		3,409,545
Multi-family	213,675		197		—		—		—		213,872
Commercial and industrial
Commercial	5,474,770		71,290		57,545		—		—		5,603,605
Leases	110,966		68		327		—		—		111,361
Construction and land development
Construction	906,401		6,094		2,429		—		—		914,924
Land	451,308		344		13,159		—		—		464,811
Residential real estate	260,919		347		10,542		—		—		271,808
Consumer	38,144		42		205		—		—		38,391
Total	$	12,729,655	$	133,682	$	146,690	$	2,235	$	—	$	13,012,262

	September 30, 2016
	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
	(in thousands)
Current (up to 29 days past due)	$	12,725,833	$	123,115	$	118,595	$	2,235	$	—	$	12,969,778
Past due 30 - 59 days	3,784		9,025		799		—		—		13,608
Past due 60 - 89 days	26		1,188		5,420		—		—		6,634
Past due 90 days or more	12		354		21,876		—		—		22,242
Total	$	12,729,655	$	133,682	$	146,690	$	2,235	$	—	$	13,012,262

	December 31, 2015
	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
	(in thousands)
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	$	2,032,932	$	28,422	$	20,814	$	1,117	$	—	$	2,083,285
Non-owner occupied	2,054,428		14,867		35,282		—		—		2,104,577
Multi-family	178,959		—		—		—		—		178,959
Commercial and industrial
Commercial	4,962,930		76,283		74,294		750		—		5,114,257
Leases	140,531		4,580		794		2,588		—		148,493
Construction and land development
Construction	678,438		16,089		—		—		—		694,527
Land	420,819		362		17,731		—		—		438,912
Residential real estate	310,067		776		12,096		—		—		322,939
Consumer	26,438		209		258		—		—		26,905
Total	$	10,805,542	$	141,588	$	161,269	$	4,455	$	—	$	11,112,854

27

	December 31, 2015
	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
	(in thousands)
Current (up to 29 days past due)	$	10,799,558	$	140,932	$	104,232	$	1,867	$	—	$	11,046,589
Past due 30 - 59 days	1,907		271		28,006		—		—		30,184
Past due 60 - 89 days	4,077		385		10,274		—		—		14,736
Past due 90 days or more	—		—		18,757		2,588		—		21,345
Total	$	10,805,542	$	141,588	$	161,269	$	4,455	$	—	$	11,112,854

The table below reflects the recorded investment in loans classified as impaired: 

	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
	(in thousands)
Impaired loans with a specific valuation allowance under ASC 310 (1)	$	13,409		$	24,287
Impaired loans without a specific valuation allowance under ASC 310 (2)	91,346			104,587
Total impaired loans	$	104,755		$	128,874
Valuation allowance related to impaired loans (3)	$	(4,775	)	$	(4,658	)

(1) Includes TDR loans of $0.5 million and $3.0 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

(2) Includes TDR loans of $59.5 million and $85.9 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

(3) Includes valuation allowance related to TDR loans of $0.1 million and $0.3 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

The following table presents impaired loans by class: 

	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
	(in thousands)
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	$	17,425	$	23,153
Non-owner occupied	29,066		41,081
Multi-family	—		—
Commercial and industrial
Commercial	25,219		26,513
Leases	330		2,896
Construction and land development
Construction	3		—
Land	15,335		18,322
Residential real estate	17,122		16,575
Consumer	255		334
Total	$	104,755	$	128,874

A valuation allowance is established for an impaired loan when the fair value of the loan is less than the recorded investment. In certain cases, portions of impaired loans are charged-off to realizable value instead of establishing a valuation allowance and are included, when applicable, in the table above as “Impaired loans without a specific valuation allowance under ASC 310.” However, before concluding that an impaired loan needs no associated valuation allowance, an assessment is made to consider all available and relevant information for the method used to evaluate impairment and the type of loan being assessed. The valuation allowance disclosed above is included in the allowance for credit losses reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015.

28

The following table presents the average investment in impaired loans and income recognized on impaired loans: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016		2015		2016		2015
	(in thousands)
Average balance on impaired loans	$	106,357	$	145,161	$	112,901	$	154,510
Interest income recognized on impaired loans, accrual basis	959		1,303		3,122		3,613
Interest recognized on non-accrual loans, cash basis	245		208		642		1,409

The following table presents average investment in impaired loans by loan class: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016		2015		2016		2015
	(in thousands)
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	$	17,155	$	29,453	$	19,323	$	37,043
Non-owner occupied	29,978		57,178		31,635		60,817
Multi-family	—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial
Commercial	25,662		16,938		27,221		14,202
Leases	331		3,658		904		2,965
Construction and land development
Construction	—		—		—		—
Land	16,699		18,801		17,632		19,949
Residential real estate	16,272		18,662		15,890		19,137
Consumer	260		471		296		397
Total	$	106,357	$	145,161	$	112,901	$	154,510

The average investment in TDR loans included in the average investment in impaired loans table above for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015 was $63.9 million and $114.5 million, respectively, and $71.4 million and $120.6 million for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The following table presents interest income on impaired loans by class: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016		2015		2016		2015
	(in thousands)
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	$	211	$	373	$	753	$	1,200
Non-owner occupied	285		468		936		1,158
Multi-family	—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial
Commercial	90		73		319		212
Leases	4		—		40		—
Construction and land development
Construction	—		—		—		—
Land	240		199		686		591
Residential real estate	128		188		384		447
Consumer	1		2		4		5
Total	$	959	$	1,303	$	3,122	$	3,613

The Company is not committed to lend significant additional funds on these impaired loans.

29

The following table summarizes nonperforming assets: 

	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
	(in thousands)
Non-accrual loans (1)	$	40,608	$	48,381
Loans past due 90 days or more on accrual status (2)	2,817		3,028
Accruing troubled debt restructured loans	54,704		70,707
Total nonperforming loans	98,129		122,116
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	49,619		43,942
Total nonperforming assets	$	147,748	$	166,058

(1) Includes non-accrual TDR loans of $5.4 million and $18.2 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

(2) Includes $0.6 million from loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality at September 30, 2016.

Loans Acquired in HFF Asset Purchase

The following table presents information regarding the contractually required principal payments receivable, cash flows expected to be collected, and the preliminary estimated fair value of loans acquired in the HFF asset purchase as of April 20, 2016, the closing date of the transaction. See "Note 15. Mergers and Acquisitions" of these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details related to the purchase.

	April 20, 2016
	Commercial Real Estate		Construction and Land Development		Total
	(in thousands)
Contractually required principal and interest payments:
PCI	$	143,734	$	16,088	$	159,822
Non-PCI	1,579,064		103,914		1,682,978
Total loans acquired	1,722,798		120,002		1,842,800
Cash flows expected to be collected:
PCI	107,865		11,754		119,619
Non-PCI	1,315,523		80,955		1,396,478
Total loans acquired	1,423,388		92,709		1,516,097
Fair value of loans acquired:
PCI	85,329		7,938		93,267
Non-PCI	1,122,419		65,311		1,187,730
Total loans acquired	$	1,207,748	$	73,249	$	1,280,997

Loans Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality

Changes in the accretable yield for loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality are as follows: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
	(in thousands)
Balance, at beginning of period	$	15,863		$	17,190		$	15,925		$	19,156
Additions due to acquisition	—			—			4,301			857
Measurement period adjustments	—			38			—			38
Reclassifications from non-accretable to accretable yield (1)	119			597			119			1,292
Accretion to interest income	(901		)	(1,056		)	(2,570		)	(3,146		)
Reversal of fair value adjustments upon disposition of loans	(578		)	(398		)	(3,272		)	(1,826		)
Balance, at end of period	$	14,503		$	16,371		$	14,503		$	16,371

(1) The primary drivers of reclassification from non-accretable to accretable yield resulted from changes in estimated cash flows.

30

Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table summarizes the changes in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio type: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	Construction and Land Development			Commercial Real Estate			Residential Real Estate			Commercial and Industrial			Consumer			Total
	(in thousands)
2016
Beginning Balance	$	21,386		$	24,867		$	4,546		$	70,547		$	758		$	122,104
Charge-offs	—			72			79			2,558			—			2,709
Recoveries	(302		)	(521		)	(179		)	(466		)	(21		)	(1,489		)
Provision	(347		)	(450		)	(513		)	3,406			(96		)	2,000
Ending balance	$	21,341		$	24,866		$	4,133		$	71,861		$	683		$	122,884
2015
Beginning Balance	$	19,537		$	28,946		$	6,399		$	59,589		$	585		$	115,056
Charge-offs	—			—			8			1,109			—			1,117
Recoveries	(329		)	(1,401		)	(232		)	(1,147		)	(24		)	(3,133		)
Provision	419			(5,173		)	(1,313		)	6,152			(85		)	—
Ending balance	$	20,285		$	25,174		$	5,310		$	65,779		$	524		$	117,072

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	Construction and Land Development			Commercial Real Estate			Residential Real Estate			Commercial and Industrial			Consumer			Total
	(in thousands)
2016
Beginning Balance	$	18,976		$	23,160		$	5,278		$	71,181		$	473		$	119,068
Charge-offs	—			726			105			11,210			120			12,161
Recoveries	(455		)	(4,956		)	(589		)	(2,846		)	(131		)	(8,977		)
Provision	1,910			(2,524		)	(1,629		)	9,044			199			7,000
Ending balance	$	21,341		$	24,866		$	4,133		$	71,861		$	683		$	122,884
2015
Beginning Balance	$	18,558		$	28,783		$	7,456		$	54,566		$	853		$	110,216
Charge-offs	—			—			626			3,273			107			4,006
Recoveries	(1,859		)	(3,522		)	(1,949		)	(2,744		)	(88		)	(10,162		)
Provision	(132		)	(7,131		)	(3,469		)	11,742			(310		)	700
Ending balance	$	20,285		$	25,174		$	5,310		$	65,779		$	524		$	117,072

31

The following table presents impairment method information related to loans and allowance for credit losses by loan portfolio segment: 

	Commercial Real Estate-Owner Occupied		Commercial Real Estate-Non-Owner Occupied		Commercial and Industrial		Residential Real Estate		Construction and Land Development		Commercial Leases		Consumer		Total Loans
	(in thousands)
Loans as of September 30, 2016:
Recorded Investment:
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	3,245	$	—	$	9,881	$	264	$	—	$	—	$	19	$	13,409
Impaired loans with no allowance recorded	14,183		29,066		15,337		16,858		15,335		330		237		91,346
Total loans individually evaluated for impairment	17,428		29,066		25,218		17,122		15,335		330		256		104,755
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	1,954,861		3,477,105		5,577,980		254,043		1,332,468		111,031		38,135		12,745,623
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	11,656		117,246		407		643		31,932		—		—		161,884
Total recorded investment	$	1,983,945	$	3,623,417	$	5,603,605	$	271,808	$	1,379,735	$	111,361	$	38,391	$	13,012,262
Unpaid Principal Balance
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	3,245	$	—	$	10,134	$	319	$	—	$	—	$	19	$	13,717
Impaired loans with no allowance recorded	56,562		54,908		86,653		44,175		79,826		482		3,960		326,566
Total loans individually evaluated for impairment	59,807		54,908		96,787		44,494		79,826		482		3,979		340,283
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	1,954,861		3,477,105		5,577,980		254,043		1,332,468		111,031		38,135		12,745,623
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	15,213		149,568		5,480		742		33,345		—		—		204,348
Total unpaid principal balance	$	2,029,881	$	3,681,581	$	5,680,247	$	299,279	$	1,445,639	$	111,513	$	42,114	$	13,290,254
Related Allowance for Credit Losses
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	949	$	—	$	3,751	$	74	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	4,775
Impaired loans with no allowance recorded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total loans individually evaluated for impairment	949		—		3,751		74		—		—		1		4,775
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	11,990		11,188		67,777		4,059		21,341		—		682		117,037
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	—		739		333		—		—		—		—		1,072
Total allowance for credit losses	$	12,939	$	11,927	$	71,861	$	4,133	$	21,341	$	—	$	683	$	122,884

32

	Commercial Real Estate-Owner Occupied		Commercial Real Estate-Non-Owner Occupied		Commercial and Industrial		Residential Real Estate		Construction and Land Development		Commercial Leases		Consumer		Total Loans
	(in thousands)
Loans as of December 31, 2015:
Recorded Investment:
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	2,778	$	2,344	$	18,230	$	914	$	—	$	—	$	21	$	24,287
Impaired loans with no allowance recorded	20,375		38,737		8,283		15,661		18,322		2,896		313		104,587
Total loans individually evaluated for impairment	23,153		41,081		26,513		16,575		18,322		2,896		334		128,874
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	2,044,934		2,180,250		5,085,299		303,372		1,115,117		145,597		26,571		10,901,140
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	15,198		62,205		2,445		2,992		—		—		—		82,840
Total recorded investment	$	2,083,285	$	2,283,536	$	5,114,257	$	322,939	$	1,133,439	$	148,493	$	26,905	$	11,112,854
Unpaid Principal Balance
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	2,778	$	2,344	$	19,233	$	969	$	—	$	—	$	21	$	25,345
Impaired loans with no allowance recorded	63,709		61,692		71,773		44,142		82,800		5,229		3,923		333,268
Total loans individually evaluated for impairment	66,487		64,036		91,006		45,111		82,800		5,229		3,944		358,613
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	2,044,934		2,180,250		5,085,299		303,372		1,115,117		145,597		26,571		10,901,140
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	20,227		88,181		7,820		3,536		—		—		—		119,764
Total unpaid principal balance	$	2,131,648	$	2,332,467	$	5,184,125	$	352,019	$	1,197,917	$	150,826	$	30,515	$	11,379,517
Related Allowance for Credit Losses
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	858	$	11	$	3,518	$	270	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	4,658
Impaired loans with no allowance recorded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total loans individually evaluated for impairment	858		11		3,518		270		—		—		1		4,658
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	10,953		11,302		65,806		5,008		18,976		1,857		472		114,374
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	—		36		—		—		—		—		—		36
Total allowance for credit losses	$	11,811	$	11,349	$	69,324	$	5,278	$	18,976	$	1,857	$	473	$	119,068

Troubled Debt Restructurings

A TDR loan is a loan on which the Company, for reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Company would not otherwise consider. The loan terms that have been modified or restructured due to a borrower’s financial situation include, but are not limited to, a reduction in the stated interest rate, an extension of the maturity or renewal of the loan at an interest rate below current market, a reduction in the face amount of the debt, a reduction in the accrued interest, or deferral of interest payments. The majority of the Company's modifications are extensions in terms or deferral of payments which result in no lost principal or interest followed by reductions in interest rates or accrued interest. A TDR loan is also considered impaired. Consistent with regulatory guidance, a TDR loan that is subsequently modified in another restructuring agreement but has shown sustained performance and classification as a TDR, will be removed from TDR status provided that the modified terms were market-based at the time of modification.

33

The Company did not have any new TDR loans during the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016. The following table presents information on the financial effects of TDR loans by class for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2015
	Number of Loans	Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Forgiven Principal Balance		Lost Interest Income		Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Waived Fees and Other Expenses
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Non-owner occupied	1	193		—		—		193		—
Multi-family	—	—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial
Commercial	—	—		—		—		—		—
Leases	—	—		—		—		—		—
Construction and land development
Construction	—	—		—		—		—		—
Land	—	—		—		—		—		—
Residential real estate	1	81		—		3		78		4
Consumer	—	—		—		—		—		—
Total	2	$	274	$	—	$	3	$	271	$	4

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
	Number of Loans	Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Forgiven Principal Balance		Lost Interest Income		Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Waived Fees and Other Expenses
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Non-owner occupied	1	193		—		—		193		—
Multi-family	—	—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial
Commercial	1	256		—		—		256		—
Leases	—	—		—		—		—		—
Construction and land development
Construction	—	—		—		—		—		—
Land	—	—		—		—		—		—
Residential real estate	1	81		—		3		78		4
Consumer	—	—		—		—		—		—
Total	3	$	530	$	—	$	3	$	527	$	4

34

During each of the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, there were no TDR loans for which there was a payment default. The following table presents TDR loans by class for which there was a payment default during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015: 

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015
	Number of Loans	Recorded Investment		Number of Loans	Recorded Investment
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	—	$	—	—	$	—
Non-owner occupied	1	5,381		—	—
Multi-family	—	—		—	—
Commercial and industrial
Commercial	—	—		—	—
Leases	—	—		—	—
Construction and land development
Construction	—	—		1	137
Land	—	—		—	—
Residential real estate	1	333		1	202
Consumer	—	—		—	—
Total	2	$	5,714	2	$	339

A TDR loan is deemed to have a payment default when it becomes past due 90 days, goes on non-accrual, or is restructured again. Payment defaults, along with other qualitative indicators, are considered by management in the determination of the allowance for credit losses.

At September 30, 2016, there were no loan commitments outstanding on TDR loans. At December 31, 2015, there was $0.1 million in loan commitments outstanding on TDR loans.

Loan Purchases and Sales

For the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, secondary market loan purchases totaled $163.7 million and $70.8 million, respectively. For the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, these purchased loans consisted primarily of commercial and industrial loans. For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, secondary market loan purchases totaled $262.0 million and $96.9 million, respectively. For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, these purchased loans consisted primarily of commercial and industrial loans and for the same period in 2015, these purchased loans consisted of $76.8 million of commercial and industrial loans, $13.2 million of commercial real estate loans, $6.8 million of commercial leases, $0.1 million of construction and land development.

During the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, the Company sold loans, which consisted primarily of commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans, with a carrying value of $37.1 million and recognized a net gain of $2.1 million on the sales. During the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015, the Company sold loans, which primarily consisted of commercial and industrial loans, with a carrying value of $118.7 million and recognized a gain of $0.4 million on the sales.

35

4. OTHER ASSETS ACQUIRED THROUGH FORECLOSURE

The following table represents the changes in other assets acquired through foreclosure: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2016
	Gross Balance			Valuation Allowance			Net Balance
	(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	56,467		$	(6,623	)	$	49,844
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	1,162			—			1,162
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(1,260		)	32			(1,228		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			(184		)	(184		)
Gains (losses), net (1)	25			—			25
Balance, end of period	$	56,394		$	(6,775	)	$	49,619
	2015
Balance, beginning of period	$	71,782		$	(12,447	)	$	59,335
Additions from acquisition	(143		)	—			(143		)
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	14,111			—			14,111
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(16,646		)	959			(15,687		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			573			573
(Losses) gains, net (1)	(470		)	—			(470		)
Balance, end of period	$	68,634		$	(10,915	)	$	57,719

(1) There were no net gains related to initial transfers to other assets during each of the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016
	Gross Balance			Valuation Allowance			Net Balance
	(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	52,984		$	(9,042	)	$	43,942
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	11,888			—			11,888
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(8,174		)	2,140			(6,034		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			127			127
(Losses) gains, net (2)	(304		)	—			(304		)
Balance, end of period	$	56,394		$	(6,775	)	$	49,619
	2015
Balance, beginning of period	$	71,421		$	(14,271	)	$	57,150
Additions from acquisition	1,407			—			1,407
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	27,570			—			27,570
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(34,349		)	4,287			(30,062		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			(931		)	(931		)
Gains (losses), net (2)	2,585			—			2,585
Balance, end of period	$	68,634		$	(10,915	)	$	57,719

(2) Includes net gains related to initial transfers to other assets of zero and $0.9 million during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

At September 30, 2016, and 2015, the majority of the Company’s repossessed assets consisted of properties located in Nevada. The Company held 33 properties at September 30, 2016, compared to 39 at December 31, 2015, and 45 at September 30, 2015.

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5. OTHER BORROWINGS

The following table summarizes the Company’s borrowings as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015: 

	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
	(in thousands)
Short-Term:
Federal funds purchased	$	—	$	—
FHLB advances	—		150,000
Total short-term borrowings	$	—	$	150,000

The Company maintains other lines of credit with correspondent banks totaling $170.0 million, of which $25.0 million is secured by pledged securities and has a floating interest rate of one-month or three-month LIBOR plus 1.50%. The remaining $145.0 million is unsecured. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, there were no outstanding balances on these lines of credit.

The Company maintains lines of credit with the FHLB and the FRB. The Company’s borrowing capacity is determined based on collateral pledged, generally consisting of investment securities and loans, at the time of the borrowing. At September 30, 2016, there were no short-term FHLB advances. At December 31, 2015, short-term FHLB advances of $150.0 million had a weighted average interest rate of 0.36%.

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had additional available credit with the FHLB of approximately $2.03 billion and $1.54 billion, respectively, and with the FRB of approximately $1.57 billion and $1.21 billion, respectively.

6. QUALIFYING DEBT

Subordinated Debt

On June 16, 2016, the Company issued $175.0 million of subordinated debentures with a maturity date of July 1, 2056. Beginning on or after July 1, 2021, the Company may redeem the debentures, in whole or in part, at their principal amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest. The subordinated debt was recorded net of issuance costs of $5.5 million. The debentures have an interest rate of 6.25% per annum. To hedge the interest rate risk, WAL entered into a fair value interest rate hedge with a pay variable/receive fixed swap. The carrying value of all subordinated debt, which includes the effective portion of related hedges, totals $321.9 million at September 30, 2016.

Junior Subordinated Debt

The Company has formed or acquired through acquisitions eight statutory business trusts, which exist for the exclusive purpose of issuing Cumulative Trust Preferred Securities.

With the exception of debt issued by Bridge Capital Trust I and Bridge Capital Trust II, junior subordinated debt is recorded at fair value at each reporting date due to the FVO election made by the Company under ASC 825. The Company did not make the FVO election for the Bridge junior subordinated debt. Accordingly, the carrying value of these trusts does not reflect the current fair value of the debt and includes a fair market value adjustment established at acquisition that is being accreted over the remaining life of the trusts. The carrying value of junior subordinated debt was $61.0 million and $58.4 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

The weighted average interest rate of all junior subordinated debt as of September 30, 2016 was 3.19%, which is three-month LIBOR plus the contractual spread of 2.34%, compared to a weighted average interest rate of 2.95% at December 31, 2015.

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7. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Common Stock Issuance

Under ATM Distribution Agreement

On June 4, 2014, the Company entered into a distribution agency agreement with Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, under which the Company could sell shares of its common stock up to an aggregate offering price of $100.0 million on the New York Stock Exchange. The parties executed an Amended and Restated Distribution Agency Agreement on October 30, 2014. The Company pays Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC a mutually agreed rate, not to exceed 2% of the gross offering proceeds of the shares. The common stock will be sold at prevailing market prices at the time of the sale or at negotiated prices and, as a result, prices will vary.

Sales in the ATM offering were previously being made pursuant to a prospectus dated May 14, 2012 and a prospectus supplement filed with the SEC on June 4, 2014, in connection with one or more offerings of shares from the Company's shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-181128), which expired on May 14, 2015. On May 7, 2015, the Company filed with the SEC a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-203959). As the Company completed $100.0 million in aggregate sales under the ATM offering, the Company's ATM offering expired and the Amended and Restated Distribution Agency Agreement was terminated as of June 30, 2016. Accordingly, there were no sales under the ATM offering during the three months ended September 30, 2016. During the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, the Company sold 1.6 million shares under the ATM offering at a weighted-average selling price of $36.63 per share for gross proceeds of $56.8 million. Total offering costs under the ATM offering for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, were $1.0 million, of which $0.9 million relates to compensation costs paid to Credit Suisse Securities. During the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015, there were no sales under the ATM offering.

Stock-Based Compensation

Restricted Stock Awards

For the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, there were 5,725 and 358,235 shares of restricted stock awards granted to employees that generally vest over a three-year period. For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, a total of 63,000 shares of restricted stock were granted to non-employee WAL directors that were fully vested at June 30, 2016. The Company estimates the compensation cost for stock grants based upon the grant date fair value. Stock compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. The aggregate grant date fair value for the restricted stock awards granted during the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 was $0.2 million and $13.5 million, respectively. For three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, the Company recognized $2.7 million and $10.2 million in stock-based compensation expense related to all restricted stock award grants, including those assumed as part of the Bridge acquisition, compared to $1.8 million and $7.0 million for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015, respectively.

In addition, the Company granted 54,329 shares of restricted stock to certain members of executive management that have both performance and service conditions that affect vesting. The performance condition was based on achieving an EPS target for fiscal year 2016 and, if this target is met, the restricted stock will vest over a three-year service period. The grant date fair value of the awards was $1.7 million. For the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, the Company recognized $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, in stock-based compensation expense related to these performance-based restricted stock grants, compared to $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015, respectively.

Performance Stock Units

The Company grants members of its executive management committee performance stock units that do not vest unless the Company achieves a specified cumulative EPS target over a three-year performance period. The number of shares issued will vary based on the cumulative EPS target that is achieved. The Company estimates the cost of performance stock units based upon the grant date fair value and expected vesting percentage over the three-year performance period. For the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, the Company recognized $1.2 million and $3.5 million, respectively, in stock-based compensation expense related to these performance stock units, compared to $1.6 million and $3.6 million for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015, respectively.

The three-year performance period for the 2013 grant ended on December 31, 2015, and the Company's cumulative EPS for the performance period exceeded the level required for a maximum award under the terms of the grant. As a result on February 17, 2016, executive management committee members were granted 308,400 of fully vested common shares.

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As of September 30, 2016, outstanding performance stock unit grants made in 2014 and 2015 are expected to pay out at the maximum award amount, which is equivalent to 409,800 common shares with a grant date fair value of $10.4 million. In January 2016, performance stock units were granted to executive management committee members with cumulative target awards equivalent to 109,704 shares of common stock. Assuming a 100% vesting percentage for the 2016 performance stock units, the grant date fair value of the awards was $3.4 million.

Stock Options

The Company's stock option awards consist of those awards assumed as part of the Bridge acquisition. During the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, the Company recognized $0.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively, in compensation expense related to these awards. There were no stock option awards granted by the Company during the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015.

Treasury Shares

Treasury shares represent shares surrendered to the Company equal in value to the statutory payroll tax withholding obligations arising from the vesting of employee restricted stock awards. During the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, the Company purchased treasury shares of 8,328 and 301,495, respectively, at a weighted average price of $34.30 and $30.95 per share, respectively. During the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015, the Company purchased treasury shares of 15,345 and 270,126, respectively, at a weighted average price of $32.14 and $27.54 per share, respectively.

8. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income by component, net of tax, for the periods indicated: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	Unrealized holding gains (losses) on AFS			Unrealized holding gains (losses) on SERP			Unrealized holding gains (losses) on junior subordinated debt			Impairment loss on securities		Total
	(in thousands)
Balance, June 30, 2016	$	33,013		$	102		$	13,367		$	144	$	46,626
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(7,415		)	6			(2,825		)	—		(10,234		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	—			—			—			—		—
Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income	(7,415		)	6			(2,825		)	—		(10,234		)
Balance, September 30, 2016	$	25,598		$	108		$	10,542		$	144	$	36,392
Balance, June 30, 2015	$	14,867		$	337		$	11,359		$	144	$	26,707
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	5,486			(229		)	3,274			—		8,531
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	38			—			—			—		38
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	5,524			(229		)	3,274			—		8,569
Balance, September 30, 2015	$	20,391		$	108		$	14,633		$	144	$	35,276

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	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	Unrealized holding gains (losses) on AFS			Unrealized holding gains (losses) on SERP		Unrealized holding gains (losses) on junior subordinated debt			Impairment loss on securities		Total
	(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	9,993		$	90	$	12,033		$	144	$	22,260
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	16,316			18		(1,491		)	—		14,843
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	(711		)	—		—			—		(711		)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	15,605			18		(1,491		)	—		14,132
Balance, September 30, 2016	$	25,598		$	108	$	10,542		$	144	$	36,392
Balance, January 1, 2015	$	16,495		$	—	$	16,309		$	144	$	32,948
SERP assumed in Bridge acquisition	—			108		—			—		108
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	4,261			—		(1,676		)	—		2,585
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	(365		)	—		—			—		(365		)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	3,896			108		(1,676		)	—		2,328
Balance, September 30, 2015	$	20,391		$	108	$	14,633		$	144	$	35,276

The following table presents reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
Income Statement Classification	2016		2015			2016			2015
	(in thousands)
Gain (loss) on sales of investment securities, net	$	—	$	(62	)	$	1,001		$	582
Income tax (expense) benefit	—		24			(290		)	(217		)
Net of tax	$	—	$	(38	)	$	711		$	365

9. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

The Company is a party to various derivative instruments. Derivative instruments are contracts between two or more parties that have a notional amount and an underlying variable, require a small or no initial investment, and allow for the net settlement of positions. A derivative’s notional amount serves as the basis for the payment provision of the contract and takes the form of units, such as shares or dollars. A derivative’s underlying variable is a specified interest rate, security price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index, or other variable. The interaction between the notional amount and the underlying variable determines the number of units to be exchanged between the parties and influences the fair value of the derivative contract.

The primary type of derivatives that the Company uses are interest rate swaps. Generally, these instruments are used to help manage the Company's exposure to interest rate risk and meet client financing and hedging needs.

Derivatives are recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, after taking into account the effects of bilateral collateral and master netting agreements. These agreements allow the Company to settle all derivative contracts held with the same counterparty on a net basis, and to offset net derivative positions with related cash collateral, where applicable.

As of September 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and September 30, 2015, the Company does not have any significant outstanding cash flow hedges or free-standing derivatives.

Derivatives Designated in Hedge Relationships

The Company utilizes derivatives that have been designated as part of a hedge relationship in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance to minimize the exposure to changes in benchmark interest rates and volatility of net interest income and EVE to interest rate fluctuations. The primary derivative instruments used to manage interest rate risk are interest rate swaps, which convert the contractual interest rate index of agreed-upon amounts of assets and liabilities (i.e., notional amounts) to another interest rate index.

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The Company has entered into pay fixed/receive variable interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges of certain fixed rate loans. As a result, the Company receives variable-rate interest payments in exchange for making fixed-rate payments over the lives of the contracts without exchanging the notional amounts.

The Company has also entered into pay variable/receive fixed interest rate swaps, designated as fair value hedges on its fixed rate subordinated debt offerings. As a result, the Company is paying a floating rate of three month LIBOR plus 3.16% and is receiving semi-annual fixed payments of 5.00% to match the payments on the $150.0 million subordinated debt. For the fair value hedge on the Company's subordinated debentures issued on June 16, 2016, the Company is paying a floating rate of three month LIBOR plus 3.25% and is receiving quarterly fixed payments of 6.25% to match the payments on the debt.

Fair Values, Volume of Activity, and Gain/Loss Information Related to Derivative Instruments

The following table summarizes the fair values of the Company's derivative instruments on a gross and net basis as of September 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and September 30, 2015. The change in the notional amounts of these derivatives from December 31, 2015 to September 30, 2016 indicates the volume of the Company's derivative transaction activity during these periods. The derivative asset and liability balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of bilateral collateral and master netting agreements. Total derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted to take into account the impact of legally enforceable master netting agreements that allow the Company to settle all derivative contracts with the same counterparty on a net basis and to offset the net derivative position with the related collateral. Where master netting agreements are not in effect or are not enforceable under bankruptcy laws, the Company does not adjust those derivative amounts with counterparties. The fair value of derivative contracts, after taking into account the effects of master netting agreements, is included in other assets or other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, as indicated in the following table:

	September 30, 2016						December 31, 2015						September 30, 2015
			Fair Value						Fair Value						Fair Value
	Notional Amount		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities		Notional Amount		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities		Notional Amount		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
	(in thousands)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Fair value hedges
Interest rate swaps	$	988,337	$	4,350	$	100,067	$	800,478	$	3,569	$	64,785	$	805,073	$	4,009	$	70,391
Total	988,337		4,350		100,067		800,478		3,569		64,785		805,073		4,009		70,391
Netting adjustments (1)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Net derivatives in the balance sheet	$	988,337	$	4,350	$	100,067	$	800,478	$	3,569	$	64,785	$	805,073	$	4,009	$	70,391

(1) Netting adjustments represent the amounts recorded to convert derivative balances from a gross basis to a net basis in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance.

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Fair value hedges

An assessment of effectiveness is performed at initiation of a hedge and on a quarterly basis thereafter. All of the Company's fair value hedges remained “highly effective” as of September 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and September 30, 2015.

The following table summarizes the gains (losses) on fair value hedges for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, all of which are recorded in other non-interest income.

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
	(in thousands)
Hedge of Fixed Rate Loans (1)
Gain (loss) on "pay fixed" swap	$	7,225		$	(21,345	)	$	(35,087	)	$	(12,572	)
(Loss) gain on receive fixed rate loans	(7,206		)	21,382			35,113			12,629
Net ineffectiveness	$	19		$	37		$	26		$	57
Hedge of Fixed Rate Subordinated Debt Issuances (1)
(Loss) gain on "receive fixed" swap	$	(3,793	)	$	3,812		$	395		$	4,009
Gain (loss) on subordinated debt	3,793			(3,812		)	(395		)	(4,009		)
Net ineffectiveness	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—

(1) The fair value of derivatives contracts are carried as other assets and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The effective portion of hedging gains (losses) is recorded as basis adjustments to the underlying hedged asset or liability. Gains and losses on both the hedging derivative and hedged item are recorded through non-interest income with a resulting net income impact for the amount of ineffectiveness.

Counterparty Credit Risk

Like other financial instruments, derivatives contain an element of credit risk. This risk is measured as the expected positive replacement value of the contracts. Management generally enters into bilateral collateral and master netting agreements that provide for the net settlement of all contracts with the same counterparty. Additionally, management monitors counterparty credit risk exposure on each contract to determine appropriate limits on the Company's total credit exposure across all product types. In general, the Company has a zero credit threshold with regard to derivative exposure with counterparties. Management reviews the Company's collateral positions on a daily basis and exchanges collateral with counterparties in accordance with standard ISDA documentation and other related agreements. The Company generally posts collateral in the form of highly rated securities issued by the U.S. Treasury or government-sponsored enterprises, such as GNMA, FNMA, and FHLMC. The total collateral posted by the Company for derivatives in a net liability position totaled $100.1 million at September 30, 2016, $61.7 million at December 31, 2015, and $67.3 million at September 30, 2015.

The following table summarizes the Company's largest exposure to an individual counterparty at the dates indicated for derivatives in net asset positions:

	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015		September 30, 2015
	(in thousands)
Largest gross exposure (derivative asset) to an individual counterparty	$	4,159	$	3,569	$	4,009
Collateral posted by this counterparty	4,131		4,680		—
Derivative liability with this counterparty	—		—		—
Collateral pledged to this counterparty	—		1,340		—
Net exposure after netting adjustments and collateral	$	28	$	229	$	4,009

Credit Risk Contingent Features

Management has entered into certain derivative contracts that require the Company to post collateral to the counterparties when these contracts are in a net liability position. Conversely, the counterparties may be required to post collateral when these contracts are in a net asset position. The amount of collateral to be posted is based on the amount of the net liability and exposure thresholds. As of September 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and September 30, 2015 the aggregate fair value of all derivative contracts with credit risk contingent features (i.e., those containing collateral posting provisions) held by the Company that were in a net liability position totaled $100.1 million, $64.8 million, and $70.4 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2016, the Company was in an over-collateralized net position of $23.1 million after considering $123.1 million of collateral held in the form of securities. As of December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2015, the Company was in an over-collateralized position of $15.5 million and $8.4 million, respectively.

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10. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Diluted EPS is based on the weighted average outstanding common shares during each period, including common stock equivalents. Basic EPS is based on the weighted average outstanding common shares during the period.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016		2015		2016		2015
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Weighted average shares - basic	103,768		100,776		102,791		92,345
Dilutive effect of stock awards	796		744		741		587
Weighted average shares - diluted	104,564		101,520		103,532		92,932
Net income available to common stockholders	$	67,052	$	55,684	$	189,998	$	135,119
Earnings per share - basic	0.65		0.55		1.85		1.46
Earnings per share - diluted	0.64		0.55		1.84		1.45

The Company had no anti-dilutive stock options outstanding at each of the periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015.

11. INCOME TAXES

The effective tax rate was 30.32% and 23.47% for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company's effective tax rate was 28.31% and 24.88%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 is due primarily to an increase in projected pre-tax book income without proportional increases to favorable tax rate items.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements at currently enacted income tax rates applicable to the period in which the deferred tax assets or liabilities are expected to be reversed. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes.

For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, the net deferred tax assets decreased$13.6 million to $72.7 million. This overall decrease in the net deferred tax asset was primarily the result of decreases to deferred tax assets based on a change in fair market value of junior subordinated debt and AFS securities, expected use of AMT credit carryovers, and fair market value adjustments related to acquired loans.

Although realization is not assured, the Company believes that the realization of the recognized deferred tax asset of $72.7 million at September 30, 2016 is more-likely-than-not based on expectations as to future taxable income and based on available tax planning strategies within the meaning of ASC 740, Income Taxes, that could be implemented if necessary to prevent a carryover from expiring.

At each of the periods ended September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had no deferred tax valuation allowance.

The deferred tax asset related to federal and state NOL carryovers outstanding at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 available to reduce the tax liability in future years totaled $9.1 million and $9.3 million, respectively. The respective $9.1 million and $9.3 million of tax benefits relate entirely to federal NOL carryovers (subject to an annual limitation imposed by IRC Section 382). The Company’s ability to use federal NOL carryovers, as well as its ability to use certain future tax deductions called NUBILs associated with the Company's acquisitions is subject to annual limitations. In management’s opinion, it is more-likely-than-not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize all of the deferred tax benefits related to these NOL carryovers and NUBILs.

At each of the periods ended September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, net of associated deferred tax benefit, that would impact the effective tax rate, if recognized, was $0.7 million.

Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized as part of the provision for income taxes. During each of the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized no amounts for penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits and no amounts for interest.

At each of the periods ended September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company has accrued a $0.1 million liability for penalties and a $0.1 million liability for interest.

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Investments in LIHTC

The Company invests in LIHTC funds that help the Company satisfy its CRA obligations and yield a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits.

Investments in LIHTC and unfunded LIHTC obligations are included as part of other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and total $166.1 million and $63.4 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2016, compared to $152.7 million and $61.2 million as of December 31, 2015. For the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, $5.5 million and $4.8 million of amortization related to LIHTC investments was recognized as a component of income tax expense, respectively. For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, $13.7 million and $10.4 million of amortization related to LIHTC investments was recognized as a component of income tax expense, respectively.

12. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Unfunded Commitments and Letters of Credit

The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. They involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Lines of credit are obligations to lend money to a borrower. Credit risk arises when the borrower's current financial condition may indicate less ability to pay than when the commitment was originally made. In the case of standby letters of credit, the risk arises from the potential failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of a contract. In such a situation, the third party might draw on the standby letter of credit to pay for completion of the contract and the Company would look to its customer to repay these funds with interest. To minimize the risk, the Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it would for a loan to that customer.

Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees are commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party in borrowing arrangements. The Company generally has recourse to recover from the customer any amounts paid under the guarantees. Typically, letters of credit issued have expiration dates within one year.

A summary of the contractual amounts for unfunded commitments and letters of credit are as follows: 

	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
	(in thousands)
Commitments to extend credit, including unsecured loan commitments of $389,123 at September 30, 2016 and $341,374 at December 31, 2015	$	3,973,444	$	3,624,578
Credit card commitments and financial guarantees	54,270		57,966
Standby letters of credit, including unsecured letters of credit of $5,962 at September 30, 2016 and $4,257 at December 31, 2015	50,295		50,659
Total	$	4,078,009	$	3,733,203

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer provided that there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The Company enters into credit arrangements that generally provide for the termination of advances in the event of a covenant violation or other event of default. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the party. The commitments are collateralized by the same types of assets used as loan collateral.

The Company has exposure to credit losses from unfunded commitments and letters of credit. As funds have not been disbursed on these commitments, they are not reported as loans outstanding. Credit losses related to these commitments are not included in the allowance for credit losses reported in "Note 3. Loans, Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses" of these Consolidated Financial Statements and are accounted for as a separate loss contingency. This loss contingency for unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit was $11.0 million(including $7.0 million related to loans acquired in the HFF asset purchase)and $3.3 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Changes to this liability are adjusted through non-interest expense.

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Concentrations of Lending Activities

The Company’s lending activities are driven in large part by the customers served in the market areas where the Company has branch offices in the states of Arizona, Nevada, and California. Despite the geographic concentration of lending activities, the Company does not have a single external customer from which it derives 10% or more of its revenues. The Company monitors concentrations within four broad categories: geography, industry, product, and collateral. The Company's loan portfolio includes significant credit exposure to the CRE market. As of the periods ended September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, CRE related loans accounted for approximately 54% and 49% of total loans, respectively. Substantially all of these loans are secured by first liens with an initial loan to value ratio of generally not more than 75%. Approximately 35% and 48% of these CRE loans, excluding construction and land loans, were owner-occupied at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

Contingencies

The Company is involved in various lawsuits of a routine nature that are being handled and defended in the ordinary course of the Company’s business. Expenses are being incurred in connection with these lawsuits, but in the opinion of management, based in part on consultation with outside legal counsel, the resolution of these lawsuits and associated defense costs will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Lease Commitments

The Company leases the majority of its office locations and many of these leases contain multiple renewal options and provisions for increased rents. Total rent expense of $2.8 million and $2.3 million for three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, was included in occupancy expense. For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, total rent expense was $8.1 million and $5.5 million, respectively.

13. FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING

The fair value of an asset or liability is the price that would be received to sell that asset or paid to transfer that liability in an orderly transaction occurring in the principal market (or most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market) for such asset or liability. In estimating fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach, and/or the cost approach. Such valuation techniques are consistently applied. Inputs to valuation techniques include the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. ASC 825 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under ASC 825 are described in "Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

In general, fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments may include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality and the Company’s creditworthiness, among other things, as well as unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time. The Company’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Furthermore, the reported fair value amounts have not been comprehensively revalued since the presentation dates, and therefore, estimates of fair value after the balance sheet date may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein. A more detailed description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value is set forth below. Transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy are recognized as of the end of the month following the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer.

Under ASC 825, the Company elected the FVO treatment for certain junior subordinated debt issuances. This election is irrevocable and results in the recognition of unrealized gains and losses on these items in earnings at each reporting date.

All securities for which the fair value measurement option had been elected are included in a separate line item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as securities measured at fair value.

45

For the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015 gains and losses from fair value changes were as follows:

	Changes in Fair Values for Items Measured at Fair Value Pursuant to Election of the Fair Value Option
	Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value, Net			Interest Income on Securities		Interest Expense on Junior Subordinated Debt		Total Changes Included in Current-Period Earnings			Total Changes Included in OCI, Net of Tax
	(in thousands)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
Securities measured at fair value	$	(12	)	$	9	$	—	$	(3	)	$	—
Junior subordinated debt	(4,604		)	—		625		625			(2,825		)
Total	$	(4,616	)	$	9	$	625	$	622		$	(2,825	)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
Securities measured at fair value	$	(18	)	$	30	$	—	$	12		$	—
Junior subordinated debt	(2,386		)	—		1,843		1,843			(1,491		)
Total	$	(2,404	)	$	30	$	1,843	$	1,855		$	(1,491	)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2015
Securities measured at fair value	$	(6	)	$	13	$	—	$	7		$	—
Junior subordinated debt	5,325			—		540		540			3,274
Total	$	5,319		$	13	$	540	$	547		$	3,274
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
Securities measured at fair value	$	(20	)	$	41	$	—	$	21		$	—
Junior subordinated debt	(2,720		)	—		1,431		1,431			(1,676		)
Total	$	(2,740	)	$	41	$	1,431	$	1,452		$	(1,676	)

There were no net gains or losses recognized during the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015 on trading securities sold during the period.

Interest income on securities measured at fair value is accounted for similarly to those classified as AFS. Any premiums or discounts are recognized in interest income over the term of the securities. For MBS, estimates of prepayments are considered in the constant yield calculations. Interest expense on junior subordinated debt is also determined under a constant yield calculation.

Fair value on a recurring basis

Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis include the following:

Securities measured at fair value: All of the Company’s securities measured at fair value, which consist of MBS, are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs in the same manner as described below for AFS securities.

AFS securities: CRA investments, preferred stock, and U.S. treasury securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs. With the exception of CDO securities, other securities classified as AFS are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things. The Company estimates the fair value of CDO securities utilizing Level 3 inputs, which include pricing indications from comparable securities.

Independent pricing service: The Company's independent pricing service provides pricing information on Level 1, 2, and 3 securities, and represents the pricing source for the majority of the portfolio. Management independently evaluates the fair value measurements received from the Company's third party pricing service through multiple review steps. First, management reviews what has transpired in the marketplace with respect to interest rates, credit spreads, volatility, and mortgage rates, among other things, and develops an expectation of changes to the securities' valuations from the previous quarter. Then, management obtains market values from additional sources. The pricing service provides management with observable market data including interest rate curves and mortgage prepayment speed grids, as well as dealer quote sheets, new bond offering sheets, and historical trade documentation. Management reviews the assumptions and decides whether they are reasonable. Management may compare interest rates, credit spreads, and prepayments speeds used as part of the assumptions to those that management believes are reasonable. Management may price securities using the provided assumptions to determine whether

46

they can develop similar prices on like securities. Any discrepancies between management’s review and the prices provided by the vendor are discussed with the vendor and the Company’s other valuation advisors. Lastly, management selects a sample of investment securities and compares the values provided by its primary third party pricing service to the market values obtained from secondary sources and evaluates those with notable variances.

Annually, the Company receives an SSAE 16 report from its independent pricing service attesting to the controls placed on the operations of the service from its auditor.

Interest rate swaps: Interest rate swaps are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. The Company obtains dealer quotations to value its interest rate swaps.

Junior subordinated debt: The Company estimates the fair value of its junior subordinated debt using a discounted cash flow model which incorporates the effect of the Company’s own credit risk in the fair value of the liabilities (Level 3). The Company’s cash flow assumptions are based on contractual cash flows as the Company anticipates that it will pay the debt according to its contractual terms.

As of September 30, 2016, the Company estimated the discount rate at 5.65%, which represents an implied credit spread of 4.79% plus three-month LIBOR (0.85%). As of December 31, 2015, the Company estimated the discount rate at 5.67%, which was a 5.06% credit spread plus three-month LIBOR (0.61%).

The fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis was determined using the following inputs as of the periods presented: 

	Fair Value Measurements at the End of the Reporting Period Using:
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
September 30, 2016
Assets:
Measured at fair value
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	$	—	$	1,279	$	—	$	1,279
Available-for-sale
Collateralized debt obligations	$	—	$	—	$	10,552	$	10,552
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	—		126,595		—		126,595
Corporate debt securities	20,000		5,628		—		25,628
CRA investments	37,753		—		—		37,753
Municipal obligations	—		403,417		—		403,417
Preferred stock	110,479		—		—		110,479
Private label residential MBS	—		463,091		—		463,091
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	—		1,395,685		—		1,395,685
Trust preferred securities	—		24,445		—		24,445
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	—		59,001		—		59,001
U.S. treasury securities	—		2,536		—		2,536
Total AFS securities	$	168,232	$	2,480,398	$	10,552	$	2,659,182
Loans - HFS	$	—	$	21,337	$	—	$	21,337
Derivative assets (1)	—		4,350		—		4,350
Liabilities:
Junior subordinated debt (2)	$	—	$	—	$	49,314	$	49,314
Derivative liabilities (1)	—		100,067		—		100,067

(1) Derivative assets and liabilities relate to interest rate swaps, see "Note 9. Derivatives and Hedging Activities." In addition, the carrying value of loans includes a net positive value of $106,503 and the net carrying value of subordinated debt includes a net negative value of $4,350 as of September 30, 2016, which relates to the effective portion of the hedges put in place to mitigate against fluctuations in interest rates.

(2) Includes only the portion of junior subordinated debt that is recorded at fair value at each reporting period pursuant to the election of FVO treatment.

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	Fair Value Measurements at the End of the Reporting Period Using:
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2015
Assets:
Measured at fair value
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	$	—	$	1,481	$	—	$	1,481
Available-for-sale
Collateralized debt obligations	$	—	$	—	$	10,060	$	10,060
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	—		19,114		—		19,114
Corporate debt securities	—		13,251		—		13,251
CRA investments	34,685		—		—		34,685
Municipal obligations	—		334,830		—		334,830
Preferred stock	111,236		—		—		111,236
Private label commercial MBS	—		4,691		—		4,691
Private label residential MBS	—		257,128		—		257,128
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	—		1,170,221		—		1,170,221
Trust preferred securities	—		24,314		—		24,314
U.S. treasury securities	2,993		—		—		2,993
Total AFS securities	$	148,914	$	1,823,549	$	10,060	$	1,982,523
Loans - HFS	$	—	$	23,809	$	—	$	23,809
Derivative assets (1)	—		3,569		—		3,569
Liabilities:
Junior subordinated debt (2)	$	—	$	—	$	46,928	$	46,928
Derivative liabilities (1)	—		64,785		—		64,785

(1) Derivative assets and liabilities relate to interest rate swaps, see "Note 9. Derivatives and Hedging Activities." In addition, the carrying value of loans includes a positive value of $64,184 and the net carrying value of subordinated debt includes a net negative value of $3,569 as of December 31, 2015, which relates to the effective portion of the hedges put in place to mitigate against fluctuations in interest rates.

(2) Includes only the portion of junior subordinated debt that is recorded at fair value at each reporting period pursuant to the election of FVO treatment.

For the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, the change in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis was as follows: 

	Junior Subordinated Debt
	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
	(in thousands)
Beginning balance	$	(44,710	)	$	(48,482	)	$	(46,928	)	$	(40,437	)
Transfers into Level 3	—			—			—			—
Total gains (losses) for the period
Included in other comprehensive income (1)	(4,604		)	5,325			$	(2,386	)	$	(2,720	)
Ending balance	$	(49,314	)	$	(43,157	)	$	(49,314	)	$	(43,157	)

(1) Due to the Company's election to early adopt an element of ASU 2016-01, changes in the fair value of junior subordinated debt are presented as part of OCI rather than earnings effective January 1, 2015. Accordingly, total losses are included in the other comprehensive income line, Unrealized gain (loss) on junior subordinated debt, which is net of tax. The above amount represents the gross loss from changes in fair value of junior subordinated debt.

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	CDO Securities
	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016		2015			2016		2015
	(in thousands)
Beginning balance	$	10,183	$	10,804		$	10,060	$	11,445
Transfers into Level 3	—		—			—		—
Total gains (losses) for the period
Included in other comprehensive income (1)	369		(594		)	492		(1,235		)
Ending balance	$	10,552	$	10,210		$	10,552	$	10,210

(1) Total gains (losses) for the period are included in the other comprehensive income line, Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS securities.

For Level 3 liabilities and assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows: 

	September 30, 2016		Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Input Value
	(in thousands)
Junior subordinated debt	$	49,314	Discounted cash flow	Implied credit rating of the Company	5.65	%
CDO securities	10,552		S&P Model	Pricing indications from comparable securities

	December 31, 2015		Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Input Value
	(in thousands)
Junior subordinated debt	$	46,928	Discounted cash flow	Adjusted Corporate Bond over Treasury Index with comparable credit spread	5.67	%
CDO securities	10,060		S&P Model	Pricing indications from comparable securities

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s junior subordinated debt as of September 30, 2016 was the implied credit risk for the Company, calculated as the difference between the 20-year 'BB' rated financial index over the corresponding swap index.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company's CDO securities include securities terms, conditions, and underlying collateral type, as well as trustee and servicer reports, trade data on comparable securities, and market quotes that are converted into spreads to benchmark LIBOR curves. Significant increases or decreases in these inputs could result in significantly different fair value measurements.

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Fair value on a nonrecurring basis

Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. That is, the assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis, but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). The following table presents such assets carried on the balance sheet by caption and by level within the ASC 825 hierarchy:

	Fair Value Measurements at the End of the Reporting Period Using
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Active Markets for Similar Assets (Level 2)		Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
As of September 30, 2016:
Impaired loans with specific valuation allowance	$	8,634	$	—	$	—	$	8,634
Impaired loans without specific valuation allowance (1)	58,810		—		—		58,810
Other assets acquired through foreclosure	49,619		—		—		49,619
As of December 31, 2015:
Impaired loans with specific valuation allowance	$	19,629	$	—	$	—	$	19,629
Impaired loans without specific valuation allowance (1)	66,754		—		—		66,754
Other assets acquired through foreclosure	43,942		—		—		43,942

(1) Excludes loan balances with charge-offs of $32.5 million and $37.8 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

For Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows: 

	September 30, 2016		Valuation Technique(s)		Significant Unobservable Inputs	Range
	(in thousands)
Impaired loans	$	67,444	Collateral method	Third party appraisal	Costs to sell	4.0% to 10.0%
			Discounted cash flow method	Discount rate	Contractual loan rate	4.0% to 7.0%
				Scheduled cash collections	Loss given default	0% to 20.0%
				Proceeds from non-real estate collateral	Loss given default	0% to 70.0%
Other assets acquired through foreclosure	49,619		Collateral method	Third party appraisal	Costs to sell	4.0% to 10.0%

	December 31, 2015		Valuation Technique(s)		Significant Unobservable Inputs	Range
	(in thousands)
Impaired loans	$	86,383	Collateral method	Third party appraisal	Costs to sell	4.0% to 10.0%
			Discounted cash flow method	Discount rate	Contractual loan rate	4.0% to 7.0%
				Scheduled cash collections	Loss given default	0% to 20.0%
				Proceeds from non-real estate collateral	Loss given default	0% to 70.0%
Other assets acquired through foreclosure	43,942		Collateral method	Third party appraisal	Costs to sell	4.0% to 10.0%

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Impaired loans: The specific reserves for collateral dependent impaired loans are based on collateral value, net of estimated disposition costs and other identified quantitative inputs. Collateral value is determined based on independent third-party appraisals or internally-developed discounted cash flow analyses. Appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches, including comparable sales and the income approach. Fair value is determined, where possible, using market prices derived from an appraisal or evaluation, which are considered to be Level 2. However, certain assumptions and unobservable inputs are often used by the appraiser, therefore qualifying the assets as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. In addition, when adjustments are made to an appraised value to reflect various factors such as the age of the appraisal or known changes in the market or the collateral, such valuation inputs are considered unobservable and the fair value measurement is categorized as a Level 3 measurement. Internal discounted cash flow analyses are also utilized to estimate the fair value of impaired loans, which considers internally-developed, unobservable inputs such as discount rates, default rates, and loss severity.

Total Level 3 impaired loans had an estimated fair value of $67.4 million and $86.4 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Impaired loans with a specific valuation allowance had a gross estimated fair value of $13.4 million and $24.3 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, which was reduced by a specific valuation allowance of $4.8 million and $4.7 million, respectively.

Other assets acquired through foreclosure: Other assets acquired through foreclosure consist of properties acquired as a result of, or in-lieu-of, foreclosure. These assets are initially reported at the fair value determined by independent third-party appraisals using appraised value less estimated cost to sell. Such properties are generally re-appraised every twelve months. There is risk for subsequent volatility. Costs relating to the development or improvement of the assets are capitalized and costs relating to holding the assets are charged to expense.

Fair value is determined, where possible, using market prices derived from an appraisal or evaluation, which are considered to be Level 2. However, certain assumptions and unobservable inputs are often used by the appraiser, therefore qualifying the assets as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. In addition, when significant adjustments are based on unobservable inputs, such as when a current appraised value is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, the resulting fair value measurement has been categorized as a Level 3 measurement. The Company had $49.6 million and $43.9 million of such assets at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

Credit vs. non-credit losses

Under the provisions of ASC 320, Investments-Debt and Equity Securities, OTTI is separated into the amount of total impairment related to the credit loss and the amount of the total impairment related to all other factors. The amount of the total OTTI related to the credit loss is recognized in earnings. The amount of the total impairment related to all other factors is recognized in OCI.

For the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company determined that no securities experienced credit losses.

There is no OTTI balance recognized in comprehensive income as of September 30, 2016 and 2015.

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FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments is as follows: 

	September 30, 2016
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Financial assets:
Investment securities:
HTM	$	52,421	$	—	$	55,717	$	—	$	55,717
AFS	2,659,182		168,232		2,480,398		10,552		2,659,182
Trading	1,279		—		1,279		—		1,279
Derivative assets	4,350		—		4,350		—		4,350
Loans, net	12,910,715		—		12,585,292		67,444		12,652,736
Accrued interest receivable	57,704		—		57,704		—		57,704
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	14,443,160	$	—	$	14,446,965	$	—	$	14,446,965
Customer repurchases	44,372		—		44,372		—		44,372
Qualifying debt	382,932		—		—		389,752		389,752
Derivative liabilities	100,067		—		100,067		—		100,067
Accrued interest payable	9,722		—		9,722		—		9,722

	December 31, 2015
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Financial assets:
Investment securities:
AFS	$	1,982,523	$	148,914	$	1,823,549	$	10,060	$	1,982,523
Trading	1,481		—		1,481		—		1,481
Derivative assets	3,569		—		3,569		—		3,569
Loans, net	11,017,595		—		10,766,826		86,383		10,853,209
Accrued interest receivable	54,445		—		54,445		—		54,445
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	12,030,624	$	—	$	12,034,199	$	—	$	12,034,199
Customer repurchases	38,155		—		38,155		—		38,155
FHLB advances	150,000		—		150,000		—		150,000
Qualifying debt	210,328		—		—		207,437		207,437
Derivative liabilities	64,785		—		64,785		—		64,785
Accrued interest payable	13,626		—		13,626		—		13,626

Interest rate risk

The Company assumes interest rate risk (the risk to the Company’s earnings and capital from changes in interest rate levels) as a result of its normal operations. As a result, the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as well as its future net interest income will change when interest rate levels change and that change may be either favorable or unfavorable to the Company.

Interest rate risk exposure is measured using interest rate sensitivity analysis to determine the Company's change in EVE and net interest income resulting from hypothetical changes in interest rates. If potential changes to EVE and net interest income resulting from hypothetical interest rate changes are not within the limits established by the BOD, the BOD may direct management to adjust the asset and liability mix to bring interest rate risk within BOD-approved limits. As of September 30, 2016, the Company’s interest rate risk profile was within BOD-approved limits.

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WAB has an ALCO charged with managing interest rate risk within the BOD-approved limits. Limits are structured to prohibit an interest rate risk profile that does not conform to both management and BOD risk tolerances. There is also ALCO reporting at the Parent company level for reviewing interest rate risk for the Company, which gets reported to the BOD and the Finance and Investment Committee.

Fair value of commitments

The estimated fair value of standby letters of credit outstanding at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was insignificant. Loan commitments on which the committed interest rates were less than the current market rate were also insignificant at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015.

14. SEGMENTS

The Company's reportable segments are aggregated based primarily on geographic location, services offered, and markets served. The Company's regional segments, which include Arizona, Nevada, Southern California, and Northern California, provide full service banking and related services to their respective markets. The operations from the regional segments correspond to the following banking divisions: ABA in Arizona, BON and FIB in Nevada, TPB in Southern California, and Bridge in Northern California.

The Company's NBL segments provide specialized banking services to niche markets. With the purchase of GE's domestic select-service hotel franchise loan portfolio on April 20, 2016, management has created a new operating segment called HFF, which is now included as one of the Company's NBL reportable segments. The Company's other NBL reportable segments include HOA Services, Public & Nonprofit Finance, Technology & Innovation, and Other NBLs. These NBLs are managed centrally and are broader in geographic scope than the Company's other segments, though still predominately located within the Company's core market areas. The HOA Services NBL corresponds to the AAB division. The newly created HFF NBL includes the hotel franchise loan portfolio purchased from GE. The operations of Public and Nonprofit Finance are combined into one reportable segment. The Technology & Innovation NBL includes the operations of Equity Fund Resources, Life Sciences Group, Renewable Resource Group, and Technology Finance. The Other NBLs segment consists of Corporate Finance, Mortgage Warehouse Lending, and Resort Finance.

The Corporate & Other segment consists of corporate-related items, income and expense items not allocated to the Company's other reportable segments, and inter-segment eliminations.

The Company's segment reporting process begins with the assignment of all loan and deposit accounts directly to the segments where these products are originated and/or serviced. Equity capital is assigned to each segment based on the risk profile of their assets and liabilities. With the exception of goodwill, which is assigned a 100% weighting, equity capital allocations ranged from 0% to 12% during the year, with a funds credit provided for the use of this equity as a funding source. Any excess or deficient equity not allocated to segments based on risk is assigned to the Corporate & Other segment.

Net interest income, provision for credit losses, and non-interest expense amounts are recorded in their respective segment to the extent that the amounts are directly attributable to those segments. Net interest income is recorded in each segment on a TEB with a corresponding increase in income tax expense, which is eliminated in the Corporate & Other segment.

Further, net interest income of a reportable segment includes a funds transfer pricing process that matches assets and liabilities with similar interest rate sensitivity and maturity characteristics. Using this funds transfer pricing methodology, liquidity is transferred between users and providers. A net user of funds has lending/investing in excess of deposits/borrowings and a net provider of funds has deposits/borrowings in excess of lending/investing. A segment that is a user of funds is charged for the use of funds, while a provider of funds is credited through funds transfer pricing, which is determined based on the average life of the assets or liabilities in the portfolio.

Net income amounts for each reportable segment are further derived by the use of expense allocations. Certain expenses not directly attributable to a specific segment are allocated across all segments based on key metrics, such as number of employees, average loan balances, and average deposit balances. These types of expenses include information technology, operations, human resources, finance, risk management, credit administration, legal, and marketing.

Income taxes are applied to each segment based on the effective tax rate for the geographic location of the segment. Any difference in the corporate tax rate and the aggregate effective tax rates in the segments are adjusted in the Corporate & Other segment.

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The following is a summary of selected operating segment information for the periods indicated:

				Regional Segments
Balance Sheet:	Consolidated Company			Arizona			Nevada			Southern California			Northern California
At September 30, 2016	(dollars in millions)
Assets:
Cash, cash equivalents, and investment securities	$	3,134.2		$	1.9		$	7.9		$	1.9		$	1.3
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	13,033.6			2,938.0			1,697.3			1,833.4			1,072.1
Less: allowance for credit losses	(122.9		)	(30.5		)	(18.5		)	(19.8		)	(9.1		)
Total loans	12,910.7			2,907.5			1,678.8			1,813.6			1,063.0
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	49.6			6.8			20.4			—			0.3
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net	303.6			—			23.9			—			157.8
Other assets	644.5			43.3			59.9			16.1			14.6
Total assets	$	17,042.6		$	2,959.5		$	1,790.9		$	1,831.6		$	1,237.0
Liabilities:
Deposits	$	14,443.2		$	3,931.9		$	3,712.0		$	2,255.0		$	1,505.0
Borrowings and qualifying debt	382.9			—			—			—			—
Other liabilities	359.1			13.2			30.7			11.1			15.8
Total liabilities	15,185.2			3,945.1			3,742.7			2,266.1			1,520.8
Allocated equity:	1,857.4			344.1			247.8			205.8			281.7
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	17,042.6		$	4,289.2		$	3,990.5		$	2,471.9		$	1,802.5
Excess funds provided (used)	—			1,329.7			2,199.6			640.3			565.5

Income Statement:
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016:	(in thousands)
Net interest income (expense)	$	172,547		$	45,531		$	35,977		$	26,488		$	22,181
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	2,000			2,399			(1,009		)	(105		)	144
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses	170,547			43,132			36,986			26,593			22,037
Non-interest income	10,683			1,180			2,264			686			2,916
Non-interest expense	(85,007		)	(16,084		)	(14,801		)	(11,532		)	(12,706		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	96,223			28,228			24,449			15,747			12,247
Income tax expense (benefit)	29,171			11,074			8,557			6,621			5,150
Net income	$	67,052		$	17,154		$	15,892		$	9,126		$	7,097

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016:	(in thousands)
Net interest income (expense)	$	481,944		$	125,191		$	102,016		$	76,719		$	67,272
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	7,000			10,875			(3,526		)	145			2,112
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses	474,944			114,316			105,542			76,574			65,160
Non-interest income	32,375			5,749			6,420			1,907			7,858
Non-interest expense	(242,304		)	(45,090		)	(44,371		)	(33,401		)	(40,154		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	265,015			74,975			67,591			45,080			32,864
Income tax expense (benefit)	75,017			29,413			23,657			18,956			13,819
Net income	$	189,998		$	45,562		$	43,934		$	26,124		$	19,045

54

	National Business Lines
Balance Sheet:	HOA Services			HFF			Public & Nonprofit Finance			Technology & Innovation			Other NBL			Corporate & Other
At September 30, 2016	(dollars in millions)
Assets:
Cash, cash equivalents, and investment securities	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	3,121.2
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	106.4			1,311.2			1,447.7			934.6			1,673.9			19.0
Less: allowance for credit losses	(1.2		)	(0.6		)	(15.7		)	(8.7		)	(18.1		)	(0.7		)
Total loans	105.2			1,310.6			1,432.0			925.9			1,655.8			18.3
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	—			—			—			—			—			22.1
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net	—			0.2			—			121.7			—			—
Other assets	0.3			5.4			9.9			4.9			11.0			479.1
Total assets	$	105.5		$	1,316.2		$	1,441.9		$	1,052.5		$	1,666.8		$	3,640.7
Liabilities:
Deposits	$	1,813.7		$	—		$	—		$	1,066.8		$	—		$	158.8
Borrowings and qualifying debt	—			—			—			—			—			382.9
Other liabilities	0.9			1.2			98.2			0.2			59.2			128.6
Total liabilities	1,814.6			1.2			98.2			1,067.0			59.2			670.3
Allocated equity:	46.4			108.1			86.2			218.2			139.0			180.1
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,861.0		$	109.3		$	184.4		$	1,285.2		$	198.2		$	850.4
Excess funds provided (used)	1,755.5			(1,206.9		)	(1,257.5		)	232.7			(1,468.6		)	(2,790.3		)

Income Statement:
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016:	(in thousands)
Net interest income (expense)	$	11,312		$	13,370		$	5,012		$	18,143		$	12,060		$	(17,527	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	72			—			(315		)	(557		)	1,372			(1		)
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses	11,240			13,370			5,327			18,700			10,688			(17,526		)
Non-interest income	125			—			19			1,871			728			894
Non-interest expense	(6,062		)	(3,207		)	(1,974		)	(8,837		)	(3,972		)	(5,832		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	5,303			10,163			3,372			11,734			7,444			(22,464		)
Income tax expense (benefit)	1,989			3,811			1,265			4,400			2,791			(16,487		)
Net income	$	3,314		$	6,352		$	2,107		$	7,334		$	4,653		$	(5,977	)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016:	(in thousands)
Net interest income (expense)	$	29,853		$	25,438		$	15,259		$	51,083		$	35,220		$	(46,107	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	160			—			(509		)	(2,336		)	3,309			(3,230		)
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses	29,693			25,438			15,768			53,419			31,911			(42,877		)
Non-interest income	340			—			22			4,623			1,598			3,858
Non-interest expense	(17,423		)	(5,764		)	(5,927		)	(23,177		)	(11,007		)	(15,990		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	12,610			19,674			9,863			34,865			22,502			(55,009		)
Income tax expense (benefit)	4,729			7,378			3,699			13,074			8,438			(48,146		)
Net income	$	7,881		$	12,296		$	6,164		$	21,791		$	14,064		$	(6,863	)

55

				Regional Segments
Balance Sheet:	Consolidated Company			Arizona			Nevada			Southern California			Northern California
At December 31, 2015	(dollars in millions)
Assets:
Cash, cash equivalents, and investment securities	$	2,266.8		$	2.3		$	9.5		$	2.4		$	2.4
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	11,136.7			2,811.7			1,737.2			1,761.9			1,188.4
Less: allowance for credit losses	(119.1		)	(30.1		)	(18.6		)	(18.8		)	(12.7		)
Total loans	11,017.6			2,781.6			1,718.6			1,743.1			1,175.7
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	43.9			8.4			20.8			—			0.3
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net	305.4			—			24.8			—			158.2
Other assets	641.4			43.9			62.3			15.7			16.1
Total assets	$	14,275.1		$	2,836.2		$	1,836.0		$	1,761.2		$	1,352.7
Liabilities:
Deposits	$	12,030.6		$	2,880.7		$	3,382.8		$	1,902.5		$	1,541.1
Borrowings and qualifying debt	360.3			—			—			—			—
Other liabilities	292.7			12.2			29.0			7.8			11.2
Total liabilities	12,683.6			2,892.9			3,411.8			1,910.3			1,552.3
Allocated equity:	1,591.5			309.2			244.4			191.3			293.2
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	14,275.1		$	3,202.1		$	3,656.2		$	2,101.6		$	1,845.5
Excess funds provided (used)	—			365.9			1,820.2			340.4			492.8

Income Statement:
Three Months Ended September 30, 2015:	(in thousands)
Net interest income (expense)	$	137,407		$	32,920		$	30,875		$	24,146		$	24,012
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	—			1,964			(2,376		)	(442		)	1,390
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses	137,407			30,956			33,251			24,588			22,622
Non-interest income	8,502			962			2,199			586			2,484
Non-interest expense	(72,916		)	(15,159		)	(15,513		)	(11,910		)	(12,846		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	72,993			16,759			19,937			13,264			12,260
Income tax expense (benefit)	17,133			6,574			6,978			5,577			5,156
Net income	$	55,860		$	10,185		$	12,959		$	7,687		$	7,104

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015:	(in thousands)
Net interest income (expense)	$	349,233		$	93,996		$	90,030		$	70,706		$	33,681
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	700			2,122			(5,175		)	(176		)	1,876
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses	348,533			91,874			95,205			70,882			31,805
Non-interest income	20,289			2,909			6,852			2,101			2,806
Non-interest expense	(188,158		)	(44,520		)	(45,019		)	(35,389		)	(16,776		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	180,664			50,263			57,038			37,594			17,835
Income tax expense (benefit)	44,946			19,718			19,963			15,808			7,500
Net income	$	135,718		$	30,545		$	37,075		$	21,786		$	10,335

56

	National Business Lines
Balance Sheet:	HOA Services			Public & Nonprofit Finance			Technology & Innovation			Other NBL			Corporate & Other
At December 31, 2015	(dollars in millions)
Assets:
Cash, cash equivalents, and investment securities	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	2,250.2
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	88.4			1,458.9			770.3			1,280.3			39.6
Less: allowance for credit losses	(0.9		)	(15.6		)	(8.2		)	(13.8		)	(0.4		)
Total loans	87.5			1,443.3			762.1			1,266.5			39.2
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	—			—			—			—			14.4
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net	—			—			122.4			—			—
Other assets	0.2			14.0			2.7			11.5			475.0
Total assets	$	87.7		$	1,457.3		$	887.2		$	1,278.0		$	2,778.8
Liabilities:
Deposits	$	1,291.9		$	—		$	842.5		$	—		$	189.1
Borrowings and qualifying debt	—			—			—			—			360.3
Other liabilities	0.5			63.8			—			40.8			127.4
Total liabilities	1,292.4			63.8			842.5			40.8			676.8
Allocated equity:	34.2			87.8			200.9			105.7			124.8
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,326.6		$	151.6		$	1,043.4		$	146.5		$	801.6
Excess funds provided (used)	1,238.9			(1,305.7		)	156.2			(1,131.5		)	(1,977.2		)

Income Statement:
Three Months Ended September 30, 2015:	(in thousands)
Net interest income (expense)	$	6,458		$	5,050		$	14,527		$	11,312		$	(11,893	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	57			473			1,526			(2,544		)	(48		)
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses	6,401			4,577			13,001			13,856			(11,845		)
Non-interest income	83			26			1,157			168			837
Non-interest expense	(4,515		)	(1,419		)	(3,650		)	(3,541		)	(4,363		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	1,969			3,184			10,508			10,483			(15,371		)
Income tax expense (benefit)	738			1,194			3,941			3,931			(16,956		)
Net income	$	1,231		$	1,990		$	6,567		$	6,552		$	1,585

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015:	(in thousands)
Net interest income (expense)	$	18,662		$	14,534		$	14,527		$	37,366		$	(24,269	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	198			2,579			1,526			(2,131		)	(119		)
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses	18,464			11,955			13,001			39,497			(24,150		)
Non-interest income	236			665			1,157			413			3,150
Non-interest expense	(12,985		)	(4,056		)	(3,650		)	(11,257		)	(14,506		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	5,715			8,564			10,508			28,653			(35,506		)
Income tax expense (benefit)	2,143			3,212			3,941			10,745			(38,084		)
Net income	$	3,572		$	5,352		$	6,567		$	17,908		$	2,578

57

15. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS

GE Capital US Holdings, Inc. Loan Portfolio

On April 20, 2016, WAB completed its purchase of GE Capital US Holdings, Inc.'s domestic select-service hotel franchise finance loan portfolio, paying cash of $1.27 billion.

Effective April 20, 2016, the results of the purchased loan portfolio are reflected in the Company's newly created HFF NBL operating segment. Acquisition / restructure expenses related to the purchase total $1.7 million and $3.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016. The purchase was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805. Assets purchased and liabilities assumed were recorded at their respective acquisition date estimated fair values. The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are subject to adjustment during the first twelve months after the acquisition date if additional information becomes available to indicate a more accurate or appropriate value for an asset or liability. There have been no measurement period adjustments recognized related to the HFF purchase. Although measurement period adjustments are not expected to be significant, the fair values of loans and other liabilities are still preliminary as of September 30, 2016.

The recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are as follows:

	April 20, 2016
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Loans	$	1,280,997
Other assets	3,560
Total assets	$	1,284,557
Liabilities:
Other liabilities	$	12,559
Total liabilities	12,559
Net assets acquired	$	1,271,998
Consideration paid
Cash	$	1,272,187
Goodwill	$	189

The following table presents pro forma information as if the purchase was completed on January 1, 2015. The pro forma information includes adjustments for interest income on loans acquired and excludes acquisition / restructure expense. The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations as they would have been had the transactions been effected on the assumed dates.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016		2015		2016		2015
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Interest income	$	180,335	$	162,990	$	523,962	$	423,792
Non-interest income	10,683		8,502		32,375		20,289
Net income available to common stockholders	65,349		65,006		194,095		162,769
Earnings per share - basic	0.63		0.65		1.89		1.76
Earnings per share - diluted	0.62		0.64		1.87		1.75

58

Bridge Capital Holdings

On June 30, 2015, the Company completed its acquisition of Bridge Capital Holdings and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Bridge Bank, headquartered in San Jose, California. Under the terms of the acquisition, each outstanding share of Bridge common stock was exchanged for 0.8145 shares of WAL's common stock plus $2.39 in cash. The Company paid $36.5 million in cash and issued 12.5 million common shares for all equity interests in Bridge. The merger was undertaken, in part, because Bridge strengthens the Company's Northern California presence and provides new avenues for growth in technology and international services.

The acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805. Assets purchased and liabilities assumed were recorded at their respective acquisition date estimated fair values. The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed were subject to adjustment during the first twelve months after the acquisition date if additional information became available to indicate a more accurate or appropriate value for an asset or liability.

During the six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company identified $1.5 million in measurement period adjustments from the Bridge acquisition, primarily related to reductions in other assets and accrued liabilities. The measurement period for the Bridge acquisition ended on June 30, 2016, therefore, the fair values of these assets acquired and liabilities assumed are final.

The following table presents pro forma information as if the Bridge acquisition was completed on January 1, 2014.The pro forma information includes adjustments for interest income on loans and securities acquired, amortization of intangibles arising from the transaction and interest expense on deposits acquired. The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations as they would have been had the transactions been effected on the assumed date.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2015:		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015:
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Interest income	$	141,386	$	412,888
Non-interest income	13,826		24,873
Net income available to common stockholders (1)	56,791		147,163
Earnings per share - basic	0.56		1.39
Earnings per share - diluted	0.56		1.37

(1) Excludes acquisition / restructure related costs incurred by the Company and by Bridge of $0.8 million and $8.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively, and acquisition / restructure related costs incurred by Bridge of zero and $6.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively, and related tax effects.

59

Item 2. Management's Discussions and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This discussion is designed to provide insight into management's assessment of significant trends related to the Company's consolidated financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital resources, and interest rate sensitivity. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 and the interim Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements hereto and financial information appearing elsewhere in this report. Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms "Company," "we," and "our" refer to Western Alliance Bancorporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.

Forward-Looking Information

Certain statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2016 are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. The Company intends such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements” for purposes of federal and state securities laws, including statements that are related to or are dependent on estimates or assumptions relating to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends, and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q reflect the Company's current views about future events and financial performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and changes in circumstances that may cause the Company's actual results to differ significantly from historical results and those expressed in any forward-looking statement, including those risks discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-Q. Risks and uncertainties include those set forth in the Company's filings with the SEC and the following factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those presented: 1) financial market and economic conditions adversely effecting financial performance; 2) dependency on real estate and events that negatively impact real estate; 3) high concentration of commercial real estate, construction and land development, and commercial and industrial loans; 4) actual credit losses may exceed expected losses in the loan portfolio; 5) the geographic concentrations of the Company's assets increase the risks related to local economic conditions; 6) exposure of financial instruments to certain market risks may cause volatility in earnings; 7) dependence on low-cost deposits; 8) ability to borrow from the FHLB or the FRB; 9) perpetration of computer, internet, or telecommunications fraud; 10) information security breaches; 11) reliance on other companies' infrastructure; 12) a change in the Company's creditworthiness; 13) risks associated with the implementation of the Company's planned system conversion; 14) expansion strategies may not be successful; 15) the Company's ability to compete in a highly competitive market; 16) the Company's ability to recruit and retain qualified employees, especially seasoned relationship bankers and senior management; 17) inadequate or ineffective risk management policies, procedures, and internal controls; 18) risks associated with new lines of businesses or new products and services within existing lines of business; 19) the Company's ability to adapt to technological change; 20) exposure to natural disasters in markets that the Company operates; 21) risk of operating in a highly regulated industry and the Company's ability to remain in compliance; 22) failure to comply with state and federal banking agency laws and regulations; 23) changes in interest rates and increased rate competition; 24) exposure to environmental liabilities related to the properties to which the Company acquires title; and 25) risks related to ownership and price of the Company's common stock.

For more information regarding risks that may cause the Company's actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements, see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Financial Overview and Highlights

WAL is a bank holding company headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware. WAL provides a full spectrum of deposit, lending, treasury management, international banking, and online banking products and services through its wholly-owned banking subsidiary, WAB.

WAB operates the following full-service banking divisions: ABA, BON, FIB, Bridge, and TPB. The Company also serves business customers through a national platform of specialized financial services including AAB, Corporate Finance, Equity Fund Resources, HFF, Life Sciences Group, Mortgage Warehouse Lending, Public and Nonprofit Finance, Renewable Resource Group, Resort Finance, and Technology Finance. In addition, the Company has one non-bank subsidiary, LVSP, which holds and manages certain non-performing loans and OREO.

60

Financial Result Highlights for the Third Quarter of 2016

• Net income of $67.1 million, compared to $55.9 million for the third quarter2015

• Diluted earnings per share of $0.64, compared to $0.55 per share for the third quarter2015

• Total loans of $13.03 billion, up $1.89 billion from December 31, 2015

• Total deposits of $14.44 billion, up $2.41 billion from December 31, 2015

• Net interest margin of 4.55%, compared to 4.59% in the third quarter2015

• Net operating revenue of $183.2 million, constituting year-over-year growth of 25.7%, or $37.4 million. Operating non-interest expense of $82.4 million resulted in year-over-year growth of 14.2%, or $10.2 million¹ 

• Operating pre-provision net revenue of $100.8 million, up37.0% from $73.6 million in the third quarter2015¹

• Efficiency ratio of 43.0% in the third quarter2016, compared to 46.9% in the third quarter2015¹ 

• Nonperforming assets (nonaccrual loans and repossessed assets) decreased to 0.53% of total assets, from 0.76% at September 30, 2015

• Annualized net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding of 0.04%, compared to (0.08)% at September 30, 2015

• Qualifying debt of $382.9 million, an increase of $172.6 million from December 31, 2015 due to issuance of long-term subordinated debt

• Tangible common equity ratio of 9.3%, compared to 8.9% at September 30, 2015¹

• Stockholders' equity of $1.86 billion, an increase of $273.7 million from September 30, 2015 primarily as a result of net income and ATM common stock issuances

• Tangible book value per share, net of tax, of $14.84, an increase of 25.1% from $11.86 at September 30, 2015¹

The impact to the Company from these items, and others of both a positive and negative nature, are discussed in more detail below as they pertain to the Company’s overall comparative performance for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016. As a bank holding company, management focuses on key ratios in evaluating the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

¹ See Non-GAAP Financial Measures section beginning on page 63.

61

Results of Operations and Financial Condition

A summary of the Company's results of operations, financial condition, and select metrics are included in the following tables: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Net income available to common stockholders	$	67,052		$	55,684		$	189,998		$	135,119
Earnings per share applicable to common stockholders - basic	0.65			0.55			1.85			1.46
Earnings per share applicable to common stockholders - diluted	0.64			0.55			1.84			1.45
Net interest margin	4.55		%	4.59		%	4.58		%	4.45		%
Return on average assets	1.58			1.64			1.61			1.52
Return on average tangible common equity	17.50			19.00			17.74			17.51

	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
	(in thousands)
Total assets	$	17,042,602	$	14,275,089
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	13,033,599		11,136,663
Total deposits	14,443,160		12,030,624

Asset Quality

For all banks and bank holding companies, asset quality plays a significant role in the overall financial condition of the institution and results of operations. The Company measures asset quality in terms of non-accrual loans as a percentage of gross loans and net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans. Net charge-offs are calculated as the difference between charged-off loans and recovery payments received on previously charged-off loans. The following table summarizes asset quality metrics: 

	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
	(in thousands)
Non-accrual loans	$	40,608		$	48,381
Non-performing assets	147,748			166,058
Non-accrual loans to gross loans	0.31		%	0.44		%
Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans (1)	0.04		%	(0.06		)%

(1)     Annualized for the three months ended September 30, 2016. Actual year-to-date for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Asset and Liability Growth

The Company’s assets and liabilities are comprised primarily of loans and deposits. Therefore, the ability to originate new loans and attract new deposits is fundamental to the Company’s growth. Total assets increased to $17.04 billion at September 30, 2016 from $14.28 billion at December 31, 2015. The increase in total assets of $2.76 billion, or 19.4%, relates primarily to the $1.28 billion in loans acquired from the HFF purchase on April 20, 2016, organic loan growth, and an increase in investment securities resulting from increased deposits. Total loans, including HFS loans, increased by $1.89 billion to $13.03 billion as of September 30, 2016, compared to $11.14 billion as of December 31, 2015. Total deposits increased $2.41 billion, or 20.1%, to $14.44 billion as of September 30, 2016 from $12.03 billion as of December 31, 2015.

62

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table sets forth a summary financial overview for the comparable periods:  

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Increase		Nine Months Ended September 30,				Increase
	2016		2015		(Decrease)		2016		2015		(Decrease)
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Consolidated Income Statement Data:
Interest income	$	184,750	$	146,233	$	38,517	$	513,095	$	373,813	$	139,282
Interest expense	12,203		8,826		3,377		31,151		24,580		6,571
Net interest income	172,547		137,407		35,140		481,944		349,233		132,711
Provision for credit losses	2,000		—		2,000		7,000		700		6,300
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	170,547		137,407		33,140		474,944		348,533		126,411
Non-interest income	10,683		8,502		2,181		32,375		20,289		12,086
Non-interest expense	85,007		72,916		12,091		242,304		188,158		54,146
Income before income taxes	96,223		72,993		23,230		265,015		180,664		84,351
Income tax expense	29,171		17,133		12,038		75,017		44,946		30,071
Net income	67,052		55,860		11,192		189,998		135,718		54,280
Net income available to common stockholders	$	67,052	$	55,684	$	11,368	$	189,998	$	135,119	$	54,879
Earnings per share applicable to common stockholders - basic	$	0.65	$	0.55	$	0.10	$	1.85	$	1.46	$	0.39
Earnings per share applicable to common stockholders - diluted	$	0.64	$	0.55	$	0.09	$	1.84	$	1.45	$	0.39

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The following discussion and analysis contains financial information determined by methods other than those prescribed by GAAP. The Company's management uses these non-GAAP financial measures in their analysis of the Company's performance. These measurements typically adjust GAAP performance measures to exclude the effects of unrealized gains or losses on assets and liabilities measured at fair value as well as other items to adjust income available to common stockholders for certain significant activities or transactions that, in management's opinion, do not reflect recurring period-to-period comparisons of the Company's performance. Management believes presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures provides useful supplemental information that is essential to a complete understanding of the operating results of the Company's core businesses. Since the presentation of these non-GAAP performance measures and their impact differ between companies, these non-GAAP disclosures should not be viewed as a substitute for operating results determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies.

Operating PPNR

Pre-provision net revenue is defined by the Federal Reserve in SR 14-3, which requires companies subject to the rule to project PPNR over the planning horizon for each of the economic scenarios defined annually by the regulators. Banking regulations define PPNR as net interest income plus non-interest income less non-interest expense. Management has further adjusted this metric to exclude any non-recurring or non-operational elements of non-interest income or non-interest expense, which are outlined in the table below. Management feels that this is an important metric as it illustrates the underlying performance of the Company, it enables investors and others to assess the Company’s ability to generate capital to cover credit losses through the credit cycle, and provides consistent reporting with a key metric used by bank regulatory agencies.

63

The following table shows the components of operating PPNR for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
	(in thousands)
Total non-interest income	$	10,683		$	8,502		$	32,375		$	20,289
Less:
Gain (loss) on sales of investment securities, net (1)	—			(62		)	1,001			582
Unrealized gains (losses) on assets and liabilities measured at fair value, net (1)	—			185			8			(10		)
(Loss) on extinguishment of debt	—			—			—			(81		)
Total operating non-interest income	10,683			8,379			31,366			19,798
Plus: net interest income	172,547			137,407			481,944			349,233
Net operating revenue	$	183,230		$	145,786		$	513,310		$	369,031
Total non-interest expense	$	85,007		$	72,916		$	242,304		$	188,158
Less:
Net (gain) loss on sales / valuations of repossessed and other assets (1)	(146		)	(104		)	(91		)	(1,673		)
Acquisition / restructure expense (1)	2,729			835			6,391			8,836
Total operating non-interest expense	$	82,424		$	72,185		$	236,004		$	180,995
Operating pre-provision net revenue (2)	$	100,806		$	73,601		$	277,306		$	188,036
Plus:
Non-operating revenue adjustments	—			123			1,009			491
Less:
Provision for credit losses	2,000			—			7,000			700
Non-operating expense adjustments	2,583			731			6,300			7,163
Income tax expense	29,171			17,133			75,017			44,946
Net income	$	67,052		$	55,860		$	189,998		$	135,718

(1) The operating PPNR non-GAAP performance metric is adjusted to exclude the effects of this non-operational item.

(2) There were no adjustments made for non-recurring items during the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015.

64

Tangible Common Equity

The following table presents financial measures related to tangible common equity. Tangible common equity represents total stockholders' equity, less identifiable intangible assets and goodwill. Management believes that tangible common equity financial measures are useful in evaluating the Company's capital strength, financial condition, and ability to manage potential losses. In addition, management believes that these measures improve comparability to other institutions that have not engaged in acquisitions that resulted in recorded goodwill and other intangible assets.

	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
	(dollars and shares in thousands)
Total stockholders' equity	$	1,857,354		$	1,591,502
Less: goodwill and intangible assets	303,592			305,354
Total tangible common equity	1,553,762			1,286,148
Plus: deferred tax - attributed to intangible assets	5,304			6,093
Total tangible common equity, net of tax	$	1,559,066		$	1,292,241
Total assets	$	17,042,602		$	14,275,089
Less: goodwill and intangible assets, net	303,592			305,354
Tangible assets	16,739,010			13,969,735
Plus: deferred tax - attributed to intangible assets	5,304			6,093
Total tangible assets, net of tax	$	16,744,314		$	13,975,828
Tangible equity ratio	9.3		%	9.2		%
Tangible common equity ratio	9.3			9.2
Common shares outstanding	105,071			103,087
Tangible book value per share, net of tax	$	14.84		$	12.54

Efficiency Ratio

The following table shows the components used in the calculation of the efficiency ratio, which management uses as a metric for assessing cost efficiency:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
	(dollars in thousands)
Total operating non-interest expense	$	82,424		$	72,185		$	236,004		$	180,995
Divided by:
Total net interest income	$	172,547		$	137,407		$	481,944		$	349,233
Plus:
Tax equivalent interest adjustment	8,599			8,183			25,738			23,450
Operating non-interest income	10,683			8,379			31,366			19,798
Net operating revenue - TEB	$	191,829		$	153,969		$	539,048		$	392,481
Efficiency ratio - TEB	43.0		%	46.9		%	43.8		%	46.1		%

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Adjusted Allowance for Credit Losses

The adjusted allowance for credit losses to gross loans ratio includes an adjustment for the remaining credit marks on acquired performing and PCI loans. Under GAAP, the allowance for credit losses on acquired loans is not carried over in an acquisition as acquired loans are recorded at fair value, net of related interest rate and credit marks, which discounts the loans based on expected future cash flows. The credit marks on acquired loans represent the allowance for credit losses carried over to the Company. Therefore, by adding back the remaining credit marks on acquired loans, management believes this is more indicative of the allowance available for inherent losses in the loan portfolio.

	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
	(dollars in thousands)
Allowance for credit losses	$	122,884		$	119,068
Plus: remaining credit marks
Acquired performing loans	41,020			12,154
Purchased credit impaired loans	15,093			8,491
Adjusted allowance for credit losses	$	178,997		$	139,713
Gross loans held for investment and deferred fees, net	$	13,012,262		$	11,112,854
Plus: remaining credit marks
Acquired performing loans	41,020			12,154
Purchased credit impaired loans	15,093			8,491
Adjusted loans, net of deferred fees and costs	$	13,068,375		$	11,133,499
Allowance for credit losses to gross loans	0.94		%	1.07		%
Allowance for credit losses to gross loans, adjusted for acquisition accounting	1.37		%	1.25		%

66

Regulatory Capital

The following table presents certain financial measures related to regulatory capital under Basel III, which includes Common Equity Tier 1 and total capital. The FRB and other banking regulators use Common Equity Tier 1 and total capital as a basis for assessing a bank's capital adequacy; therefore, management believes it is useful to assess financial condition and capital adequacy using this same basis. Specifically, the total capital ratio takes into consideration the risk levels of assets and off-balance sheet financial instruments. In addition, management believes that the classified assets to Common Equity Tier 1 plus allowance measure is an important regulatory metric for assessing asset quality.

	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
	(dollars in thousands)
Common Equity Tier 1:
Common Equity	$	1,857,354		$	1,591,502
Less:
Non-qualifying goodwill and intangibles	294,959			293,487
Disallowed deferred tax asset	3,381			5,001
AOCI related adjustments	25,850			10,228
Unrealized gain on changes in fair value liabilities	8,479			6,309
Common Equity Tier 1 (regulatory)	$	1,524,685		$	1,276,477
Divided by: Risk-weighted assets (regulatory)	$	15,507,256		$	13,193,563
Common Equity Tier 1 ratio	9.8		%	9.7		%
Common Equity Tier 1 (regulatory)	$	1,524,685		$	1,276,477
Plus:
Trust preferred securities	81,500			81,500
Less:
Disallowed deferred tax asset	2,254			7,502
Unrealized gain on changes in fair value liabilities	5,653			9,464
Tier 1 capital	$	1,598,278		$	1,341,011
Total Capital:
Tier 1 capital (regulatory)	$	1,598,278		$	1,341,011
Plus:
Subordinated debt	300,932			140,097
Qualifying allowance for credit losses	122,884			119,068
Other	11,005			3,296
Less: Tier 2 qualifying capital deductions	—			—
Tier 2 capital	$	434,821		$	262,461
Total capital	$	2,033,099		$	1,603,472
Total capital ratio	13.1		%	12.2		%
Classified assets to Common Equity Tier 1 plus allowance for credit losses:
Classified assets	$	212,286		$	221,126
Divided by:
Tier 1 capital (regulatory)	1,598,278			1,341,011
Plus: Allowance for credit losses	122,884			119,068
Total Common Equity Tier 1 plus allowance for credit losses	$	1,721,162		$	1,460,079
Classified assets to Common Equity Tier 1 plus allowance	12.3		%	15.1		%

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Net Interest Margin

The net interest margin is reported on a TEB. A tax equivalent adjustment is added to reflect interest earned on certain municipal securities and loans that are exempt from federal income tax. The following tables set forth the average balances, interest income, interest expense, and average yield (on a fully TEB) for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2016							2015
	Average Balance			Interest		Average Yield / Cost		Average Balance			Interest		Average Yield / Cost
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest earning assets
Commercial	$	5,503,071		$	65,448	5.24	%	$	4,805,445		$	55,060	5.11	%
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	3,655,577			51,708		5.66		2,220,079			30,389		5.48
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	1,999,461			26,620		5.33		2,036,685			27,532		5.41
Construction and land development	1,338,216			19,793		5.92		1,064,009			15,238		5.73
Residential real estate	281,379			3,557		5.06		318,581			4,073		5.11
Consumer	39,985			474		4.74		24,385			381		6.25
Loans held for sale	21,933			314		5.73		36,479			414		4.54
Total loans (1) (2) (3)	12,839,622			167,914		5.44		10,505,662			133,087		5.31
Securities - taxable (1)	1,895,457			10,438		2.20		1,441,694			8,119		2.25
Securities - tax-exempt	511,855			4,998		5.46		420,682			3,920		5.46
Total securities	2,407,312			15,436		2.90		1,862,376			12,039		2.98
Other	684,689			1,400		0.82		322,188			1,107		1.37
Total interest earning assets	15,931,623			184,750		4.85		12,690,226			146,233		4.87
Non-interest earning assets
Cash and due from banks	146,114							158,387
Allowance for credit losses	(123,551		)					(116,111		)
Bank owned life insurance	163,990							161,095
Other assets	834,848							772,174
Total assets	$	16,953,024						$	13,665,771
Interest-bearing liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits:
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	$	1,286,063		$	612	0.19	%	$	1,004,656		$	447	0.18	%
Savings and money market	6,129,262			5,314		0.35		4,723,526			3,245		0.27
Time certificates of deposit	1,637,284			2,146		0.52		1,763,540			1,858		0.42
Total interest-bearing deposits	9,052,609			8,072		0.36		7,491,722			5,550		0.30
Short-term borrowings	39,055			83		0.85		282,028			1,268		1.80
Long-term debt	—			—		—		—			—		—
Qualifying debt	369,076			4,048		4.39		197,804			2,008		4.06
Total interest-bearing liabilities	9,460,740			12,203		0.52		7,971,554			8,826		0.44
Non-interest-bearing liabilities
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits	5,363,716							3,961,269
Other liabilities	292,268							183,388
Stockholders’ equity	1,836,300							1,549,560
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	16,953,024						$	13,665,771
Net interest income and margin (4)				$	172,547	4.55	%				$	137,407	4.59	%
Net interest spread (5)						4.33	%						4.43	%

(1) Yields on loans and securities have been adjusted to a TEB. The taxable-equivalent adjustment was $8.6 million and $8.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

(2) Net loan fees of $10.4 million and $7.4 million are included in the yield computation for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

(3) Includes non-accrual loans.

(4) Net interest margin is computed by dividing net interest income by total average earning assets and annualized based on a 30 day month and 360 day year.

(5) Net interest spread represents average yield earned on interest-earning assets less the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities.

68

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016							2015
	Average Balance			Interest		Average Yield / Cost		Average Balance			Interest		Average Yield / Cost
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest earning assets
Commercial	$	5,343,468		$	189,994	5.24	%	$	4,021,237		$	125,191	4.76	%
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	3,064,057			130,113		5.66		2,132,321			87,752		5.49
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	2,024,408			78,521		5.17		1,910,194			74,231		5.18
Construction and land development	1,266,257			56,382		5.94		903,695			39,251		5.79
Residential real estate	297,520			10,449		4.68		302,203			10,860		4.79
Consumer	34,847			1,268		4.85		26,362			1,221		6.18
Loans held for sale	22,942			988		5.74		13,219			440		4.44
Total Loans (1), (2), (3)	12,053,499			467,715		5.39		9,309,231			338,946		5.12
Securities - taxable (1)	1,671,368			28,290		2.26		1,194,975			20,203		2.25
Securities - tax-exempt	478,861			13,525		5.38		395,089			10,900		5.39
Total securities	2,150,229			41,815		2.95		1,590,064			31,103		3.03
Other	567,010			3,565		0.84		257,937			3,764		1.95
Total interest earnings assets	14,770,738			513,095		4.86		11,157,232			373,813		4.75
Non-interest earning assets
Cash and due from banks	140,367							131,925
Allowance for credit losses	(121,825		)					(114,019		)
Bank owned life insurance	163,491							149,023
Other assets	830,057							561,155
Total assets	$	15,782,828						$	11,885,316
Interest-bearing liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits:
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	$	1,191,055		$	1,571	0.18	%	$	965,784		$	1,256	0.17	%
Savings and money market	5,768,179			14,326		0.33		4,286,910			8,997		0.28
Time certificates of deposits	1,651,926			6,096		0.49		1,843,920			5,805		0.42
Total interest-bearing deposits	8,611,160			21,993		0.34		7,096,614			16,058		0.30
Short-term borrowings	81,491			412		0.67		212,823			4,821		3.02
Long-term debt	—			—		—		102,487			801		1.04
Qualifying debt	265,720			8,746		4.39		94,690			2,900		4.08
Total interest-bearing liabilities	8,958,371			31,151		0.46		7,506,614			24,580		0.44
Non-interest-bearing liabilities
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits	4,830,762							2,985,074
Other liabilities	261,278							169,725
Stockholders’ equity	1,732,417							1,223,903
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	15,782,828						$	11,885,316
Net interest income and margin (4)				$	481,944	4.58	%				$	349,233	4.45	%
Net interest spread (5)						4.40	%						4.31	%

(1) Yields on loans and securities have been adjusted to a TEB. The taxable-equivalent adjustment was $25.7 million and $23.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

(2) Net loan fees of $29.4 million and $18.6 million are included in the yield computation for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

(3) Includes non-accrual loans.

(4) Net interest margin is computed by dividing net interest income by total average earning assets and annualized based on a 30 day month and 360 day year.

(5) Net interest spread represents average yield earned on interest-earning assets less the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities.

69

	Three Months Ended September 30,									Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016 versus 2015									2016 versus 2015
	Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in (1)									Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in (1)
	Volume			Rate			Total			Volume			Rate			Total
	(in thousands)
Interest income:
Loans, HFI
Commercial	$	8,297		$	2,091		$	10,388		$	47,014		$	17,789		$	64,803
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	20,305			1,014			21,319			39,566			2,795			42,361
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	(496		)	(416		)	(912		)	4,430			(140		)	4,290
Construction and land development	4,056			499			4,555			16,144			987			17,131
Residential real estate	(470		)	(46		)	(516		)	(164		)	(247		)	(411		)
Consumer	185			(92		)	93			309			(262		)	47
Loans held for sale	(208		)	108			(100		)	419			129			548
Total loans	$	31,669		$	3,158		$	34,827		$	107,718		$	21,051		$	128,769
Securities
Securities - taxable	2,499			(180		)	2,319			8,064			23			8,087
Securities - tax-exempt	890			188			1,078			2,366			259			2,625
Total securities	3,389			8			3,397			10,430			282			10,712
Other	741			(448		)	293			1,943			(2,142		)	(199		)
Total interest income	35,799			2,718			38,517			120,091			19,191			139,282
Interest expense:
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	134			31			165			297			18			315
Savings and money market	1,219			850			2,069			3,679			1,650			5,329
Time certificates of deposit	(165		)	453			288			(709		)	1,000			291
Short-term borrowings	(516		)	(669		)	(1,185		)	(664		)	(3,745		)	(4,409		)
Long-term debt	—			—			—			—			(801		)	(801		)
Qualifying debt	1,879			161			2,040			5,629			217			5,846
Total interest expense	2,551			826			3,377			8,232			(1,661		)	6,571
Net increase (decrease)	$	33,248		$	1,892		$	35,140		$	111,859		$	20,852		$	132,711

(1) Changes due to both volume and rate have been allocated to volume changes.

Comparison of interest income, interest expense and net interest margin

The Company's primary source of revenue is interest income. Interest income for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 was $184.7 million, an increase of $38.5 million, or 26.3%, compared to $146.2 million for the same period in 2015. This increase was the result of a $2.33 billion increase in the average loan balance and an increase of 13 basis points in the average yield on loans, which drove a $34.8 million increase in loan interest income. The purchase of the HFF loan portfolio on April 20, 2016 contributed $1.28 billion to the total increase in the Company's loan balance and resulted in loan interest income of $21.2 million for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016. The remaining increase in interest income is related to organic loan growth, which averages lower yields than the HFF portfolio.

For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, interest income was $513.1 million, an increase of $139.3 million, or 37.3%, compared to $373.8 million for the same period in 2015. This increase was primarily the result of a $2.74 billion increase in the average loan balance and an increase of 27 basis points in the average yield on loans, which drove a $128.8 million increase in loan interest income for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016. The purchase of the HFF loan portfolio on April 20, 2016 resulted in an increase to loan interest income of $39.1 million for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. The remaining increase in interest income is related to organic loan growth and an increase of $10.7 million in interest income from investment securities due to an increase in the average investment securities balance of $560.2 million from September 30, 2015.

Interest expense for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 was $12.2 million, compared to $8.8 million for the same period in 2015. Interest expense on deposits increased $2.5 million as the average interest-bearing deposits increased $1.56 billion. The $2.0 million increase in interest expense on qualifying debt relates to the $175.0 million issuance of subordinated

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debentures on June 16, 2016. These increases were partially offset by a $1.2 million decrease in interest expense related to the payoff of short-term and long-term borrowings.

For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, interest expense was $31.2 million and $24.6 million, respectively. Interest expense on deposits increased $5.9 million for the same period as average interest-bearing deposits increased $1.51 billion. Interest expense on qualifying debt increased $5.8 million from the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015 as a result of the issuances of subordinated debt in June 2016 and June 2015. Interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 includes a full quarter of interest expense on the 2016 subordinated debt and nine months of interest on the 2015 subordinated debt, compared to only three months of interest expense on the 2015 subordinated debt for the same period in 2015. These increases were offset by a decrease in interest expense on short-term and long-term borrowings of $5.2 million as a result of a $233.8 million decrease in average short-term and long-term borrowings for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015.

Net interest income was $172.5 million for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016, compared to $137.4 million for the same period in 2015, an increase of $35.1 million, or 25.6%. The increase in net interest income reflects a $3.24 billion increase in average interest earning assets, offset by a $1.49 billion increase in average interest-bearing liabilities. The decrease in net interest margin of 4 basis points was the result of a decrease in the yields on investment securities as well as increases in cost of deposits and qualifying debt compared to the three months endedSeptember 30, 2015.

For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, net interest income was $481.9 million and $349.2 million, respectively. The increase in net interest income reflects a $3.61 billion increase in average interest earning assets, offset by a $1.45 billion increase in average interest-bearing liabilities. The increase in net interest margin of 13 basis points was the result of an increase in the average loan balance and average yield on loans compared to the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015, slightly offset by higher deposit costs.

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses in each period is reflected as a reduction of earnings in that period. The provision is equal to the amount required to maintain the allowance for credit losses at a level that is adequate to absorb probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. For the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016, the provision for credit losses was $2.0 million, compared to zero for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2015. For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, the provision for credit losses was $7.0 million, compared to $0.7 million for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015. The Company may establish an additional allowance for credit losses for PCI loans through provision for credit losses when impairment is determined as a result of lower than expected cash flows. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the allowance for credit losses on PCI loans was $1.1 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively.

Non-interest Income

The following table presents a summary of non-interest income for the periods presented: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016		2015			Increase (Decrease)			2016		2015		Increase (Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Service charges and fees	$	4,877	$	4,327		$	550		$	13,849	$	10,344	$	3,505
SBA / warrant income	1,457		846			611			2,828		846		1,982
Card income	1,177		954			223			3,268		2,666		602
Income from bank owned life insurance	899		984			(85		)	2,858		2,733		125
Lending related income and gains (losses) on sale of loans, net	459		(314		)	773			3,282		5		3,277
Gain (loss) on sales of investment securities, net	—		(62		)	62			1,001		582		419
Other income	1,814		1,767			47			5,289		3,113		2,176
Total non-interest income	$	10,683	$	8,502		$	2,181		$	32,375	$	20,289	$	12,086

Total non-interest income for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015, increased by $2.2 million, or 25.7%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in lending related income and gains on sale of loans, net and SBA / warrant income. Lending related income and gains on sales of loans, net benefited from an increase in letters of credit fees as well as a decrease in net losses on the sale of loans for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. SBA / warrant income increased largely as a result of increased warrant income.

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Total non-interest income for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015, increased by $12.1 million, or 59.6%. The increase was primarily attributable to service charges and fees, lending related income and gains on sales of loans, net, and SBA / warrant income. The increase in service charges and fees is due to growth in the Company's deposit base, which increased $2.83 billion from September 30, 2015. The increase in lending related income and gains on sales of loans, net relates to increases in total non-recurring gains on sale of loans and letters of credit fees for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. SBA / warrant income increased largely as a result of warrant income.

Non-interest Expense

The following table presents a summary of non-interest expense for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,									Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015			Increase (Decrease)			2016			2015			Increase (Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits	$	49,542		$	43,660		$	5,882		$	139,108		$	108,607		$	30,501
Occupancy	6,856			5,915			941			20,359			15,677			4,682
Data processing	6,077			4,338			1,739			16,506			10,147			6,359
Legal, professional, and directors' fees	5,691			4,052			1,639			17,010			12,658			4,352
Insurance	3,144			3,375			(231		)	9,430			7,739			1,691
Loan and repossessed asset expenses	788			1,099			(311		)	2,522			3,473			(951		)
Marketing	678			747			(69		)	2,432			1,587			845
Card expense	536			757			(221		)	2,247			1,844			403
Intangible amortization	697			704			(7		)	2,091			1,266			825
Net (gain) loss on sales / valuations of repossessed and other assets	(146		)	(104		)	(42		)	(91		)	(1,673		)	1,582
Acquisition / restructure expense	2,729			835			1,894			6,391			8,836			(2,445		)
Other expense	8,415			7,538			877			24,299			17,997			6,302
Total non-interest expense	$	85,007		$	72,916		$	12,091		$	242,304		$	188,158		$	54,146

Total non-interest expense for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 compared to 2015, increased$12.1 million, or 16.6%. This increase primarily related to salaries and employee benefits, acquisition / restructure expense, data processing, and legal, professional, and directors' fees. The increase in salaries and employee benefits was primarily attributable to the addition of HFF employees, other increases in staffing to support continued asset growth, and increases in certain variable compensation tied to business performance. The increase in acquisition / restructure expense is due to costs related to the HFF acquisition and core conversion costs. Subsequent to September 30, 2016, the Company substantially completed its core conversion activities. Data processing increased due to the addition of HFF and other technology enhancement initiatives. The legal, professional, and directors' fees increase is attributable to professional services to support the continued growth of the Company in various initiatives.

Total non-interest expense for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 compared to 2015, increased$54.1 million, or 28.8%. This increase related to salaries and employee benefits, data processing, other expense, occupancy, and legal, professional, and directors' fees. The increase in occupancy and other expense related to the addition of Bridge offices, which increased rent expense, office utilities, and depreciation on premises and equipment. Increases in the remaining expense categories were influenced by the same factors noted in the paragraph above comparing the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 to the same period in 2015. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in acquisition / restructure expense of $2.4 million from higher one-time costs in the prior year related to the Bridge acquisition compared to the costs incurred in the current year related to the HFF acquisition and core conversion costs.

Income Taxes

For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company's effective tax rate was 28.31% and 24.88%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 is due primarily to an increase in projected pre-tax book income without corresponding proportional increases to favorable tax rate items.

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Business Segment Results

The Company's reportable segments are aggregated primarily based on geographic location, services offered, and markets served. The Company's regional segments, which include Arizona, Nevada, Southern California, and Northern California, provide full service banking and related services to their respective markets. The Company's NBL segments, which include HOA services, HFF, Public & Nonprofit Finance, Technology & Innovation, and Other NBLs, provide specialized banking services to niche markets. These NBLs are managed centrally and are broader in geographic scope than the Company's other segments, though still predominately located within the Company's core market areas. The Corporate & Other segment consists of corporate-related items, income and expense items not allocated to our other reportable segments, and inter-segment eliminations.

The following tables present selected operating segment information for the periods presented:

			Regional Segments
	Consolidated Company		Arizona		Nevada		Southern California		Northern California
	(in millions)
At September 30, 2016
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	$	13,033.6	$	2,938.0	$	1,697.3	$	1,833.4	$	1,072.1
Deposits	14,443.2		3,931.9		3,712.0		2,255.0		1,505.0
At December 31, 2015
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	$	11,136.7	$	2,811.7	$	1,737.2	$	1,761.9	$	1,188.4
Deposits	12,030.6		2,880.7		3,382.8		1,902.5		1,541.1

	(in thousands)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016:
Pre-tax income (loss)	$	96,223	$	28,228	$	24,449	$	15,747	$	12,247
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016:
Pre-tax income (loss)	$	265,015	$	74,975	$	67,591	$	45,080	$	32,864
Three Months Ended September 30, 2015:
Pre-tax income (loss)	$	72,993	$	16,759	$	19,937	$	13,264	$	12,260
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015:
Pre-tax income (loss)	$	180,664	$	50,263	$	57,038	$	37,594	$	17,835

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	National Business Lines
	HOA Services		HFF		Public & Nonprofit Finance		Technology & Innovation		Other NBL		Corporate & Other
	(in millions)
At September 30, 2016
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	$	106.4	$	1,311.2	$	1,447.7	$	934.6	$	1,673.9	$	19.0
Deposits	1,813.7		—		—		1,066.8		—		158.8
At December 31, 2015
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	$	88.4	$	—	$	1,458.9	$	770.3	$	1,280.3	$	39.6
Deposits	1,291.9		—		—		842.5		—		189.1

	National Business Lines
	HOA Services		HFF		Public & Nonprofit Finance		Technology & Innovation		Other NBL		Corporate & Other
	(in thousands)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016:
Pre-tax income (loss)	$	5,303	$	10,163	$	3,372	$	11,734	$	7,444	$	(22,464	)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016:
Pre-tax income (loss)	$	12,610	$	19,674	$	9,863	$	34,865	$	22,502	$	(55,009	)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2015:
Pre-tax income (loss)	$	1,969	$	—	$	3,184	$	10,508	$	10,483	$	(15,371	)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015:
Pre-tax income (loss)	$	5,715	$	—	$	8,564	$	10,508	$	28,653	$	(35,506	)

BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS

Total assets increased$2.76 billion, or 19.4%, to $17.04 billion at September 30, 2016, compared to $14.28 billion at December 31, 2015. The increase in assets is attributable to the $1.28 billion in loans acquired from the HFF purchase on April 20, 2016, organic loan growth, and an increase in investment securities resulting from increased deposits.

Total liabilities increased$2.51 billion, or 19.7%, to $15.19 billion at September 30, 2016, compared to $12.68 billion at December 31, 2015. The increase in liabilities was due to an increase in total deposits of $2.41 billion, or 20.1%, to $14.44 billion at September 30, 2016 as a result of organic growth.

Total stockholders’ equity increased by $265.9 million, or 16.7%, to $1.86 billion at September 30, 2016, compared to $1.59 billion at December 31, 2015. The increase in stockholders' equity was due to net income for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, issuances of common stock under the Company's ATM program, and an increase in the fair value of the Company's AFS portfolio, which is recognized as part of AOCI.

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Investment securities

Investment securities are classified at the time of acquisition as either HTM, AFS, or measured at fair value based upon various factors, including asset/liability management strategies, liquidity and profitability objectives, and regulatory requirements. HTM securities are carried at amortized cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums or accretion of discounts. AFS securities are securities that may be sold prior to maturity based upon asset/liability management decisions. Investment securities classified as AFS are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains or losses on AFS securities are recorded as part of AOCI in stockholders’ equity. Amortization of premiums or accretion of discounts on MBS is periodically adjusted for estimated prepayments. Investment securities measured at fair value are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in current period earnings.

The investment securities portfolio of the Company is utilized as collateral for borrowings, required collateral for public deposits, and customer repurchase agreements, and to manage liquidity, capital, and interest rate risk. The following table summarizes the carrying value of the investment securities portfolio for each of the periods below: 

	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity
Tax-exempt bonds	$	52,421	$	—
Available-for-sale
Collateralized debt obligations	$	10,552	$	10,060
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	126,595		19,114
Corporate debt securities	25,628		13,251
CRA investments	37,753		34,685
Municipal obligations	403,417		334,830
Preferred stock	110,479		111,236
Private label commercial MBS	—		4,691
Private label residential MBS	463,091		257,128
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	1,395,685		1,170,221
Trust preferred securities	24,445		24,314
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	59,001		—
U.S. treasury securities	2,536		2,993
Total AFS securities	$	2,659,182	$	1,982,523
Securities measured at fair value
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	$	1,279	$	1,481

The Company does not own any subprime MBS in its investment portfolio. The majority of its MBS are GSE issued. The remaining MBS not GSE issued consist of $406.8 million rated AAA, $49.9 million rated AA, $4.8 million rated A, $1.3 million rated BBB, and $0.3 million are non-investment grade.

Gross unrealized losses at September 30, 2016 are primarily caused by interest rate fluctuations, credit spread widening, and reduced liquidity in applicable markets. The Company has reviewed securities on which there is an unrealized loss in accordance with its accounting policy for OTTI securities described in "Note 2. Investment Securities" to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained herein. There were no impairment charges recorded during the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015.

The Company does not consider any securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. However, the Company cannot guarantee that OTTI will not occur in future periods. At September 30, 2016, the Company had the intent and ability to retain its investments for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

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Loans

The table below summarizes the distribution of the Company’s held for investment loan portfolio: 

	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
	(in thousands)
Loans, held for investment
Commercial and industrial	$	5,603,605		$	5,114,257
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	3,623,417			2,283,536
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	1,983,945			2,083,285
Construction and land development	1,379,735			1,133,439
Residential real estate	271,808			322,939
Commercial leases	111,361			148,493
Consumer	38,391			26,905
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	13,012,262			11,112,854
Allowance for credit losses	(122,884		)	(119,068		)
Total loans HFI	$	12,889,378		$	10,993,786

Net deferred loan fees and costs as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 total $21.0 million and $19.2 million, respectively, which is a reduction in the carrying value of loans. Net unamortized discounts on loans total $6.6 million and $8.2 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Total loans held for investment are also net of interest rate and credit marks on acquired loans totaling $77.4 million and $40.5 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, which is a reduction in the carrying value of acquired loans.

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company also had $21.3 million and $23.8 million of HFS loans, respectively.

Concentrations of Lending Activities

The Company monitors concentrations within four broad categories: geography, industry, product, and collateral. The Company’s loan portfolio includes significant credit exposure to the CRE market. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, CRE related loans accounted for approximately 54% and 49% of total loans, respectively. Substantially all of these loans are secured by first liens with an initial loan to value ratio of generally not more than 75%. Approximately 35% and 48% of these CRE loans, excluding construction and land loans, were owner-occupied at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

Impaired loans

A loan is identified as impaired when it is no longer probable that interest and principal will be collected according to the contractual terms of the original loan agreement. Generally, impaired loans are classified as non-accrual. However, in certain instances, impaired loans may continue on an accrual basis if full repayment of all principal and interest is expected and the loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection. Impaired loans are measured for reserve requirements in accordance with ASC 310 based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or, as a practical expedient, at the loan's observable market price or the fair value of the collateral less applicable disposition costs if the loan is collateral dependent. The amount of an impairment reserve, if any, and any subsequent changes are charged against the allowance for credit losses.

In addition to the Company's own internal loan review process, regulators may from time to time direct the Company to modify loan grades, loan impairment calculations, or loan impairment methodology.

Total non-performing loans, excluding loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality, decreased by $24.5 million, or 20.1%, at September 30, 2016 to $97.6 million from $122.1 million at December 31, 2015. 

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	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
	(dollars in thousands)
Total non-accrual loans (1)	$	40,608		$	48,381
Loans past due 90 days or more on accrual status (2)	2,252			3,028
Accruing troubled debt restructured loans	54,704			70,707
Total nonperforming loans, excluding loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	97,564			122,116
Other impaired loans	7,191			6,758
Total impaired loans	$	104,755		$	128,874
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality
Loans past due 90 days or more on accrual status	$	565		$	—
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	49,619			43,942
Non-accrual loans to gross loans held for investment	0.31		%	0.44		%
Loans past due 90 days or more on accrual status to gross loans held for investment	0.02			0.03

(1) Includes non-accrual TDR loans of $5.4 million and $18.2 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

(2) Excludes $0.6 million from loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality at September 30, 2016.

Interest income received on non-accrual loans was $0.2 million and $0.6 million for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, respectively, compared to $0.2 million and $1.4 million for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015, respectively. Interest income that would have been recorded under the original terms of non-accrual loans was $0.6 million and $1.5 million for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, respectively, compared to $0.5 million and $1.9 million for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015, respectively.

The composition of non-accrual loans by loan type and by segment were as follows: 

	September 30, 2016						December 31, 2015
	Non-accrual Balance		Percent of Non-Accrual Balance		Percent of Total HFI Loans		Non-accrual Balance		Percent of Non-Accrual Balance		Percent of Total HFI Loans
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	20,184	49.71	%	0.16	%	$	20,877	43.15	%	0.19	%
Commercial real estate	13,133		32.34		0.10		18,675		38.60		0.17
Construction and land development	1,284		3.16		0.01		2,309		4.77		0.02
Residential real estate	5,843		14.39		0.04		6,324		13.07		0.06
Consumer	164		0.40		—		196		0.41		—
Total non-accrual loans	$	40,608	100.00	%	0.31	%	$	48,381	100.00	%	0.44	%

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	September 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
	Nonaccrual Loans		Percent of Segment's Total HFI Loans		Nonaccrual Loans		Percent of Segment's Total HFI Loans
	(dollars in thousands)
Regional Segments
Arizona	$	9,709	0.33	%	$	10,596	0.38	%
Nevada	10,704		0.63		8,010		0.46
Southern California	2,423		0.13		2,844		0.16
Northern California	9,251		0.88		1,590		0.14
Total Regional Segments	32,087		0.43		23,040		0.31
National Business Lines
HOA Services	—		—		—		—
HFF	—		—		—		—
Public & Nonprofit	38		—		—		—
Technology & Innovation	5,701		0.61		10,022		1.30
Other NBL	163		0.01		196		0.02
Total NBL	5,902		0.11		10,218		0.28
Corporate & Other	2,619		13.75		15,123		38.18
Total non-accrual loans	$	40,608	0.31	%	$	48,381	0.44	%

Troubled Debt Restructured Loans

A TDR loan is a loan that is granted a concession, for reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, that the lender would not otherwise consider. The loan terms that have been modified or restructured due to a borrower’s financial situation include, but are not limited to, a reduction in the stated interest rate, an extension of the maturity or renewal of the loan at an interest rate below current market, a reduction in the face amount of the debt, a reduction in accrued interest, extensions, deferrals, renewals, and rewrites. A TDR loan is also considered impaired. Generally, a loan that is modified at an effective market rate of interest is no longer disclosed as a TDR in years subsequent to the restructuring if it is performing based on the terms specified by the restructuring agreement. However, such loans continue to be considered impaired.

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the aggregate amount of loans classified as impaired was $104.8 million and $128.9 million, respectively, a net decrease of 18.7%. The total specific allowance for credit losses related to these loans was $4.8 million and $4.7 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The Company had $54.7 million and $70.7 million in loans classified as accruing restructured loans at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

Impaired loans by segment at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were as follows:

	September 30, 2016		December 31, 2015
	(in thousands)
Regional Segments
Arizona	$	19,639	$	22,400
Nevada	49,951		56,843
Southern California	2,421		3,181
Northern California	9,251		—
Total Regional Segments	81,262		82,424
National Business Lines
HOA	—		—
HFF	—		—
Public & Nonprofit	—		—
Technology & Innovation	5,701		10,022
Other NBL	163		196
Total NBL	5,864		10,218
Corporate & Other	17,629		36,232
Total impaired loans	$	104,755	$	128,874

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The following tables present a breakdown of total impaired loans and the related specific reserves for the periods indicated: 

	September 30, 2016
	Impaired Balance		Percent of Impaired Balance		Percent of Total HFI Loans		Reserve Balance		Percent of Reserve Balance		Percent of Total Allowance
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	25,549	24.40	%	0.20	%	$	3,751	78.55	%	3.05	%
Commercial real estate	46,491		44.38		0.36		949		19.88		0.77
Construction and land development	15,338		14.64		0.12		—		—		—
Residential real estate	17,122		16.34		0.13		74		1.55		0.06
Consumer	255		0.24		—		1		0.02		—
Total impaired loans	$	104,755	100.00	%	0.81	%	$	4,775	100.00	%	3.88	%

	December 31, 2015
	Impaired Balance		Percent of Impaired Balance		Percent of Total HFI Loans		Reserve Balance		Percent of Reserve Balance		Percent of Total Allowance
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	29,409	22.82	%	0.26	%	$	3,518	75.52	%	2.95	%
Commercial real estate	64,234		49.84		0.58		869		18.66		0.73
Construction and land development	18,322		14.22		0.17		—		—		—
Residential real estate	16,575		12.86		0.15		270		5.80		0.23
Consumer	334		0.26		—		1		0.02		—
Total impaired loans	$	128,874	100.00	%	1.16	%	$	4,658	100.00	%	3.91	%

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Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table summarizes the activity in the Company's allowance for credit losses for the period indicated: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
	(dollars in thousands)
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance at beginning of period	$	122,104		$	115,056		$	119,068		$	110,216
Provision charged to operating expense:
Commercial and industrial	3,406			6,152			9,044			11,742
Commercial real estate	(450		)	(5,173		)	(2,524		)	(7,131		)
Construction and land development	(347		)	419			1,910			(132		)
Residential real estate	(513		)	(1,313		)	(1,629		)	(3,469		)
Consumer	(96		)	(85		)	199			(310		)
Total Provision	2,000			—			7,000			700
Recoveries of loans previously charged-off:
Commercial and industrial	(466		)	(1,147		)	(2,846		)	(2,744		)
Commercial real estate	(521		)	(1,401		)	(4,956		)	(3,522		)
Construction and land development	(302		)	(329		)	(455		)	(1,859		)
Residential real estate	(179		)	(232		)	(589		)	(1,949		)
Consumer	(21		)	(24		)	(131		)	(88		)
Total recoveries	(1,489		)	(3,133		)	(8,977		)	(10,162		)
Loans charged-off:
Commercial and industrial	2,558			1,109			11,210			3,273
Commercial real estate	72			—			726			—
Construction and land development	—			—			—			—
Residential real estate	79			8			105			626
Consumer	—			—			120			107
Total charged-off	2,709			1,117			12,161			4,006
Net charge-offs (recoveries)	1,220			(2,016		)	3,184			(6,156		)
Balance at end of period	$	122,884		$	117,072		$	122,884		$	117,072
Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans - annualized	0.04		%	(0.08		)%	0.04		%	(0.09		)%
Allowance for credit losses to gross loans	0.94		%	1.09		%

The following table summarizes the allocation of the allowance for credit losses by loan type. However, the allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories. 

	Commercial and Industrial			Commercial Real Estate			Construction and Land Development			Residential Real Estate			Consumer			Total
	(dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2016
Allowance for Credit Losses	$	71,861		$	24,866		$	21,341		$	4,133		$	683		$	122,884
Percent of Total Allowance for Credit Losses	58.5		%	20.2		%	17.4		%	3.4		%	0.5		%	100.0		%
Percent of Gross Loans to Total Gross HFI Loans	43.9			43.1			10.6			2.1			0.3			100.0
December 31, 2015
Allowance for Credit Losses	$	71,181		$	23,160		$	18,976		$	5,278		$	473		$	119,068
Percent of Total Allowance for Credit Losses	59.8		%	19.5		%	15.9		%	4.4		%	0.4		%	100.0		%
Percent of Gross Loans to Total Gross HFI Loans	47.4			39.3			10.2			2.9			0.2			100.0

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Problem Loans

The Company classifies loans consistent with federal banking regulations using a nine category grading system. These loan grades are described in further detail in "Item 1. Business” of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. The following table presents information regarding potential and actual problem loans, consisting of loans graded Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss, but still performing, and excluding acquired loans: 

	September 30, 2016
	Number of Loans	Loan Balance		Percent of Loan Balance		Percent of Total HFI Loan Balance
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	87	$	82,257	62.10	%	0.63	%
Commercial real estate	44	36,668		27.69		0.28
Construction and land development	4	8,876		6.70		0.07
Residential real estate	8	4,569		3.45		0.04
Consumer	5	83		0.06		—
Total	148	$	132,453	100.00	%	1.02	%

	December 31, 2015
	Number of Loans	Loan Balance		Percent of Loan Balance		Percent of Total HFI Loan Balance
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	90	$	80,011	55.69	%	0.72	%
Commercial real estate	50	40,345		28.08		0.36
Construction and land development	3	17,734		12.34		0.16
Residential real estate	12	5,309		3.70		0.05
Consumer	8	271		0.19		—
Total	163	$	143,670	100.00	%	1.29	%

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Other Assets Acquired Through Foreclosure

The following table represents the changes in other assets acquired through foreclosure: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2016
	Gross Balance			Valuation Allowance			Net Balance
	(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	56,467		$	(6,623	)	$	49,844
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	1,162			—			1,162
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(1,260		)	32			(1,228		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			(184		)	(184		)
Gains (losses), net (1)	25			—			25
Balance, end of period	$	56,394		$	(6,775	)	$	49,619
	2015
Balance, beginning of period	$	71,782		$	(12,447	)	$	59,335
Additions from acquisition	(143		)	—			(143		)
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	14,111			—			14,111
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(16,646		)	959			(15,687		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			573			573
(Losses) gains, net (1)	(470		)	—			(470		)
Balance, end of period	$	68,634		$	(10,915	)	$	57,719

(1) There were no net gains related to initial transfers to other assets during each of the three months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016
	Gross Balance			Valuation Allowance			Net Balance
	(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	52,984		$	(9,042	)	$	43,942
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	11,888			—			11,888
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(8,174		)	2,140			(6,034		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			127			127
(Losses) gains, net (2)	(304		)	—			(304		)
Balance, end of period	$	56,394		$	(6,775	)	$	49,619
	2015
Balance, beginning of period	$	71,421		$	(14,271	)	$	57,150
Additions from acquisition	1,407			—			1,407
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	27,570			—			27,570
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(34,349		)	4,287			(30,062		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			(931		)	(931		)
Gains (losses), net (2)	2,585			—			2,585
Balance, end of period	$	68,634		$	(10,915	)	$	57,719

(2) Includes net gains related to initial transfers to other assets of zero and $0.9 million during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Other assets acquired through foreclosure consist primarily of properties acquired as a result of, or in-lieu-of, foreclosure. OREO and other repossessed property are reported at the lower of carrying value or fair value less estimated costs to sell the property. Costs relating to the development or improvement of the assets are capitalized and costs relating to holding the assets are charged to expense. The Company had $49.6 million, $43.9 million, and $57.7 million of such assets at September 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and September 30, 2015, respectively.

At September 30, 2016, the Company held 33 OREO properties, compared to 39 at December 31, 2015, and 45 at September 30, 2015.

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess consideration paid for net assets acquired in a business combination over their fair value. Goodwill and other intangible assets acquired in a business combination that are determined to have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortization, but are subsequently evaluated for impairment at least annually. The Company has goodwill of $290.0 million and intangible assets totaling $13.6 million at September 30, 2016, which have been allocated to the Nevada, Northern California, HFF, and Technology & Innovation operating segments.

The Company performs its annual goodwill and intangibles impairment tests as of October 1 each year, or more often if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. During the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, there were no events or circumstances that indicated an interim impairment test of goodwill or other intangible assets was necessary.

The Company recognized initial goodwill of $0.2 million related to the HFF loan portfolio purchase, which closed on April 20, 2016. The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are subject to adjustment during the first twelve months after the acquisition date if additional information becomes available to indicate a more accurate or appropriate value for an asset or liability. During the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, there were no measurement period adjustments identified related to HFF.

During the six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company identified $1.5 million in measurement period adjustments from the Bridge acquisition, primarily related to reductions in other assets and accrued liabilities. The measurement period for the Bridge acquisition ended on June 30, 2016, therefore, the fair values of these assets acquired and liabilities assumed are final.

Deferred Tax Assets

For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, the net deferred tax assets decreased $13.6 million to $72.7 million. This overall decrease in the net deferred tax asset was primarily the result of decreases to deferred tax assets based on a change in the fair market value of junior subordinated debt and AFS securities, expected use of AMT credit carryovers, and fair market value adjustments related to acquired loans.

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company did not have a deferred tax valuation allowance.

Deposits

Deposits are the primary source for funding the Company's asset growth. Total deposits increased to $14.44 billion at September 30, 2016, from $12.03 billion at December 31, 2015, an increase of $2.41 billion, or 20.1%. Non-interest-bearing demand deposits increased by $1.53 billion from December 31, 2015. Savings and money market deposits increased $672.6 million from December 31, 2015.

WAB is a member of Promontory, a network that offers deposit placement services such as CDARS and ICS, which offer products that qualify large deposits for FDIC insurance. At September 30, 2016, the Company had $468.6 million of CDARS deposits and $643.5 million of ICS deposits, compared to $517.5 million of CDARS deposits and $714.4 million of ICS deposits at December 31, 2015. At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company also had $165.7 million and $178.8 million, respectively, of wholesale brokered deposits. There was also $481.4 million and $365.6 million of additional deposits as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, that the Company considers core deposits, but which are classified as brokered deposits for regulatory reporting purposes.

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The average balances and weighted average rates paid on deposits are presented below:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2016				2015
	Average Balance		Rate		Average Balance		Rate
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	$	1,286,063	0.19	%	$	1,004,656	0.18	%
Savings and money market	6,129,262		0.35		4,723,526		0.27
Time certificates of deposit	1,637,284		0.52		1,763,540		0.42
Total interest-bearing deposits	9,052,609		0.36		7,491,722		0.30
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits	5,363,716		—		3,961,269		—
Total deposits	$	14,416,325	0.22	%	$	11,452,991	0.19	%

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2016				2015
	Average Balance		Rate		Average Balance		Rate
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	$	1,191,055	0.18	%	$	965,784	0.17	%
Savings and money market	5,768,179		0.33		4,286,910		0.28
Time certificates of deposit	1,651,926		0.49		1,843,920		0.42
Total interest-bearing deposits	8,611,160		0.34		7,096,614		0.30
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits	4,830,762		—		2,985,074		—
Total deposits	$	13,441,922	0.22	%	$	10,081,688	0.19	%

Other Borrowings

The Company from time to time utilizes short-term borrowed funds to support short-term liquidity needs generally created by increased loan demand. The majority of these short-term borrowed funds consist of advances from the FHLB and customer repurchase agreements. The Company’s borrowing capacity with the FHLB is determined based on collateral pledged, generally consisting of securities and loans. In addition, the Company has borrowing capacity from other sources, collateralized by securities, including securities sold under agreements to repurchase, which are reflected at the amount of cash received in connection with the transaction, and may require additional collateral based on the fair value of the underlying securities. At September 30, 2016, total short-term borrowed funds consisted of customer repurchase agreements of $44.4 million. At December 31, 2015, total short-term borrowed funds consisted of customer repurchase agreements of $38.2 million and FHLB advances of $150.0 million.

Qualifying Debt

At September 30, 2016, total qualifying debt consisted of $321.9 million of subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt of $61.0 million, inclusive of issuance costs and fair market value adjustments. At December 31, 2015, qualifying debt consisted of subordinated debt of $152.0 million and junior subordinated debt of $58.4 million.

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Critical Accounting Policies

Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. The critical accounting policies upon which the Company's financial condition and results of operations depend, and which involve the most complex subjective decisions or assessments, are included in the discussion entitled "Critical Accounting Policies" in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, and all amendments thereto, as filed with the SEC. There were no material changes to the critical accounting policies disclosed in the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Liquidity

Liquidity is the ongoing ability to accommodate liability maturities and deposit withdrawals, fund asset growth and business operations, and meet contractual obligations through unconstrained access to funding at reasonable market rates. Liquidity management involves forecasting funding requirements and maintaining sufficient capacity to meet the needs and accommodate fluctuations in asset and liability levels due to changes in the Company's business operations or unanticipated events.

The ability to have readily available funds sufficient to repay fully maturing liabilities is of primary importance to depositors, creditors, and regulators. The Company's liquidity, represented by cash and amounts due from banks, federal funds sold, and non-pledged marketable securities, is a result of its operating, investing, and financing activities and related cash flows. In order to ensure funds are available when necessary, on at least a quarterly basis, the Company projects the amount of funds that will be required over a twelve month period and it also strives to maintain relationships with a diversified customer base. Liquidity requirements can also be met through short-term borrowings or the disposition of short-term assets.

The following table presents the available and outstanding balances of the Company's lines of credit:

	September 30, 2016
	Available Balance		Outstanding Balance
	(in millions)
Unsecured fed funds credit lines at correspondent banks	$	100.0	$	—
Other lines with correspondent banks:
Secured other lines with correspondent banks	25.0		—
Unsecured other lines with correspondent banks	45.0		—
Total other lines with correspondent banks	$	70.0	$	—

In addition to lines of credit, the Company has borrowing capacity with the FHLB and FRB from pledged loans and securities. The borrowing capacity, outstanding borrowings, and available credit as of September 30, 2016 are presented in the following table:

	September 30, 2016
	(in millions)
FHLB:
Borrowing capacity	$	2,498.6
Outstanding borrowings	—
Letters of credit	468.3
Total available credit	$	2,030.3
FRB:
Borrowing capacity	$	1,572.3
Outstanding borrowings	—
Total available credit	$	1,572.3

The Company has a formal liquidity policy and, in the opinion of management, its liquid assets are considered adequate to meet cash flow needs for loan funding and deposit cash withdrawals for the next 90-120 days. At September 30, 2016, there was $2.05 billion in liquid assets, comprised of $356.3 million in cash, cash equivalents, and money market investments and $1.69 billion in unpledged marketable securities. At December 31, 2015, the Company maintained $1.26 billion in liquid assets,

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comprised of $224.8 million of cash, cash equivalents, and money market investments, and $1.04 billion of unpledged marketable securities.

The Parent maintains liquidity that would be sufficient to fund its operations and certain non-bank affiliate operations for an extended period should funding from normal sources be disrupted. Since deposits are taken by WAB and not by the Parent, Parent liquidity is not dependent on the bank's deposit balances. In the Company's analysis of Parent liquidity, it is assumed that the Parent is unable to generate funds from additional debt or equity issuances, receives no dividend income from subsidiaries and does not pay dividends to stockholders, while continuing to make nondiscretionary payments needed to maintain operations and repayment of contractual principal and interest payments owed by the Parent and affiliated companies. Under this scenario, the amount of time the Parent and its non-bank subsidiary can operate and meet all obligations before the current liquid assets are exhausted is considered as part of the Parent liquidity analysis. Management believes the Parent maintains adequate liquidity capacity to operate without additional funding from new sources for over twelve months.

WAB maintains sufficient funding capacity to address large increases in funding requirements, such as deposit outflows. This capacity is comprised of liquidity derived from a reduction in asset levels and various secured funding sources. On a long-term basis, the Company’s liquidity will be met by changing the relative distribution of its asset portfolios (for example, by reducing investment or loan volumes, or selling or encumbering assets). Further, the Company can increase liquidity by soliciting higher levels of deposit accounts through promotional activities and/or borrowing from correspondent banks, the FHLB of San Francisco, and the FRB. At September 30, 2016, the Company's long-term liquidity needs primarily relate to funds required to support loan originations, commitments, and deposit withdrawals, which can be met by cash flows from investment payments and maturities, and investment sales, if necessary.

The Company’s liquidity is comprised of three primary classifications: 1) cash flows provided by operating activities; 2) cash flows used in investing activities; and 3) cash flows provided by financing activities. Net cash provided by or used in operating activities consists primarily of net income, adjusted for changes in certain other asset and liability accounts and certain non-cash income and expense items, such as the provision for credit losses, investment and other amortization and depreciation. For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, and 2015, net cash provided by operating activities was $214.5 million and $144.6 million respectively.

The Company's primary investing activities are the origination of real estate and commercial loans, the collection of repayments of these loans, and the purchase and sale of securities. The Company's net cash provided by and used in investing activities has been primarily influenced by its loan and securities activities. The net increase in loans for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015 was $551.9 million and $943.8 million, respectively. There was a net increase in investment securities for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 of $711.9 million, compared to a net increase of $350.5 million for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2015.

Net cash provided by financing activities has been impacted significantly by increased deposit levels. During the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016 and 2015, net deposits increased $2.41 billion and $937.5 million, respectively.

Fluctuations in core deposit levels may increase the Company's need for liquidity as certificates of deposit mature or are withdrawn before maturity, and as non-maturity deposits, such as checking and savings account balances, are withdrawn. Additionally, the Company is exposed to the risk that customers with large deposit balances will withdraw all or a portion of such deposits, due in part to the FDIC limitations on the amount of insurance coverage provided to depositors. To mitigate the uninsured deposit risk, the Company has joined the CDARS and ICS programs, which allow an individual customer to invest up to $50.0 million and $110.0 million, respectively, through one participating financial institution or, a combined total of $150.0 million per individual customer, with the entire amount being covered by FDIC insurance. As of September 30, 2016, the Company had $468.6 million of CDARS and $643.5 million of ICS deposits.

As of September 30, 2016, the Company had $165.7 million of wholesale brokered deposits outstanding. Brokered deposits are generally considered to be deposits that have been received from a third party who is engaged in the business of placing deposits on behalf of others. A traditional deposit broker will direct deposits to the banking institution offering the highest interest rate available. Federal banking laws and regulations place restrictions on depository institutions regarding brokered deposits because of the general concern that these deposits are not relationship-based and are at a greater risk of being withdrawn and placed on deposit at another institution offering a higher interest rate, thus posing liquidity risk for institutions that gather brokered deposits in significant amounts. There was also $481.4 million and $365.6 million of additional deposits as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, that the Company considers core deposits, but which are classified as brokered deposits for regulatory reporting purposes.

Federal and state banking regulations place certain restrictions on dividends paid. The total amount of dividends which may be paid at any date is generally limited to the retained earnings of the bank. Dividends paid by WAB to the Parent would be prohibited if the effect thereof would cause the bank’s capital to be reduced below applicable minimum capital requirements.

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During the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2016, the Parent contributed $54.6 million to WAB and $226.9 million to LVSP and LVSP paid a dividend to the Parent of $11.8 million.

Capital Resources

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements could trigger certain mandatory or discretionary actions that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s business and financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company and the Bank exceeded the capital levels necessary to be classified as well-capitalized, as defined by the banking agencies. The actual capital amounts and ratios for the Company and the Bank are presented in the following tables as of the periods indicated:

	Total Capital		Tier 1 Capital		Risk-Weighted Assets		Tangible Average Assets		Total Capital Ratio		Tier 1 Capital Ratio		Tier 1 Leverage Ratio		Common Equity Tier 1
	(dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2016
WAL	$	2,033,099	$	1,598,278	$	15,507,256	$	16,610,832	13.1	%	10.3	%	9.6	%	9.8	%
WAB	1,924,004		1,640,789		15,409,247		16,509,537		12.5		10.6		9.9		10.6
Well-capitalized ratios									10.0		8.0		5.0		6.5
Minimum capital ratios									8.0		6.0		4.0		4.5
December 31, 2015
WAL	$	1,603,472	$	1,341,011	$	13,193,563	$	13,683,148	12.2	%	10.2	%	9.8	%	9.7	%
WAB	$	1,485,070	$	1,213,304	$	13,073,394	$	13,561,251	11.4		9.3		9.0		9.3
Well-capitalized ratios									10.0		8.0		5.0		6.5
Minimum capital ratios									8.0		6.0		4.0		4.5

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Market risk is the risk of loss in a financial instrument arising from adverse changes in market prices and rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and equity prices. The Company's market risk arises primarily from interest rate risk inherent in its lending, investing, and deposit taking activities. To that end, management actively monitors and manages the Company's interest rate risk exposure. The Company generally manages its interest rate sensitivity by evaluating re-pricing opportunities on its earning assets to those on its funding liabilities.

Management uses various asset/liability strategies to manage the re-pricing characteristics of the Company's assets and liabilities, all of which are designed to ensure that exposure to interest rate fluctuations is limited to within the Company's guidelines of acceptable levels of risk-taking. Hedging strategies, including the terms and pricing of loans and deposits and management of the deployment of its securities, are used to reduce mismatches in interest rate re-pricing opportunities of portfolio assets and their funding sources.

Interest rate risk is addressed by the ALCO, which includes members of executive management, finance, and operations. ALCO monitors interest rate risk by analyzing the potential impact on the net EVE and net interest income from potential changes in interest rates and considers the impact of alternative strategies or changes in balance sheet structure. The Company manages its balance sheet in part to maintain the potential impact on EVE and net interest income within acceptable ranges despite changes in interest rates.

The Company's exposure to interest rate risk is reviewed at least quarterly by the ALCO. Interest rate risk exposure is measured using interest rate sensitivity analysis to determine its change in both EVE and net interest income in the event of hypothetical changes in interest rates. If potential changes to EVE and net interest income resulting from hypothetical interest rate changes are not within the limits established by the Bank’s BOD, the BOD may direct management to adjust the asset and liability mix to bring interest rate risk within Board-approved limits.

Net Interest Income Simulation. In order to measure interest rate risk at September 30, 2016, the Company used a simulation model to project changes in net interest income that result from forecasted changes in interest rates. This analysis calculates the difference between a baseline net interest income forecast using current yield curves that do not take into consideration any future anticipated rate hikes, compared to forecasted net income resulting from an immediate parallel shift in rates upward or downward, along with other scenarios directed by ALCO. The income simulation model includes various assumptions regarding the re-pricing relationships for each of the Company's products. Many of the Company's assets are floating rate loans, which are assumed to re-price immediately and, proportional to the change in market rates, depending on their contracted index. Some loans and investments contain contractual prepayment features (embedded options) and, accordingly, the simulation model incorporates prepayment assumptions. The Company's non-term deposit products re-price more slowly, usually changing less than the change in market rates and at the Company's discretion.

This analysis indicates the impact of changes in net interest income for the given set of rate changes and assumptions. It assumes the balance sheet remains static and that its structure does not change over the course of the year. It does not account for all factors that could impact the Company's results, including changes by management to mitigate interest rate changes or secondary factors such as changes to the Company's credit risk profile as interest rates change.

Furthermore, loan prepayment rate estimates and spread relationships change regularly. Interest rate changes create changes in actual loan prepayment speeds that will differ from the market estimates incorporated in this analysis. Changes that vary significantly from the modeled assumptions may have significant effects on the Company's actual net interest income.

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This simulation model assesses the changes in net interest income that would occur in response to an instantaneous and sustained increase or decrease (shock) in market interest rates. At September 30, 2016, the Company's net interest income exposure for the next twelve months related to these hypothetical changes in market interest rates was within the Company's current guidelines.

Sensitivity of Net Interest Income

	Interest Rate Scenario (change in basis points from Base)
	Down 100			Base		Up 100			Up 200			Up 300			Up 400
	(in thousands)
Interest Income	$	681,229		$	733,488	$	813,491		$	895,397		$	978,387		$	1,061,661
Interest Expense	26,382			46,729		84,300			121,875			159,453			197,035
Net Interest Income	654,847			686,759		729,191			773,522			818,934			864,626
% Change	(4.6		)%			6.2		%	12.6		%	19.2		%	25.9		%

Economic Value of Equity. The Company measures the impact of market interest rate changes on the NPV of estimated cash flows from its assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet items, defined as EVE, using a simulation model. This simulation model assesses the changes in the market value of interest rate sensitive financial instruments that would occur in response to an instantaneous and sustained increase or decrease (shock) in market interest rates.

At September 30, 2016, the Company's EVE exposure related to these hypothetical changes in market interest rates was within the Company's current guidelines. The following table shows the Company's projected change in EVE for this set of rate shocks at September 30, 2016:

Economic Value of Equity

	Interest Rate Scenario (change in basis points from Base)
	Down 100			Base		Up 100			Up 200			Up 300			Up 400
	(in thousands)
Assets	$	17,424,762		$	17,178,433	$	16,884,319		$	16,572,146		$	16,268,160		$	15,952,587
Liabilities	14,613,302			14,163,961		13,786,980			13,445,550			13,130,028			12,837,862
Net Present Value	2,811,460			3,014,472		3,097,339			3,126,596			3,138,132			3,114,725
% Change	(6.7		)%			2.7		%	3.7		%	4.1		%	3.3		%

The computation of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, including relative levels of market interest rates, asset prepayments, and deposit decay, and should not be relied upon as indicative of actual results. Further, the computations do not contemplate any actions the Company may undertake in response to changes in interest rates. Actual amounts may differ from the projections set forth above should market conditions vary from the underlying assumptions.

Derivative Contracts. In the normal course of business, the Company uses derivative instruments to meet the needs of its customers and manage exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. The following table summarizes the aggregate notional amounts, market values, and terms of the Company’s derivative positions as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

Outstanding Derivatives Positions

September 30, 2016						December 31, 2015
Notional		Net Value			Weighted Average Term (Years)	Notional		Net Value			Weighted Average Term (Years)
(dollars in thousands)
$	988,337	$	(95,717	)	18.4	$	800,478	$	(61,216	)	14.5

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls

Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the CEO and CFO have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms. Additionally, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were also effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or is subject to under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including the CEO and CFO, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2016, which have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

There are no material pending legal proceedings to which the Company is a party or to which any of its properties are subject. There are no material proceedings known to the Company to be contemplated by any governmental authority. From time to time, the Company is involved in a variety of litigation matters in the ordinary course of business and anticipates that the Company will become involved in new litigation matters in the future.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have not been any material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Item 5. Other Information.

Not applicable.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

EXHIBITS

3.1	Certificate of Incorporation, as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on May 29, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of Western Alliance’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 3, 2014).
3.2	Certificate of Designation of Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B, as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on May 29, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of Western Alliance’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 3, 2014).
3.3	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Western Alliance, effective as of May 19, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Western Alliance's Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 22, 2015).
4.1	Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Western Alliance’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 3, 2014).
4.2	Form of 5.00% Fixed to Floating Rate Subordinated Bank Note due July 15, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Western Alliance's Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 2, 2015).
4.3	Subordinated Debt Indenture, dated June 16, 2016, between Western Alliance and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Western Alliance's Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 16, 2016).
4.4	First Supplemental Indenture (including Form of Debenture) dated June 16, 2016 between Western Alliance and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Western Alliance's Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 16, 2016).

31.1*	CEO Certification Pursuant Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).
31.2*	CFO Certification Pursuant Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).
32*	CEO and CFO Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS*	XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.DEF*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.CAL*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LAB*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

* Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION
October 31, 2016	By:	/s/ Robert Sarver
		Robert Sarver
		Chairman of the Board and
		Chief Executive Officer
October 31, 2016	By:	/s/ Dale Gibbons
		Dale Gibbons
		Executive Vice President and
		Chief Financial Officer
October 31, 2016	By:	/s/ J. Kelly Ardrey Jr.
		J. Kelly Ardrey Jr.
		Senior Vice President and
		Chief Accounting Officer

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