Overview, Basis of Presentation, Significant Accounting Policies and Recently Issued Accounting Guidance (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition – The largest stream of revenue is product revenue for shipments of the various products discussed further in Note 19, "Business Segment Information," along with a smaller amount of revenue from services that typically pertain to the products sold and take place over a short period of time. We recognize revenue at a point in time following the transfer of control, which typically occurs when a product is shipped or delivered, depending on the terms of the sale agreement, or when services are rendered. Shipping costs billed to customers are recognized as revenue and expensed in cost of goods sold as a fulfillment cost when control of the product transfers to the customer. Payment from customers is typically due within 30 days of the sale for sales in the U.S. For sales outside of the U.S., payment terms may be longer based upon local business customs, but are typically due no later than 90 days after the sale.

Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests

Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests – Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries that are redeemable for cash or other assets outside of the our control are classified as mezzanine equity, outside of equity and liabilities, at the greater of the carrying value or the redemption value. The increases or decreases in the estimated redemption amount are recorded with corresponding adjustments against equity and are reflected in the computation of earnings per share.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation – The financial statements of those operations whose functional currency is a foreign currency are translated into U.S. dollars using the current rate method. Under this method, all assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using current exchange rates, and income statement activities are translated using average exchange rates. The foreign currency translation adjustment is included in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions are included in operating income.

Research and Development Expense

Research and Development Expense – Costs related to research and development activities are expensed as incurred. We perform research and development primarily under Company-funded programs for commercial products.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes – We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Temporary differences arising between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its carrying amount on the Consolidated Balance Sheet are used to calculate future income tax assets or liabilities. This method also requires the recognition of deferred tax benefits, such as net operating loss carryforwards. Valuation allowances are recorded as appropriate to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount considered likely to be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to the taxable income (losses) in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on

deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the date of enactment of the change. A tax benefit from an uncertain tax position is recognized only if we believe it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on its technical merits. If the recognition threshold for the tax position is met, only the portion of the tax benefit that we believe is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized is recorded.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was enacted and contains several key tax provisions that impacted us, including the reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35.0% to 21.0%, the transition to a territorial tax system and a mandatory one-time transition tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. We recognized the provisional impact of these tax law changes, including the remeasurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the tax rates in effect at the time the deferred balances are expected to reverse, the reassessment of the net realizability of the deferred tax balances, and the transition tax, in our income tax provision in the fourth quarter 2017, the period of enactment.

While the Tax Act provides for a territorial tax system, it includes the global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) provision beginning in 2018. The GILTI provisions require us to include in our U.S. income tax return certain current foreign subsidiary earnings net of foreign tax credits, subject to limitation. We elected to account for the GILTI tax in the period in which it is incurred.

In December 2017, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") issued guidance to address the application of authoritative tax accounting guidance in situations where companies do not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act for the reporting period in which it was enacted. In these instances, the SEC's guidance allowed the recording of provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date. As the Tax Act was enacted at the end of 2017, and ongoing guidance and interpretation has been issued over the ensuing twelve months, we considered the impact of the transition tax, remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and other items recorded in our year-end income tax provision for the fourth quarter 2017 to be a provisional estimate and have further analyzed the year-end data and refined our calculations. The refinements to our provisional estimate were made in the third and fourth quarters of 2018 and we completed our accounting for the impact in the fourth quarter of 2018. Please see Note 5, "Income Taxes," for further information.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents – Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits and highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase.

Receivables

Receivables – Accounts receivable are stated at the historical carrying amount net of write-offs and allowance for doubtful accounts. We establish an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable based on historical experience and any specific customer collection issues we have identified. Doubtful accounts receivable are written off when a settlement is reached for an amount less than the outstanding historical balance or when we have determined the balance will not be collected.

Inventories

Inventories – Certain domestic inventories are valued by the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) cost method. Inventories not valued by the LIFO method are valued using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) cost method, and are recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment – Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation of plant and equipment is determined on the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives of the assets: buildings and improvements, 5 to 25 years; machinery and equipment, 3 to 10 years.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets – Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets of acquired businesses. Goodwill is not amortized, but instead is subject to annual impairment testing conducted each year as of October 1. The goodwill asset impairment test involves comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, a second step of comparing the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill to the carrying amount of that goodwill is required to measure the potential goodwill impairment loss. Interim tests may be required if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount.

We completed our required annual impairment tests of goodwill as of October 1, 2019, 2018 and 2017. These assessments did not indicate any impairment of the goodwill, and the fair values of each of our reporting units significantly exceeded their carrying values.

Other intangible assets are recorded at cost, or when acquired as a part of a business combination, at estimated fair value. These assets include customer relationships, patents and other technology agreements, trademarks, licenses and non-compete agreements. Intangible assets that have definite lives are amortized using a method that reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the assets are consumed or the straight-line method over estimated useful lives of 2 to 21 years. Intangible

assets with indefinite lives are subject to at least annual impairment testing, conducted each year as of October 1, which compares the fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying amount using the relief from royalty method. Interim tests may be required if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value below the carrying value or change the useful life of the asset. Based upon our analysis, we determined our indefinite-lived Motorwheel trade name was impaired at December 31, 2019. We recorded a $7.9 million impairment charge and recorded the trade name at $2.1 million on our Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2019, which represents the fair-value of the asset.

Debt

Debt – Debt issuance costs associated with our senior secured revolving credit facility are presented as an asset and subsequently amortized into interest expense ratably over the term of the revolving debt arrangement. Debt issuance costs associated with any of our other debt instruments that are incremental third party costs of issuing the debt are recognized as a reduction in the carrying value of the debt and amortized into interest expense over the time period to maturity using the interest method.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments – We use derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to various risks. The use of these financial instruments modifies the exposure with the intent of reducing our risk. We do not use financial instruments for trading purposes, nor do we use leveraged financial instruments. The counterparties to these contractual arrangements are major financial institutions. We use multiple financial institutions for derivative contracts to minimize the concentration of credit risk. The current accounting rules require derivative instruments, excluding certain contracts that are issued and held by a reporting entity that are both indexed to its own stock and classified in shareholders’ equity, be reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value and that changes in a derivative’s fair value be recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements – Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

We utilize a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The following is a brief description of those three levels:

• Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

• Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

• Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect our own assumptions.

The fair value of intangible assets associated with acquisitions is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis. Projecting discounted future cash flows requires us to make significant estimates regarding future revenues and expenses, projected capital expenditures, changes in working capital, tax rates, attrition rates, and the appropriate discount rate. This non-recurring fair value measurement would be classified as Level 3 due to the absence of quoted market prices or observable inputs for assets of a similar nature.

We review the carrying amounts of long-lived assets when certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable.  An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of the asset group is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value.  We estimate the fair values of assets subject to long-lived asset impairment based on our own judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets. In doing so, we use an market approach when available or income approach based upon discounted cash flows. The key assumptions used for the discounted cash flow approach include expected cash flows based on internal business plans, projected growth rates, discount rates, and royalty rates for certain intangible assets.  We classify these fair value measurements as Level 3.

Similarly, the fair value computations for the recurring impairment analyses of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets would be classified as Level 3 due to the absence of quoted market prices or observable inputs. The key assumptions used for the discounted cash flow approach include expected cash flows based on internal business plans, projected growth rates, discount rates, and royalty rates for certain indefinite-lived intangible assets. Significant changes in any of those inputs could result in a significantly different fair value measurement.

Pensions and Postretirement Benefits

Pensions and Postretirement Benefits - Amortization of the net gain or loss resulting from experience different from that assumed and from changes in assumptions is included as a component of benefit cost. If, as of the beginning of the year, that net gain or loss exceeds 10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets, the amortization is that excess divided by the average remaining service period of participating employees expected to receive benefits under the plan. We amortize prior service cost using the straight-line basis over the average future service life of active participants.

For segment reporting purposes, we allocate service cost to each location generating those costs. All other components of net periodic pension cost are reported in other (non-operating) expense.

Recently Issued Accounting Guidance

Recently Issued Accounting Guidance

In December 2019, a standard was issued that will simplify the accounting for income taxes in nine unrelated areas. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, a standard was issued to simplify annual and interim goodwill impairment testing for public business entities. Under the standard, an entity should perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. The standard is effective for any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and is to be applied prospectively. The standard is not currently expected to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

In June 2016, a standard was issued that significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income, including trade receivables. The standard requires an entity to estimate its lifetime “expected credit loss” for such assets at inception, and record an allowance that, when deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, presents the net amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. Based upon our current population of receivables at December 31, 2019 and our associated historical credit loss experience, we do not expect that this standard will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. This conclusion could be impacted by any significant future financing arrangements that we may choose to enter with customers.