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Income Taxes
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
 
The provision for income taxes from operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 consists of the following:
 
 Years Ended December 31,
 202220212020
Current income taxes:
Federal$145,217 $98,795 $32,673 
State42,051 34,025 9,813 
Total187,268 132,820 42,486 
Deferred income taxes:
Federal(20,173)(12,992)(15,092)
State(4,442)(3,295)(6,536)
Total(24,615)(16,287)(21,628)
Provision for income taxes from operations$162,653 $116,533 $20,858 
The Company’s income tax expense differs from the amount that would have resulted from applying the federal statutory rate of 21% for 2022, 2021 and 2020 to pretax income from operations because of the effect of the following items during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
 
 Years Ended December 31,
 202220212020
Tax expense at federal statutory rate$127,390 $93,223 $19,220 
State taxes, net of federal benefit29,711 23,990 4,161 
Non-deductible expenses— — 3,621 
Share-based compensation(2,383)(1,460)(2,311)
Unrecognized tax benefit3,245 (680)(78)
Other, net4,690 1,460 (3,755)
Income tax expense from operations$162,653 $116,533 $20,858 
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented below as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
 
 December 31,
20222021
Deferred tax assets:
Share-based compensation$7,556 $6,954 
Deferred compensation32,962 30,513 
Accrued bonus22,437 24,636 
Accrued payroll taxes— 6,427 
Accrued expenses30,178 19,899 
Operating lease liabilities4,532 6,472 
Net operating losses5,803 8,815 
Loss contingencies10,857 8,528 
Workers compensation insurance6,661 6,476 
Other3,749 2,731 
Total deferred tax assets$124,735 $121,451 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Intangibles$(114,967)$(126,535)
Fixed assets(21,739)(28,824)
Operating lease right-of-use assets(4,228)(7,269)
Other(6,514)(6,637)
Total deferred tax liabilities$(147,448)$(169,265)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(22,713)$(47,814)
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the benefits of its deferred tax assets.
 
The amount of federal net operating losses (“NOL”) carryforward that is available for use in years subsequent to December 31, 2022 is $27,321, primarily related to the Stratus Video and Synzi acquisitions, which begins to expire by 2030. The amount of state NOL carryforward that is available for use in years subsequent to December 31, 2022 is $617, primarily related to the Stratus Video and Synzi acquisitions, which expires in 2039. The Stratus Video and Synzi acquisitions are more fully described in Note (2), “Acquisitions.”
A summary of the changes in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and penalties) for 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
 
202220212020
Beginning balance of unrecognized tax benefits$4,067 $4,916 $4,937 
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year1,464 504 667 
Additions based on tax positions of prior years1,966 — 255 
Reductions for tax positions of prior years— (301)— 
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitation(517)(1,052)(943)
Ending balance of unrecognized tax benefits$6,980 $4,067 $4,916 
 
At December 31, 2022, if recognized, approximately $7,181 net of $1,191 of temporary differences would affect the effective tax rate (including interest and penalties).
 
The Company recognizes interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company had approximately $1,390, $564 and $530 of accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The amount of interest expense recognized in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $826, $34 and $37, respectively.
The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various states and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, as of December 31, 2022, the Company is no longer subject to state, local or foreign examinations by tax authorities for tax years before 2011, and the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income or payroll tax examinations for tax years before 2019.

The Company believes its liability for unrecognized tax benefits and contingent tax issues is adequate with respect to all open years. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company could adjust its provision for income taxes and contingent tax liability based on future developments.

CARES Act

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was enacted and signed into law in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Among other things, the CARES Act contains significant business tax provisions, including a deferral of payment of employer payroll taxes and an employer retention credit for employer payroll taxes.

The Company deferred payment of the employer’s share of payroll taxes of $48,452. Approximately half of such taxes was paid during the fourth quarter of 2021 and the remaining balance was paid during the fourth quarter of 2022. The Company claimed an employee retention employment tax credit of $1,756 during 2020 and 2021.