UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 28, 2024

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from              to             

Commission file number: 001-33486

INFINERA CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	77-0560433
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

6373 San Ignacio Avenue

San Jose, CA 95119

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(408) 572-5200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.001 per share	INFN	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of November 01, 2024, 236,802,325 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.001 par value, were issued and outstanding.

INFINERA CORPORATION

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

FOR THE FISCAL QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 28, 2024

INDEX

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - As of September 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations - Three and Nine Months ended September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss - Three and Nine Months ended September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity - Three and Nine Months ended September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Nine Months ended September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	10
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	31
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	43
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	43
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	45
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	46
Item 5.	Other Information	80
Item 6.	Exhibits	81
	Signature Page	82

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

INFINERA CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except par values)

(Unaudited)

	September 28, 2024		December 30, 2023
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	115,089	$	172,505
Short-term restricted cash	42		517
Accounts receivable, net	288,265		381,981
Inventory	356,119		431,163
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	162,560		129,218
Total current assets	922,075		1,115,384
Property, plant and equipment, net	231,190		206,997
Operating lease right-of-use assets	39,359		39,973
Intangible assets, net	18,050		24,819
Goodwill	237,509		240,566
Long-term restricted cash	446		837
Other long-term assets	57,128		50,662
Total assets	$	1,505,757	$	1,679,238
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	259,225	$	299,005
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	137,078		110,758
Accrued compensation and related benefits	48,683		85,203
Short-term debt, net	10,473		25,512
Accrued warranty	12,635		17,266
Deferred revenue	116,332		136,248
Total current liabilities	584,426		673,992
Long-term debt, net	667,205		658,756
Long-term accrued warranty	12,554		15,934
Long-term deferred revenue	21,626		21,332
Long-term deferred tax liability	1,770		1,805
Long-term operating lease liabilities	44,563		47,464
Other long-term liabilities	39,767		43,364
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value Authorized shares – 25,000 and no shares issued and outstanding	—		—
Common stock, $0.001 par value       Authorized shares – 500,000 as of September 28, 2024       and December 30, 2023       Issued and outstanding shares – 236,296 as of September 28, 2024 and       230,994 as of December 30, 2023	236		231
Additional paid-in capital	2,012,820		1,976,014
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(30,409)		(34,848)
Accumulated deficit	(1,848,801)		(1,724,806)
Total stockholders' equity	133,846		216,591
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,505,757	$	1,679,238

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

INFINERA CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023		September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
Revenue:
Product	$	276,214	$	316,613	$	778,008	$	931,057
Services	78,184		75,756		226,051		229,615
Total revenue	354,398		392,369		1,004,059		1,160,672
Cost of revenue:
Cost of product	170,693		190,312		494,248		577,152
Cost of services	42,515		40,209		121,910		124,889
Amortization of intangible assets	—		3,528		—		10,621
Restructuring and other related costs	(24)		—		652		—
Total cost of revenue	213,184		234,049		616,810		712,662
Gross profit	141,214		158,320		387,249		448,010
Operating expenses:
Research and development	73,283		76,846		225,223		237,234
Sales and marketing	35,715		41,075		118,357		124,406
General and administrative	34,160		29,368		101,114		89,762
Amortization of intangible assets	2,257		2,976		6,769		10,088
Merger-related charges(1)	6,954		—		15,471		—
Restructuring and other related costs	(157)		400		4,105		2,621
Total operating expenses	152,212		150,665		471,039		464,111
Income (loss) from operations	(10,998)		7,655		(83,790)		(16,101)
Other income (expense), net:
Interest income	874		546		2,789		1,734
Interest expense	(8,764)		(7,608)		(25,556)		(21,795)
Other gain (loss), net	8,485		(7,540)		(8,910)		10,586
Total other income (expense), net	595		(14,602)		(31,677)		(9,475)
Loss before income taxes	(10,403)		(6,947)		(115,467)		(25,576)
Provision for income taxes	3,910		2,466		8,528		12,510
Net loss	$	(14,313)	$	(9,413)	$	(123,995)	$	(38,086)
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(0.06)	$	(0.04)	$	(0.53)	$	(0.17)
Diluted	$	(0.06)	$	(0.04)	$	(0.53)	$	(0.17)
Weighted average shares used in computing net loss per common share:
Basic	235,832		228,077		233,905		225,465
Diluted	235,832		228,077		233,905		225,465

(1)     Represents charges incurred directly in connection with the pending Merger with Nokia. See Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, for further information.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

INFINERA CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023		September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
Net loss	$	(14,313)	$	(9,413)	$	(123,995)	$	(38,086)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	2,532		2,208		4,770		(21,936)
Actuarial loss on pension liabilities	—		—		—		(447)
Amortization of actuarial gain	(112)		(108)		(331)		(305)
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	2,420		2,100		4,439		(22,688)
Comprehensive loss	$	(11,893)	$	(7,313)	$	(119,556)	$	(60,774)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

INFINERA CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 28, 2024
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at June 29, 2024	235,135	$	235	$	1,998,670	$	(32,829)	$	(1,834,488)	$	131,588
Restricted stock units released	1,205	1		—		—		—		1
Shares withheld for tax obligations	(44)	—		(261)		—		—		(261)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		14,411		—		—		14,411
Other comprehensive gain	—	—		—		2,420		—		2,420
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(14,313)		(14,313)
Balance at September 28, 2024	236,296	$	236	$	2,012,820	$	(30,409)	$	(1,848,801)	$	133,846

	Nine Months Ended September 28, 2024
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 30, 2023	230,994	$	231	$	1,976,014	$	(34,848)	$	(1,724,806)	$	216,591
Restricted stock units released	5,643	5		—		—		—		5
Shares withheld for tax obligations	(341)	—		(1,860)		—		—		(1,860)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		38,666		—		—		38,666
Other comprehensive gain	—	—		—		4,439		—		4,439
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(123,995)		(123,995)
Balance at September 28, 2024	236,296	$	236	$	2,012,820	$	(30,409)	$	(1,848,801)	$	133,846

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at July 1, 2023	226,488	$	226	$	1,942,477	$	(47,259)	$	(1,728,266)	$	167,178
ESPP shares issued	1,739	2		6,193		—		—		6,195
Restricted stock units released	1,338	1		—		—		—		1
Shares withheld for tax obligations	(123)	—		(549)		—		—		(549)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		15,717		—		—		15,717
Other comprehensive gain	—	—		—		2,100		—		2,100
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(9,413)		(9,413)
Balance at September 30, 2023	229,442	$	229	$	1,963,838	$	(45,159)	$	(1,737,679)	$	181,229

6

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022	220,408	$	220	$	1,901,491	$	(22,471)	$	(1,699,593)	$	179,647
ESPP shares issued	3,514	4		14,927		—		—		14,931
Restricted stock units released	5,883	5		—		—		—		5
Shares withheld for tax obligations	(363)	—		(2,217)		—		—		(2,217)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		49,637		—		—		49,637
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(22,688)		—		(22,688)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(38,086)		(38,086)
Balance at September 30, 2023	229,442	$	229	$	1,963,838	$	(45,159)	$	(1,737,679)	$	181,229

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

INFINERA CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net loss	$	(123,995)	$	(38,086)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	46,744		59,403
Non-cash restructuring charges and other related costs	32		1,183
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount	2,750		2,970
Operating lease expense	6,905		6,402
Stock-based compensation expense	38,721		49,393
Other, net	139		(683)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	92,364		89,248
Inventory	74,527		(82,983)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(48,141)		16,811
Accounts payable	(57,127)		(27,798)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	(5,386)		(46,163)
Deferred revenue	(18,898)		(59,839)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	8,635		(30,142)
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchase of property and equipment	(46,748)		(40,900)
Net cash used in investing activities	(46,748)		(40,900)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of 2028 Notes, net of discount	—		98,751
Repayment of 2024 Notes	(18,747)		(83,446)
Payment of debt issuance cost	—		(2,108)
Proceeds from asset-based revolving credit facility	50,000		—
Repayment of asset-based revolving credit facility	(40,000)		—
Repayment of mortgage payable	(354)		(381)
Principal payments on finance lease obligations	(469)		(784)
Payment of term license obligation	(7,882)		(7,720)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	5		14,931
Tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for net share settlement	(1,860)		(2,217)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(19,307)		17,026
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(862)		(8,551)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(58,282)		(62,567)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	173,859		189,203
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period(1)	$	115,577	$	126,636

8

	Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes, net	$	18,205	$	9,955
Cash paid for interest	$	25,967	$	21,579
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	26,779	$	18,529
Transfer of inventory to fixed assets	$	—	$	1,207
Unpaid term licenses (included in accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities)	$	16,380	$	16,510

(1)     Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to the condensed consolidated balance sheets:

	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	115,089	$	123,927
Short-term restricted cash	42		1,725
Long-term restricted cash	446		984
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	115,577	$	126,636

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

9

INFINERA CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1.Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Infinera Corporation ("Infinera" or the “Company”) prepared its interim condensed consolidated financial statements that accompany these notes in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), consistent in all material respects with those applied in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023.

The Company has made certain estimates, assumptions and judgments that can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the periods presented. Estimates, assumptions and judgments made by management include inventory valuation, revenue recognition, accounting for income taxes, stock-based compensation, employee benefit and pension plans, manufacturing partner and supplier liabilities, allowances for sales returns, allowances for credit losses, useful life of intangibles and property, plant and equipment, impairment loss related to lease abandonment, accrued warranty, operating and finance lease liabilities, restructuring and other related costs and loss contingencies. Management believes that the estimates and judgments upon which they rely are reasonable based upon information available to them at the time that these estimates and judgments are made. The Company expects uncertainties around its key accounting estimates to continue to evolve depending on the duration and degree of impact associated with inflation, and disruption in the global economy and financial markets. These estimates may change as new events occur and additional information emerges, and such changes are recognized or disclosed in the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.

The interim financial information is unaudited, but reflects all adjustments that are, in management’s opinion, necessary to provide a fair presentation of results for the interim periods presented. All adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

This interim information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023.

For the three-months ended September 28, 2024, two end-customers accounted for 15% and 12% of the Company's total revenue, respectively. For the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, one end-customer accounted for 10% of the Company's total revenue. For the three-months ended September 30, 2023, one end-customer accounted for 12% of the Company's total revenue, and for the nine-months ended September 30, 2023, the same end-customer accounted for 11% of the Company's total revenue.

There have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies for the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 compared to those disclosed in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023.

Nokia Merger Agreement

On June 27, 2024, Infinera, Nokia Corporation, a company incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Finland (“Nokia”) and Neptune of America Corporation, a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Nokia (“Merger Sub”) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (as it may be amended, modified or waived from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”) that provides for Merger Sub to merge with and into Infinera (the “Merger”), with Infinera surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Nokia.

Upon and subject to the terms of the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), each share of Common Stock that is issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time will be automatically canceled, extinguished and converted into, at the election of the holder, the right to receive the following consideration, subject to proration in accordance with the Merger Agreement:

•cash in an amount equal to $6.65, without interest thereon (such consideration, the "Cash Consideration");

10

•a number of ordinary shares, with no nominal value and in book-entry form, of Nokia ("Nokia Shares") based on an exchange ratio of 1.7896 Nokia Shares for each share of Common Stock (the "Share Consideration"); or

•cash in an amount equal to $4.66, without interest, and a number of Nokia Shares based on an exchange ratio of 0.5355 for each share of Common Stock (the "Mixed Consideration").

In each case, the Nokia Shares will be delivered in the form of American Depositary Shares (the “Nokia ADSs”), with each Nokia ADS representing the right to one Nokia Share. The election right for holders of Common Stock with respect to the Mixed Consideration and the Share Consideration will be subject to proration pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement.

Completion of the Merger is subject to customary conditions, including but not limited to the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the Company’s stockholders; the satisfaction of certain domestic and foreign regulatory approvals, filings and authorizations, including antitrust clearance in the United States, antitrust approval by the European Commission, antitrust approval in the United Kingdom and antitrust approvals in other non-U.S. jurisdictions, and in connection with certain foreign investment laws in the U.S. and other specified locations, including filings with The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States ("CFIUS") and foreign investment authorities in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions; the absence of a law or order preventing, materially enjoining, materially restraining or materially impairing the consummation of the Merger; and performance by the parties in all material respects of all their obligations under the Merger Agreement.

The Merger Agreement includes certain customary termination rights for the Company and Nokia. Upon termination of the Merger Agreement in certain circumstances, the Company may be required to pay Nokia a termination fee of $65.0 million, and Nokia may be required to pay the Company a termination fee of $130.0 million.

In connection with the Merger, the Company held a special meeting of stockholders on October 1, 2024 (the “Special Meeting”). At the Special Meeting, the Company's stockholders approved the proposal to adopt the Merger Agreement.

On September 13, 2024, the applicable waiting period for U.S. antitrust purposes applicable to the Merger under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended, expired. On October 7, 2024, the parties received approval from CFIUS with respect to the Merger. On October 22, 2024, relevant authorities indicated that a filing would not be required under antitrust laws in the United Kingdom at this time.

The Merger remains subject to the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions specified in the Merger Agreement. Infinera and Nokia continue to expect the Merger to close in the first half of 2025.

The foregoing summary of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the full text of the Merger Agreement, which is filed as Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 28, 2024.

Other than transaction expenses associated with the proposed Merger of $15.5 million recorded in operating expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, the terms of the Merger Agreement did not impact the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements for the nine-months ended September 28, 2024.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Segment Reporting Disclosures

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The standard improves reportable segment disclosure requirements for public business entities primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit (referred to as the “significant expense principle”). The standard will become effective for fiscal year 2024 annual financial statements and interim financial statements thereafter and will be applied retrospectively for all prior periods presented in the financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company plans to adopt the standard when it becomes effective beginning in fiscal year 2024 annual financial statements, and is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on the disclosures included in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

11

Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The standard enhances income tax disclosure requirements for all entities by requiring specified categories and greater disaggregation within the rate reconciliation table, disclosure of income taxes paid by jurisdiction, and providing clarification on uncertain tax positions and related financial statement impacts. For public business entities, the standard will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 with early adoption permitted. The Company plans to adopt the standard when it becomes effective beginning in fiscal year 2025 annual financial statements, and expects the adoption of the standard will impact certain of the income tax disclosures.

2.Leases

The Company has operating leases for real estate (facilities) and automobiles. For the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024, operating lease expense was $3.9 million and $11.3 million, respectively. Included in operating lease expense was rent expense and impairment charges due to restructuring resulting in abandonment of certain lease facilities, amounting to $0.3 million and $1.0 million, for the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024, respectively.

For the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2023, operating lease expense was $3.4 million and $11.6 million, respectively. Included in operating lease expense was rent expense and impairment charges due to restructuring resulting in abandonment of certain lease facilities, amounting to $0.4 million and $2.6 million, for the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

Variable lease cost, short-term lease cost and sublease income were immaterial during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023.

The following table presents current and long-term portion of operating lease liabilities as classified in the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

	September 28, 2024		December 30, 2023
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	12,583	$	11,888
Long-term operating lease liabilities	44,563		47,464
Total operating lease liabilities	$	57,146	$	59,352

The Company also has finance leases. The lease term for these arrangements range from three to five years with options to purchase, or ownership transferring at the end of the term.

As of September 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, finance leases included in property, plant, and equipment, net in the condensed consolidated balance sheets were $3.5 million and $4.5 million, respectively. Finance lease expense includes amortization of the right-of-use assets and interest expense. Total finance lease expense during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023 was not material.

The following table presents maturity of the lease liabilities under the Company's non-cancelable leases as of September 28, 2024 (in thousands):

	Operating Lease		Finance Lease
Total lease payments	$	106,541	$	4,745
Less: interest(1)	49,395		457
Present value of lease liabilities	$	57,146	$	4,288

(1)    Calculated using an interest rate for each lease.

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The following table presents supplemental information for the Company's non-cancelable leases for the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 (in thousands, except for lease term, discount rate and percentage data):

	Operating Lease			Finance Lease
Weighted average remaining lease term	14.9 years			3.5 years
Weighted average discount rate	10.66		%	10.00		%
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	12,707		$	469
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities	$	6,396		$	—

3.Revenue Recognition

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table presents the Company's revenue disaggregated by geography, based on the shipping address of the end-customer (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023		September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
United States	$	212,727	$	229,649	$	577,923	$	683,798
Other Americas	16,029		25,361		64,115		69,073
Europe, Middle East and Africa	93,003		99,261		272,915		278,154
Asia Pacific	32,639		38,098		89,106		129,647
Total revenue	$	354,398	$	392,369	$	1,004,059	$	1,160,672

The Company sells its products directly to customers and to channel partners.

The following table presents the Company's revenue disaggregated by sales channel (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023		September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
Direct	$	224,473	$	264,076	$	649,846	$	768,456
Indirect	129,925		128,293		354,213		392,216
Total revenue	$	354,398	$	392,369	$	1,004,059	$	1,160,672

Contract Balances

The following table provides information about receivables, contract assets, contract liabilities and deferred revenue from contracts with customers (in thousands):

	September 28, 2024		December 30, 2023
Assets (Liabilities)
Accounts receivable, net	$	288,265	$	381,981
Contract assets	$	68,546	$	46,738
Contract liabilities(1)	$	(28,390)	$	(3,313)
Deferred revenue(2)	$	(137,958)	$	(157,580)

(1)     Included in this balance are deposits, customer advances and variable rebates and incentives.

(2)     Included in this balance are amounts related to services that are subject to cancellation and pro-rated refund rights of $47.3 million and $85.9 million as of September 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, respectively.

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Revenue recognized for the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024 that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the reporting period was $14.5 million and $107.7 million, respectively. Revenue recognized for the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2023 that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the reporting period was $17.4 million and $112.7 million, respectively. Changes in the contract asset and liability balances during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023 were not materially impacted by other factors.

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligation

The Company’s remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially satisfied, consisting of deferred revenue and non-cancellable backlog. The Company’s backlog represents purchase orders received from customers for future product shipments and services. The Company’s backlog is subject to future events that could cause the amount or timing of the related revenue to change, and, in certain cases, may be canceled without penalty. Orders in backlog may be fulfilled several quarters following receipt or may relate to multi-year support service obligations.

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially satisfied) pursuant to contracts that are not subject to cancellation without penalty at the end of the reporting period (in thousands):

	Remainder of 2024		2025		2026		2027		2028		Thereafter		Total
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future as of September 28, 2024	$	384,950	$	100,591	$	56,301	$	21,003	$	12,596	$	5,137	$	580,578

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4.Fair Value Measurements

Disclosure of Fair Values

Financial instruments that are not re-measured at fair value include accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and debt. The carrying values of these financial instruments, other than the Company's 2024 Notes, 2027 Notes and 2028 Notes (as defined below and collectively referred to as "convertible senior notes"), approximate their fair values. The fair value of convertible senior notes was determined based on the quoted bid price of the convertible senior notes in an over-the-counter market on September 27, 2024 (the last trading day of the quarter).

The following table presents the estimated fair values of the convertible senior notes (in thousands):

	As of September 28, 2024						As of December 30, 2023
	Fair Value Measured Using						Fair Value Measured Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Total
Convertible senior notes (1)	$	—	$	738,331	$	738,331	$	—	$	658,609	$	658,609

(1)Consists of 2027 Notes and 2028 Notes as of September 28, 2024 as the Company repaid the remaining principal balance of the 2024 Notes during the quarter ended September 28, 2024. Refer to Note 10, “Debt” to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for more information.

Cash equivalents are measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis. The following table presents the fair value of these financial assets and their levels within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	As of September 28, 2024						As of December 30, 2023
	Fair Value Measured Using						Fair Value Measured Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Total
Money market funds	$	65,000	$	—	$	65,000	$	115,000	$	—	$	115,000

During the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, there were no transfers of assets or liabilities between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. As of each of September 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, none of the Company’s existing assets or liabilities were classified as Level 3.

The Company measures goodwill and intangible assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis when there are identifiable events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse impact on the fair value of these assets. The Company performed a qualitative analysis of impairment indicators of these assets and noted no adverse impact to their fair values as of September 28, 2024.

Facilities-related Charges

The Company classifies certain facilities-related charges within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy and applies fair value accounting on a nonrecurring basis when impairment indicators exist or upon the existence of observable fair values.

In connection with its restructuring plans (as discussed in Note 7, “Restructuring and Other Related Costs” to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements), the Company incurred facilities-related charges of $0.3 million and $1.0 million for the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024, respectively. The Company incurred facilities-related charges of $0.4 million and $2.6 million for the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. These charges primarily consisted of impairment charges incurred for operating lease right-of-use assets and were calculated at fair value based on estimated future sublease rental receipts that the Company could reasonably obtain over the remaining lease term at the discount rate. Facilities-related charges are classified as Level 3 measurement due to the significance of these unobservable inputs.

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Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

As of September 28, 2024, the Company had $115.6 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, including $34.7 million of cash held by its foreign subsidiaries.

As of December 30, 2023, the Company had $173.9 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, including $48.1 million of cash held by its foreign subsidiaries.

The Company's cash held by its foreign subsidiaries is used for operating and investing activities in those locations, and the Company does not currently have the need or the intent to repatriate those funds to the U.S.

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5.Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price of an acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net tangible and identified intangible assets acquired.

The following table presents details of the Company’s goodwill during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 (in thousands):

Balance as of December 30, 2023	$	240,566
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(3,057)
Balance as of September 28, 2024	$	237,509

The gross carrying amount of goodwill may change due to the effects of foreign currency fluctuations as a portion of these assets are denominated in foreign currency. To date, the Company has not recognized any impairment losses on goodwill.

Intangible Assets

The following tables present details of the Company’s intangible asset with finite life (in thousands, except for remaining useful life):

	September 28, 2024
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Remaining Useful Life (In Years)
Customer relationships	$	72,200	$	(54,150)	$	18,050	2.0

	December 30, 2023
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Remaining Useful Life (In Years)
Customer relationships	$	72,200	$	(47,381)	$	24,819	2.8

Amortization expense was $2.3 million and $6.8 million for the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024, respectively. Amortization expense was $6.5 million and $20.7 million for the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

Intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment, if any. Amortization expenses are recorded to the appropriate cost and expense categories.

The following table summarizes the Company’s estimated future amortization expense of intangible asset with finite life as of September 28, 2024 (in thousands):

			Fiscal Years
	Total		Remainder of 2024		2025		2026		2027		2028		Thereafter
Total future amortization expense	$	18,050	$	2,256	$	9,025	$	6,769	$	—	$	—	$	—

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6.Balance Sheet Details

Restricted Cash

The Company’s restricted cash balance is held in deposit accounts at various banks globally. These amounts primarily collateralize the Company’s issuances of standby letters of credit and bank guarantees.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table provides a roll forward of the allowance for credit losses for accounts receivable for the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 (in thousands):

Balance as of December 30, 2023	$	876
Additions(1)	847
Write offs(2)	(904)
Balance as of September 28, 2024	$	819

(1)The new additions during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 are primarily for general reserves.

(2)The write offs during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 are primarily for amounts that were previously reserved.

Accounts Receivable Factoring

The Company sells certain designated trade account receivables based on factoring arrangements with well-established factoring companies. Pursuant to the terms of the arrangements, the Company accounts for these transactions in accordance with ASC Topic 860, "Transfers and Servicing". The Company's factor purchases trade accounts receivables on a non-recourse basis and without any further obligations. Trade accounts receivables balances sold are removed from the condensed consolidated balance sheets and cash received is reflected as change in Accounts receivable within operating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. The difference between the fair value of the Company's trade receivables and the proceeds received is recorded as interest expense in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024, the Company's factoring related interest expense was approximately $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively. For the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2023, the Company's factoring related interest expense was approximately $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively.

For the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024, the Company's gross amount of trade accounts receivables sold was approximately $12.3 million and $26.6 million, respectively. For the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2023, the Company's gross amount of trade accounts receivables sold was approximately $18.1 million and $52.5 million, respectively.

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Selected Balance Sheet Items

The following table provides details of selected balance sheet items (in thousands):

	September 28, 2024		December 30, 2023
Inventory
Raw materials	$	105,209	$	133,561
Work in process	67,656		68,407
Finished goods	183,254		229,195
Total inventory	$	356,119	$	431,163
Property, plant and equipment, net
Computer hardware	$	49,149	$	48,611
Computer software(1)	72,654		74,752
Laboratory and manufacturing equipment	370,760		354,103
Land and building	12,372		12,372
Furniture and fixtures	3,178		2,916
Leasehold and building improvements	46,860		46,652
Construction in progress	83,586		41,328
Subtotal	638,559		580,734
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization(2)	(407,369)		(373,737)
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	231,190	$	206,997
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
Loss contingency related to non-cancelable purchase commitments	$	19,946	$	17,909
Taxes payable	18,472		24,248
Short-term operating and finance lease liability	13,484		12,905
Restructuring accrual	2,875		6,042
Customer contract liabilities(3)	28,390		3,313
Other accrued expenses and other current liabilities	53,911		46,341
Total accrued expenses	$	137,078	$	110,758

(1)Included in computer software at September 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023 were $33.4 million and $34.8 million, respectively, related to enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) systems that the Company implemented. The unamortized ERP costs at September 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023 were $6.5 million and $9.6 million, respectively. Also included in computer software at September 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023 was $27.2 million and $29.6 million, respectively, related to term licenses. The unamortized term license costs at September 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023 was $16.3 million and $23.6 million, respectively.

(2)Depreciation expense was $13.3 million and $39.7 million (which includes depreciation of capitalized ERP cost of $1.2 million and $3.7 million, respectively) for the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024, respectively. Also included in depreciation expense for the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024 was $2.5 million and $7.5 million, respectively, related to term licenses. Depreciation expense was $13.5 million and $38.7 million (which includes depreciation of capitalized ERP cost of $1.3 million and $3.5 million, respectively) for the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Also included in depreciation expense for the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2023 was $2.4 million and $6.8 million, respectively, related to term licenses.

(3)See Note 3, “Revenue Recognition” to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for more information.

7.Restructuring and Other Related Costs

In 2023, the Company implemented a restructuring initiative to reduce costs (the "2023 Restructuring Plan"). In relation to the 2023 Restructuring Plan, the Company incurred and recorded $6.4 million in total of which $5.9 million was recorded in 2023 and $0.5 million was recorded in the nine-months ended September 28, 2024. The 2023 Restructuring Plan was completed in 2024, including all associated payments.

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In 2024, the Company implemented a restructuring initiative to reduce costs (the "2024 Restructuring Plan"). In relation to the 2024 Restructuring Plan, the Company incurred and recorded $3.2 million of restructuring costs in the nine-months ended September 28, 2024. The 2024 Restructuring Plan is expected to be completed in 2024 with the associated payments made in 2024 and 2025. Additional restructuring activities may occur in the future in connection with the Company’s ongoing transformation initiatives.

In the three- and nine-month periods ended September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the Company incurred lease-related impairment charges from consolidation of various sites that resulted in abandonment of related leased facilities. This was a result of restructuring initiatives undertaken in previous years.

The following table presents restructuring and other related costs included in cost of revenue and operating expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations under the restructuring plans (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	September 28, 2024				September 30, 2023
	Cost of Revenue		Operating Expenses		Cost of Revenue		Operating Expenses
Severance and other related credits	$	(24)	$	(469)	$	—	$	—
Lease related impairment charges	—		312		—		405
Others	—		—		—		(5)
Total	$	(24)	$	(157)	$	—	$	400

	Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024				September 30, 2023
	Cost of Revenue		Operating Expenses		Cost of Revenue		Operating Expenses
Severance and other related expenses	$	652	$	3,064	$	—	$	—
Lease related impairment charges	—		1,041		—		2,566
Others	—		—		—		55
Total	$	652	$	4,105	$	—	$	2,621

Restructuring liabilities are reported within accrued expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

	Severance and other related expenses		Lease related impairment charges		Others		Total
Balance at December 30, 2023	$	5,887	$	—	$	155	$	6,042
Charges	3,716		1,041		—		4,757
Cash Payments	(6,868)		(1,024)		—		(7,892)
Non-Cash Settlements and Other	(16)		(17)		1		(32)
Balance at September 28, 2024	$	2,719	$	—	$	156	$	2,875

As of September 28, 2024, the Company's restructuring liability was primarily related to the 2024 Restructuring Plan.

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8.Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Accumulated other comprehensive loss includes certain changes in equity that are excluded from net loss. The following table sets forth the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 (in thousands): 

	Foreign Currency Translation		Actuarial Gain (Loss) on Pension		Total
Balance at December 30, 2023	$	(59,594)	$	24,746	$	(34,848)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	4,770		—		4,770
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	—		(331)		(331)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	4,770		(331)		4,439
Balance at September 28, 2024	$	(54,824)	$	24,415	$	(30,409)

9.Net Loss Per Common Share

Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share is computed using net loss and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus potentially dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive common shares include the assumed release of outstanding restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance shares (referred to herein as the “PSUs”), assumed issuance of common stock under the Company’s 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) using the treasury stock method, and shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible senior notes. The Company includes the common shares underlying PSUs in the calculation of diluted net income per common share only when they become contingently issuable. As the Company incurred net losses during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023, all potentially issuable shares of common stock were determined to be anti-dilutive.

The following table sets forth the computation of net loss per common share – basic and diluted (in thousands, except per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023		September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
Net loss	$	(14,313)	$	(9,413)	$	(123,995)	$	(38,086)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted	235,832		228,077		233,905		225,465
Net loss per common share - basic and diluted	$	(0.06)	$	(0.04)	$	(0.53)	$	(0.17)

The following sets forth the potentially dilutive shares excluded from the computation of the diluted net loss per share because their effect was anti-dilutive (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024	September 30, 2023	September 28, 2024	September 30, 2023
Convertible senior notes	27,497	28,019	27,845	34,412
Restricted stock units	13,650	13,144	15,349	14,313
Performance stock units	3,709	3,661	4,102	3,674
Employee stock purchase plan shares	—	—	—	71
Total	44,856	44,824	47,296	52,470

The Company uses the if-converted method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the convertible senior notes. The Company calculates diluted earnings per share assuming that all of the convertible senior notes permitted to be share settled were converted solely into shares of common stock at the beginning of the reporting period. The potential impact upon the conversion of the convertible senior notes was excluded from the calculation

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of diluted net loss per share for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023, because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.

10.Debt

The following is a summary of the Company's debt as of September 28, 2024 (in thousands):

	Net Carrying Value				Unpaid Principal Balance		Contractual Maturity Date
	Current		Long-Term
2027 Notes	$	—	$	197,559	$	200,000	March 2027
2028 Notes	—		463,708		473,750		August 2028
Asset-based revolving credit facility	10,000		—		10,000		June 2027
Mortgage	473		5,938		6,411		August 2029
Total Debt	$	10,473	$	667,205	$	690,161

The following is a summary of the Company's debt as of December 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	Net Carrying Value				Unpaid Principal Balance		Contractual Maturity Date
	Current		Long-Term
2024 Notes	$	18,747	$	—	$	18,747	September 2024
2027 Notes	—		196,829		200,000		March 2027
2028 Notes	—		461,927		473,750		August 2028
Mortgage	6,765		—		6,765		May 2024
Total Debt	$	25,512	$	658,756	$	699,262

Convertible Senior Notes

In September 2018, the Company issued $402.5 million aggregate principal amount of 2.125% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (the "2024 Notes"). In March 2020, the Company issued $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.5% Convertible Senior Notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes"). In August 2022 and in June 2023, the Company issued $373.8 million and $100.0 million, respectively, aggregate principal amounts of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028 (together, the "2028 Notes", and together with the 2024 Notes and 2027 Notes, the “convertible senior notes”). The 2024 Notes bore interest at a fixed rate of 2.125% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning on March 1, 2019. The 2027 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 2.5% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning on September 1, 2020. The 2028 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.75% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year, beginning on February 1, 2023. No sinking fund is provided for the convertible senior notes.

Upon maturity of the 2024 Notes on September 1, 2024, the Company repaid the then remaining principal balance of $18.7 million along with accrued interest of $0.2 million.

There have been no changes to the initial conversion price of the convertible senior notes since issuance and during the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024. None of the conditions allowing holders of the convertible senior notes to convert early were met. The convertible senior notes were therefore not convertible during the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024.

Exchange and Repurchase

In June 2023, the Company issued $100.0 million in additional aggregate principal amount (the "Additional 2028 Notes") of its currently outstanding 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028 (the "Existing 2028 Notes"). The Additional 2028 Notes were issued under an indenture dated as of August 8, 2022, by and between the Company and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee. The Additional 2028 Notes constitute a further issuance of, and form a single series with, the Existing 2028 Notes issued on August 8, 2022 in the aggregate

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principal amount of $373.8 million and have substantially identical terms, including conversion rate, conversion price, convertible dates, redemption rights, conditions for conversion, settlement provisions and ranking.

The net proceeds to the Company from this issuance of Additional 2028 Notes were approximately $96.5 million after deducting the placement agent's fee, other debt issuance costs and discount. The Company used approximately $84.0 million of the net proceeds from this issuance to repurchase approximately $83.9 million in aggregate principal amount, which included accrued and unpaid interest, of its 2024 Notes concurrently with the issuance. This transaction involved a contemporaneous exchange of cash between the Company and holders of the 2024 Notes participating in the issuance of the Additional 2028 Notes. Accordingly, the transaction was evaluated for modification or extinguishment accounting in accordance with ASC 470-50, Debt – Modifications and Extinguishments on a creditor-by-creditor basis depending on whether the exchange was determined to have substantially different terms. The repurchase of the 2024 Notes and issuance of the Additional 2028 Notes were deemed to have substantially different terms based on the present value of the cash flows or significant difference between the value of the conversion option immediately prior to and after the exchange. Therefore, the repurchase of the 2024 Notes was accounted for as a debt extinguishment. The Company recorded an immaterial loss on extinguishment of debt in interest expense, in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three-months ended July 1, 2023, which includes the write-off of the related deferred issuance costs.

Interest Expense

The following table presents the contractual interest expense and the amortization of debt issuance costs related to the convertible senior notes included in Interest expense in the Company's condensed consolidated statement of operations (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023		September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
Contractual interest expense	$	5,758	$	5,803	$	17,340	$	16,472
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount	844		799		2,508		3,243
Total interest expense	$	6,602	$	6,602	$	19,848	$	19,715

The issuance cost and discount related to the 2027 Notes and the 2028 Notes are being amortized to interest expense over the respective contractual term, at effective interest rates of 3.0% and 4.3%, respectively. Unamortized debt issuance costs and discount will be amortized over the remaining life of the 2027 Notes and the 2028 Notes which is approximately 29 months, and 46 months, respectively.

The net carrying amount of the convertible senior notes as of September 28, 2024 and as of December 30, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

	2024 Notes				2027 Notes				2028 Notes
	September 28, 2024		December 30, 2023		September 28, 2024		December 30, 2023		September 28, 2024		December 30, 2023
Principal	$	—	$	18,747	$	200,000	$	200,000	$	473,750	$	473,750
Unamortized issuance costs and discount	—		—		(2,441)		(3,171)		(10,042)		(11,823)
Net carrying amount	$	—	$	18,747	$	197,559	$	196,829	$	463,708	$	461,927

Asset-based revolving credit facility

On June 24, 2022, the Company entered into a Loan, Guaranty and Security Agreement (as amended, the “Loan Agreement”) with the lenders party thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as agent. The Loan Agreement provides for a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility of up to $200 million (the "Credit Facility"), which the Company may draw upon from time to time. The Company may increase the total commitments under the revolving credit facility by up to an additional $100 million, subject to certain conditions. In addition, the Loan Agreement provides for a $50 million letter of credit subfacility and a $20 million swingline loan facility.

The Credit Facility has a stated maturity date of June 24, 2027. Availability under the Credit Facility is based upon periodic borrowing base certifications valuing certain inventory and accounts receivable, as reduced by certain

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reserves. The Credit Facility is secured by a first-priority security interest (subject to certain exceptions) in inventory, certain related assets, specified deposit accounts, and certain other accounts.

Outstanding borrowings accrue interest at floating rates plus an applicable margin of 1.25% to 1.75% for Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate loans and 0.25% to 0.75% for base rate loans. The unused line fee rate payable on the unused portion of the Credit Facility is equal to 0.25% per annum based on utilization of the Credit Facility.

The Loan Agreement also contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants, including a financial covenant that requires the Company to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. As of September 28, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Loan Agreement.

As of September 28, 2024, the Company had outstanding borrowings of $10.0 million and availability of $76.1 million under the Credit Facility.

As of September 28, 2024, the Loan Agreement included a $50.0 million letter of credit subfacility and $29.8 million of letters of credit were issued and outstanding.

Mortgage Payable

The Company has mortgaged a property it owns. The loan was amended in August 2024, extending its maturity date to August 25, 2029. The loan carries a fixed interest rate of 7.50% and is repayable in 60 equal monthly installments of approximately $0.1 million, with the remaining principal payment at maturity.

11.Commitments and Contingencies

The following table sets forth commitments and contingencies related to the Company's various obligations (in thousands):

			Payments Due by Period
	Total		Remainder of 2024		2025		2026		2027		2028		Thereafter
Operating leases(1)(2)	$	106,541	$	4,296	$	16,049	$	13,089	$	11,564	$	7,100	$	54,443
Finance lease obligations(3)	4,745		847		1,128		1,005		955		810		—
2027 Notes, including interest(4)	212,500		—		5,000		5,000		202,500		—		—
2028 Notes, including interest(4)	544,813		—		17,766		17,766		17,766		491,515		—
Asset-based revolving credit facility(4)	10,000		10,000		—		—		—		—		—
Mortgage Payable, including interest(4)	8,341		236		945		945		945		945		4,325
Total contractual obligations	$	886,940	$	15,379	$	40,888	$	37,805	$	233,730	$	500,370	$	58,768

(1)The Company leases facilities under non-cancelable operating lease agreements. These leases have varying terms that range from one to 14 years. The above payment schedule includes interest. See Note 2, "Leases" to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for more information.

(2)The Company has contractual commitments to remove leasehold improvements and return certain properties to a specified condition when the leases terminate. At the inception of a lease with such conditions, the Company records an asset retirement obligation liability and a corresponding capital asset in an amount equal to the estimated fair value of the obligation. Asset retirement obligations were $4.4 million and $4.6 million as of September 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, respectively. The entire $4.4 million as of September 28, 2024, is classified as other long-term liabilities on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(3)The Company has finance leases for manufacturing and other equipment. The above payment schedule includes interest. See Note 2, "Leases" to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for more information.

(4)See Note 10, "Debt" to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for more information.

Legal Matters

NextGen Innovations, LLC

On August 9, 2022, NextGen Innovations, LLC ("NextGen") filed a complaint against the Company in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. The complaint asserts that, through certain products, the Company infringes on U.S. Patent Nos. 9,887,795, 10,263,723, and 10,771,181. The complaint alleges that

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NextGen is entitled to unspecified damages, costs, fees, expenses, interest, and injunctive relief. A Markman hearing was held on November 14, 2023, and the Court issued its claim construction order on December 22, 2023. Fact discovery closed on December 6, 2023, and expert discovery closed on February 4, 2024. The Court set a May 6, 2024 date for expected trial. On April 14, 2023, the Company filed petitions with the US Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO") seeking inter partes reviews to invalidate asserted claims of the asserted NextGen patents. On December 4, 2023, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board of the USPTO denied institution of such inter partes reviews. A mediation was held on March 13, 2024, which resulted in a settlement in principle of the action against the Company. The parties are continuing to finalize a written settlement agreement. Meanwhile, on September 12, 2024, the Court dismissed the action against the Company, with prejudice. The Company does not expect that the terms of the settlement will have a material impact on its financial results.

In addition to the matter described above, the Company is subject to various legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business or pursuant to the Merger. While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, the Company does not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material effect on its condensed consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Loss Contingencies

The Company is subject to the possibility of various losses arising in the ordinary course of business. These may relate to disputes, litigation and other legal actions. In the preparation of its quarterly and annual financial statements, the Company considers the likelihood of loss or the incurrence of a liability, including whether it is probable, reasonably possible or remote that a liability has been incurred, as well as the Company’s ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss, in determining loss contingencies. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, an estimated loss contingency is accrued when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company regularly evaluates current information to determine whether any accruals should be adjusted and whether new accruals are required. As of each of September 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, the Company has accrued the estimated liabilities associated with certain loss contingencies.

Indemnification Obligations

From time to time, the Company enters into certain types of contracts that contingently require it to indemnify parties against third-party claims. The terms of such indemnification obligations vary. These contracts may relate to: (i) certain real estate leases under which the Company may be required to indemnify property owners for environmental and other liabilities, and other claims arising from the Company’s use of the applicable premises; and (ii) certain agreements with the Company’s officers, directors and certain key employees, under which the Company may be required to indemnify such persons for liabilities.

In addition, the Company has agreed to indemnify certain customers for claims made against the Company’s products, where such claims allege infringement of third-party intellectual property rights, including, but not limited to, patents, registered trademarks, and/or copyrights. Under the aforementioned intellectual property indemnification clauses, the Company may be obligated to defend the customer and pay for the damages awarded against the customer under an infringement claim as well as the customer’s attorneys’ fees and costs. These indemnification obligations generally do not expire after termination or expiration of the agreement containing the indemnification obligation. In certain cases, there are limits on and exceptions to the Company’s potential liability for indemnification. The Company cannot estimate the amount of potential future payments, if any, that it might be required to make as a result of these agreements. The maximum potential amount of any future payments that the Company could be required to make under these indemnification obligations could be significant.

As permitted under Delaware law and the Company’s charter and bylaws, the Company has agreements whereby it indemnifies certain of its officers and each of its directors. The term of the indemnification period is for the officer’s or director’s lifetime for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at the Company’s request in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements could be significant; however, the Company has a director and officer insurance policy that may reduce its exposure and enable it to recover all or a portion of any future amounts paid. As a result of its insurance policy coverage, the Company believes the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal.

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12.Stockholders’ Equity

2016 Equity Incentive Plan

In June 2024, the stockholders approved amendments to the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan to increase the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance by an additional 7.1 million shares. As of September 28, 2024, the Company reserved a total of 58.9 million shares of common stock under this plan.

Stock-based Compensation Plans

The Company has stock-based compensation plans pursuant to which the Company has granted RSUs and PSUs. The Company also had an ESPP for all eligible employees which was indefinitely suspended, effective upon the expiration of the offering period that ended August 15, 2023.

(in thousands except weighted average data)	Number of Restricted Stock Units	Weighted Average  Grant Date  Fair Value Per Share		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 30, 2023	11,536	$	7.45	$	54,802
RSUs granted	8,573	$	4.77
RSUs released	(5,237)	$	7.67	$	29,489
RSUs canceled	(1,222)	$	6.47
Outstanding at September 28, 2024	13,650	$	5.78	$	92,549

(in thousands except weighted average data)	Number of Performance Stock Units	Weighted Average  Grant Date  Fair Value Per Share		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 30, 2023	3,653	$	7.63	$	17,352
PSUs granted	1,224	$	6.80
PSUs released	(406)	$	8.61	$	2,047
PSUs canceled	(762)	$	7.01
Outstanding at September 28, 2024	3,709	$	7.37	$	25,150

The aggregate intrinsic value of unreleased RSUs and unreleased PSUs is calculated using the closing price of the Company's common stock of $6.78 at September 27, 2024 (the last trading day of the quarter). The aggregate intrinsic value of RSUs and PSUs released is calculated using the fair market value of the common stock at the date of release.

The following table presents total stock-based compensation cost for instruments granted but not yet fully amortized, of the Company’s equity compensation plans as of September 28, 2024. These costs are expected to be amortized on a straight-line basis over the following weighted-average periods (in thousands, except for weighted average period data):

	Unrecognized Compensation Expense, Net		Weighted Average Period (in Years)
RSUs	$	62,884	1.70
PSUs	$	10,569	1.59

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Stock-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP, RSUs, and PSUs (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023		September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
ESPP	$	—	$	726	$	—	$	3,798
RSUs	$	12,410	$	13,660	$	37,547	$	40,431
PSUs	$	1,938	$	1,344	$	1,122	$	5,413

The following tables summarize the effects of stock-based compensation on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets and statements of operations for the periods presented (in thousands):

	September 28, 2024		December 30, 2023
Stock-based compensation effects in inventory	$	1,618	$	3,895

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023		September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
Income tax benefit associated with stock-based compensation	$	2,081	$	2,144	$	6,096	$	6,335
Stock-based compensation effects in net loss before income taxes
Cost of revenue	$	2,084	$	2,515	$	5,754	$	7,672
Research and development	4,623		5,734		14,232		17,557
Sales and marketing	3,241		3,706		9,139		11,371
General and administration	4,441		3,790		9,596		12,793
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	14,389	$	15,745	$	38,721	$	49,393

13.Income Taxes

The Company computes its quarterly income tax expense/(benefit) by using a forecasted annual effective tax rate and adjust for any discrete items arising during the quarter. The Company recorded income tax expense for the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024 of $3.9 million and $8.5 million, on pre-tax losses of $10.4 million and $115.5 million, respectively. This compared to a tax expense of $2.5 million and $12.5 million, on pre-tax losses of $6.9 million and $25.6 million, for the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

Provision for income taxes increased by approximately $1.4 million during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023, and decreased by approximately $4.0 million during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023. The increased taxes during the three-months ended September 28, 2024 was a result of higher withholding taxes in foreign jurisdictions, while the decreased taxes during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 was a result of a decline in overall income, and foreign currency gains experienced during 2023 in combination with foreign currency losses incurred in 2024.

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The Company must assess the likelihood that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income within the respective jurisdictions. In the past, the Company established a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets as it determined that its ability to recover the value of these assets did not meet the “more-likely-than-not” standard. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management judgment is required on an on-going basis to determine whether it needs to maintain the valuation allowance recorded against its net deferred tax assets. The Company must consider all positive and negative evidence, including its forecasts of taxable income over the applicable carryforward periods, its current financial performance, its market environment, and other factors in evaluating the need for a valuation allowance against its net U.S. and certain foreign deferred tax assets. The Company does not believe that it is more-likely-than-not that it would be able to utilize its domestic and certain deferred tax assets in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, the domestic net deferred tax assets continued to be fully reserved with a valuation allowance. To the extent that the Company determines that deferred tax assets are realizable on a more-likely-than-not basis, and adjustment is needed, that adjustment will be recorded in the period that the determination is made and would generally decrease the valuation allowance and record a corresponding benefit to earnings.

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is also under routine examination by federal, various state and foreign tax authorities. The Company believes that adequate amounts have been reserved in these jurisdictions. To the extent the Company has tax attribute carryforwards, the tax years in which the attribute was generated may still be adjusted upon examination by the federal, state or foreign tax authorities to the extent utilized in a future period. As a large taxpayer, the Company is under audit by multiple state and foreign jurisdictions for various open tax years. Although the timing of the resolution and/or closure of audits is highly uncertain, it is reasonably possible that the balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits could significantly change in the next 12 months. Given the number of years remaining subject to examination, the Company is unable to estimate the full range of possible adjustments to the balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits. Any changes to unrecognized tax benefits recorded as of September 28, 2024, that are reasonably possible to occur within the next 12 months are not expected to be material.

No provision for income taxes has been recognized on undistributed earnings of the Company's foreign subsidiaries because it considers such earnings to be indefinitely reinvested.

14.Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (the "CEO”). The CEO reviews financial information presented on a condensed consolidated basis, accompanied by information about revenue by geographic region for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. The Company has one business activity as a provider of optical transport networking equipment, software and related services. Accordingly, the Company is considered a single reporting segment and operating unit structure.

Revenue by geographic region is based on the shipping address of the end-customer. For more information regarding revenue disaggregated by geography, see Note 3, “Revenue Recognition” to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Additionally, the following table sets forth the Company's property, plant and equipment, net by geographic region (in thousands):

	September 28, 2024		December 30, 2023
United States	$	212,777	$	188,684
Other Americas	3,838		2,777
Europe, Middle East and Africa	9,316		9,973
Asia Pacific	5,259		5,563
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	231,190	$	206,997

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15.Guarantees

Product Warranties

Activity related to product warranty was as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023		September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
Beginning balance	$	29,458	$	35,397	$	33,200	$	36,621
Charges to operations	3,798		4,998		11,134		14,830
Utilization	(4,587)		(5,064)		(12,357)		(15,819)
Change in estimate(1)	(3,480)		527		(6,788)		226
Balance at the end of the period	$	25,189	$	35,858	$	25,189	$	35,858

(1)The Company records product warranty liabilities based on the latest quality and cost information available as of the date the revenue is recorded. The changes in estimate shown here are due to changes in overall actual failure rates, the mix of new compared to used units related to replacement of failed units, and changes in the estimated cost of repair and product recalls. As the Company's products mature over time, failure rates and repair costs associated with such products generally decline, leading to favorable changes in warranty reserves.

Letters of Credit and Bank Guarantees

The Company had $31.3 million and $24.1 million of standby letters of credit, bank guarantees and surety bonds outstanding as of September 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, respectively. Details are provided in the table below (in thousands).

	September 28, 2024		December 30, 2023
Customer performance guarantees	$	26,854	$	19,068
Value added tax license	2,882		3,127
Property leases	1,540		1,894
Total	$	31,276	$	24,089

Of the $26.9 million related to customer performance guarantees as of September 28, 2024, approximately $4.0 million was used to secure surety bonds in the aggregate of $7.5 million. Of the $19.1 million related to customer performance guarantees as of December 30, 2023, approximately $4.0 million was used to secure surety bonds in the aggregate of $7.5 million.

As of September 28, 2024, of the aforementioned standby letters of credit and bank guarantees outstanding, $1.5 million was backed by cash collateral.

16.Pension and Post-Retirement Benefit Plans

Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost

Net periodic benefit cost for the Company's pension and other post-retirement benefit plans consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023		September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
Service cost	$	32	$	38	$	95	$	189
Interest cost	726		775		2,144		2,325
Expected return on plan assets	(749)		(659)		(2,212)		(1,977)
Amortization of actuarial gain	(112)		(108)		(331)		(305)
Net periodic (benefit) cost	$	(103)	$	46	$	(304)	$	232

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The service cost component is included in operating expenses in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. All other components are included in Other income (expense), net in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements related to the Merger, including statements related to the timing of completion of the Merger, or the receipt of necessary approvals to complete the Merger; the significance and timing of costs related to the Merger; the impact on us of litigation or other stockholder action related to the Merger; the effects on us and our stockholders if the Merger is not completed; revenue, gross margin, operating expenses, cash flows and other financial items and the drivers related to these; the competitive advantages derived from sales of our vertically integrated products; demand growth for additional network capacity, the level and timing of customer capital spending and the impact on customer demand from customers holding excess inventory beyond normalized levels; the magnitude and duration of supply constraints and their impact on our business; the adverse impact inflation and higher interest rates may have on us by increasing costs beyond what we can recover through price increases; achievement of strategic objectives, any statements regarding our plans, strategies and objectives; factors that may affect our operating results; anticipated customer acceptance of our solutions; statements concerning new products or services, including new product features; our beliefs about who we may compete with and how we are differentiated from those competitors; our ability to respond to technological changes; statements regarding our relationships with contract manufacturers and other third-party partners; statements regarding our production capacity and facilities requirements; statements regarding our expectations about our efforts to increase our sales and capture market share in international markets; statements regarding grants from governments, agencies or research organizations; statements related to capital expenditures; statements related to working capital and liquidity; the sufficiency of our cash to operate our business and our ability to raise capital; expectations regarding research and development investments and initiatives; our ability to realize deferred tax assets; statements related to future economic conditions, performance, market growth, competitor consolidation or our sales cycle; our ability to identify, attract, upskill and retain highly skilled personnel; our ability to protect our technology and intellectual property, the frequency of claims related to our intellectual property and the value of our intellectual property; statements related to our convertible senior notes and our Credit Facility; our ability to prevent and respond to data breaches and cyber-attacks; statements related to the impact of tax regulations; statements related to our internal control over financial reporting and material weaknesses; statements related to our disclosure controls and procedures; statements related to the effects of trade sanctions and similar regulations; statements related to the proliferation and impact of environmental, social and governance regulation; statements related to the effects of litigation on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows; the impacts of any restructuring plans or other strategic efforts on our business; expectations regarding the completion of our restructuring plans; statements related to factors beyond our control, such as natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism, epidemics, pandemics and armed conflicts, such as between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East; statements related to new accounting standards; expectations about the outcome and impact of legal proceedings; statements as to industry trends and other matters that do not relate strictly to historical facts; and statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. These statements are often identified using words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” "should," "will," or "would," and similar expressions or variations. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to management. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in Part II, Item 1A. of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC"), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023, as filed on May 17, 2024. You should review these risk factors for a more complete understanding of the risks associated with an investment in our securities. Such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Overview

We are a semiconductor manufacturer and global supplier of networking solutions comprised of networking equipment, optical semiconductors, software and services. Our portfolio of solutions includes optical transport platforms, converged packet-optical transport platforms, compact modular platforms, optical line systems, coherent optical engines and subsystems, a suite of automation software offerings, and support and professional services. Leveraging our U.S.-based compound semiconductor fabrication plant ("fab") and in-house test and packaging capabilities, we design, develop and manufacture industry-leading indium phosphide-based photonic integrated circuits ("PICs") for use in our vertically integrated, high-capacity optical communications products.

Our customers include operators of fixed and mobile networks, including telecommunications service providers, internet content providers ("ICPs"), cable providers, wholesale carriers, research and educational institutions, large enterprises, utilities and government entities. Our networking solutions enable our customers to build infrastructure networks that support and deliver high-bandwidth consumer and business communications services. Our edge-to-core portfolio of networking solutions also enables our customers to scale their transport networks as consumer and business services and applications continue to drive growth in demand for network bandwidth. These consumer and business services and applications include, but are not limited to, high-speed internet access, 4G/5G mobile broadband, cloud-based services, high-definition video streaming services, virtual and augmented reality, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, machine learning, business Ethernet services and data center interconnect.

As an optical semiconductor manufacturer, we specialize in the manufacturing of optical compound semiconductors using indium phosphide ("InP"). This technology is used in telecommunications networks to transmit massive amounts of data and support delivery of consumer and business communications services. We have made significant investments in our unique research, development, fabrication and packaging facilities, including our optical compound semiconductor fab in Silicon Valley and advanced test and packaging center in Allentown, Pennsylvania. We optimize the manufacturing process by using InP to build our PICs, which enables the integration of hundreds of optical functions onto a single, monolithic optical semiconductor chip. The unique capabilities of our optical semiconductor fab, which has provided our customers with a critical and secure source of U.S.-produced optical semiconductors and strengthened the supply chain, have enabled us to consistently pioneer critical technology advancements. For example, our latest generation of technology has made it possible to transmit information at a rate of 800 gigabits per second ("Gb/s") using a single laser. Our ongoing research and development initiatives continue to create a path to higher speed transmission and lower cost and power per bit performance for our customers.

We support U.S. government efforts to advance and increase the domestic manufacturing base for semiconductors as a matter of economic and national security. Compound semiconductors – including those based in InP – are an important part of the domestic semiconductor industry and will enable the next-generation of leading-edge technologies. Domestic manufacturing is critical in order to reduce our reliance on foreign sources of compound semiconductor materials and components, which is essential to economic growth and to the security of our domestic communications infrastructure.

The large-scale integration of our PICs and advanced digital signal processors ("DSPs") enables us to develop and manufacture high-performance optical engines that are used in our coherent optical networking system and subsystem solutions. These optical engine solutions, branded as Infinite Capacity Engine ("ICE"), include features that customers care about the most, including lowest cost per bit, lowest power per bit, reduced footprint and increased flexibility, reliability, and security. Coherent optical solutions are becoming increasingly important across the network as our customers transition to 800 Gb/s per wavelength transmission speeds and beyond in the core, 400 Gb/s in the metro and 100 Gb/s in the access market segment. We believe our vertical integration strategy provides a competitive advantage by enabling leading optical performance at higher optical speeds with increased spectral efficiency, greater control over our supply chain, and a lower cost structure.

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We have grown our solutions portfolio through internal development as well as acquisitions, including the acquisition of Telecom Holding Parent LLC (the "Coriant Acquisition"), a privately held global supplier of open network solutions for the largest global network operators. These developments positioned us to be one of the leading providers of vertically integrated optical networking solutions in the world with the ability to serve a broader global customer base with accelerated delivery of the innovative solutions our customers demand. In 2021, we announced an expansion of our portfolio with the introduction of a suite of coherent optical pluggables. Pluggable optics are optical transmission solutions packaged in smaller and more versatile form factors. They are designed to seamlessly address the rapidly growing market for point-to-point solutions as well as create a new category of point-to-multipoint solutions that can enable a dramatically more cost-efficient network architecture. Based on our vertically integrated optical semiconductor technology and supporting a range of high-speed transport rates that include 800 Gb/s, 400 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s, this suite of coherent optical pluggables builds on our history of delivering innovative, vertically integrated optical engine technology that powers our differentiated optical networking solutions.

Our products are designed to be managed by a suite of software solutions that enable simplified network management, increased service agility and automated operations. We also provide software-enabled programmability that offers differentiated capabilities such as Instant Bandwidth. Combined with our differentiated hardware solutions, Instant Bandwidth enables our customers to purchase and activate bandwidth as needed through our unique software licensing feature set. This, in turn, allows our customers to accomplish two key objectives: (1) limit their initial network startup costs and investments; and (2) instantly activate new bandwidth as their customers’ and their own network needs evolve.

We sell our products via a direct sales force and through indirect channel partners.

We believe our portfolio of systems and subsystems solutions benefits our customers by providing a unique combination of highly scalable capacity and advanced networking features that address edge-to-core transport network applications and ultimately simplify and automate network operations.

Nokia Merger Agreement

On June 27, 2024, Infinera, Nokia Corporation, a company incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Finland (“Nokia”) and Neptune of America Corporation, a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Nokia (“Merger Sub”) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (as it may be amended, modified or waived from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”) that provides for Merger Sub to merge with and into Infinera (the “Merger”), with Infinera surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Nokia.

Upon and subject to the terms of the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), each share of Common Stock that is issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time will be automatically canceled, extinguished and converted into, at the election of the holder, the right to receive the following consideration, subject to proration in accordance with the Merger Agreement:

•cash in an amount equal to $6.65, without interest thereon (such consideration, the "Cash Consideration");

•a number of ordinary shares, with no nominal value and in book-entry form, of Nokia ("Nokia Shares") based on an exchange ratio of 1.7896 Nokia Shares for each share of Common Stock (such consideration, the "Share Consideration"); or

•cash in an amount equal to $4.66, without interest, and a number of Nokia Shares based on an exchange ratio of 0.5355 for each share of Common Stock (such consideration, the "Mixed Consideration").

In each case, the Nokia Shares will be delivered in the form of American Depositary Shares (the “Nokia ADSs”), with each Nokia ADS representing the right to one Nokia Share. The election right for holders of Common Stock with respect to the Mixed Consideration and the Share Consideration will be subject to proration pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement.

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Completion of the Merger is subject to customary conditions, including but not limited to the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the Company’s stockholders; the satisfaction of certain domestic and foreign regulatory approvals, filings and authorizations, including antitrust clearance in the United States, antitrust approval by the European Commission, antitrust approval in the United Kingdom and antitrust approvals in other non-U.S. jurisdictions, and in connection with certain foreign investment laws in the U.S. and other specified locations, including filings with CFIUS and foreign investment authorities in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions; the absence of a law or order preventing, materially enjoining, materially restraining or materially impairing the consummation of the Merger; and performance by the parties in all material respects of all their obligations under the Merger Agreement.

The Merger Agreement includes certain customary termination rights for the Company and Nokia. Upon termination of the Merger Agreement in certain circumstances, the Company may be required to pay Nokia a termination fee of $65.0 million, and Nokia may be required to pay the Company a termination fee of $130.0 million.

In connection with the Merger, the Company held the Special Meeting. At the Special Meeting, the Company's stockholders approved the proposal to adopt the Merger Agreement.

On September 13, 2024, the applicable waiting period for U.S. antitrust purposes applicable to the Merger under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended, expired. On October 7, 2024, the parties received approval from CFIUS with respect to the Merger. On October 22, 2024, relevant authorities indicated that a filing would not be required under antitrust laws in the United Kingdom at this time.

The Merger remains subject to the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions specified in the Merger Agreement. Infinera and Nokia continue to expect the Merger to close in the first half of 2025.

The foregoing summary of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the full text of the Merger Agreement, which is filed as Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 28, 2024.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based upon our condensed consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with the U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that can affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.

An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires a significant accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, if different estimates reasonably could have been used, or if changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur could materially impact the financial statements. Management believes that there have been no significant changes during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 to the items that we disclosed as our critical accounting policies and estimates in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023.

Inflation, macroeconomic challenges and instability in the financial markets continue to create uncertainty. However, we are not aware of any specific event or circumstance that would require updates to our estimates or judgments or require us to revise the carrying value of our assets or liabilities as of the date we filed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These estimates may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained. Actual results could differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

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Results of Operations

The following sets forth, for the periods presented, certain unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations information (in thousands, except percentage data):

	Three Months Ended
	September 28, 2024				September 30, 2023
	Amount		% of total revenue		Amount		% of total revenue		Change		% Change
Revenue:
Product	$	276,214	78	%	$	316,613	81	%	$	(40,399)	(13)	%
Services	78,184		22	%	75,756		19	%	2,428		3	%
Total revenue	$	354,398	100	%	$	392,369	100	%	$	(37,971)	(10)	%
Cost of revenue:
Product	$	170,693	48	%	$	190,312	49	%	$	(19,619)	(10)	%
Services	42,515		12	%	40,209		10	%	2,306		6	%
Amortization of intangible assets	—		—	%	3,528		1	%	(3,528)		(100)	%
Restructuring and other related costs	(24)		—	%	—		—	%	(24)		NMF*
Total cost of revenue	$	213,184	60	%	$	234,049	60	%	$	(20,865)	(9)	%
Gross profit	$	141,214	40	%	$	158,320	40	%	$	(17,106)	(11)	%

*NMF = Not meaningful

	Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024				September 30, 2023
	Amount		% of total revenue		Amount		% of total revenue		Change		% Change
Revenue:
Product	$	778,008	77	%	$	931,057	80	%	$	(153,049)	(16)	%
Services	226,051		23	%	229,615		20	%	(3,564)		(2)	%
Total revenue	$	1,004,059	100	%	$	1,160,672	100	%	$	(156,613)	(13)	%
Cost of revenue:
Product	$	494,248	49	%	$	577,152	49	%	$	(82,904)	(14)	%
Services	121,910		12	%	124,889		11	%	(2,979)		(2)	%
Amortization of intangible assets	—		—	%	10,621		1	%	(10,621)		(100)	%
Restructuring and other related costs	652		—	%	—		—	%	652		NMF*
Total cost of revenue	$	616,810	61	%	$	712,662	61	%	$	(95,852)	(13)	%
Gross profit	$	387,249	39	%	$	448,010	39	%	$	(60,761)	(14)	%

*NMF = Not meaningful

Revenue

Total product revenue decreased by $40.4 million, or 13%, during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023. This year-over-year decrease in revenue was led by decreased revenue from our Tier 1 and Other Service Provider verticals partially offset by an increase in revenue from our internet content provider ("ICP") vertical. Total product revenue decreased by $153.0 million, or 16%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023. The year-over-year decline in revenue was driven primarily by decreases from our Tier 1 customers in the United States, Asia Pacific ("APAC") and Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") and Other Service Provider customers in the United States and APAC.

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Total services revenue increased by $2.4 million, or 3%, for the three-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023, and decreased by $3.6 million, or 2%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023. This year-over-year increase in revenue during the three-months ended September 28, 2024 was led by higher revenue in our Other Service Provider and ICP verticals slightly offset by lower Tier 1 revenue. The decrease for the nine-month period was related to lower professional services revenue primarily driven by delays in customer readiness.

The following table summarizes our revenue by geography and sales channel for the periods presented (in thousands, except percentage data):

	Three Months Ended
	September 28, 2024				September 30, 2023
	Amount		% of total revenue		Amount		% of total revenue		Change		% Change
Total revenue by geography:
Domestic	$	212,727	60	%	$	229,649	59	%	$	(16,922)	(7)	%
International	141,671		40	%	162,720		41	%	(21,049)		(13)	%
	$	354,398	100	%	$	392,369	100	%	$	(37,971)	(10)	%
Total revenue by sales channel:
Direct	$	224,473	63	%	$	264,076	67	%	$	(39,603)	(15)	%
Indirect	129,925		37	%	128,293		33	%	1,632		1	%
	$	354,398	100	%	$	392,369	100	%	$	(37,971)	(10)	%

	Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024				September 30, 2023
	Amount		% of total revenue		Amount		% of total revenue		Change		% Change
Total revenue by geography:
Domestic	$	577,923	58	%	$	683,798	59	%	$	(105,875)	(15)	%
International	426,136		42	%	476,874		41	%	(50,738)		(11)	%
	$	1,004,059	100	%	$	1,160,672	100	%	$	(156,613)	(13)	%
Total revenue by sales channel:
Direct	$	649,846	65	%	$	768,456	66	%	$	(118,610)	(15)	%
Indirect	354,213		35	%	392,216		34	%	(38,003)		(10)	%
	$	1,004,059	100	%	$	1,160,672	100	%	$	(156,613)	(13)	%

    

Domestic revenue decreased by $16.9 million, or 7%, during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023. Domestic revenue decreased by $105.9 million, or 15%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023. In both comparisons the decline was driven primarily by decreased revenue from telecom service provider customers.

International revenue decreased by $21.0 million, or 13%, during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023, driven by declines across all regions. International revenue decreased by $50.7 million, or 11%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023, primarily due to declines with telecom service providers in APAC.

Direct revenue decreased by $39.6 million, or 15%, and indirect revenue increased by $1.6 million, or 1%, during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023. The decrease in direct revenue was primarily attributable to lower revenue from telecom service providers, partially offset by ICP growth in the United States. The increase in indirect revenue was primarily driven by ICP customers. Direct revenue decreased by $118.6 million, or 15%, and indirect revenue decreased by $38.0 million, or 10%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023. The decrease in direct revenue was primarily driven by our telecom service provider customers globally. The decrease in indirect revenue was primarily driven by our Other Service Provider customers, partially offset by growth in our ICP vertical.

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Cost of Revenue

Gross Profit and Margin

Gross profit was $141.2 million for the three-months ended September 28, 2024, with gross margin flat at 40%, compared to the corresponding period in 2023, reflecting a favorable product mix with higher volumes of ICE6 deployments at higher margins, largely offset by higher deployment services costs. Gross profit was $387.2 million for the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, with gross margin remaining flat at 39% compared the corresponding period in 2023. This was primarily driven by lower margin line-system deployments offset by lower warranty costs.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization of intangible assets incurred in 2023 was related to certain developed technology assets that were fully amortized in the third quarter of 2023.

Restructuring and Other Related Costs

Restructuring and other related costs was immaterial and $0.7 million in the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024, respectively, due to charges incurred in relation to 2024 Restructuring Plan. See Note 7, “Restructuring and Other Related Costs” to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for more information.

Operating Expenses

The following tables summarize our operating expenses for the periods presented (in thousands, except percentage data):

	Three Months Ended
	September 28, 2024				September 30, 2023
	Amount		% of total revenue		Amount		% of total revenue		Change		% Change
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	73,283	21	%	$	76,846	20	%	$	(3,563)	(5)	%
Sales and marketing	35,715		10	%	41,075		10	%	(5,360)		(13)	%
General and administrative	34,160		10	%	29,368		7	%	4,792		16	%
Amortization of intangible assets	2,257		1	%	2,976		1	%	(719)		(24)	%
Merger-related charges	6,954		2	%	—		—	%	6,954		NMF*
Restructuring and other related costs	(157)		—	%	400		—	%	(557)		(139)	%
Total operating expenses	$	152,212	44	%	$	150,665	38	%	$	1,547	1	%

*NMF = Not meaningful

	Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024				September 30, 2023
	Amount		% of total revenue		Amount		% of total revenue		Change		% Change
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	225,223	22	%	$	237,234	20	%	$	(12,011)	(5)	%
Sales and marketing	118,357		12	%	124,406		11	%	(6,049)		(5)	%
General and administrative	101,114		10	%	89,762		8	%	11,352		13	%
Amortization of intangible assets	6,769		1	%	10,088		1	%	(3,319)		(33)	%
Merger-related charges	15,471		2	%	—		—	%	15,471		NMF*
Restructuring and other related costs	4,105		—	%	2,621		—	%	1,484		57	%
Total operating expenses	$	471,039	47	%	$	464,111	40	%	$	6,928	1	%

*NMF = Not meaningful

Research and Development Expenses

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Research and development expenses decreased by $3.6 million, or 5%, during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, and decreased by $12.0 million, or 5%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding periods in 2023. These decreases were primarily attributable to lower employee related expenses, partially offset by higher external engineering services and prototype costs.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $5.4 million, or 13%, during the three-months ended September 28, 2024 primarily due to lower employee costs. Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $6.0 million, or 5%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding periods in 2023, primarily related to lower employee related expenses, partially offset by higher marketing costs related to trade shows and industry events.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $4.8 million, or 16%, during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, and increased by $11.4 million, or 13%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding periods in 2023. Both the three- and nine-month periods had higher outside professional services expenses, which were partially offset by lower employee related expenses.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization of intangible assets decreased by $0.7 million, or 24%, during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, and decreased by $3.3 million, or 33%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding periods in 2023. These decreases were largely due to lower amortization of certain customer relationships and backlog being fully amortized in the first quarter of 2023.

Merger-related charges

Merger-related charges represent charges incurred in connection with the pending Merger with Nokia. We incurred $7.0 million and $15.5 million in related charges during the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024, primarily related to outside professional services.

Restructuring and Other Related Costs

Restructuring and other related costs were immaterial during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, and corresponding period in 2023. Restructuring and other related costs increased by $1.5 million, or 57%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023. These increases were primarily due to charges incurred in relation to the 2024 Restructuring Plan, partially offset by lower lease-related impairment charges incurred in the nine-months ended September 28, 2024. See Note 7, “Restructuring and Other Related Costs” to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for more information.

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Other Income (expense), Net

	Three Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023		Change		% Change
	(In thousands)
Interest income	$	874	$	546	$	328	60	%
Interest expense	(8,764)		(7,608)		(1,156)		15	%
Other gain (loss), net	8,485		(7,540)		16,025		213	%
Total other income (expense), net	$	595	$	(14,602)	$	15,197	104	%

	Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023		Change		% Change
	(In thousands)
Interest income	$	2,789	$	1,734	$	1,055	61	%
Interest expense	(25,556)		(21,795)		(3,761)		17	%
Other gain (loss), net	(8,910)		10,586		(19,496)		(184)	%
Total other income (expense), net	$	(31,677)	$	(9,475)	$	(22,202)	(234)	%

Interest income increased $0.3 million, or 60%, during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, and increased by $1.1 million, or 61%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding periods in 2023, primarily due to higher interest rates from investments in money market funds.

Interest expense increased $1.2 million, or 15%, during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023, primarily due to interest and fees incurred in relation to asset-based revolving credit facility.

Interest expense increased by $3.8 million, or 17%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023, primarily due to the issuance of the $100.0 million in additional aggregate principal amount, in June 2023 (the "Additional 2028 Notes"), of our currently outstanding 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028 (the "Existing 2028 Notes" and, together with the Additional 2028 Notes, the “2028 Notes"), partially offset by repurchase of the 2.125% Convertible Senior Notes due September 1, 2024 (the “2024 Notes") in June 2023. See Note 10, “Debt” to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for more information. In addition, higher interest and fees were incurred in relation to borrowings of $50.0 million on the asset-based revolving credit facility during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023 during which there was no borrowing on the Credit Facility.

The change in other gain (loss), net of $16.0 million, or 213%, during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023, was primarily due to foreign exchange gains in the three-months ended September 28, 2024, driven by foreign currency exchange rate changes. The change in other gain (loss), net of $19.5 million, or 184%, during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023, was primarily due to foreign exchange losses in the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, driven by foreign currency exchange rate changes.

Income Tax Provision

Income taxes for the three- and nine-months ended September 28, 2024 was an expense of $3.9 million and $8.5 million, on pre-tax losses of $10.4 million and $115.5 million, respectively. This compared to a tax expense of $2.5 million and $12.5 million, on pre-tax losses of $6.9 million and $25.6 million, for the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

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Provision for income taxes increased by approximately $1.4 million during the three-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023, and decreased by approximately $4.0 million during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024, compared to the corresponding period in 2023. The increased taxes during the three-months ended September 28, 2024 was a result of higher withholding taxes in foreign jurisdictions, while the decreased taxes during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 was a result of a decline in overall income, and foreign currency gains experienced during 2023 in combination with foreign currency losses incurred in 2024.

In August 2022, the U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which, among other changes, implements a 1% excise tax on certain stock buybacks, which would generally apply to repurchases of stock by U.S. corporations. Many countries and organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development are actively considering changes to existing tax laws or have proposed or enacted new laws, including an agreement to implement a 15% global minimum tax, that could increase our tax obligations in countries where we do business or cause us to change the way we operate our business. The Council of the European Union adopted this initiative by European Union member states on December 31, 2022, with implementation into the domestic laws of those states by the end of 2023. Any changes in U.S. federal, state or international tax laws or tax rulings could adversely affect our effective tax rate and our results of operations. We are continuing to monitor the pending implementation of these rules by individual countries and the potential impact on our business. We expect the provisions effective in 2024 to have an immaterial impact on our tax obligations for 2024.

Beginning January 1, 2022, the Jobs Act eliminated the right to deduct research and development expenditures for tax purposes in the period the expenses were incurred and instead requires all U.S. and foreign research and development expenditures to be amortized over five and 15 tax years, respectively. This provision may materially increase our effective tax rate and reduce our operating cash flows over time as we continue to utilize available net operating losses and tax credits.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

	Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(In thousands)
Net cash flow (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	8,635	$	(30,142)
Investing activities	$	(46,748)	$	(40,900)
Financing activities	$	(19,307)	$	17,026

	September 28, 2024		December 30, 2023
	(In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	115,089	$	172,505
Restricted cash	488		1,354
	$	115,577	$	173,859

Our restricted cash balance amounts are primarily pledged as collateral for certain standby letters of credit related to customer performance guarantees, value added tax licenses and property leases.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 was $8.6 million, compared to $30.1 million net cash used in operating activities for the corresponding period in 2023.

Net loss during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 was $124.0 million, which primarily included non-cash charges of $95.3 million such as depreciation, amortization of intangibles, restructuring charges and other related costs, amortization of debt issuance costs and discount, operating lease expense, and stock-based compensation, compared to a net loss during the nine-months ended September 30, 2023 of $38.1 million, which included non-cash charges of $118.7 million.

Net cash provided by working capital was $37.3 million during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024. Accounts receivable decreased by $92.4 million due to collections and lower customer billings. Inventory levels

40

decreased by $74.5 million primarily due to our efforts to reduce inventory. Prepaid and other assets increased by $48.1 million primarily due to increase in customer contract assets, contract manufacturing-related deposits and prepaid taxes. Accounts payable decreased by $57.1 million primarily due to timing of payments to suppliers. Accrued liabilities and other expenses decreased by $5.4 million primarily due to payment of compensation-related expenses. Deferred revenue decreased by $18.9 million primarily due to amortization of maintenance renewals during the period.

Net cash used in working capital was $110.7 million during the nine-months ended September 30, 2023. Accounts receivable decreased by $89.2 million due to collections and lower customer billings. Inventory levels increased by $83.0 million primarily due to changes in customer order patterns that reduced the amount of inventory drawdown following our efforts to build inventory to manage previous lead time challenges. Prepaid and other assets decreased by $16.8 million primarily due to decrease in customer contract assets. Accounts payable decreased by $27.8 million primarily due to timing of payments to suppliers. Accrued liabilities and other expenses decreased by $46.2 million primarily due to payout and accrual of management bonuses, timing of other compensation-related expenses, lower contract manufacturing-related accruals, and tax payments. Deferred revenue decreased by $59.8 million primarily due to amortization of maintenance renewals during the period.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 was $46.7 million, entirely for the purchase of property and equipment. This was primarily due to capital expenditures related to laboratory and manufacturing equipment and leasehold improvements under construction.

Net cash used in investing activities during the nine-months ended September 30, 2023 was $40.9 million, entirely for the purchase of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 was $19.3 million, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $17.0 million in the corresponding period of 2023. Financing activities during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 primarily included principal repayment of 2024 Notes of $18.7 million, payment of $7.9 million for term licenses, and tax withholdings in the amount of $1.9 million paid on behalf of certain employees for net share settlements of RSUs, partially offset by net borrowing of $10.0 million on asset-based revolving credit facility.

Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine-months ended September 30, 2023 was $17.0 million. Financing activities during the nine-months ended September 30, 2023 primarily included net proceeds of $15.3 million from the issuance of Additional 2028 Notes and partial repurchase of the 2024 Notes and net proceeds of $14.9 million from the issuance of shares of our common stock under the ESPP. These proceeds were offset by payment of $7.7 million term license purchases, payment of debt issuance costs of $2.1 million and tax withholdings in the amount of $2.2 million paid on behalf of certain employees for net share settlements of RSUs.

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Liquidity

We believe that our current cash, along with the Credit Facility (as defined below) will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures, mortgage payments and interest payments on our convertible senior notes (as defined below) for at least 12 months. If the impact to our business and financial position from weakness in the global economy, banking sector and financial markets is more extensive or prolonged than expected and our existing sources of cash are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we may require additional capital from equity or debt financings to fund our operations, to respond to competitive pressures or strategic opportunities, or otherwise. In addition, we are continuously evaluating alternatives and potential transactions for efficiently funding our capital expenditures, ongoing operations and servicing our existing debt. We may, subject to market conditions and other considerations, from time to time engage in a variety of financing transactions for such purposes, including the issuance of securities or the incurrence of additional debt and the refinancing of existing debt. We may not be able to secure timely additional financing, or refinance existing debt, on favorable terms or at all. The terms of any additional financings or refinancing may place limits on our financial and operating flexibility and we may not be able to obtain terms as favorable as the terms of any debt being refinanced. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or equity-linked securities, our existing stockholders could suffer dilution in their percentage ownership of us, and any new securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock.

On August 8, 2022 and on June 16, 2023, we issued the Existing 2028 Notes and the Additional 2028 Notes, respectively, which will mature on August 1, 2028, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year, which commenced on February 1, 2023. Upon conversion of the 2028 Notes, we will repay the principal amount in cash and the conversion premium in any combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election.

The net proceeds from the issuance of the Additional 2028 Notes, after deducting the repurchase price for the 2024 Notes and offering expenses and fees, was approximately $12.5 million. We used the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital and to fund growth and potential strategic projects.

On March 9, 2020, we issued the 2027 Notes, which will mature on March 1, 2027, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, which commenced on September 1, 2020. Upon conversion of the 2027 Notes, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election.

On September 11, 2018, we issued the 2024 Notes, which matured on September 1, 2024. Interest was payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, which commenced on March 1, 2019. Upon maturity of the 2024 Notes, the Company repaid the then remaining principal balance of $18.7 million along with accrued interest of $0.2 million.

For more information regarding the convertible senior notes, see Note 10, “Debt” to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 11, "Commitment and Contingencies" to the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements for future payment obligations.

On June 24, 2022, and as amended thereafter, we entered into a Loan, Guaranty and Security Agreement (the "Loan Agreement") with the lenders party thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as agent. The Loan Agreement provides for a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility of up to $200 million (the "Credit Facility"), which we may draw upon from time to time. We may increase the total commitments under the revolving credit facility by up to an additional $100 million, subject to certain conditions. In addition, the Loan Agreement provides for a $50 million letter of credit subfacility and a $20 million swingline loan facility.

As of September 28, 2024, we had outstanding borrowings of $10.0 million under the Credit Facility and we had availability of $76.1 million under the Credit Facility. For more information regarding the Credit Facility, see Note 10, “Debt” to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

As of September 28, 2024, we had $115.6 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash including $34.7 million of cash held by our foreign subsidiaries. Our policy with respect to undistributed foreign subsidiaries' earnings is to consider those earnings to be indefinitely reinvested. As a result of the enactment in the U.S. of the Jobs Act, if and when funds are actually distributed in the form of dividends or otherwise, we expect minimal tax consequences, including foreign withholding taxes, which would be applicable in some jurisdictions.

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We had standby letters of credit and bank guarantees as of the quarters ended September 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023. See Note 15, “Guarantees” to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for further information.

Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. We assess these risks on a regular basis and have established policies that are designed to protect against, but that cannot entirely eliminate, the adverse effects of these and other potential exposures.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

There have been no material changes to the foreign currency exchange rate risk previously disclosed in Part II, Item 7A, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023.

Interest Rate Risk

There have been no material changes to the interest rate risk previously disclosed in Part II, Item 7A, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023.

Item 4.Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

An evaluation was performed by our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d -15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")). Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Additionally, management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (September 28, 2024), our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described in "Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting" below.

Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, identified control deficiencies within the revenue portion of our quote-to-cash cycle (revenue cycle) and our inventory cycle. With respect to these, our internal resources, expertise and policies required to maintain an effective control environment, that, individually or in the aggregate, constitute material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Within the revenue cycle, controls over the annual establishment of the stand-alone selling prices (“SSPs”) for our performance obligations were not designed to include an adequate review and evaluation of whether the methodology used to develop and establish SSPs, including related financial statement disclosures, was in conformity with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

Within the inventory cycle, controls over judgements used in the estimation of reserves for excess and obsolete inventory were not designed and operating effectively to support such judgements. In addition, controls

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over the application of our policy for capitalizing variances from standard costs as part of the cost of inventory did not operate effectively.

Additionally, as related to both our revenue and inventory cycles, certain key controls were not sufficiently designed to assess the completeness and accuracy of Information Produced by the Entity ("IPE").

The material weaknesses identified above indicate that we had insufficient personnel with an appropriate level of technical accounting knowledge, experience, and training in the application of GAAP commensurate with the complexity of our business and our financial accounting and reporting requirements. In turn, this impacted our ability to adequately design, implement and monitor financial reporting controls related to our revenue cycle and inventory cycle that identify and mitigate risks of material misstatements in our financial statements.

While these material weaknesses did not result in a material misstatement of our previously filed financial statements, there is a reasonable possibility that these control deficiencies could have resulted in a material misstatement in our annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be detected. As a result, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of September 28, 2024.

Remediation Plan for the Material Weaknesses

Our management, under the oversight of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, has evaluated the material weaknesses described above and designed a remediation plan to enhance our internal control environment. To remediate the material weaknesses, we plan to:

a.revise the methodology used to determine our SSPs, including the design and implementation of effective controls that provide adequate review and evaluation of such methodology, and related financial statement disclosures;

b.review and revise the design and implementation of key controls related to inventory, including the estimation of reserves for excess and obsolete inventory and the application of our policy for capitalizing variances from standard costs;

c.design and implement effective controls over IPE to ensure adequate levels of evidence and documentation to support control procedures, augmented by training of our control performers and reviewers related to the assessment of completeness and accuracy; and

d.review and enhance our personnel with the appropriate level of technical accounting knowledge, experience, and training in the application of GAAP commensurate with the complexity of our business and our financial accounting and reporting requirements, particularly in areas related to our revenue and inventory cycles.

We are committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment and implementing measures designed to help ensure that control deficiencies contributing to our material weaknesses are remediated as soon as possible. We believe our efforts listed above will enable us to successfully remediate our material weaknesses, however, we cannot provide assurance as to when our remediation measures will be complete. We will consider the material weaknesses remediated after the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that such controls are operating effectively. We will monitor the effectiveness of our remediation plan and refine it as appropriate.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Except for the unremediated material weaknesses noted above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the nine-months ended September 28, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements and projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.Legal Proceedings

The information set forth above in Part 1, Item 1, Note 11 under the heading "Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Matters" is incorporated herein by reference.

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Item 1A.    RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. A description of the risks and uncertainties associated with our business is set forth below. These risks, together with many other factors described in this report and in our other public filings, and additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial, could adversely affect our operations, performance and financial condition. Our actual results could differ materially from our forward-looking statements.

Risk Factors Summary

The following is a summary of the principal risks that could adversely affect our business, operations and financial results.

Merger-Related Risk Factors

•Because the exchange ratios provided in the Merger Agreement are fixed and will not be adjusted, our stockholders cannot be certain of the precise value of the consideration in the form of Nokia ADSs that they may receive in the Merger.

•The Merger may not be completed and the Merger Agreement may be terminated in accordance with its terms.

•Regulatory approvals may not be received, may take longer than expected, or may impose conditions that are not presently anticipated.

•The Merger and related uncertainty may cause customers and other partners to delay or defer commercial decisions.

•Failure to attract, motivate and retain executives and other key employees could harm the business.

•Failure to complete the Merger could negatively impact our future business and financial results and the trading prices of our common stock.

•Our directors and executive officers have interests and arrangements in the Merger that may be different from, or in addition to, the interests of our stockholders generally.

•The Nokia Shares to be received in the form of Nokia ADSs by electing stockholders as a result of the Merger will have rights different from our common stock.

•Lawsuits have been filed in connection with the Merger and further litigation may arise, which could be costly, prevent the consummation of the Merger, divert management’s attention and otherwise harm our business.

Business and Operational Risk Factors

•Our quarterly results may vary significantly from period to period.

•Our ability to increase our revenue will depend upon continued demand growth for additional network capacity and on the level and timing of customer capital spending.

•Any delays in the development, introduction or acceptance of our new products or in releasing enhancements to our existing products may harm our business.

•Aggressive business tactics by our competitors and new entrants may harm our business.

•The markets in which we compete are highly competitive and we may be unable to compete effectively.

•We are dependent on a small number of key customers for a significant portion of our revenue.

•Supply chain and logistics issues could harm our business and operating results.

•Product performance problems, deployment delays and product security vulnerabilities could harm our business and reputation.

•The manufacturing process for our optical engine and the assembly of our products are very complex.

•If we lose key personnel or fail to attract qualified personnel, our business may be harmed.

•If our contract manufacturers do not perform as we expect, our business may be harmed.

•Increased consolidation among our customers and suppliers in the communications networking industry has had, and could continue to have, an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

•We rely on various third-party service partners to help complement our global operations.

•We must respond to rapid technological change for our products to be successful.

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•Failure to accurately forecast manufacturing requirements or customer demand could raise costs.

•Actions that we are taking or may in the future take to restructure or streamline our business may not be as effective as anticipated and may have negative consequences.

•Our large customers have substantial negotiating leverage, which may harm our results of operations.

•Our sales cycle can be long and unpredictable, which could result in unexpected revenue shortfalls.

•If we are not successful in securing the funding contemplated by grants we may receive from governments, agencies or research organizations, or if we are unable to comply with the terms of those grants, then our business might be harmed.

•Any acquisitions or strategic transactions that we undertake could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and operations.

Financial and Macroeconomic Risk Factors

•We may be unable to generate the cash flow necessary to make anticipated capital expenditures, service our debt or grow our business.

•Unfavorable macroeconomic and market conditions may adversely affect our financial results.

•Inflation may increase our costs beyond what we can recover through price increases.

•If we need additional capital in the future, it may not be available to us on favorable terms, or at all.

•Our Loan Agreement and any other debt agreements into which we may enter may restrict our operations.

•Our debt obligations may adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital and strain cash flow.

•Our international sales and operations subject us to additional risks.

•We may be adversely affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

•Our effective tax rate may increase or fluctuate, which could increase our income tax expense and reduce our net income.

•We may issue additional shares of our common stock in connection with conversions of the 2027 Notes and the 2028 Notes (as defined below).

•The fundamental change provisions of the 2027 Notes and the 2028 Notes may delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover attempt of us.

Legal and Regulatory Risk Factors

•If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be harmed, or we could incur significant expense to enforce our rights.

•Claims by others that we infringe their intellectual property rights could harm our business.

•Security incidents, such as data breaches and cyber-attacks, could cause significant damage to our business and reputation.

•If we fail to remediate our material weaknesses or discover additional weaknesses or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected.

•We are subject to various governmental export control, trade sanctions and import laws and regulations that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability.

•We are subject to environmental regulations that could adversely affect our business.

•Regulations relating to environmental, social and governance matters, as well as customer, supplier, investor or other stakeholder demands, may add operational complexity for us.

•We are subject to global data privacy and data protection laws and regulations that could adversely affect our business or subject us to liability.

•A portion of our revenue is generated by sales to government entities, which are subject to a number of uncertainties, challenges and risks.

•Our business could be adversely affected if we cannot obtain and maintain required security clearances, or we do not comply with obligations regarding the safeguarding of classified information.

•Failure to comply with anti-bribery and similar laws could subject us to adverse consequences.

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General Risk Factors

•The trading price of our common stock has been volatile in the past and may be volatile in the future.

•Future sales of our common stock could cause our stock price to fall.

•Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company and may affect the trading price of our common stock.

•Exclusive forum provisions in our bylaws will restrict our stockholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

•Events that are outside of our control could harm our operations.

For a more complete discussion of the material risks facing our business, see below.

Risks Related to the Merger

Because the exchange ratios provided in the Merger Agreement are fixed and will not be adjusted, our stockholders cannot be certain of the precise amount or value of the consideration in the form of Nokia ADSs that they may receive in the Merger.

Subject to the terms of the Merger Agreement, at the Effective Time each share of our common stock that is issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time will be automatically canceled, extinguished and converted into, at the election of the holder, the right to receive the following consideration, subject to proration in accordance with the Merger Agreement: (1) the Cash Consideration; (2) the Share Consideration or (3) the Mixed Consideration.

The Nokia Shares will be delivered in the form of Nokia ADSs, with each Nokia ADS representing the right to one Nokia Share. The election right for holders of our common stock with respect to the Mixed Consideration and the Share Consideration will be subject to proration pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement and described further in the definitive proxy statement/prospectus filed with the SEC on August 21, 2024 (the “Proxy Statement/Prospectus”), such that the maximum number of Nokia ADSs that may be delivered as Merger Consideration is equal to (i) 0.5355 multiplied by (ii) the aggregate number of shares of our common stock issued and outstanding as of the date that is ten (10) business days prior to the closing date of the Merger (subject to certain exclusions as set forth in the Merger Agreement). In the Merger: (1) no more than 30 percent of the aggregate Merger Consideration will be paid in the form of Nokia Shares and (2) at least 70 percent of the aggregate Merger Consideration will be paid in cash. Accordingly, some of the Merger Consideration that one of our stockholders receives may differ from the type of consideration selected and such difference may be significant, and there is no assurance that one of our stockholders that has made a valid election will receive the form of consideration elected with respect to the shares of our common stock held by such stockholder.

The exchange ratios with respect to the Mixed Consideration and the Share Consideration are each fixed and will not be adjusted for changes in the market price of either Nokia ADSs or shares of our common stock. Because the exchange ratios are fixed, the market value of the Nokia ADSs issued to our stockholders will fluctuate and, as a result, could be greater than, less than or the same as the value of the Nokia ADSs on the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

It is impossible to accurately predict the market price of Nokia ADSs at the completion of the Merger and, therefore, impossible to accurately predict the market value of Nokia ADSs that our stockholders will receive as a portion of the Merger Consideration in the Merger. Stock price changes may result from a variety of factors, including, among others, general market and economic conditions, changes in Nokia’s or our respective businesses, operations or prospects; legislative and regulatory developments in the industries that Nokia and we operate; general market, industry and economic conditions; potential shareholder litigation relating to the Merger or otherwise relating to Nokia or to us; market assessments of the likelihood that the Merger will be completed; interest rates and other factors generally affecting the respective prices of Nokia ADSs and shares of our common stock; and the timing of the Merger and receipt of required regulatory approvals.

Many of these factors are beyond our control, and we are not permitted to terminate the Merger Agreement solely due to a decline in the market price of our common stock or Nokia ADSs.

The market price of Nokia ADSs will continue to fluctuate after the Merger.

Upon completion of the Merger, our stockholders who elect to receive the Share Consideration or elect to receive the Mixed Consideration will become holders of Nokia ADSs. Each Nokia ADS represents the right to one

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Nokia Share. The market price of the Nokia ADSs and the Nokia Shares underlying the Nokia ADSs will continue to fluctuate, potentially significantly, following the completion of the Merger, including for the reasons described above. As a result, our former stockholders could lose some or all of the value of their investment in our common stock. In addition, any significant price or volume fluctuations in the stock market generally could have a material adverse effect on the market for, or the liquidity of, the Nokia ADSs (or the Nokia Shares) received in the Merger, regardless of the combined company’s actual operating performance.

The Merger may not be completed and the Merger Agreement may be terminated in accordance with its terms.

The Merger is subject to a number of conditions that must be satisfied or waived prior to the completion of the Merger, as specified in the Merger Agreement. These conditions to the completion of the Merger, some of which are beyond our control, may not be satisfied or waived in a timely manner or at all, and, accordingly, the Merger may be delayed or not completed.

Additionally, either we or Nokia may terminate the Merger Agreement under certain circumstances, including, among other reasons, if the parties fail to secure the regulatory approvals required to consummate the Merger. If the Merger Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances, we may be required to pay a termination fee of $65.0 million, or Nokia may be required to pay us a termination fee of $130.0 million.

Failure to complete the Merger could negatively impact our future business and financial results of and the trading prices of our common stock.

If the Merger is not completed for any reason, our ongoing business may be adversely affected and, without realizing any of the expected benefits of having completed the Merger, we would be subject to a number of risks, including the following:

•we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets, including negative impacts on our stock price;

•we may experience negative reactions from our customers, partners, suppliers, other business partners and employees;

•we will be required to pay our costs relating to the Merger, such as legal, accounting and financial advisory costs, and associated fees and expenses;

•there may be disruptions to our business resulting from the announcement and pendency of the Merger, and any adverse changes in our relationships with our customers, partners, suppliers other business partners and employees may continue or intensify; and

•we will have committed substantial time and resources to matters relating to the Merger (including integration planning) which would otherwise have been devoted to day-to-day operations and other opportunities that may have been beneficial to us as an independent company.

Our stockholders who elect to receive Nokia ADSs in the Merger will have rights as Nokia shareholders that differ from their current rights as our stockholders.

Upon completion of the Merger, our stockholders who receive Nokia ADSs will no longer be our stockholders and will instead become holders of Nokia ADSs (each Nokia ADS representing the right to one Nokia Share), and such Nokia Shares will be governed by Nokia’s Articles of Association. Holders of Nokia ADSs are not direct shareholders of Nokia, and their rights and obligations are governed by the deposit agreement for the Nokia ADSs. There are differences in the rights of Nokia shareholders under Nokia’s Articles of Association and the deposit agreement for the Nokia ADSs as compared to the rights of our stockholders under our charter or bylaws.

Until the completion of the Merger or the termination of the Merger Agreement in accordance with its terms, we are prohibited from entering into certain transactions and taking certain actions that might otherwise be beneficial to us and our stockholders.

From and after the date of the Merger Agreement and prior to the effective time of the Merger, the Merger Agreement restricts us from taking specified actions without the consent of Nokia and requires that our business and the business of our subsidiaries be conducted in the ordinary course. These restrictions may prevent us from taking actions during the pendency of the Merger that would have been beneficial. Adverse effects arising from these restrictions during the pendency of the Merger could be exacerbated by any delays in consummation of the Merger or termination of the Merger Agreement.

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Delays in obtaining required regulatory approvals and satisfying closing conditions may cause Nokia, as enlarged by the completion of the Merger (the “Enlarged Company”), to not realize all of the benefits of the Merger.

The Merger is subject to a number of conditions to closing as specified in the Merger Agreement. There can be no assurance as to when these conditions will be satisfied or waived, if at all, or that other events will not intervene to delay or result in the failure to complete the transaction. Any delay in completing the Merger could cause the Enlarged Company not to realize, or to be delayed in realizing, some or all of the benefits that Nokia expects to achieve if the Merger is successfully completed within its expected time frame.

Regulatory approvals may not be received, may take longer than expected, or may impose conditions that are not presently anticipated or that could have an adverse effect on us following the Merger.

Before the Merger may be completed, various remaining approvals, consents and non-actions must be obtained, including approvals under applicable antitrust and foreign investment laws in certain jurisdictions. We are required to make certain additional regulatory filings and obtain approvals or authorizations in connection with certain foreign investment laws or other laws in the U.S. and other specified locations, including, but not limited to, filings with the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency of the United States Department of Defense and foreign investment authorities in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions and other applicable regulatory authorities. In determining whether to grant these approvals, regulators consider a variety of factors, including the regulatory standing of each party. These approvals could be delayed or not obtained at all, including due to any or all of the following: an adverse development in either party’s regulatory standing, or any other factors considered by regulators in granting such approvals; governmental, political or community group inquiries, investigations or opposition; changes in legislation; or adverse developments in the political environment.

Even if those approvals are granted, they may impose terms and conditions, limitations, obligations or costs, or require changes to the terms of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement. Any such terms and conditions, limitations, obligations or restrictions could delay the completion of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement or otherwise reduce the anticipated benefits of the Merger or even result in the abandonment of the Merger. Additionally, the completion of the Merger is conditioned on the absence of certain orders, injunctions or decrees by any governmental entity of competent jurisdiction that would prohibit or make illegal the completion of any of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement.

The Merger, and uncertainty regarding the Merger, may cause customers, partners, suppliers or other business partners to delay or defer decisions concerning us, which could adversely affect our ability to effectively manage our business.

The Merger will happen only if the conditions to closing are met. Many of the conditions are outside of our control, and both parties also have certain rights to terminate the Merger Agreement. Accordingly, there may be uncertainty regarding the completion of the Merger. This uncertainty is causing, and may continue to cause, customers, partners, suppliers or other business partners to delay or defer entering into contracts with us or making other decisions concerning us or seek to change or cancel existing business relationships with us, any of which could negatively affect our business. Any delay or deferral of those decisions or changes in existing agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business regardless of whether the Merger is ultimately completed.

Failure to attract, motivate and retain executives and other key employees could diminish the anticipated benefits of the Merger.

The success of the Merger will depend in part on the retention of personnel critical to the business and operations of the Enlarged Company due to, for example, their technical skills or management expertise. Competition for qualified personnel can be intense.

Current and prospective employees of each company may experience uncertainty about their future role with the Enlarged Company until strategies with regard to these employees are announced or executed, and this may impair our and Nokia’s ability to attract, retain and motivate key management, technical, business development, operational and customer-facing employees and other personnel prior to and following the Merger. If we and Nokia are unable to retain personnel, we and Nokia could face disruptions in our operations, loss of existing customers, loss of key information, expertise or know-how, and unanticipated additional recruitment and training costs. In addition, the loss of key personnel could diminish the anticipated benefits of the Merger.

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If key employees of either company depart, the integration of the companies may be more difficult and the Enlarged Company’s business following the Merger may be harmed. Furthermore, the Enlarged Company may have to incur significant costs in identifying, hiring and retaining replacements for departing employees and may lose significant expertise and talent relating to our business or the business of Nokia, and the Enlarged Company’s ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Merger may be adversely affected. In addition, there could be disruptions to or distractions for the workforce and management associated with activities of labor unions or integrating employees into the Enlarged Company. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the Enlarged Company will be able to attract or retain key employees of ours and Nokia to the same extent that our companies have been able to attract or retain our own employees in the past.

Our directors and executive officers have interests and arrangements that may be different from, or in addition to, the interests of our stockholders generally.

Our stockholders should be aware that our directors and executive officers may have interests in the Merger that are different from, or in addition to, those of our stockholders. In (1) evaluating and negotiating the Merger Agreement; (2) approving the Merger Agreement and Merger; and (3) recommending that the Merger be adopted by our stockholders, the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") was aware of and considered these interests to the extent they existed at the time, among other matters. These interests include: (a) for our executive officers, the treatment of their outstanding Infinera equity awards in the Merger as described in more detail in the Proxy Statement/Prospectus; (b) for our non-employee directors, the accelerated vesting, as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, of their RSUs, and other treatment of such awards in the Merger, as described in more detail in the Proxy Statement/Prospectus; (c) for our executive officers, their rights to deemed satisfaction of certain performance criteria for our PSUs in connection with the Merger; (d) for certain of our executive officers, their continued employment by Nokia following the Merger; (e) for our executive officers, their rights to severance payments and benefits in the event of a qualifying termination of employment within a period of 3 months before to 18 months after the Effective Time of the Merger; and the continued indemnification and insurance coverage for our directors and executive officers from Infinera and Nokia under the terms of the Merger Agreement. The interests of our directors and executive officers are described in more detail in the Proxy Statement/Prospectus.

We may waive one or more of the closing conditions without re-soliciting stockholder approval.

We may determine to waive, in whole or part, one or more of the conditions of our obligations to consummate the Merger. We currently expect to evaluate the materiality of any waiver and its effect on our stockholders in light of the facts and circumstances at the time to determine whether any amendment of the Proxy Statement/Prospectus or any re-solicitation of stockholder approval of the Merger Agreement, as so amended, for adoption by our stockholders is required in light of such waiver. Any determination whether to waive any condition to the Merger or to amend the Proxy Statement/Prospectus or re-solicit stockholder approval as a result of a waiver will be made by us at the time of such waiver based on the facts and circumstances as they exist at that time.

The Merger will involve substantial costs.

We have incurred and expect to incur a number of non-recurring costs associated with the Merger. These costs and expenses include fees paid to financial, legal, and accounting advisors; systems consolidation costs, severance and other potential employment-related costs, including payments that may be made to certain of our executives; and filing fees, printing expenses and other related charges. These costs are payable by us regardless of whether the Merger is completed.

The Enlarged Company will also incur integration costs in connection with the Merger. There are processes, policies, procedures, operations, technologies and systems that must be integrated in connection with the Merger and the integration of the two companies’ businesses. While both Nokia and we have assumed that a certain level of expenses would be incurred in connection with the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, there are many factors beyond their control that could affect the total amount or the timing of the integration and implementation expenses.

There may also be additional unanticipated significant costs in connection with the Merger that the Enlarged Company may not recoup. These costs and expenses could reduce the realization of efficiencies, strategic benefits and additional income Nokia and we expect to achieve from the Merger. Although we and Nokia expect that these benefits will offset the transaction expenses and implementation costs over time, this net benefit may not be achieved in the near term or at all.

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The opinion rendered to us by Centerview will not reflect changes in circumstances between the date of such opinion and the completion of the Merger.

We have received an opinion from Centerview Partners, LLC (“Centerview”), our financial advisor, in connection with the signing of the Merger Agreement but have not obtained, nor will we obtain, an updated opinion regarding the fairness, from a financial point of view, of the Merger Consideration as of any date other than that specified in Centerview’s opinion. Centerview’s opinion does not address any other term or aspect of the Merger Agreement or the transaction, including, without limitation, the allocation of the Merger Consideration as among holders of our common stock who receive the Cash Consideration, the Share Consideration or the Mixed Consideration, or the relative fairness of the Cash Consideration, the Share Consideration or the Mixed Consideration, and does not constitute a recommendation to any of our stockholders or any other person as to how such stockholder or other person should vote with respect to the Merger or otherwise act with respect to the transaction or any other matter, including, without limitation, whether such stockholder or person should elect to receive the Cash Consideration, the Share Consideration or the Mixed Consideration, or make no election, in the transaction. Changes in our operations and prospects, general market and economic conditions and other factors that may be beyond our control, and on which Centerview’s opinion was based, may significantly alter our value or the prices of the shares of our common stock or the prices of the Nokia ADSs by the time the Merger is completed. Centerview’s opinion does not speak as of any date other than the date of such opinion. Because we do not currently anticipate asking Centerview to update its opinion, the opinion will not address the fairness of the Merger Consideration or the applicable exchange ratio, as applicable, from a financial point of view at the time the Merger is completed.

Lawsuits filed against us, and members of our Board, challenging the Merger, and an adverse ruling in any such lawsuit may prevent the Merger from becoming effective or from becoming effective within the expected time frame.

Lawsuits have been filed in connection with the Merger and further litigation or other legal proceedings may arise in the future, including actions alleging that our Board breached its fiduciary duties to its stockholders by entering into the Merger Agreement, by failing to obtain a greater value in the transaction for its stockholders or otherwise. We, our management and members of our Board, have been and may be subject, along with others (including Nokia), to various claims and litigation related to the Merger. We will defend against the lawsuits filed, but might not be successful in doing so. An adverse outcome in such matters, as well as the costs and efforts of a defense even if successful, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation or financial position, including through the possible diversion of our resources or distraction of key personnel.

Third parties may terminate or alter existing contracts with us in connection with the Merger.

We have contracts with customers, suppliers, vendors, landlords, licensors and other business partners which may require us to obtain consent or waivers from such counterparties in connection with the Merger, including under change of control provisions. If these consents or waivers cannot be obtained, the Enlarged Company may suffer a loss of potential future revenue and may lose rights that are material to its business and the business of the Enlarged Company. In addition, third parties with whom we currently have relationships may terminate or otherwise reduce the scope of their relationship with us in anticipation of consummation of the Merger. Any such disruptions could limit the Enlarged Company’s ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of the Merger. The adverse effect of such disruptions could also be exacerbated by a delay in the completion of the Merger or the termination of the Merger Agreement.

The Nokia Shares to be received by our stockholders as a result of the Merger will have rights different from our common stock.

Upon consummation of the Merger, the rights of our stockholders, who will become shareholders of Nokia, will be governed by the Nokia Articles of Association. The rights associated with our common stock are different from the rights associated with Nokia Shares. In addition, the Nokia Shares to be received as Merger Consideration will be delivered in the form of Nokia ADSs. Holders of Nokia ADSs are not direct shareholders of Nokia, and their rights and obligations are governed by the deposit agreement for the Nokia ADSs.

Our financial projections may not prove to be reflective of actual future results.

In connection with the Merger, our management prepared and considered, among other things, internal financial projections for us. These forecasts speak only as of the date made and will not be updated. These financial

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projections were not prepared with a view to public disclosure, are subject to significant economic, competitive, industry and other uncertainties and may not be achieved in full, at all or within projected timeframes.

Holders of our common stock who elect to receive some or all of their Merger Consideration in the form of Nokia ADSs may not receive sufficient cash consideration with which to pay their potential tax liabilities resulting from the Merger.

The exchange of our common stock by our stockholders for Cash Consideration, Share Consideration or Mixed Consideration in the Merger will be a taxable transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The amount of gain or loss recognized by a holder of our common stock in the Merger generally will depend on the amount of any cash and the fair market value of any Nokia ADSs received by such holder in the Merger and the adjusted tax basis of our common stock exchanged by such holder in the Merger. To the extent that one of our stockholders elects to receive some or all of his or her or its Merger Consideration in the form of Nokia ADSs, it is possible that such stockholder may not receive sufficient cash consideration with which to pay its potential tax liabilities resulting from the Merger.

Business and Operational Risk Factors

Our quarterly results may vary significantly from period to period, which could make our future results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below investor, analyst or our expectations.

Our quarterly results and, in particular, our revenue, gross margins, operating expenses, operating margins, net income (loss) and cash flow, have historically varied significantly from period to period and may continue to do so in the future. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Our budgeted expense levels are based, in large part, on our expectations of future revenue and the development efforts associated with that future revenue. Consequently, if our revenue does not meet projected levels in the short term, our inventory levels, cost of goods sold and operating expenses would be high relative to revenue, resulting in potential operating losses. If our revenue or operating results do not meet the expectations of investors or securities analysts or fall below any guidance we provide to the market, the price of our common stock may decline substantially.

Factors that may contribute to fluctuations in our quarterly results, many of which are outside our control and may be difficult to predict, include:

•fluctuations in demand, sales cycles and prices for products and services, including discounts given in response to competitive pricing pressures or to secure long-term customer relationships, as well as the timing of purchases by our key customers;

•changes in customers’ budgets for optical transport network purchases and changes or variability in their purchasing cycles;

•the timing, market acceptance and rate of adoption of our new product releases and our competitors' new product releases;

•the price, quality, lead times, timing of delivery and availability of key components from suppliers, including any price or shipping cost increases or delays in the supply of components that may result from supply disruptions as well as impacts due to consolidations amongst our suppliers;

•fluctuations in our customer, product or geographic mix, including the impact of new customer deployments, which typically carry lower gross margins, customer consolidation, which may affect our ability to grow revenue, and products powered by our next-generation technologies, which initially tend to be lower margin due to higher per unit production costs and may have greater variability in production yields;

•our ability to manage manufacturing costs, maintain or improve quality, and increase volumes and yields on products manufactured in our internal manufacturing facilities;

•our ability to manage inventory while timely meeting customer demand and avoiding charges for excess or obsolete inventory;

•our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses, the costs and availability of components and materials we purchase for our products and our capital expenditures;

•our ability to successfully restructure or transform our operations within our anticipated time frame and realize our anticipated savings;

•order cancellations or reductions or delays in delivery schedules by our customers;

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•any significant changes in the competitive dynamics of the markets we serve, including any new entrants, new technologies, or customer or competitor consolidation, as well as aggressive pricing tactics by our competitors;

•any delay in collecting or failure to collect accounts receivable;

•readiness of customers for installation of our products, which has been impacted by the resource and personnel constraints of our customers;

•the timing of revenue recognition and revenue deferrals;

•any future changes in GAAP or new interpretations of existing accounting rules;

•the impact of a significant natural disaster or public health emergency, as well as interruptions or shortages in the supply of utilities such as water and electricity, in a key location such as our Northern California facilities, which are located near major earthquake fault lines, in areas of high fire risk and in a designated flood zone; and

•general economic, market and political conditions in domestic and international markets, including those related to any policy changes by the federal government or by the presidential administration in the U.S., and other factors beyond our control, including the ongoing effects of continuing inflation and high interest rates.

Our ability to increase our revenue will depend upon continued growth of demand by consumers and businesses for additional network capacity, on the level and timing of capital spending by our customers, and on the continued demand for our services support.

Our future success depends on factors that increase the amount of data transmitted over communications networks and the growth of optical transport networks to meet the increased demand for optical capacity. These factors include the growth of mobile, video and cloud-based services, increased broadband connectivity and the continuing adoption of high-capacity, revenue-generating services. If demand for such bandwidth does not continue, or slows down, the market for optical transport networking equipment may not continue to grow and our product sales would be negatively impacted.

In addition, demand for our products depends on the level and timing of capital spending in optical networks by service providers as they construct, expand and upgrade the capacity of their optical networks. Capital spending is cyclical in our industry and spending by customers can change on short notice. Customer demand is dependent in part on the level of inventory held by customers and, to the extent that such inventory levels have been or will be built up by customers to address global supply issues or otherwise, overall customer demand may be dampened in subsequent periods until the level of inventory held by such customers returns to more normalized levels. Any future decisions by our customers to reduce capital spending, whether caused by lower customer demand, weakening economic conditions, high borrowing costs, inflation, customer-specific supply chain issues, changes in government regulations relating to telecommunications and data networks, or other reasons, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Revenue we receive for our services offerings is highly dependent on product sales and the implementation processes of our customers. If our customers have internal services teams or if our products such as our pluggables do not otherwise require our services support, our revenue related to services and our related gross margins may be impacted and our results of operations may be harmed.

Any delays in the development, introduction or acceptance of our new products or in releasing enhancements to our existing products may harm our business.

Our products are based on complex technologies, including, in many cases, the development of next-generation PICs, DSPs and specialized application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs"), each of which are key components of our optical engines. In addition, we may also depend on technologies from outside suppliers, all of which may cause us to experience unanticipated delays in developing, improving, manufacturing or deploying our products. The development process for our optical engines is lengthy, and any modifications entail significant development cost and risks.

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At any given time, various new product introductions and enhancements to our existing products are in the development phase and are not yet ready for commercial manufacturing or deployment. We rely on third parties, some of which are relatively early-stage companies, to develop, manufacture and deliver components for our next-generation products, which can often require custom development. The development process from laboratory prototype to customer trials, and subsequently to general availability, involves a significant number of simultaneous efforts. These efforts often must be completed in a timely and coordinated manner so that they may be incorporated into the product development cycle for our systems, and include:

•completion of product development, including the development and completion of our next-generation optical engines, and the completion of associated module development;

•the qualification and multiple sourcing of critical components;

•validation of manufacturing methods and processes;

•extensive quality assurance and reliability testing and staffing of testing infrastructure;

•validation of software; and

•establishment of systems integration and systems test validation requirements.

Each of these steps, in turn, presents risks of failure, rework or delay, any one of which could decrease the speed and scope of product introduction, the conversion of design wins into purchase orders, or marketplace acceptance of our products. New generations of our optical engines as well as intensive software testing are important to the timely introduction of new products and enhancements to our existing products, which are subject to these development risks. In addition, unexpected intellectual property disputes, inability to obtain licenses to utilize third party development tools or other intellectual property on commercially acceptable terms, failure of critical design elements, limited or constrained engineering resources, changes in product designs and a host of other development execution risks may delay, or even prevent, the introduction of new products or enhancements to our existing products. If we have longer development lead times than our competitors for comparable products, or if we do not develop and successfully introduce or enhance products ahead of our competitors or in a timely manner, including the successful development of our next generation optical engine, our competitive position will suffer.

As we transition customers to new products and technologies, we face significant risk that our new products or technologies may not be accepted by our current or new customers. To the extent that we fail to introduce new and innovative products and technologies that are adopted by customers, we could fail to obtain an adequate return on these investments and could lose market share to our competitors, which could be difficult or impossible to regain. Similarly, we may face decreased revenue, gross margins and profitability due to a rapid decline in sales of current products as customers hold spending to focus purchases on new product platforms. In addition, the sale of new products and technologies may result in the cannibalization of sales for existing products, which may harm our results of operations. We could also incur significant costs in completing the transition, including costs of inventory write-downs of the current product as customers transition to new product platforms. In addition, products or technologies developed by others may render our products noncompetitive or obsolete and result in significant reduction in orders from our customers and the loss of existing and prospective customers. Any delays in the introduction of new components that we are developing for use in our other products as part of our vertical integration strategy may also prevent us from realizing the anticipated cost savings of such development. This may negatively impact our gross margins and harm our business and operating results.

Aggressive business tactics by our competitors and new entrants may harm our business.

The markets that we compete in are extremely competitive, which often results in aggressive business tactics by our competitors and new entrants, including:

•aggressively pricing their optical transport products and other portfolio products, including offering significant one-time discounts and guaranteed future price decreases;

•offering optical products at a substantial discount or for free when bundled together with broader technology purchases, such as router or wireless equipment purchases;

•marketing product availability on aggressive timelines to influence customer purchasing decisions;

•providing financing, marketing and advertising assistance to customers; and

•influencing customer requirements to emphasize different product capabilities, which better suit their products.

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The level of competition and pricing pressure tend to increase when competing for large or high-profile opportunities or during periods of economic weakness when there are fewer network build-out projects. If we fail to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, or if our current or future competitors continue or expand their aggressive business tactics, including those described above, demand for our products could decline, we could experience delays or cancellations of customer orders or we could be required to reduce our prices to compete in the market.

The markets in which we compete are highly competitive and we may not be able to compete effectively.

The optical networking equipment market is competitive. Our main competitors in the optical transport systems market include dense wavelength division multiplexing system suppliers, such as ADTRAN, Ciena Corporation, Cisco Systems, Fujitsu, Huawei, Nokia, Ribbon Communications and ZTE. Competition in the optical subsystems and pluggable optics market includes, but is not limited to, Cisco (via their acquisition of Acacia), Lumentum, Marvell and Coherent, as well as a wide range of China-based suppliers. Moreover, other companies have developed, or may in the future develop, products that are or could be competitive with our products. We also could encounter competitor consolidation in the markets in which we compete, which could lead to a changing competitive landscape, capabilities and market share, and could impact our results of operations.

Competition in the markets we serve is based on any one or a combination of the following factors:

•the ability of products and services to meet customers’ immediate and future network requirements;

•price and other commercial terms;

•optical reach and capacity performance;

•features and functionality;

•the availability of components required to manufacture key products;

•existing business and customer relationships;

•power consumption, heat dissipation, form factor and density;

•installation and operational simplicity;

•network and service manageability;

•quality and reliability;

•service and support;

•security and encryption requirements;

•scalability and investment protection; and

•product availability and lead times.

Some of our competitors have substantially greater name recognition and technical, financial, sales and marketing resources. Many of our competitors have more resources and more experience in developing or acquiring new products and technologies, customizing product features specific to certain geographic requirements and in creating market awareness for those products and technologies. In addition, many of our competitors have the financial resources to offer competitive products at aggressive pricing levels or have the ability to provide financing to customers, which could prevent us from competing effectively. Further, many of our competitors have built long-standing relationships with some of our prospective and existing customers and could, therefore, have an inherent advantage in selling products to those customers.

We also compete with low-cost producers that may increase pricing pressure on us and with a number of smaller companies that provide competition for a specific product, customer segment or geographic market. In addition, we may also face increased competition from system and component companies that develop products based on off-the-shelf hardware that offers the latest commercially available technologies. Due to the narrower focus of their efforts, these competitors may achieve commercial availability of their products more quickly than we can and may provide attractive alternatives to our customers.

If we lose key personnel or fail to attract, upskill and retain qualified personnel when needed, our business may be harmed.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the continued contributions of our key management, engineering, sales and marketing, and finance personnel, many of whom will be approaching retirement age in the next decade and many of whom would be difficult to replace. For example, senior members of our engineering team have unique technical experience that would be difficult to replace. Because our products are complex, we must

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also hire and retain highly trained customer service and support personnel to ensure that the deployment of our products does not result in network disruption for our customers. We believe our future success will depend in large part upon our ability to identify, attract, upskill and retain highly skilled and diverse personnel, and competition for these individuals is intense in our industry, especially in the San Francisco Bay Area where we are headquartered and, increasingly, in certain cities and regions where we have operations outside the U.S. as well. The loss of the services of any of our key personnel, the inability to identify, attract or retain qualified personnel in the future or delays in hiring qualified personnel, particularly engineers and sales personnel, could make it difficult for us to manage our business and meet key objectives, such as timely product introductions. These risks may be exacerbated due to a strong labor market with a competitive wage environment and attrition or a decline in the pool of available talent. In addition, we do not have long-term employment contracts or key person life insurance covering any of our key personnel. If we are unable to identify, attract and retain qualified personnel, we may be unable to manage our business effectively, and our results of operations could suffer.

We are dependent on a small number of key customers for a significant portion of our revenue from period to period and the loss of, or a significant reduction in, orders from one or more of our key customers would reduce our revenue and harm our operating results.

A relatively small number of end-customers' accounts for a large percentage of our revenue from period to period. For example, for the quarter ended September 28, 2024, our top ten end-customers accounted for approximately 55% of our total revenue and two end-customers accounted for 15% and 12% of our total revenue, respectively. For 2023, our top ten end-customers accounted for approximately 52% of our total revenue and one end-customer accounted for 10% of our total revenue.

Our business will likely be harmed if any of our key customers, for whatever reason, substantially reduce, delay or stop their orders from us. In addition, our business will be harmed if we fail to maintain our competitive advantage with our key customers or do not add new large and medium customers over time. We continue to expect a relatively small number of customers to continue to account for a large percentage of revenue from period to period. However, customer consolidation could reduce the number of key customers that generate a significant percentage of our revenue and may increase the risks relating to dependence on a small number of customers.

Our ability to continue to generate revenue from our key customers will depend on our ability to maintain strong relationships with these customers and introduce competitive new products at competitive prices. In most cases, our sales are made to these customers pursuant to standard purchase agreements, which may be canceled or reduced readily, rather than long-term purchase commitments that would require these customers to purchase any minimum or guaranteed volumes orders. In the event of a cancellation or reduction of an order, we may not have enough time to reduce operating expenses to minimize the effect of the lost revenue on our business. Our operating results will continue to depend on our ability to sell our products to our key customers. In addition, we must regularly compete for and win business with existing and new customers across all of our customer segments.

In addition, global economic conditions may affect the network spending, procurement strategies, or business practices of our key customers. If any of our key customers experience a loss in revenue due to weakening economic conditions, their corporate borrowing costs being materially impacted by high interest rates, or other adverse occurrences, they may reduce or delay capital spending generally or with respect to our products, which could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

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Supply chain and logistics issues could harm our business and operating results.

We are reliant on our global supply chain for the production of components for our products. The global supply chain has experienced disruptions beginning in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to delays, shortages, longer than normal lead times, unfavorable contractual terms relating to refundability and cancellation, discontinued components and increased costs. These supply disruptions have negatively impacted our revenue and our results of operations. For example, shortages of and longer lead times for certain key components have adversely affected our ability to deliver products to customers in a timely manner. Additionally, price increases within our supply chain have continued to negatively affect our gross margin. Any efforts that we make to mitigate supply chain issues, such as making additional or long-term purchase commitments with our suppliers or holding higher levels of inventory, could negatively impact our cash flow and financial results if we do not accurately forecast customer demand, or if our customers change their purchasing patterns in response to the evolving supply chain environment. While the overall availability of components in the supply chain has continued to improve in 2024, we continue to monitor supply chain categories and key suppliers to manage our risks.

We currently purchase several key components for our products from sole or limited sources. In particular, we rely on our own production of certain components of our products, such as PICs, and on third parties, including sole source and limited source suppliers, for certain of the components of our products, including ASICs, field-programmable gate arrays, processors, and other semiconductor and optical components. We have increased our reliance on third parties to develop and manufacture components for certain products, some of which require custom development. We purchase most of these components on a purchase order basis and generally only have long-term contracts with these sole source or limited source suppliers. If any of our sole source or limited source suppliers suffer from capacity constraints, materials shortages, lower than expected yields, deployment delays, geopolitical-related disruptions, work stoppages or any other reduction or disruption in output, they may be unable to meet our delivery schedule, which could result in lost revenue, additional product costs and deployment delays that could harm our business and customer relationships. In addition, these same suppliers may decide to no longer manufacture or support specific components necessary for some of our legacy products, which could lead to our inability to fulfill demand without increased engineering and material costs necessary to replace such components or cause us to transition such products to end-of-life status sooner than planned. Further, our suppliers could enter into exclusive arrangements with our competitors, refuse to sell their products or components to us at commercially reasonable prices or at all, go out of business or discontinue their relationships with us. If any of these developments were to occur, we may be unable to develop alternative sources for these components within a suitable time frame to be able to operate our business, or at all. For risks concerning our international operations that may also impact our supply chain, see also the Risk Factor titled "Our international sales and operations subject us to additional risks that may harm our operating results."

Product performance problems, including undetected errors in our hardware or software, or deployment delays, and product security vulnerabilities could harm our business, results of operations and reputation.

The development and production of products with high technology content is complicated and often involves problems with hardware, software, components and manufacturing methods. Complex hardware and software systems that are built with and include increasingly sophisticated technology, such as our products, can often contain undetected errors or bugs when first introduced or as new versions are released. In addition, errors associated with components we purchase from third parties, including customized components, may be difficult to resolve. We have experienced issues in the past in connection with our products, including failures due to the receipt of components from our suppliers that are either faulty or do not meet our product specifications, and performance issues related to software updates. From time to time, we have had to replace certain components or provide software remedies or other remediation in response to errors or bugs, and we may have to do so again in the future. In addition, performance issues can be heightened during periods where we are developing and introducing multiple new products to the market, as any performance issues we encounter in one technology or product could impact the performance or timing of delivery of other products. Our products may also suffer degradation of performance and reliability over time.

If reliability, quality, security or network monitoring problems develop, a number of negative effects on our business could result, including:

•reduced orders from existing customers;

•declining interest from potential customers;

•delays in our ability to recognize revenue or in collecting accounts receivables;

•increased costs associated with fixing hardware or software defects or replacing products;

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•high service and warranty expenses;

•delays in shipments;

•high inventory excess and obsolescence expense;

•high levels of product returns;

•diversion of our engineering personnel from our product development efforts; and

•payment of liquidated damages, performance guarantees or similar penalties.

Because we outsource the manufacturing of certain components of our products, we may also be subject to product performance problems as a result of the acts or omissions of third parties, and we may not have adequate compensating remedies against such third parties or otherwise implement effective measures to mitigate such problems.

From time to time, we encounter interruptions or delays in the activation of our products at a customer’s site. These interruptions or delays may result from product performance problems or from issues with installation and activation, some of which are outside our control, such as supply chain disruptions affecting our customers or us. We may also experience project delays due to incomplete customer readiness and the unavailability of certain customer resources and customer furnished prerequisites required for project implementation. If we experience significant interruptions or delays that we cannot promptly resolve, the associated revenue for these installations may be delayed.

In addition, our products are subject to security vulnerabilities and attempts by third parties to identify additional vulnerabilities. Such vulnerabilities are not always mitigated before they become known by us, our customers or the users of our products. Mitigation techniques designed to address security vulnerabilities in our products, including software and firmware updates or other preventative measures, are not always available on a timely basis - or at all - and at times do not operate as intended or effectively resolve vulnerabilities. Security vulnerabilities and any limitations or adverse effects of mitigation techniques may result in warranty or other claims, litigation, or regulatory actions, and may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, customer relationships, prospects, and reputation in a number of ways, any of which may be material.

The manufacturing process for our optical engine and the assembly of our finished products are complex. The partial or complete loss of any of our manufacturing facilities, a reduction in yields of our PICs or an inability to scale capacity to meet customer demands could harm our business.

The manufacturing process for our optical engine, including the PICs, DSPs and specialized ASICs, and the assembly of our finished products are complex. In the event that any of our manufacturing facilities utilized to build these components and assemble our finished products was fully or partially destroyed, or shut down, as a result of a natural disaster, work stoppage or otherwise, it could severely limit our ability to deliver and sell our products or support new product development. Because of the complex nature of our manufacturing facilities, such loss would take a considerable amount of time to repair or replace. The partial or complete loss of any of our manufacturing facilities, or an event causing the interruption in our use of any such facilities, whether as a result of a natural disaster, a public health crisis, work stoppage or otherwise, for any extended period of time, could cause our business, financial condition and results of operations to be harmed.

Minor deviations in the PIC manufacturing process can cause substantial decreases in yields and, in some cases, cause production to be suspended. In the past, we have had significant variances in our PIC yields, including production interruptions and suspensions, and may in the future have continued yield variances, including additional interruptions or suspensions. Lower than expected yields from our PIC manufacturing process or defects, integration issues or other performance problems in our products could limit our ability to satisfy customer demand requirements and could damage customer relations and harm our business, reputation and operating results.

Our inability to obtain sufficient manufacturing capacity to meet demand, either in our own facilities or through foundry or similar arrangements with third parties, could also harm our relationships with our customers, our business and our results of operations. Additionally, if we are unable to fully utilize our own manufacturing facilities, this may also reduce our efficiency and lower our gross margins.

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If our contract manufacturers do not perform as we expect, our business may be harmed.

We rely on third-party contract manufacturers to perform a portion of the manufacturing of our products, and our future success will depend on our ability to have sufficient volumes of our products manufactured in a cost-effective and quality-controlled manner. We have engaged third parties to manufacture certain elements of our products at multiple contract manufacturing sites located around the world but do not have long-term agreements in place with some of our manufacturers and suppliers that would guarantee product availability, or the continuation of particular pricing or payment terms. We face a number of risks due to our dependence on contract manufacturers, including:

•reduced control over delivery schedules, particularly for international contract manufacturing sites;

•risks related to dependency on certain contract manufacturers;

•reliance on the quality assurance procedures of third parties;

•potential uncertainty regarding manufacturing yields and costs;

•potential lack of adequate capacity during periods of high demand or inability to fulfill manufacturing orders due to supply issues;

•potential variability of pricing or payment terms due to agreement length;

•risks and uncertainties associated with the locations or countries where our products are manufactured or otherwise operate, including potential disruptions caused by geopolitical events, military actions, work stoppages or other social factors, natural disasters, environmental factors, or public health emergencies;

•counterparty risk, particularly if our contract manufacturers are sensitive to inflation and interest-rate risk;

•limited warranties on components; and

•potential misappropriation of our intellectual property.

Any of these risks could impair our ability to fulfill orders. Our products are built with and incorporate increasingly sophisticated technology and any delays by our contract manufacturers or their inability to meet our product specifications or quality standards may cause us to be unable to meet the delivery requirements of our customers, which could decrease customer satisfaction and harm our product sales. In addition, if our contract manufacturers are unable or unwilling to continue manufacturing our products or components of our products in required volumes or our relationship with any of our contract manufacturers is discontinued for any reason, we would be required to identify and qualify alternative manufacturers, which could cause us to be unable to meet our supply requirements to our customers and result in the breach of our customer agreements. Qualifying a new contract manufacturer and commencing volume production is expensive and time-consuming. If we are required to change or qualify a new contract manufacturer, we could lose revenue and damage our customer relationships.

Increased consolidation among our customers and suppliers in the communications networking industry has had, and could continue to have, an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We have seen increased consolidation in the communications networking industry over the past few years, which has adversely affected our business and results of operations. Customer consolidation in the past has led to changes in buying patterns, slowdowns in spending, redeployment of existing equipment and re-architecture of parts of existing networks or future networks, as the combined companies evaluate the needs of the combined business. Moreover, the significant purchasing power of these large companies can increase pricing and competitive pressures for us, including the potential for decreases in our average selling prices. If one of our customers is acquired by another company that does not rely on us to provide it with products or relies on another provider of similar products, we may lose that customer’s business. Such consolidation may further reduce the number of customers that generate a significant percentage of our revenue and may exacerbate the risks relating to dependence on a small number of customers. Any of the foregoing results will adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, our suppliers in the communications networking industry have continued to consolidate in recent years. For example, II-VI acquired Coherent in 2022. Supplier consolidation may lead to increased prices of components for our products, deployment delays or a disruption in output. In addition, such consolidation may exacerbate the risks relating to our dependence on a small number of suppliers for certain components and materials that are required to manufacture our products.

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We rely on various third-party service partners to help complement our global operations, and failure to adequately manage these relationships could adversely impact our financial results and relationships with customers.

We rely on a number of third-party service partners, both domestic and international, to complement our global operations. We rely upon these partners for certain installation, maintenance, logistics and support functions. Services provided by these partners typically relate to the design, construction and operation of customer networks. Over time, the scope of work performed by our service partners is likely to increasingly include areas where we have less experience providing or managing such services. We must successfully identify, assess, train and certify qualified service partners in order to ensure the proper installation, deployment and maintenance of our products. The vetting and certification of these partners, particularly outside the U.S., can be costly and time-consuming, and certain partners may not have the same operational history, financial resources and scale as we have. Additionally, certain service partners may provide similar services for other companies, including our competitors. We may not be able to manage our relationships with our service partners effectively, and we cannot be certain that they will be able to deliver services in the manner or time required, that we will be able to maintain the continuity of their services, or that they will adhere to our approach to ethical business practices. We may also be exposed to a number of risks or challenges relating to the performance of our service partners, including:

•delays in recognizing revenue;

•liability for injuries to persons, damage to property or other claims relating to the actions or omissions of our service partners;

•our services revenue and gross margin may be adversely affected; and

•our relationships with customers could suffer.

If we do not effectively manage our relationships with third-party service partners, or if they fail to perform the services we request in the manner or time required, our financial results and relationships with our customers could be adversely affected.

We must respond to rapid technological change and comply with evolving industry standards and requirements for our products to be successful.

The optical transport networking equipment market is characterized by rapid technological change, changes in customer requirements and evolving industry standards. We continually invest in research and development to sustain or enhance our existing products, but the introduction of new communications technologies and the emergence of new industry standards or requirements could render our products obsolete. Further, in developing our products, we have made, and will continue to make, assumptions with respect to which standards or requirements will be adopted by our customers and competitors. If the standards or requirements adopted by our prospective customers are different from those on which we have focused our efforts, market acceptance of our products would be reduced or delayed, and our business would be harmed. We are continuing to invest a significant portion of our research and development efforts in the development of our next-generation products. We expect our competitors will continue to improve the performance of their existing products and introduce new products and technologies and to influence customers’ buying criteria so as to emphasize product capabilities that we do not, or may not, possess. To be competitive, we must increase our understanding of competitive dynamics in our markets, better anticipate future customer requirements and continue to invest significant resources in research and development, sales and marketing, and customer support. The demand for investment resources may also increase as the technologies we develop and utilize become more complex and the skills required to undertake such development become more scarce and expensive to obtain. If we do not anticipate or meet these future customer requirements, including with respect to the energy efficiency of our products, and invest in the technologies, including artificial intelligence and machine learning, necessary to enable us to create, manufacture and sell the appropriate solutions on a timely basis, our competitive position and future sales may be limited, which would have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition. We may not have sufficient resources to undertake these investments and we may not be able to make the technological advances necessary to be competitive and successful in the markets we serve.

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Failure to accurately forecast our manufacturing requirements or customer demand could increase our costs, including inventory write-downs or equipment write-offs, or lose customers or orders to competitors, which would adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We generate forecasts of future demand for our products several months prior to the scheduled delivery to our prospective customers. This requires us to make significant investments before we know if corresponding revenue will be recognized. Lead times vary significantly for materials and components, including ASICs, that we need to order for the manufacture of our products and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for each component at a given time. In the past, we have experienced lengthened lead times for certain components, which makes forecasting more challenging. We may be required to purchase increased levels of such components to satisfy our delivery commitments to our customers as a result of longer lead times for components. In addition, we must manage our inventory to ensure we continue to meet our commitments as we introduce new products or make enhancements to our existing products.

If we overestimate market demand for our products, including as a result of customers changing the timing or volume of their purchases in response to the evolving supply chain environment or broader macroeconomic conditions, and, as a result, increase our inventory in anticipation of customer orders that do not materialize, we will have excess inventory. This could result in increased risk of obsolescence and significant inventory write-downs. If we underestimate demand for our products, we will have inadequate inventory, which could slow down or interrupt the manufacturing of our products, cause delays in shipments and our ability to recognize revenue, and result in potential loss of customers or orders to competitors. In addition, we may be unable to meet our supply commitments to customers, which could result in a loss of certain customer opportunities or a breach of our customer agreements.

Actions that we may in the future take to restructure or streamline our business to cut costs and align our operating structure with current or future opportunities may not be as effective as anticipated and may have negative consequences.

We have incurred, and may in the future incur, substantial costs in connection with restructuring plans. Although such restructuring initiatives may be taken to improve our operating efficiency and to reallocate resources to align more closely with our evolving business model and current and future opportunities, they may not result in the benefits we anticipate. We incur substantial costs to implement restructuring plans, and our restructuring activities, if any, may subject us to reputational and litigation risks. Our past restructuring plans do not provide any assurance that we will realize anticipated cost savings or other benefits from any restructuring plans we may implement. In addition, restructuring plans may have other consequences, such as attrition beyond any planned reductions in workforce or a negative effect on employee morale and productivity or our ability to attract highly skilled employees. Restructuring presents other potential significant risks such as the actual or perceived disruption of service or reduction in service standards to customers, loss of sales, the failure to preserve supplier relationships and diversion of management attention. In addition, as a result of any restructuring actions we may take, our ability to execute on product development, address key market opportunities or meet customer demand could be materially and adversely affected. Further, any anticipated benefits from any restructuring initiatives we may take may be realized later than expected or not at all, and the ongoing costs of implementing these measures, if any, may be greater than anticipated. As a result, current or future restructuring plans may affect our revenue and other operating results.

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Our large customers have substantial negotiating leverage, which may cause us to agree to terms and conditions that result in lower average selling prices and potentially increased cost of sales leading to lower gross margin, each of which would harm our results of operations.

Many of our customers are large service providers and ICPs that have substantial purchasing power and leverage in negotiating contractual arrangements with us. In addition, customer consolidation in the past few years has created combined companies that are even larger and have greater negotiating leverage. Our customers have sought and may continue to seek advantageous pricing, payment and other commercial terms. This may further impact our profitability if we are unable to recover through price increases passed along to these customers additional costs we have incurred from inflationary pressures to the supply chain or shipping and freight. We have also occasionally agreed and may continue to agree to unfavorable commercial terms with these customers, including the potential of reducing the average selling price of our products, increasing cost of sales or agreeing to extended payment terms in response to these commercial requirements or competitive pricing pressures. Continued inflation could decrease the profitability of customer contracts, particularly those with extended payment terms, that are not indexed to inflation. If we are compelled to agree to disadvantageous terms and conditions, unable to comply with such terms and conditions, or unable to adapt our business model and operations to such terms and conditions, then our operating results will be negatively impacted.

Our sales cycle can be long and unpredictable, which could result in an unexpected revenue shortfall in any given quarter.

Our products can have a lengthy sales cycle, which can extend from six to twelve months and may take even longer for larger prospective customers. Our prospective customers conduct significant evaluation, testing, implementation and acceptance procedures before they purchase our products. We incur substantial sales and marketing expenses and expend significant management effort during this time, regardless of whether we make a sale. Supply chain disruptions have also at times lengthened, and may in the future lengthen, our sales cycle due to delays in the customer certification process for our products.

Because our sales cycle is long, we are likely to recognize higher inflation-related costs before recognizing the benefits of any price increases that we implement for our products. Moreover, the costs associated with our sales cycle may increase faster than our ability to increase prices. In addition, changes in regulatory requirements or uncertainty associated with the regulatory environment could delay or impede investment in network infrastructures and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Because the purchase of our equipment involves substantial cost, most of our customers wait to purchase our equipment until they are ready to deploy it in their network. As a result, it is difficult for us to accurately predict the timing of future purchases by our customers. In addition, product purchases are often subject to budget constraints, multiple approvals and unplanned administrative processing and other delays, including the need for the customer to obtain external financing. If sales expected from customers for a particular quarter are not realized in that quarter or at all, our revenue will be negatively impacted.

We may receive grants from governments, agencies or research organizations. If we are not successful in securing the funding contemplated by those grants, or if we are unable to comply with the terms of those grants, then our business might be harmed.

From time to time, we may receive grants from national, state and local governments, agencies, or research organizations. For example, we have signed a non-binding preliminary memorandum of terms to receive grants under the CHIPS and Science Act (“CHIPS Act”) for expansion and modernization of our semiconductor facilities in both Silicon Valley, California and Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania. Our receipt of these grants remains subject to a comprehensive due diligence process and negotiation of agreement terms. It is possible that we will not receive any CHIPS Act grants and, even if we receive CHIPS Act grants, we may not pursue the full amount of the available grants. Failure to obtain grants that we seek or to fully utilize available grants, including pursuant to the CHIPS Act, could impact our ability to achieve our goals for the projects that would otherwise benefit from grant funding and could have an adverse effect on our business.

If we do receive any grant (including under the CHIPS Act), compliance with the terms of the grant could add complexity to our operations and increase our costs. In addition, noncompliance with the terms of the grants could result in our forfeiture of all or a portion of any future amounts to be received, as well as obligate us to repay all or a portion of amounts already received pursuant to the grants.

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Any acquisitions or strategic transactions that we undertake could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and results of operations.

We have made strategic acquisitions of businesses, technologies and other assets in the past, including most recently the Coriant Acquisition. We may engage in acquisitions, divestitures or other strategic transactions in the future. In order to undertake certain of these transactions, we may use cash, issue equity that could dilute our current stockholders, or incur debt or assume indebtedness. If we are unable to achieve the anticipated efficiencies and strategic benefits of such transactions, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected if investors and securities analysts react unfavorably to a strategic transaction or if the integration or the anticipated financial and strategic benefits of such transactions are not realized as rapidly as or to the extent anticipated by investors and securities analysts.

Acquisitions, divestitures or other strategic transactions can also result in adverse tax consequences, warranty or product liability exposure related to acquired assets, additional stock-based compensation expense, and write-up of acquired inventory to fair value. Divestitures can also result in contractual, employment or intellectual property liability related to divested assets. In addition, we may record goodwill and other purchased intangible assets in connection with an acquisition and incur impairment charges in the future. If our actual results, or the plans and estimates used in future impairment analyses, are less favorable than the original estimates used to assess the recoverability of these assets, we could incur additional impairment charges.

Acquisitions, divestitures or other strategic transactions also involve numerous risks that could disrupt our ongoing business and distract our management team, including:

•problems integrating the acquired operations, technologies or products with our own;

•challenges in divesting assets and intellectual property without negatively affecting our retained business;

•diversion of management’s attention from our core business;

•adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers;

•risks associated with entering new markets or exiting existing markets; and

•loss of key employees.

Our failure to adequately manage the risks associated with an acquisition, divestment or strategic transaction could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Financial and Macroeconomic Risk Factors

We may be unable to generate the cash flow necessary to make anticipated capital expenditures, service our debt or grow our business.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to make anticipated capital expenditures, service our debt or grow our business. Our ability to pay our expenses, service our debt and fund planned capital expenditures will depend on our future performance, which will be affected by general economic, competitive, legislative, political, regulatory and other factors beyond our control, and our ability to continue to realize synergies and anticipated cost savings. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service our debt or to make anticipated capital expenditures, we may be required to sell assets, reduce capital expenditures, borrow additional funds or evaluate alternatives for efficiently funding our capital expenditures and ongoing operations, including the issuance of equity, equity-linked and debt securities.

Unfavorable macroeconomic and market conditions may adversely affect our industry, business and financial results.

In the past, unfavorable macroeconomic and market conditions, including recessionary environments, have resulted in sustained periods of decreased demand for optical communications products and slowdowns in the telecommunications industry in which we operate. Such slowdowns may result in:

•reduced or delayed demand for our products as a result of constraints on capital spending by our customers or excess inventory held by our customers;

•increased price competition for our products, not only from our competitors, but also as a result of the utilization of inventoried or underutilized products by our customers or potential customers, which could put additional downward pressure on our near-term gross profits;

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•risk of excess or obsolete inventories;

•our customers facing financial difficulties, including bankruptcy;

•delayed collections of accounts receivable amounts or payment defaults;

•excess internal manufacturing capacity and higher associated overhead costs as a percentage of revenue; and

•more limited ability to accurately forecast our business, operating capital needs and future financial performance.

Inflation, high interest rates, and other signs of economic disruption or recession, have also contributed to adverse global macroeconomic conditions.

Our customers may delay or cancel their purchases or increase the time they take to pay or default on their payment obligations due to a lack of liquidity in the capital markets, the continued uncertainty in the global economic environment or inflationary concerns, which could result in a higher level of bad debt expense and would negatively affect our business and operating results. In addition, currency fluctuations could negatively affect our international customers’ ability or desire to purchase our products.

A lack of liquidity and economic uncertainty may also adversely affect our suppliers or the terms on which we purchase products from these suppliers. These impacts could limit our ability to obtain components for our products from these suppliers and could adversely impact our supply chain or the delivery schedule to our customers. Suppliers could also require us to purchase more expensive components, or re-design our products, which could cause increases in the cost of our products and delays in the manufacturing and delivery of our products. Such events could harm our gross margin and harm our reputation and our customer relationships, either of which could harm our business and operating results.

Inflation may adversely affect us by increasing costs beyond what we can recover through price increases.

Inflation, which has continued in the U.S. and globally, can adversely affect us by increasing the costs of labor, supplies and other costs of doing business, and price increases within our supply chain have negatively affected our gross margin. In an inflationary environment, our ability to raise prices or add additional cost-recovery surcharges of a magnitude sufficient to match the rate of inflation, on a timely basis, may be constrained by customer resistance and competitive concerns, as well as industry-specific and other economic conditions, which would reduce our profit margins. Moreover, even if we seek to implement price increases in response to inflationary pressures, because of our long sales cycle, we may recognize increased costs as a result of inflation before we are able to recognize the benefits of any such price increases. We have experienced increases in the prices of labor, supplies and other costs of doing business and continued inflationary pressures could continue to adversely impact our profitability.

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If we need additional capital in the future, it may not be available to us on favorable terms, or at all.

Our business requires significant capital. We have historically relied on outside debt or equity financing as well as cash flow from operations to fund our operations, capital expenditures and expansion. For example, in September 2018, we issued our 2.125% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (the "2024 Notes") to pay the cost of the capped calls transactions, to fund the cash portion of the purchase price of the Coriant Acquisition, and for general corporate purposes. In August 2019 and as amended thereafter, we entered into the Prior Credit Agreement to provide additional working capital flexibility to manage our business. In addition, in March 2020, we issued our 2.5% Convertible Senior Notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes") to raise additional funds for general corporate purposes, including working capital to fund growth and potential strategic projects. On August 12, 2020, we entered into an Open Market Sales Agreement with Jefferies LLC ("Jefferies") under which we issued and sold through Jefferies, acting as agent or principal, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of $96.3 million, to raise funds for general corporate purposes, including working capital and capital expenditures. In June 2022, we terminated the Prior Credit Agreement and entered into the Loan Agreement to repay existing debt (including amounts outstanding under the Prior Credit Agreement) and for working capital and general corporate purposes, including to fund growth. In August 2022, we issued our 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028 (the "Existing 2028 Notes") to repurchase a portion of the 2024 Notes, for general corporate purposes, including working capital and to fund growth and potential strategic projects. In June 2023, we issued additional 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028 (the "Additional 2028 Notes," together with the Existing 2028 Notes, the "2028 Notes," and the 2028 Notes, together with the 2024 Notes and the 2027 Notes, the “convertible senior notes”) to repurchase a portion of the 2024 Notes, for general corporate purposes, including working capital and to fund growth and potential strategic projects. In September 2024, we repaid the remaining outstanding 2024 Notes at maturity.

We may require additional capital from equity or equity-linked financing, debt financing or other financings in the future to fund our operations, respond to competitive pressures or strategic opportunities or to refinance our existing debt obligations. In the event that we require additional capital, we may not be able to secure timely additional financing, or restructure existing debt, on favorable terms, or at all, and may be affected by the impacts on capital markets of global economic uncertainty, uncertainty in the financial and banking industry and inflationary pressures. The terms of any additional financings or restructurings may place limits on our financial and operating flexibility and we may not be able to obtain terms as favorable as the terms of our existing debt, including any debt being refinanced. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity, convertible debt securities or other securities convertible into equity, our existing stockholders could suffer dilution in their percentage ownership of our company, and any new securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, if and when we require it, our ability to grow or support our business and to respond to business challenges could be limited and our business will be harmed.

Our Loan Agreement and any other debt agreements into which we may enter in the future may restrict our operations, particularly our ability to respond to changes or to take certain actions regarding our business.

Our Loan Agreement contains a number of restrictive covenants that impose operating and financial restrictions on us and limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term interest, including restrictions on our ability to incur debt, create liens and encumbrances, engage in certain fundamental changes, dispose of assets, prepay certain indebtedness, make restricted payments, make investments, and engage in transactions with affiliates, in each case subject to limitations and exceptions set forth in the Loan Agreement. The Loan Agreement also contains a financial covenant that requires the Company to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio.

The Loan Agreement also contains customary events of default, such as the failure to pay obligations when due, a material breach of representations and warranties or covenants, the entry of material judgments against certain of our subsidiaries, the initiation of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings of certain of our subsidiaries, defaults on certain other indebtedness, a change of control, the failure of the guaranty of certain of our subsidiaries to be in effect or the failure of the security documents to create valid and perfected liens or the loan documents to be valid and enforceable, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, and financial results. Upon an event of default, the lenders may, subject to customary cure rights, require the immediate payment of all amounts outstanding and foreclose on collateral, which could force us into bankruptcy or liquidation. In the event that our lenders accelerated the repayment of the borrowings, we may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness. Any acceleration of amounts due under the Loan Agreement would likely have a material adverse effect on us and may constitute a default under our convertible debt securities. As a result of these restrictions, we may be limited in how we conduct business, unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to operate during

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general economic or business downturns, or unable to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities.

In addition, we may enter into other credit agreements or other debt arrangements from time to time which contain similar or more extensive restrictive covenants and events of default, in which case we may face similar or additional limitations as a result of the terms of those credit agreements or other debt arrangements.

Our debt obligations may adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital and strain cash flow, particularly if we elect to settle these obligations in cash upon conversion or upon maturity or required repurchase.

As of September 28, 2024, the outstanding aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Notes and the 2028 Notes was $200.0 million and $473.8 million, respectively. The degree to which we are leveraged could have important consequences, including, but not limited to, the following:

•our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, litigation, general corporate or other purposes may be limited; and

•a substantial portion of our future cash balance may be dedicated to the payment of the principal of our indebtedness as we have stated the intention to pay the principal amount of each series of convertible senior notes in cash upon conversion or when otherwise due, such that we would not have those funds available for use in our business.

Our ability to meet our payment obligations under our debt instruments, including the convertible senior notes, depends on our future cash flow performance. This, to some extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative and regulatory factors, as well as other factors that may be beyond our control. There can be no assurance that our business will generate positive cash flow from operations, or that additional capital will be available to us, in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet our debt payment obligations and to fund other liquidity needs. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow to service our debt obligations, we may need to refinance or restructure our debt, sell assets, reduce or delay capital investments, or seek to raise additional capital. If we are unable to implement one or more of these alternatives, we may be unable to meet our debt payment obligations. As a result, we may be more vulnerable to economic downturns, less able to withstand competitive pressures and less flexible in responding to changing business and economic conditions.

Our international sales and operations subject us to additional risks that may harm our operating results.

Sales of our products into international markets continue to be an important part of our business. During 2023, 2022 and 2021, we derived approximately 38%, 45% and 53%, respectively, of our revenue from end-customers outside of the U.S. We expect that significant management attention and financial resources will be required for our international activities over the foreseeable future as we continue to operate in international markets. In some countries, our success in selling our products and growing revenue will depend in part on our ability to form relationships with local partners. Our inability to identify appropriate partners or reach mutually satisfactory arrangements for international sales of our products could impact our ability to maintain or increase international market demand for our products. In addition, many of the companies we compete against internationally have greater name recognition and a more substantial sales and marketing presence.

We have sales and support personnel in the Americas, EMEA (with offices in the Middle East) and APAC (including China). In addition, we have established development centers in Canada, China, Finland, Germany, India, Portugal and Sweden. There is no assurance that our reliance upon development resources in international locations will enable us to achieve meaningful cost reductions or greater resource efficiency. We are also aggressively pursuing opportunities with customers in additional geographies, including EMEA, APAC and Latin America. Our efforts to increase our sales and capture market share in international markets may ultimately be unsuccessful and may limit our growth and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

New or continuing disruptions of the global supply chain or the manufacture of our customer’s components caused by events outside of our control could impact our results of operations by impairing our ability to timely and efficiently deliver our products or provide installation and maintenance services to our customers.

In addition, our operations in Russia have been impacted by sanctions and other trade controls imposed by the U.S. and other governments in response to Russia's military operations in Ukraine which started in February 2022. The imposition of these sanctions and controls have prevented us from performing existing contracts. For the

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quarter ended September 28, 2024, less than 1% of our revenue was derived from customers in Russia. A de minimis percentage of our revenue is derived from Russian customers including channel partners and customers in other countries whose contracts with us may involve Russian entities.

The growing armed conflicts in the Middle East may further broaden into a regional conflict that could impact our ability to maintain and expand our customer base in the Middle East. For example, the growing armed conflict has impacted our sales and operations in the Middle East and has caused us to implement travel restrictions there.

Our international operations are subject to inherent risks, and our future results could be adversely affected by a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including:

•greater difficulty in collecting accounts receivable and longer collection periods;

•difficulties of managing and staffing international offices, and the increased travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with such international locations;

•political, social and economic instability, including wars, terrorism, political unrest, boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions;

•tariff and trade barriers and other regulatory requirements, contractual limitations, or customer specifications impacting our ability to sell or develop our products in certain foreign markets;

•less effective protection of intellectual property than is afforded to us in the U.S. or other developed countries;

•potentially adverse tax consequences;

•natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism, and public health crises;

•changes to free trade agreements, trade protection measures, tariffs, export compliance, domestic preference procurement requirements, qualification to transact business and additional regulatory requirements, including changes related to policy and other changes made by the federal government in the U.S., other national governments or multinational bodies; and

•effects of changes in currency exchange rates, particularly relative increases in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar compared to other currencies that could negatively affect our financial results and cash flows.

The concentration of the storage and distribution of our inventory primarily in one location in southeastern Asia also increases the risks of our global operations. As a result, our operations are susceptible to local and regional risks there, including accidents, system failures and weather conditions, natural disasters (including floods and earthquakes and related fires), acts of war and other unforeseen events and circumstances. Any significant interruption in the operations or availability of the storage and distribution facilities in which our inventory is held could lead to logistical and fulfillment issues or increased costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

International customers may also require that we comply with certain testing or customization of our products to conform to local standards. The product development costs to test or customize our products could be extensive and a material expense for us.

Our international operations are also subject to increasingly complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, anti-corruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the "FCPA"), and the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010, as amended (the “UK Bribery Act”), antitrust or competition laws, anti-money laundering laws, various trade controls, national security related regulations, and data privacy laws, among others. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines and penalties, criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and on our ability to offer our products and services in one or more countries, and could also materially affect our reputation, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business, and our operating results. Although we have implemented policies, procedures and training designed to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, there can be no complete assurance that any individual employee, contractor or agent will not violate our policies. Additionally, the costs of complying with these laws (including the costs of investigations, auditing and monitoring) could also adversely affect our current or future business.

As we continue to expand our business globally, our success will depend, in large part, on our ability to effectively anticipate and manage these and other risks and expenses associated with our international operations.

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Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully could harm our international operations and reduce our international sales, adversely affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be adversely affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

A portion of our sales and expenses stem from countries outside of the U.S., and are in currencies other than U.S. dollars, and therefore subject to foreign currency fluctuation. Accordingly, fluctuations in foreign currency rates could have a material impact on our financial results in future periods. We have from time to time entered into foreign currency exchange forward contracts to reduce the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on certain non-functional currency account balances. Even if we have forward contracts in place, while they may reduce some of the impact of currency exchange rate movements on certain transactions, they would not cover all foreign-denominated transactions and therefore may not entirely eliminate the impact of fluctuations in exchange rates on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our effective tax rate may increase or fluctuate, which could increase our income tax expense and reduce our net income.

Our effective tax rate can be adversely affected by several factors, many of which are outside of our control, including:

•changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and in deferred tax valuation allowances;

•changes in the relative proportions of revenue and income before taxes in the various jurisdictions in which we operate that have differing statutory tax rates;

•changing tax laws, regulations, rates and interpretations in multiple jurisdictions in which we operate;

•changes to the financial accounting rules for income taxes;

•the tax effects of acquisitions; and

•the resolution of issues arising from tax audits.

In August 2022, the U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act, which, among other changes, implements a 1% excise tax on certain stock buybacks, that applies to repurchases of stock by U.S. corporations.

Many countries and organizations, such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD"), are actively considering changes to existing tax laws or have proposed or enacted new laws, including an agreement to implement a 15% global minimum corporate tax, that could increase our tax obligations in countries where we do business or cause us to change the way we operate our business. While it is uncertain if the U.S. will adopt the minimum tax directive, several countries in which we operate have adopted the minimum tax directive, and other countries are in the process of introducing legislation to implement the minimum tax directive. Although we currently do not anticipate any materially adverse impacts on our business or results of operations, we cannot provide any assurances that these provisions will not have a materially adverse impact on our effective tax rate in the future years. We continue monitoring developments and evaluating the impacts these new rules may have on our tax rate. Any additional changes in U.S. federal or state or international tax laws or tax rulings could adversely affect our effective tax rate and our results of operations.

Beginning January 1, 2022, the Jobs Act eliminated the right to deduct research and development expenditures for tax purposes in the period the expenses were incurred and instead requires all U.S. and foreign research and development expenditures to be amortized over five and 15 tax years, respectively. This provision may materially increase our effective tax rate and reduce our operating cash flows over time as we continue to utilize available net operating losses and tax credits. Infinera continues to monitor and record the impact while waiting for final guidance from the IRS.

We may issue additional shares of our common stock in connection with conversions of the 2027 Notes or the 2028 Notes, and thereby dilute our existing stockholders and potentially adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

In the event that some or all of each series of convertible senior notes are converted and we elect to deliver shares of common stock to the extent permitted, the ownership interests of existing stockholders will be diluted, and any sales in the public market of any shares of our common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock. In addition, the anticipated conversion of any series of convertible senior notes we have issued could depress the market price of our common stock.

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The fundamental change provisions of the 2027 Notes and the 2028 Notes may delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover attempt of us.

If a fundamental change (as defined in the applicable indenture governing our convertible senior notes), such as an acquisition of our company, occurs prior to the maturity of the 2027 Notes or the 2028 Notes, as applicable, holders of the applicable series of convertible senior notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their convertible senior notes of such series. In addition, if such fundamental change also constitutes a make-whole fundamental change, the conversion rate for the applicable series of convertible senior notes may be increased upon conversion of the such series of convertible senior notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change. Any increase in the conversion rate will be determined based on the date on which the make-whole fundamental change occurs or becomes effective and the price paid (or deemed paid) per share of our common stock in such transaction. Any such increase will be dilutive to our existing stockholders. Our obligation to repurchase any series of convertible senior notes or increase the conversion rate upon the occurrence of a make-whole fundamental change may, in certain circumstances, delay or prevent a takeover of us that might otherwise be beneficial to our stockholders.

Legal and Regulatory Risk Factors

If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be harmed, or we could incur significant expense to enforce our rights.

We depend on our ability to protect our proprietary technology. We rely on a combination of methods to protect our intellectual property, including limiting access to certain information, and utilizing trade secret, patent, copyright and trademark laws and confidentiality agreements with employees and third parties, all of which offer only limited protection. The steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may be inadequate to preclude misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of our proprietary information or infringement of our intellectual property rights, and our ability to police such misappropriation, unauthorized disclosure or infringement is uncertain, particularly in countries outside of the U.S. This is likely to become an increasingly important issue as we expand our operations, product offerings and product development into countries that provide a lower level of intellectual property protection. We do not know whether any of our pending patent applications will result in the issuance of patents or whether the examination process will require us to narrow our claims, and even if patents are issued, they may be contested, circumvented or invalidated. Moreover, the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with a competitive advantage, and, as with any technology, competitors may be able to develop similar or superior technologies to our own now or in the future.

Protecting against the unauthorized use of our products, trademarks and other proprietary rights is expensive, difficult, time consuming and, in some cases, impossible. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets or to determine the validity or scope of the proprietary rights of others. Such litigation could result in substantial cost and diversion of management resources, either of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, many of our current and potential competitors have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights than we do. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property.

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Claims by others that we infringe on their intellectual property rights could harm our business.

Our industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. In particular, many leading companies in the optical transport networking industry, including our competitors, have extensive patent portfolios with respect to optical transport networking technology. In addition, non-practicing patent holding companies seek to monetize patents they have purchased or otherwise obtained. We expect that infringement claims may increase as the number of products and competitors in our market increases and overlaps in technology implementation occur. From time to time, third parties may assert exclusive patent, copyright, trademark and other intellectual property rights to technologies and related standards that are important to our business or seek to invalidate the proprietary rights that we hold. Competitors or other third parties have asserted, and may continue to assert, claims or initiate litigation or other proceedings against us or our manufacturers, suppliers or customers alleging infringement of their proprietary rights, or seeking to invalidate our proprietary rights, with respect to our products and technology. In addition, in the past we have had certain patent licenses with third parties that have not been renewed, and if we cannot successfully renew these licenses, we could face claims of infringement. In the event that we are unsuccessful in defending against any such claims, or any resulting lawsuits or proceedings, we could incur liability for damages or have valuable proprietary rights invalidated. For additional information regarding certain of the legal proceedings in which we are involved, see the information set forth under the heading “Legal Matters” in Part 1, Item 1, Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies.

Any claim of infringement from a third party, even one without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim, and could distract our management from running our business. Furthermore, a party making such a claim, if successful, could secure a judgment that requires us to pay substantial damages or could include an injunction or other court order that could prevent us from offering our products. In addition, we might be required to seek a license for the use of such intellectual property, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Alternatively, we may be required to develop non-infringing technology, which would require significant effort and expense and may ultimately not be successful. Any of these events could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Competitors and other third parties have and may continue to assert infringement claims against our customers and sales partners. Any of these claims may require us to initiate or defend potentially protracted and costly litigation on their behalf, regardless of the merits of these claims, because we generally indemnify our customers and sales partners from claims of infringement of proprietary rights of third parties. If any of these claims succeed, we may be forced to pay damages on behalf of our customers or sales partners, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We also incorporate free and open source licensed software into our products. Although we monitor our use of such open source software closely, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products. In addition, non-compliance with open source software license terms and conditions could subject us to potential liability, including intellectual property infringement or contract claims. In such events, we may be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our products, to re-engineer our products or to discontinue the sale of our products in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished in a timely manner, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Security incidents, such as data breaches and cyber-attacks, could compromise our intellectual property and proprietary or confidential information and cause significant damage to our business and reputation.

In the ordinary course of our business, we maintain sensitive data on our networks and systems, including data related to our intellectual property and data related to our business, customers and business partners, which may be considered proprietary or confidential information. This sensitive data includes certain personal information and other data relating to our employees and others. We also utilize third-party service providers to host, transmit, or otherwise process data in connection with our business activities, including our supply chain processes, operations, and communications. Companies, especially in the technology industry, have been increasingly subject to a wide variety of security incidents, cyber-attacks, malicious activity, including ransomware, malware and viruses, and other attempts to gain unauthorized access and disrupt systems and the confidentiality, security, and integrity of information, and we and our third-party service providers and suppliers have faced and may continue to face security threats and attacks from a variety of sources. Geopolitical tensions or conflicts have in the past led to, and may in the future lead to, increased risk of cybersecurity attacks. Moreover, advancements in technology, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, are changing and may continue to change the way companies are subjected to attempts to gain unauthorized access and disrupt systems, thereby increasing the risks of security threats and attacks. In accordance with our flexible approach to work arrangements, many of our employees are also working from home and accessing our corporate network via remote devices, which may be less secure than those used in our offices and thus could increase the potential for such events to occur.

While the secure maintenance of this information and the security of the systems used in our business are critical to our business and reputation, our network and storage applications, and those systems and other business applications maintained by our third-party providers, may be subject to unauthorized access by hackers or breached or otherwise compromised due to operator error, malfeasance or other system disruptions. It may be difficult to anticipate or immediately detect such security incidents or breaches and to prevent or mitigate damage caused as a result. Accordingly, a data breach, security incident, cyber-attack, attack using ransomware or other malware, or any other unauthorized access to systems used in our business or unauthorized acquisition, disclosure, or other processing of our information or other information that we or our third-party vendors maintain or otherwise process could compromise our intellectual property, disrupt our operations, or result in loss of or unauthorized access to or acquisition, disclosure, modification, misuse, corruption, unavailability, or destruction of proprietary or confidential information. While we work to safeguard our internal networks and systems and validate the security of our third-party suppliers and providers to mitigate these potential risks, including through information security policies and employee awareness and training, there is no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to prevent cyber-attacks or security breaches or incidents, and we cannot guarantee that our systems and networks or our third-party service providers’ systems and networks have not been breached or that they or any components of our supply chain do not contain exploitable defects or bugs, including defects or bugs that could result in a breach of or disruption to our systems and networks or the systems and networks of third parties that support our operations. We and third-party service providers also may face difficulties or delays in identifying or responding to security breaches and other security-related incidents. We have been subjected in the past to a range of immaterial incidents resulting from, for example, phishing, emails purporting to come from an executive or vendor seeking payment requests, malware and communications from look-alike corporate domains. While they have not had a material effect on our business or our network security to date, security breaches or incidents involving access to or improper use of our systems, networks or products, or those of third-party service providers, could compromise confidential or otherwise protected information, result in unauthorized acquisition, disclosure, modification, misuse, corruption, unavailability, or destruction of data, cause payments to be diverted to fraudulent accounts, or otherwise disrupt our operations. Security breaches or incidents, or any reports or perceptions that they have occurred, could cause us to incur significant costs and expenses to remediate and otherwise respond to any actual or suspected breach or incident, subject us to regulatory actions and investigations, disrupt key business operations, result in claims, demands, and liability, and divert attention of management and key information technology resources, any of which could cause significant harm to our business and reputation. Even the perception of inadequate security may damage our reputation and negatively impact our business. Further, we could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to address any security incident or breach and to attempt to prevent future security incidents and breaches.

Although we maintain insurance coverage that may cover certain liabilities in connection with some security breaches and other security incidents, we cannot be certain our insurance coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred, including any consequential damages that may arise from such security incidents, that insurance will continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms (if at all) or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed

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available insurance coverage, the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, or denials of coverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate the identified material weaknesses, or if we experience additional material weaknesses or deficiencies in the future or if we otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ("Sarbanes-Oxley Act") and the rules and regulations of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly, and place significant strain on our personnel, systems and resources. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We continue to develop and refine our disclosure controls, internal control over financial reporting and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we will file with the SEC, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers.

As described under the heading "Controls and Procedures" in Part I, Item 4 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we identified control deficiencies within the revenue portion of our quote to cash cycle (revenue cycle) and inventory cycle, and with respect to these, our internal resources, expertise and policies required to maintain an effective control environment, that, individually or in the aggregate, constitute material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, resulting in the determination that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of September 28, 2024. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In particular, we determined that (i) within the revenue cycle, controls over the annual establishment of the stand-alone selling prices (“SSPs”) for our performance obligations were not designed to include an adequate review and evaluation of whether the methodology used to develop and establish SSPs, including related financial statement disclosures, was in conformity with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (ii) within the inventory cycle, controls over judgements used in the estimation of reserves for excess and obsolete inventory were not designed and operating effectively to support such judgements, (iii) controls over the application of our policy for capitalizing variances from standard costs as part of the cost of inventory, did not operate effectively and (iv) as related to our revenue and inventory cycles, certain key controls were not sufficiently designed to assess the completeness and accuracy of Information Produced by the Entity ("IPE"). These material weaknesses indicate that we had insufficient personnel with an appropriate level of technical accounting knowledge, experience, and training in the application of GAAP commensurate with the complexity of our business and our financial accounting and reporting requirements, which impacted our ability to adequately design, implement and monitor financial reporting controls related to our revenue cycle and inventory cycle that identify and mitigate risks of material misstatements in our financial statements.

In response to the identified material weaknesses, management has implemented or plans to implement the remediation measures described under the heading "Controls and Procedures" in Part I, Item 4 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. While management believes these remediation measures will remediate the identified material weaknesses and strengthen our overall internal control over financial reporting, the identified material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the applicable remediated controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management and our external auditors have concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. As management continues to evaluate and work to enhance our internal control over financial reporting, management may take additional measures to address control deficiencies or we may modify some of the remediation measures. Despite these efforts, we may nevertheless be unsuccessful in remediating the identified material weaknesses. Further, additional weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. For example, we were unable to file our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 30, 2024 by the initial deadline of May 9, 2024, due to the reasons described in the Notification of Late Filing on Form 12b-25, filed

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with the SEC on May 10, 2024. Our failure to file periodic and certain current reports with the SEC in a timely manner could impact our operations. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we are required to include in our periodic reports we will file with the SEC under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the market price of our securities and could adversely impact our business.

In order to restore, maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to comply with the SEC rules that implement Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we have expended and anticipate that we will continue to expend significant resources and undertake various actions, implementing a remediation plan, incurring accounting-related costs and implementing new internal controls and procedures, and providing significant management oversight. As part of our remediation plan, we are reviewing and enhancing our personnel with the appropriate level of technical accounting knowledge, experience, and training in the application of GAAP commensurate with the complexity of our business and our financial accounting and reporting requirements, particularly in areas related to our revenue and inventory cycles. Any failure to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and could materially impair our ability to operate our business and could have a material and adverse effect on our operating results and could cause a decline in the price of our securities. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to maintain our listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market.

We are subject to various governmental export control, trade sanctions, and import laws and regulations that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate these controls.

In some cases, our products are subject to U.S. and foreign export control laws and regulations that may limit where and to whom we are permitted to sell our products, including the Export Administration Regulations administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce, and our activities may be subject to trade and economic sanctions, including those administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (collectively, “Trade Controls”). As such, a license may be required to export or re-export our products, or provide related services, to certain countries and end-users, and for certain end-uses. Further, our products incorporating encryption functionality may be subject to special controls applying to encryption items or certain reporting requirements.

We have procedures in place designed to ensure our compliance with Trade Controls, with respect to which failure to comply could subject us to both civil and criminal penalties, including substantial fines, possible incarceration of responsible individuals for willful violations, possible loss of our export or import privileges, or reputational harm. Further, the process for obtaining necessary licenses may be time-consuming or unsuccessful, potentially causing delays in sales or losses of sales opportunities. Trade Controls are complex and dynamic regimes, and monitoring and ensuring compliance can be challenging, particularly given that our products are widely distributed throughout the world. Although we have no knowledge that our activities have resulted in material violations of Trade Controls, any failure by us or our partners to comply with applicable laws and regulations would have negative consequences for us, including reputational harm, government investigations and penalties.

In addition, various countries regulate the import of certain technologies and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our products and certain product features or could limit our customers’ ability to implement our products in those countries. Changes in our products or changes in U.S. and foreign import and export regulations may create delays in the introduction of our products in international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our products throughout their global systems or, in some cases, prevent the import and export of our products to certain countries altogether. For example, the U.S. has imposed tariffs on a large variety of products originating from China, including some on components that are supplied to us from China. Depending upon the duration and implementation of these and future tariffs, as well as our ability to mitigate their impact, these tariffs could materially affect our business, including in the form of increased cost of goods sold, increased pricing for customers and reduced sales. Additionally, the U.S. government has continued to expand controls affecting the ability to send certain products and technology related to semiconductors, semiconductor manufacturing and supercomputing to China without an export license and adding additional entities to restricted party lists. It remains unclear what additional actions, if any, will be taken by the governments of the U.S. or China with respect to such trade and tariff matters in connection with or subsequent to

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the November 2024 U.S. presidential election. Any change in import and export regulations or related legislation, shift in approach to the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or change in the countries, persons or technologies impacted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential customers with international operations. Failure to comply with these and similar laws on a timely basis, or at all, or any limitation on our ability to develop, export or sell our products would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to environmental regulations that could adversely affect our business.

We are subject to complex U.S. and foreign environmental rules and regulations or other social initiatives that impact how and where we manufacture our products. In particular, our manufacturing operations use substances that are regulated by various federal, state, local, foreign and international laws and regulations governing health, safety and the environment, including U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive, Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment ("RoHS") and Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals regulations adopted by the E.U. From time to time, the E.U. restricts or considers restricting certain substances under these directives. For example, InP has been considered for restriction under RoHS. Any restriction of InP or any other substance integral to our systems could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. In addition, if we experience a problem complying with these laws and regulations, it could cause an interruption or delay in our manufacturing operations or it could cause us to incur liabilities or costs related to health, safety or environmental remediation or compliance. We could also be subject to liability if we do not handle these substances in compliance with safety standards for handling, storage and transportation and applicable laws and regulations. If we experience a problem or fail to comply with such safety standards or laws and regulations, our business, financial condition and operating results may be harmed.

Regulations relating to environmental, social and governance matters, as well as customer, supplier, investor or other stakeholder demands, may add operational complexity for us.

There has been an increased focus on environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters that affect companies globally, including by the SEC, the E.U. and certain state governments. A number of customers have adopted, or may adopt, procurement policies that include ESG provisions or requirements that may impose additional burdens and costs on us as suppliers. An increasing number of investors are also requiring companies to disclose corporate ESG policies, practices, goals and metrics. In addition, various governmental authorities are developing ESG and disclosure-related laws or regulations that could cause us to incur significant compliance costs and other direct and indirect costs. Any disclosed goals and aspirations related to ESG are subject to assumptions that could change over time, may evolve as the Company and global ESG practices change, and may not be achieved. In addition, ESG-related standards and regulations are continuing to evolve and may not be adequately harmonized. Our efforts to abide by these regulations, to report against these standards and to accomplish our ESG-related goals and aspirations present operational, reputational, financial, audit, legal and other risks. Our processes and controls may not always align with evolving standards, laws and regulations, our interpretation thereof may differ from governmental authorities and other parties and the regulations and standards may continue to evolve, any of which could result in significant revisions to our goals, reported progress toward those goals, or other ESG information we disclose. In addition, any failure or perceived failure to pursue or fulfill previously stated goals and aspirations may result in reputational damage and loss of business, and could expose us to government enforcement actions, private litigation or other adverse consequences, and may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

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We are subject to global laws and regulations governing privacy, data protection, and cybersecurity that could adversely affect our business or subject us to liability.

Data privacy, data protection, and cybersecurity are areas of increasing focus for our customers, governmental regulators and privacy advocates, and many jurisdictions, including the E.U., the U.S., China and other regions, are evaluating or have implemented laws and regulations relating to cybersecurity, privacy and data protection, which can affect the market and requirements for networking and communications equipment. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) in effect in the E.U., and similar regulatory standards in effect in the United Kingdom, the Personal Information Protection Law ("PIPL") in China, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) and the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), other enacted or proposed legislation in the U.S., including comprehensive privacy legislation similar to the CCPA proposed, and in certain cases enacted, in numerous states, and enacted or proposed legislation in other jurisdictions, have created new compliance obligations with respect to data processing, privacy, data protection, and cybersecurity.

The laws, rules, regulations, standards and other actual and asserted obligations relating to privacy, data protection and cybersecurity to which we may be subject, or that otherwise apply to our business, are constantly evolving, and we expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning these matters in the U.S., the E.U. and other jurisdictions. We cannot fully predict the impact of the GDPR, the PIPL, the CCPA, the CPRA or other laws or regulations, including those that may be modified or enacted in the future, or new or evolving industry standards or actual or asserted obligations, relating to cybersecurity, privacy, or data protection or processing on our business or operations. These laws, regulations, and standards have required us to modify our practices and policies relating to privacy, data protection, cybersecurity, and data processing, and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply, and we expect to continue to incur such costs and expenses in the future and may find it necessary or appropriate to further modify our relevant practices and policies. Any actual or perceived failure by us or our customers, partners or vendors to comply with laws, regulations, or other actual or asserted obligations to which we are or are alleged to be subject relating to cybersecurity, privacy or data protection could result in claims, litigation, and regulatory investigations and other proceedings, as well as damage to our reputation. These could result in substantial costs, diversion of resources, fines, penalties, and other damages, and harm to our customer relationships, our market position, and our ability to attract new customers. Any of these could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A portion of our revenue is generated by sales to government entities, which are subject to a number of uncertainties, challenges, and risks.

We currently sell many of our solutions to various government entities, and we may in the future increase sales to government entities. Sales to government entities are subject to a number of risks, including risks related to a highly competitive, expensive, and time-consuming sales process, which often requires significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that we will complete a sale. Additionally, the sales process may be delayed by a shutdown of the U.S. federal government. If we are successfully awarded a government contract, such award may be subject to appeals, disputes, or litigation, including, but not limited to, bid protests by unsuccessful bidders. Government demand and payment for our solutions may be impacted by public sector budgetary cycles and funding authorizations, with funding reductions or delays adversely affecting public sector demand for our solutions. Government entities may also have statutory, contractual, or other legal rights to terminate contracts for convenience or due to a default. For purchases by the U.S. federal government, the government may require certain products to be made in, or be products of, the U.S. or other high-cost manufacturing locations, and all of our products may not be made in or products of jurisdictions that meet government requirements, and as a result, our business and results of operations may suffer. Contracts with government entities may also include preferential pricing terms, including, but not limited to, “most favored customer” pricing.

Additionally, we may be required to obtain special certifications to sell some or all of our solutions to government or quasi-government entities. Such certification requirements for our solutions may change, thereby restricting our ability to sell into the applicable government sector until we have attained the revised certification. If our products and subscriptions are late in achieving or fail to achieve compliance with these certifications and standards, or our competitors achieve compliance with these certifications and standards before us, we may be disqualified from selling our products to such governmental entities, or be at a competitive disadvantage, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. There are no assurances that we will find the terms for obtaining such certifications to be acceptable or that we will be successful in obtaining or maintaining the certifications.

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As a government contractor or subcontractor, we must comply with laws, regulations, and contractual provisions relating to the formation, administration, and performance of government contracts and inclusion on government contract vehicles, which affect how we and our partners do business with government agencies. As a result of actual or perceived noncompliance with government contracting laws, regulations, or contractual provisions, we may be subject to non-ordinary course audits and internal investigations which may prove costly to our business financially, divert management time, or limit our ability to continue selling our products and services to our government customers. These laws and regulations may impose other added costs on our business, and failure to comply with these or other applicable regulations and requirements, including non-compliance in the past, could lead to claims for damages from our channel partners, downward contract price adjustments or refund obligations, civil or criminal penalties, termination of contracts or suspension or debarment from government contracting for a period of time with government agencies. Any such damages, penalties, disruption, or limitation in our ability to do business with a government would adversely impact, and could have a material adverse effect on, our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and growth prospects.

Our business could be adversely affected if our employees cannot obtain and maintain required security clearances or we cannot maintain a required facility security clearance, or we do not comply with legal and regulatory obligations regarding the safeguarding of classified information.

Our U.S. government contract revenue includes income derived from contracts that require our employees to maintain various levels of security clearances and may require us to maintain a facility security clearance, to comply with Department of Defense (“DoD”) requirements. The DoD has strict security clearance requirements for personnel who perform work in support of classified programs. In general, access to classified information, technology, facilities, or programs are subject to additional contract oversight and potential liability. In the event of a security incident involving classified information, technology, facilities, programs, or personnel holding clearances, we may be subject to legal, financial, operational and reputational harm. We are limited in our ability to provide specific information about these classified programs, their risks, or any disputes or claims relating to such programs. As a result, investors have less insight into our classified programs than our other businesses and therefore less ability to fully evaluate the risks related to our classified business or our business overall. Obtaining and maintaining security clearances for employees involves a lengthy process, and it is difficult to identify, recruit, and retain employees who already hold security clearances. If our employees are unable to obtain security clearances in a timely manner, or at all, or if our employees who hold security clearances are unable to maintain their clearances or terminate employment with us, then a customer requiring classified work could terminate an existing contract or decide not to renew the contract upon its expiration. To the extent we are not able to obtain or maintain a facility security clearance, we may not be able to bid on or win new classified contracts, and existing contracts requiring a facility security clearance could be terminated.

Failure to comply with anti-bribery, anti-corruption, anti-money laundering laws, and similar laws, could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are subject to the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the UK Bribery Act, and possibly other anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the U.S. and in countries outside of the U.S. in which we conduct our activities. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively and are interpreted broadly to generally prohibit companies, their employees, agents, representatives, business partners, and third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector.

We sometimes leverage third parties to sell our products and conduct our business abroad. We or our employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. We cannot assure you that all of our employees and agents will refrain from taking actions in violation of applicable law for which we may be ultimately held responsible. As we increase our international sales and business, our risks under these laws may increase.

These laws also require that we keep accurate books and records and maintain internal controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent any such actions. While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, we cannot assure you that none of our employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries will take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible.

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Any allegations or violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption or anti-money laundering laws, could result in whistleblower complaints, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, enforcement actions, fines, damages, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions, or suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, all of which may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations, and prospects. Responding to any investigation or action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.

General Risk Factors

Events that are outside our control could harm our operations.

Our headquarters and the majority of our infrastructure, including our PIC fabrication manufacturing facility, are located in Northern California, an area that is susceptible to earthquakes, fires, floods and other natural disasters. Further, attacks and violence aimed at Northern California or at the U.S. energy or telecommunications infrastructure could hinder or delay the development and sale of our products. In the event that an earthquake, targeted attack or other man-made or natural catastrophe were to destroy any part of our or our contract manufacturers’ or suppliers' facilities, destroy or disrupt vital infrastructure systems, or interrupt our operations or supply chain for any extended period of time, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed. For related risks concerning the operations and availability of the storage facilities in which our inventory is held, see also the Risk Factor titled "Our international sales and operations subject us to additional risks that may harm our operating results."

The trading price of our common stock has been volatile in the past and may be volatile in the future.

The trading prices of our common stock and the securities of other technology companies have been and may continue to be highly volatile. Factors affecting the trading price of our common stock include:

•mergers and acquisitions by us, by our competitors or by our customers or suppliers;

•market conditions in our industry, the industries of our customers and the economy as a whole, including inventory adjustments, supply chain disruptions, global trade tariffs, and fluctuations in currency exchange rates, interest rates or inflation rates;

•variations in our operating results;

•announcements of technological innovations, new services, service or manufacturing enhancements or government funding opportunities, strategic alliances or agreements by us or by our competitors;

•the gain or loss of customers;

•recruitment or departure of key personnel;

•changes in the estimates of our future operating results or external outlook on those results or changes in recommendations or business expectations by any securities analysts that elect to follow our common stock;

•social, geopolitical, environmental or health factors, including pandemics or other public health emergencies where we operate; and

•adoption or modification of regulations, policies, procedures or programs applicable to our business.

An economic downturn, negative financial news, continued inflation, high interest rates, declines in income or asset values, market conditions, changes to fuel and other energy costs, and other economic factors, may lead to market volatility and associated uncertainty. In addition, if the market for technology stocks or the broader stock market experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition or results of operations. Each of these factors, among others, could harm the value of an investment in our common stock. Some companies that have had volatile market prices for their securities have had securities class action lawsuits filed against them. If a suit were filed against us, regardless of its merits or outcome, it could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources.

Future sales of our common stock could cause our stock price to fall.

We have sold, and may in the future sell, shares of our common stock in underwritten offerings and have established, and may in the future establish, “at-the-market” offering programs pursuant to which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock. Sales of securities have resulted and will continue to result in dilution of our existing stockholders, and such sales could cause our stock price to fall.

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In addition, if our existing stockholders sell, or indicate an intent to sell, a large number of shares of our common stock in the public market, it could cause our stock price to fall. We may also issue shares of common stock or securities convertible into our common stock from time to time in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments or otherwise. Any such issuance would result in dilution to our existing stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company and may affect the trading price of our common stock.

We are a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the "DGCL"), which apply to us, may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a change in our management or control over us that stockholders may consider favorable. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws:

•authorize the issuance of “blank check” convertible preferred stock that could be issued by our board of directors to thwart a takeover attempt;

•establish a classified board of directors, as a result of which the successors to the directors whose terms have expired will be elected to serve from the time of election and qualification until the third annual meeting following their election;

•require that directors only be removed from office for cause;

•provide that vacancies on the board of directors, including newly created directorships, may be filled only by a majority vote of directors then in office rather than by stockholders;

•prevent stockholders from calling special meetings; and

•prohibit stockholder action by written consent, requiring all actions to be taken at a meeting of the stockholders.

Our amended and restated bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the U.S. as the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which will restrict our stockholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, if such court lacks jurisdiction, any other state or federal court located in the State of Delaware, is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; any action arising pursuant to the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws; or any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. However, such exclusive forum provisions would not apply to any such claim as to which such court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of such court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of such court within 10 days following such determination), which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than such court or for which such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction.

These provisions would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. Our stockholders cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the U.S. will be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions. In such instance, we would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our amended and restated bylaws. This may require significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions and there can be no assurance that the provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions.

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These exclusive choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. If a court were to find such exclusive-forum provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur further significant additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, all of which could harm our business.

Item 5.     Other Information

No directors or officers, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), adopted and/or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” each as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408, during the last fiscal quarter.

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Item 6.Exhibits

Exhibit No.	Description
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*    The certification attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompanies this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is not deemed filed with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Infinera Corporation
By:	/s/    NANCY ERBA
	Nancy Erba Chief Financial Officer (Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer)
Date:	November 5, 2024

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