UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024    

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________to________

Commission file number 001-35944

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware		33-0963637
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
201 Mittel Drive, Wood Dale, IL		60191
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)
(630) 350-9400
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
None	—	—
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒     No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒     No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐   No ☒

As of August 5, 2024, there were 22,991,096 outstanding shares of the Common Stock of the registrant.

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Forward-Looking Statements	3
Item 1.	Financial Statements	4
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2024 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2023	4
	Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	7
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	34
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	35
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	36
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	36
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	36
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	36
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	36
Item 5.	Other Information	36
Item 6.	Exhibits	37
	Signatures	37

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended June 30, 2024, (the “Quarterly Report”) that are not historical facts are intended to constitute “forward-looking statements” entitled to the safe-harbor provisions of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements may involve risks and uncertainties. These statements often include words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “budgeted,” “contemplate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “guidance,” “may,” “outlook,” “plan,” “projection,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” or similar expressions, but these words are not the exclusive means for identifying such statements. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding Power Solutions International, Inc.’s, a Delaware corporation (“Power Solutions,” “PSI” or the “Company”), projected sales, potential profitability and liquidity, strategic initiatives, future business strategies, warranty mitigation efforts and market opportunities, improvements in its business, improvement of product margins, and product market conditions and trends. These statements are not guarantees of performance or results, and they involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Although the Company believes that these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, there are many factors that could affect the Company’s results of operations and liquidity and could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the Company’s forward-looking statements.

The Company cautions that the risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause its actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements include, without limitation, the factors discussed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and from time to time in the Company’s subsequent filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”); the impact of the macro-economic environment in both the U.S. and internationally on our business and expectations regarding growth of the industry; uncertainties arising from global events (including the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas conflicts), natural disasters or pandemics, and their impact on material prices; the effects of strategic investments on our operations, including our efforts to expand our global market share and actions taken to increase sales growth; the ability to develop and successfully launch new products; labor costs and other employment-related costs; loss of suppliers and disruptions in the supply of raw materials; the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern; the Company’s ability to raise additional capital when needed and its liquidity; uncertainties around the Company’s ability to meet funding conditions under its financing arrangements and access to capital thereunder; the potential acceleration of the maturity at any time of the loans under the Company’s uncommitted senior secured revolving credit facility through the exercise by Standard Chartered Bank of its demand right; the impact of rising interest rates; changes in economic conditions, including inflationary trends in the price of raw materials; our reliance on information technology and the associated risk involving potential security lapses and/or cyber-attacks; the ability of the Company to accurately forecast sales, and the extent to which sales result in recorded revenues; changes in customer demand for the Company’s products; volatility in oil and gas prices; the impact of U.S. tariffs on imports; the impact of supply chain interruptions and raw material shortages, including compliance disruptions such as the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (the “UFLPA”) delaying goods from China; the potential impact of higher warranty costs and the Company’s ability to mitigate such costs; any delays and challenges in recruiting and retaining key employees consistent with the Company’s plans; the potential effects of damage to our reputation or other adverse consequences if our employees, suppliers, sub-suppliers or other contract parties, agents or business partners violate anti-bribery, competition, export and import, trade sanctions, data privacy, environmental, human rights or other laws; any negative impacts from the trading of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”) on the OTC Pink Market and any delays and challenges in re-listing on the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”); and the impact of unanticipated changes in our effective tax rate, the adoption of new tax legislation or exposure to additional income tax liabilities.

The Company’s forward-looking statements are presented as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, the Company expressly disclaims any intention or obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

The Company is subject to the reporting and information requirements of the Exchange Act, and as a result, it is obligated to file annual, quarterly and current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements and other information with the SEC. The Company makes these filings available free of charge on its website (http://www.psiengines.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after it electronically files them with, or furnishes them to, the SEC. Information on the Company’s website does not constitute part of this Quarterly Report. In addition, the SEC maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov) that contains the annual, quarterly and current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements, and other information the Company electronically files with, or furnishes to, the SEC.

3

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.    Financial Statements.

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except par values)	As of June 30, 2024 (unaudited)		As of December 31, 2023
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	28,801	$	22,758
Restricted cash	3,191		3,836
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $5,367 and $5,975 as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively; (from related parties $818 and $777 as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	64,260		66,979
Income tax receivable	293		550
Inventories, net	93,446		84,947
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	41,613		26,312
Total current assets	231,604		205,382
Property, plant and equipment, net	14,625		14,928
Right-of-use assets, net	25,343		27,145
Intangible assets, net	3,184		3,914
Goodwill	29,835		29,835
Other noncurrent assets	2,971		3,099
TOTAL ASSETS	$	307,562	$	284,303
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable (to related parties $25,500 and $24,496 as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	$	66,945	$	67,355
Current maturities of long-term debt	96		139
Revolving line of credit	40,000		50,000
Finance lease liability, current	77		76
Operating lease liability, current	4,246		3,912
Other short-term financing (from related parties $94,820 as of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023)	94,820		94,820
Other accrued liabilities (to related parties $2,216 and $1,833 as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	37,659		31,999
Total current liabilities	243,843		248,301
Deferred income taxes	1,586		1,478
Long-term debt, net of current maturities	64		90
Finance lease liability, long-term	55		94
Operating lease liability, long-term	23,004		25,070
Noncurrent contract liabilities	2,042		2,401
Other noncurrent liabilities	12,203		10,786
TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	282,797	$	288,220
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 10)
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Preferred stock – $0.001 par value. Shares authorized: 5,000. No shares issued and outstanding at all dates.	$	—	$	—
Common stock – $0.001 par value; 50,000 shares authorized; 23,117 shares issued; 22,975 and 22,968 shares outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	23		23
Additional paid-in capital	157,737		157,770
Accumulated deficit	(132,135)		(160,790)
Treasury stock, at cost, 142 and 149 shares at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	(860)		(920)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)	24,765		(3,917)
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)	$	307,562	$	284,303

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

4

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except per share amounts)	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net sales (from related parties $253 and $1,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively, $453 and $2,100 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively)	$	110,586	$	121,865	$	205,826	$	238,334
Cost of sales (from related parties $176 and $600 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively, and $329 and $1,500 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively)	75,398		94,911		144,882		187,911
Gross profit	35,188		26,954		60,944		50,423
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	4,959		4,662		10,156		9,266
Selling, general and administrative expenses	4,520		10,550		14,052		20,455
Amortization of intangible assets	365		437		730		873
Total operating expenses	9,844		15,649		24,938		30,594
Operating income	25,344		11,305		36,006		19,829
Interest expense (from related parties $2,216 and $1,816 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $4,438 and $3,799 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively)	2,909		4,645		6,255		9,310
Income before income taxes	22,435		6,660		29,751		10,519
Income tax expense	895		243		1,096		378
Net income	$	21,540	$	6,417	$	28,655	$	10,141
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic	22,973		22,952		22,971		22,952
Diluted	22,993		22,966		22,983		22,967
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	0.94	$	0.28	$	1.25	$	0.44
Diluted	$	0.94	$	0.28	$	1.25	$	0.44

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

5

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(UNAUDITED)

(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Treasury Stock		Total Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	23	$	157,796	$	(153,675)	$	(920)	$	3,224
Net income	—		—		21,540		—		21,540
Stock-based compensation expense	—		(38)		—		60		22
Tax benefit from exercise of stock based compensation	—		(21)		—		—		(21)
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	23	$	157,737	$	(132,135)	$	(860)	$	24,765
Balance at March 31, 2023	23		157,742		(183,372)		(972)		(26,579)
Net income	—		—		6,417		—		6,417
Stock-based compensation expense	—		89		—		(52)		37
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	23	$	157,831	$	(176,955)	$	(1,024)	$	(20,125)

(in thousands)	For the Six Months Ended
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Treasury Stock		Total Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	23	$	157,770	$	(160,790)	$	(920)	$	(3,917)
Net income	—		—		28,655		—		28,655
Stock-based compensation expense	—		(12)		—		60		48
Tax benefit from exercise of stock based compensation	—		(21)		—		—		(21)
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	23	$	157,737	$	(132,135)	$	(860)	$	24,765
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	23	$	157,673	$	(187,096)	$	(972)	$	(30,372)
Net income	—		—		10,141		—		10,141
Stock-based compensation expense	—		158				(52)		106
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	23	$	157,831	$	(176,955)	$	(1,024)	$	(20,125)

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

6

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

(in thousands)	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Cash provided by operating activities
Net income	$	28,655	$	10,141
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of intangible assets	730		873
Depreciation	1,905		1,975
Stock-based compensation expense	48		106
Amortization of financing fees	273		694
Deferred income taxes	108		87
(Credit) for losses in accounts receivable	(608)		(3,704)
Increase in allowance for inventory obsolescence	1,351		1,798
Other adjustments, net	51		(8)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	3,327		15,402
Inventories	(9,850)		5,547
Prepaid expenses, right-of-use assets and other assets	(12,388)		510
Accounts payable	(538)		(5,433)
Income taxes receivable	257		—
Accrued expenses	5,458		(1,754)
Other noncurrent liabilities	(1,615)		340
Net cash provided by operating activities	17,164		26,574
Cash used in investing activities
Capital expenditures	(1,527)		(1,254)
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,527)		(1,254)
Cash used in financing activities
Repayment of long-term debt and lease liabilities	(102)		(100)
Repayment of short-term financings	(10,000)		(20,594)
Payments of deferred financing costs	(117)		(984)
Tax benefit from exercise of stock based compensation	(20)		—
Net cash used in financing activities	(10,239)		(21,678)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	5,398		3,642
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of the period	26,594		27,900
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period	$	31,992	$	31,542

(in thousands)	As of June 30,
	2024		2023
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	28,801	$	27,782
Restricted cash	3,191		3,760
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	31,992	$	31,542

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

7

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1.    Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information

Nature of Business Operations

Power Solutions International, Inc. (“Power Solutions,” “PSI” or the “Company”), a Delaware corporation, is a global producer and distributor of a broad range of high-performance, certified, low-emission power systems, including alternative-fueled power systems for original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) of off-highway industrial equipment and certain on-road vehicles and large custom-engineered integrated electrical power generation systems.

The Company’s customers include large, industry-leading and multinational organizations. The Company’s products and services are sold predominantly to customers throughout North America as well as to customers located throughout the Pacific Rim and Europe. The Company’s power systems are highly engineered, comprehensive systems which, through the Company’s technologically sophisticated development and manufacturing processes, including its in-house design, prototyping, testing and engineering capabilities and its analysis and determination of the specific components to be integrated into a given power system (driven in large part by emission standards and cost considerations), allow the Company to provide its customers with power systems customized to meet specific OEM application requirements, other customers’ technical specifications and requirements imposed by environmental regulatory bodies.

The Company’s power system configurations range from a basic engine integrated with appropriate fuel system components to completely packaged power systems that include any combination of cooling systems, electronic systems, air intake systems, fuel systems, housings, power takeoff systems, exhaust systems, hydraulic systems, enclosures, brackets, hoses, tubes and other assembled componentry. The Company also designs and manufactures large, custom-engineered integrated electrical power generation systems for both standby and prime power applications. The Company purchases engines from third-party suppliers and produces internally designed engines, all of which are then integrated into its power systems.

Of the other components that the Company integrates into its power systems, a substantial portion consist of internally designed components and components for which it coordinates significant design efforts with third-party suppliers, with the remainder consisting largely of parts that are sourced off-the-shelf from third-party suppliers. Some of the key components (including purchased engines) embody proprietary intellectual property of the Company’s suppliers. As a result of its design and manufacturing capabilities, the Company is able to provide its customers with a power system that can be incorporated into a customer’s specified application. In addition to the certified products described above, the Company sells diesel, gasoline and non-certified power systems and aftermarket components.

Stock Ownership and Control

Weichai America Corp., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Weichai Power Co., Ltd. (HK2338, SZ000338) (herein collectively referred to as “Weichai”) owns a majority of the outstanding shares of the Company’s Common Stock. As a result, Weichai is able to exercise control over matters requiring stockholders’ approval, including the election of directors, amendment of the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation (the “Charter”) and approval of significant corporate transactions. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of the Company or changes in management and will make the approval of certain transactions impractical without the support of Weichai.

Weichai also entered into an Investor Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) with the Company upon execution of the Share Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) by and between the Company and Weichai. The Rights Agreement provides Weichai with representation on the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) and management representation rights. Weichai currently has four representatives on the Board, which constitutes the majority of the directors serving on the Board. According to the Rights Agreement, during any period when the Company is a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, it will take such measures as to avail itself of the “controlled company” exemptions available under Rule 5615 of the Nasdaq Listing Rules from Rules 5605(b), (d) and (e).

Going Concern Considerations

Uncertainties exist about the Company’s ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Company’s debt arrangements. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s total outstanding debt obligations under the Fourth Amended and Restated Uncommitted Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), its $25 Million Second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (“$25 Million Loan Agreement” historically referred to as the second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement), its $50 Million Second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (“$50 Million Loan Agreement” historically referred to as the third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement), its $30 Million Second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (“$30 Million Loan Agreement” historically referred to as the fourth Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement) and for finance leases and other debt were $135.1 million and $145.2 million in the aggregate,

8

respectively, and its cash and cash equivalents were $28.8 million and $22.8 million, respectively. See Note 6. Debt, for further information regarding the terms and conditions of the Company’s debt agreements.

Without additional financing, the Company anticipates that it will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to repay amounts owed under its existing debt arrangements as they become due. In order to provide the Company with a more permanent source of liquidity, management plans to seek an extension and amendment and/or replacement of its existing debt agreements or seek additional liquidity from its current or other lenders before the maturity dates in 2024 and 2025. There can be no assurance that the Company’s management will be able to successfully complete an extension and amendment of its existing debt agreements or obtain new financing on acceptable terms, when required or if at all. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of the Company’s efforts to address these issues.

Furthermore, if the Company cannot raise capital on acceptable terms, it may not, among other things, be able to do the following:

•continue to expand the Company’s research and product investments and sales and marketing organization;

•continue to fund and expand operations both organically and through acquisitions; and

•respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements.

Macroeconomic volatility and uncertainties further increase the potential for continued supply chain disruptions, economic uncertainty, and unfavorable oil and gas market dynamics which may continue to have a material adverse impact on the results of operations, financial position and liquidity of the Company.

Lastly, national inflationary pressures have continued to cause interest rates to remain elevated. Although the Company’s interest expense has decreased because of reduced debt balances, it may be subject to future increases from these inflationary pressures. Accordingly, the above challenges may continue to have a material adverse impact on the Company’s future results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.

The Company’s management has concluded that, due to uncertainties surrounding the Company’s future ability to refinance, extend and amend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement and other outstanding debt, in the future, substantial doubt exists as to its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. The Company’s plans to alleviate the substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern may not be successful, and it may be forced to limit its business activities or be unable to continue as a going concern, which would have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern and contemplating the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on generating profitable operating results, having sufficient liquidity, maintaining compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement and other outstanding debt, in the future, and extending and amending, refinancing or repaying the indebtedness outstanding under the Company’s existing debt arrangements.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The Company is filing this Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024, which contains unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2024 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Power Solutions International, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and majority-owned subsidiaries in which the Company exercises control. The condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial reporting. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the Company’s annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X and include all of the information and disclosures required by U.S GAAP for interim financial reporting. These unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and related footnotes for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in the 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 14, 2024 (the “2023 Annual Report”). The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in the aforementioned 2023 Annual Report. The accompanying interim financial information is unaudited; however, the Company believes the financial information reflects all adjustments (consisting of items of a normal recurring nature) necessary for a fair presentation of its financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of annual operating results.

9

Segments

The Company operates as one business and geographic operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of a business that can earn revenues and incur expenses for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The Company’s CODM is its principal executive officer, who decides how to allocate resources and assess performance. A single management team reports to the CODM, who manages the entire business. The Company’s CODM reviews consolidated statements of income to make decisions, allocate resources and assess performance, and the CODM does not evaluate the profit or loss from any separate geography or product line.

Concentrations

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s net sales:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Customer A	10	%	14	%	10	%	15	%
Customer B	**		10	%	**		11	%
Customer C	16	%	**		14	%	**

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s trade accounts receivable:

	As of June 30, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Customer A	13	%	12	%
Customer D	11	%	13	%

The following table presents suppliers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s purchases:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,			For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023	2024		2023
Supplier B	23	%	**	11	%	**
Supplier C	**		**	**		10	%

**Less than 10% of the total

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions include the valuation of allowances for credit losses, inventory reserves, warranty reserves, stock-based compensation, evaluation of goodwill, other intangibles, property, plant and equipment for impairment, income tax valuation allowances and determination of useful lives of long-lived assets. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of funds that are contractually restricted as to usage or withdrawal due to required minimum levels of cash collateral for letters of credits and contractual agreements with customers. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had restricted cash of $3.2 million and $3.8 million, respectively, which includes $1.3 million restricted cash held in escrow which could be required to be refunded to the customer if conditions occur as defined in such certain agreement with such customer. The Company has not recognized revenue associated with the restricted cash. The deferred revenue is included within Noncurrent Contract Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Inventories

The Company’s inventories consist primarily of engines and parts. Engines are valued at the lower of cost, including estimated freight-in, or net realizable value. Parts are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value approximates replacement cost. Cost is principally determined using the first-in, first-out method and includes material, labor and manufacturing overhead. It is the Company’s policy to review inventories on a continuing basis for obsolete, excess and slow-moving items and to record valuation adjustments for such items in order to eliminate non-recoverable costs from inventory. Valuation adjustments are recorded in an inventory reserve account and reduce the cost basis of the inventory in the period in which the reduced valuation is determined. Inventory reserves are established based on quantities on hand, usage and sales

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history, customer orders, projected demand and utilization within a current or future power system. Specific analysis of individual items or groups of items is performed based on these same criteria, as well as on changes in market conditions or any other identified conditions.

Inventories consisted of the following:

(in thousands) Inventories	As of June 30, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Raw materials	$	80,225	$	68,273
Work in process	858		1,166
Finished goods	19,444		21,238
Total inventories	100,527		90,677
Inventory allowance	(7,081)		(5,730)
Inventories, net	$	93,446	$	84,947

Activity in the Company’s inventory allowance was as follows:

(in thousands)	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
Inventory Allowance	2024		2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	5,730	$	3,904
Charged to expense	1,495		2,179
Write-offs	(144)		(381)
Balance at end of period	$	7,081	$	5,702

Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

(in thousands) Other Accrued Liabilities	As of June 30, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Accrued product warranty	$	11,508	$	11,290
Accrued litigation 1	3,787		3,929
Contract liabilities	9,542		2,741
Accrued compensation and benefits	5,937		8,469
Accrued interest expense	2,313		1,913
Other 2	4,572		3,657
Total	$	37,659	$	31,999

1 As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 accrued litigation includes accruals related to various ongoing legal matters including associated legal fees. See Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies for further information regarding the various ongoing legal matters.

2 Other accrued liabilities includes the current portion of the noninterest bearing note payable. See Note 7. Other Non-current Liabilities, for further information regarding the note payable.

Warranty Costs

The Company offers a standard limited warranty on the workmanship of its products that in most cases covers defects for a defined period. Warranties for certified emission products are mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and/or the California Air Resources Board (the “CARB”) and are longer than the Company’s standard warranty on certain emission-related products. The Company’s products also carry limited warranties from suppliers. The Company’s warranties generally apply to engines fully manufactured by the Company and to the modifications the Company makes to supplier base products. Costs related to supplier warranty claims are generally borne by the supplier and passed through to the end customer.

Warranty estimates are based on historical experience and represent the projected cost associated with the product. A liability and related expense are recognized at the time products are sold. The Company adjusts estimates when it is determined that actual costs may differ from initial or previous estimates. The Company’s warranty liability is generally affected by failure rates, repair costs and the timing of failures. Future events and circumstances related to these factors could materially change the estimates and require adjustments to the warranty liability. In addition, new product launches require a greater use of judgment in developing estimates until historical experience becomes available.

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Accrued product warranty activities are presented below:

(in thousands)	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
Accrued Product Warranty	2024		2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	19,263	$	21,550
Current period provision *	2,901		3,491
Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties **	1,687		5,662
Payments made during the period	(6,794)		(8,477)
Balance at end of period	17,057		22,226
Less: current portion	11,508		12,100
Noncurrent accrued product warranty (included with Other Noncurrent liabilities)	$	5,549	$	10,126

*Warranty costs, net of supplier recoveries, and other adjustments, were $4.1 million and $8.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Supplier recoveries were $0.5 million and $0.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

**Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties reflect changes in the Company’s estimate of warranty costs for products sold in prior periods. Such adjustments typically occur when claims experience deviates from historical and expected trends. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded a cost for changes in estimates of preexisting warranties of $1.7 million, or $0.07 per diluted share. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded a cost of $5.7 million, or $0.25 per diluted share.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). The standard replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology under current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires the use of a forward-looking expected credit loss model for accounts receivables, loans, and other financial instruments. The standard requires a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The new standard was effective for non-public companies, and public business entities that meet the definition of a smaller reporting company as defined by the SEC, for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures – Segment Reporting (Topic 280). The amendments to this standard require public entities to disclose more detailed information about their reportable segments’ significant expenses on an interim and annual basis. The amendments to this standard do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The amendments to this standard apply to all public entities that are required to report segment information in accordance with Topic 280, Segment Reporting and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company plans to adopt this guidance in its annual reporting for the year ending December 31, 2024 and subsequent interim periods. The Company is continuing to assess the impact of the amendment to this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures - Income Taxes (Topic 740). The amendments to this standard enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures, primarily related to rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information as well as effectiveness of overall income tax disclosures. The new standard is effective for non-public companies, and public business entities that meet the definition of a smaller reporting company as defined by the SEC, for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, early adoption is permitted. The Company currently plans to adopt this guidance effective January 1, 2025. The Company is continuing to assess the impact of the amendment to this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

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Note 2.    Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table summarizes net sales by end market:

(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
End Market	2024		2023		2024		2023
Power Systems	$	73,087	$	54,452	$	135,049	$	99,086
Industrial	31,514		45,590		60,258		88,465
Transportation	5,985		21,823		10,519		50,783
Total	$	110,586	$	121,865	$	205,826	$	238,334

The following table summarizes net sales by geographic area:

(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
Geographic Area	2024		2023		2024		2023
United States	$	98,490	$	95,746	$	180,762	$	188,862
North America (outside of United States)	5,457		7,303		10,303		12,121
Pacific Rim	5,175		12,379		11,820		26,551
Europe	1,431		3,920		2,891		6,965
Other	33		2,517		50		3,835
Total	$	110,586	$	121,865	$	205,826	$	238,334

Contract Balances

Most of the Company’s contracts are for a period of less than one year; however, extended warranty contracts extend beyond one year. The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the time of invoicing to customers and these timing differences result in contract assets, or contract liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. Contract assets include amounts related to the contractual right to consideration for completed performance when the right to consideration is conditional. The Company records contract liabilities when cash payments are received or due in advance of performance. Contract assets and contract liabilities are recognized at the contract level.

(in thousands)	As of June 30, 2024		As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Short-term contract assets (included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets)	$	26,706	$	15,554	$	3,620
Short-term contract liabilities (included in Other accrued liabilities)	(9,542)		(2,741)		(2,256)
Long-term contract liabilities (included in Noncurrent contract liabilities)	(2,042)		(2,401)		(3,199)
Net contract assets (liabilities)	$	15,122	$	10,412	$	(1,835)

During both the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $0.3 million, of revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations related to amounts that were included in the net contract liabilities balance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $0.7 million and $0.9 million, respectively, of revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations related to amounts that were included in the net contract liabilities balance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Remaining Performance Obligations

The Company has elected the practical expedient to not disclose remaining performance obligations that have expected original durations of one year or less. For performance obligations that extend beyond one year, the Company had $3.5 million of remaining performance obligations as of June 30, 2024, primarily related to extended warranties. The Company expects to recognize revenue related to these remaining performance obligations of approximately $0.7 million in the remainder of 2024, $0.9 million in 2025, $0.2 million in 2026, $1.5 million in 2027, and $0.2 million in 2028 and less than $0.1 million in 2029 and beyond.

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Note 3.    Weichai Transactions

Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

The Company is party to three shareholder’s loan agreements with Weichai, including the $25 Million Loan Agreement, the $50 Million Loan Agreement, and the $30 Million Loan Agreement. See additional discussion of these debt agreements in Note 6. Debt.

Weichai Collaboration Arrangement and Related Party Transactions

The Company and Weichai executed a strategic collaboration agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) in March 2017 in order to achieve their respective strategic objectives and enhance the strategic cooperation alliance to share experiences, expertise and resources. Among other things, the Collaboration Agreement established a joint steering committee, permitted Weichai to select a limited number of certain technical, marketing, sales, procurement and finance personnel to work at the Company and established several collaborations related to stationary natural-gas applications and Weichai diesel engines. The Collaboration Agreement provided for the steering committee to create various sub-committees with operating roles and otherwise governs the treatment of intellectual property of parties prior to the collaboration and the intellectual property developed during the collaboration. On March 22, 2023, the Collaboration Agreement was extended for an additional term of three years.

The Company evaluates whether an arrangement is a collaborative arrangement at its inception based on the facts and circumstances specific to the arrangement. The Company also reevaluates whether an arrangement qualifies or continues to qualify as a collaborative arrangement whenever there is a change in either the roles of the participants or the participants’ exposure to significant risks and rewards dependent on the ultimate commercial success of the endeavor. For those collaborative arrangements where it is determined that the Company is the principal participant, costs incurred and revenue generated from third parties are recorded on a gross basis in the financial statements. Purchases of inventory from Weichai were $3.4 million and $6.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Purchases of inventory from Weichai were $0.7 million and $3.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

In January 2022, PSI and Societe Internationale des Moteurs Baudouin (“Baudouin”), a subsidiary of Weichai, entered into an international distribution and sales agreement that enables Baudouin to bring PSI’s power systems line of products into the European, Middle Eastern, and African markets. In addition to sales, Baudouin will manage service, support, warranty claims, and technical requests. Refer to the Consolidated Balance Sheet and Statements of Income for detailed related party information.

Note 4.    Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment by type were as follows:

(in thousands)	As of June 30, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment
Leasehold improvements	$	8,276	$	6,987
Machinery and equipment	47,666		46,964
Construction in progress	1,006		1,654
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	56,948		55,605
Accumulated depreciation	(42,323)		(40,677)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	14,625	$	14,928

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Note 5.    Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill

The carrying amount of goodwill at both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $29.8 million. Accumulated impairment losses at both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $11.6 million.

Other Intangible Assets

Components of intangible assets are as follows:

(in thousands)	As of June 30, 2024
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value
Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(31,892)	$	3,048
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,564)		136
Total	$	37,340	$	(34,156)	$	3,184

(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value
Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(31,195)	$	3,745
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,531)		169
Total	$	37,340	$	(33,426)	$	3,914

Note 6.    Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt consisted of the following:

(in thousands)	As of June 30, 2024			As of December 31, 2023
	Amount		Rate (1)	Amount		Rate (1)	Maturity Date
Short-term financing:
Revolving credit facility *	$	40,000	8.78%	$	50,000	8.71%	March 21, 2025
$25 Million Loan Agreement	25,000		9.32%	25,000		9.44%	May 20, 2025
$50 Million Loan Agreement	50,000		9.38%	50,000		9.44%	November 30, 2024
$30 Million Loan Agreement	19,820		9.36%	19,820		9.41%	March 31, 2025
Total short-term debt	$	134,820		$	144,820
Long-term debt:
Finance leases and other debt	292		**	399		**	Various
Total long-term debt and finance leases	292			399
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt and finance leases	173			215
Long-term debt	$	119		$	184

*	Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees on the revolving credit facility are not presented in the above table as they are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Unamortized debt issuance costs, were $0.1 million and $0.2 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
**	Finance lease obligations are a non-cash financing activity. See Note 8. Leases.
(1)	Includes the weighted average interest rate.

Credit Agreement and Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

On March 22, 2024, the Company amended and restated its $130.0 million Third Amended and Restated Uncommitted Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Standard Chartered Bank (“Standard Chartered”). The amendment and restatement of the Credit Agreement reduces the borrowing capacity to $50.0 million and extends the maturity date of loans

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outstanding under its previous credit facility to the earlier of March 21, 2025 or the demand of Standard Chartered. The Credit Agreement is subject to customary events of default and covenants, including minimum consolidated EBITDA and Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio covenants for the second and third quarters of 2024. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement incur interest at either the alternate base rate or the SOFR plus applicable rate of 3.45% per annum. In addition, the Company paid fees of $0.1 million related to the Credit Agreement which are deferred and amortized over the term of the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement continues to be secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets and provides Standard Chartered the right to demand payment of any and all of the outstanding borrowings and other amounts owed under the Credit Agreement at any point in time prior to the maturity date at Standard Chartered’s discretion. The Company made payments totaling $5.0 million related to the Credit Agreement with no additional borrowings during the second quarter of 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had $40.0 million outstanding under the Credit Agreement.

In connection with this Credit Agreement, on March 22, 2024, the Company also amended one of the four shareholder’s loan agreements with Weichai, to among other things, extend the maturities thereof. The $30 Million Loan Agreement provides the Company with a $30.0 million subordinated loan at the discretion of Weichai and was amended to extend the maturity date to March 31, 2025. Borrowings under the $30 Million Loan Agreement bear interest at an annual rate equal to SOFR plus 4.05% per annum. Further, if the applicable SOFR rate is negative, the interest rate per annum shall be deemed as 4.05% per annum. If the interest rate for any loan is lower than Weichai’s borrowing cost, the interest rate for such loan shall be equal to Weichai’s borrowing cost plus 1.0%. All of the amended shareholder loan agreements with Weichai are subject to customary events of default and covenants. The Company and Weichai also agreed not to renew the first Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, which expired on April 24, 2024 and provided the Company with a $130.0 million subordinated loan under which Weichai was obligated to advance funds solely for purposes of repaying outstanding borrowings under the $130.0 million Credit Agreement if the Company was unable to pay such borrowings.

On May 20, 2024, the Company amended and extended the maturity of its $25 Million Loan Agreement with Weichai to May 20, 2025. The $25 Million Loan Agreement continues to provide the Company with a $25.0 million subordinated loan. Borrowings under the $25 Million Loan Agreement incur interest at the applicable SOFR rate, plus 4.05% per annum. Further, if the applicable term SOFR is negative, the interest rate per annum shall be deemed as 4.05% per annum. If the interest rate for any loan under the $25 Million Loan Agreement is lower than Weichai’s borrowing cost, the interest rate for such loan shall be equal to Weichai’s borrowing cost plus 1.0%.

The Company is also party to a $50 Million Loan Agreement with Weichai, which was entered into on December 10, 2021. The $50 Million Loan Agreement provides the Company with a $50.0 million uncommitted facility that is subordinated to the Credit Agreement and any borrowing requests made under the $50 Million Loan Agreement are subject to Weichai’s discretionary approval. Borrowings under the third Shareholder’s Loan Agreement incur interest at the applicable SOFR, plus 4.65% per annum and can be used for general corporate purposes, except for certain legal expenditures which require additional approval from Weichai. Further, if the applicable term SOFR is negative, the interest rate per annum shall be deemed as 4.65% per annum. If the interest rate for any loan is lower than Weichai’s borrowing cost, the interest rate for such loan shall be equal to Weichai’s borrowing cost plus 1.0%. The $50 Million Loan Agreement was amended on November 29, 2023 and expires on November 30, 2024 with any outstanding principal and accrued interest due upon maturity.

As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s total outstanding debt obligations under the Credit Agreement, its $25 Million Loan Agreement, its $50 Million Loan Agreement, its $30 Million Loan Agreement, and for finance leases and other debt were $135.1 million in the aggregate, and its cash and cash equivalents were $28.8 million. The Company's total accrued interest for the Credit Agreement and all shareholder loans was $2.3 million and $1.9 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Accrued interest is included within Other Accrued Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information for further discussion of the Company’s going concern considerations.

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Note 7. Other Non-current Liabilities

On June 14, 2024, the Company executed a non-interest bearing note payable of $4.5 million upon settlement of a legal matter. The note payable is due May 2028 and is discounted based on imputed interest rate of 6.66%. The note payable includes an option for the Company to extend maturity of the note to September 2029 upon written notice before the thirty-seventh payment and the maximum payment amount of the note increases to $4.8 million.

The current portion of the note of $0.7 million is included in other accrued liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(in thousands)	As of June 30, 2024
Note payable	$	4,425
Unamortized discount	(593)
Total	$	3,832

The following table presents remaining maturities for the note payable as of June 30, 2024:

(in thousands)	Maturities		Discount Amortization
Six months ending December 31, 2024	$	329	$	121
Year ending December 31, 2025	693		207
Year ending December 31, 2026	740		160
Year ending December 31, 2027	1328		97
Year ending December 31, 2028	742		8
Total note payable	$	3,832	$	593

The Company recorded less than $0.1 million discount amortization as interest expense as of June 30, 2024.

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Note 8.    Leases

Leases

The Company has obligations under lease arrangements primarily for facilities, equipment and vehicles. These leases have original lease periods expiring between July 2024 and July 2034. The following table summarizes the lease expense by category in the Consolidated Statement of Income:

(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Cost of sales	$	1,959	$	2,069	$	3,783	$	3,971
Research and development expenses	87		63		165		126
Selling, general and administrative expenses	14		18		143		37
Interest expense	2		23		5		41
Total	$	2,062	$	2,173	$	4,096	$	4,175

The following table summarizes the components of lease expense:

(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease cost	$	1,532	$	1,448	$	3,064	$	2,807
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use (“ROU”) asset	16		20		34		41
Interest expense	2		4		5		8
Short-term lease cost	207		258		406		401
Variable lease cost	305		442		587		918
Sublease income	—		(264)		—		(530)
Total lease cost, net	$	2,062	$	1,908	$	4,096	$	3,645

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:

(in thousands)	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$	2,987	$	2,426
Operating cash flows paid for interest portion of finance leases	5		8
Financing cash flows paid for principal portion of finance leases	38		44
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	1,139		13,986

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 5.7 years and 6.2 years for operating leases and 1.7 years and 2.2 years for finance leases, respectively. As of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the weighted-average discount rate was 7.6% for operating leases, and 6.5% for finance leases.

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The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:

(in thousands)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Operating lease ROU assets, net	$	25,343	$	27,145
Operating lease liabilities, current	4,246		3,912
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	23,004		25,070
Total operating lease liabilities	$	27,250	$	28,982
Finance lease ROU assets, net 1	$	110	$	144
Finance lease liabilities, current	77		76
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	55		94
Total finance lease liabilities	$	132	$	170

1.Included in Property, plant and equipment, net for finance leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents maturity analysis of lease liabilities as of June 30, 2024:

(in thousands)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
Six months ending December 31, 2024	$	3,076	$	41
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,250		81
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,946		17
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950		—
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972		—
Year ending December 31, 2029	4,000		—
Thereafter	3,535		—
Total undiscounted lease payments	33,729		139
Less: imputed interest	6,479		7
Total lease liabilities	$	27,250	$	132

Note 9.    Fair Value of Financial Instruments

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, a three-level hierarchy of measurements based upon observable and unobservable inputs is used to arrive at fair value. Observable inputs are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about valuation based on the best information available in the circumstances. Depending on the inputs, the Company classifies each fair-value measurement as follows:

•Level 1 – based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 – based on other significant observable inputs for the assets or liabilities through corroborations with market data at the measurement date; and

•Level 3 – based on significant unobservable inputs that reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use to price the assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Financial Instruments Measured at Carrying Value

Current Assets

Cash and cash equivalents (Level 1) are measured at carrying value, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

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Debt

The Company measured its revolving credit facility and other short-term financing at original carrying value. Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees of $0.1 million and $0.2 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, on the revolving credit facility are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The fair value of the revolving credit facility and other short-term financing approximated carrying value, as it consisted primarily of short-term variable rate loans. The Company measured its non-interest bearing note payable using a rate which the Company could obtain financing of similar nature from other sources at the date of the transaction. The unamortized discount is reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as a deduction from the face amount of the note payable. The Company measured its material debt obligations and note payable using Level 2 inputs as follows:

(in thousands)	As of June 30, 2024
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	40,000	$	—	$	40,000	$	—
Note payable	3,832		—		3,832		—
Other financing	94,820		—		94,820		—

(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	50,000	$	—	$	50,000	$	—
Other financing	94,820		—		94,820		—

Other Financial Assets and Liabilities

In addition to the methods and assumptions used for the financial instruments discussed above, accounts receivable, net, income tax receivable, accounts payable, and certain accrued expenses are measured at carrying value, which approximates fair value (Level 1) because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Note 10.    Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Contingencies

The legal matters discussed below and others could result in losses, including damages, fines, civil penalties and criminal charges, which could be substantial. The Company records accruals for these contingencies to the extent the Company concludes that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. Regarding the matters disclosed below, unless otherwise disclosed, the Company has determined that liabilities associated with these legal matters are reasonably possible; however, unless otherwise stated, the possible loss or range of possible loss cannot be reasonably estimated. Given the nature of the litigation and investigations and the complexities involved, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss for all such matters until the Company knows, among other factors, the following:

•what claims, if any, will survive dispositive motion practice;

•the extent of the claims, particularly when damages are not specified or are indeterminate;

•how the discovery process will affect the litigation;

•the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation; and

•any other factors that may have a material effect on the litigation or investigation.

However, the Company could incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise its expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the amounts are accrued and/or liquidity in the period in which the amounts are paid.

Securities and Exchange Commission and United States Attorney’s Office (“USAO”) for the Northern District of Illinois Investigations

In September 2020, the Company entered into agreements with the SEC and the USAO to resolve the investigations into the Company’s past revenue recognition practices. Under the settled administrative order with the SEC, the Company committed to remediate the deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses identified in its 2017 Form 10-K filed in May 2019 by April 30, 2021 unless an extension was provided by the SEC. On April 12, 2021, the SEC granted the Company’s request for an extension of time until March 31, 2022 in which to comply with the requirements of the administrative order to remediate the remaining outstanding material weaknesses. In April 2022, the SEC granted a further

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extension of time until March 31, 2023 to fully comply with the administrative order. In May 2023, the Company submitted documentation to the SEC for its review to assess the Company’s compliance with the administrative order. In July 2023, the Company was notified by the SEC that no additional information was required with respect to the administrative order.

Jerome Treadwell v. the Company     

In October 2018, a punitive class-action complaint was filed against the Company and NOVAtime Technology, Inc. (“NOVAtime” or “Plaintiff”) in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois. In December 2018, NOVAtime removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division (the “Court”) under the Class Action Fairness Act. Plaintiff has since voluntarily dismissed NOVAtime from the lawsuit without prejudice and filed an amended complaint in April 2019. The operative, amended complaint asserts violations of the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act (“BIPA”) in connection with employees’ use of the time clock to clock in and clock out using a finger scan and seeks statutory damages, attorneys’ fees, and injunctive and equitable relief. An aggrieved party under BIPA may recover (i) $1,000 per violation if the Company is found to have negligently violated BIPA or (ii) $5,000 per violation if the Company is found to have intentionally or recklessly violated BIPA plus reasonable attorneys’ fees. In May 2019, the Company filed its motion to dismiss the Plaintiff’s amended complaint. In December 2019, the court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss. In January 2020, the Company moved for reconsideration of the Court’s order denying the motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, to stay the case pending the Illinois Appellate Court’s ruling in McDonald v. Symphony Healthcare on a legal question that would be potentially dispositive in this matter. In February 2020, the Court denied the Company’s motion for reconsideration, but required the parties to submit additional briefing on the Company’s motion to stay. In April 2020, the Court granted the Company’s motion to stay and stayed the case pending the Illinois Appellate Court’s ruling in McDonald v. Symphony Healthcare. In October 2020, after the McDonald ruling, the Court granted the parties’ joint request to continue the stay of the case for 60 days. The Court also ordered the parties to schedule a settlement conference with the Magistrate Judge in May 2021 which went forward without a settlement being reached. On May 22, 2023, the Company filed the answer to the amended complaint. Plaintiff and PSI have since reached a preliminary settlement of the case, and Plaintiff filed an Unopposed Motion for Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement on February 23, 2024, which is currently pending with the Court. As of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had recorded an estimated liability of $2.4 million, recorded within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to the potential settlement of this matter.   

Mast Powertrain v. the Company

In February 2020, the Company received a demand for arbitration from Mast Powertrain, LLC (“Mast”) pursuant to a development agreement entered into in November 2011 (the “Development Agreement”). Mast claimed that it was owed more than $9.0 million in past royalties and other damages for products sold by the Company pursuant to the Development Agreement. The Company disputed Mast’s damages, denied that any royalties are owed to Mast, denied any liability, and counterclaimed for overpayment on invoices paid to Mast. Mast subsequently clarified its claim for past royalties owed to be approximately $4.5 million. In July 2021, the Company reached a settlement with Mast to resolve past claims for royalties owed for $1.5 million which the Company had previously recorded within Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the year-ended December 31, 2020. The Company fully paid the settlement and had no recognized liability as of both June 30, 2024 and 2023. In September 2023, Mast filed a lawsuit against the Company in the Eastern District of Texas Federal Court (“Court”), alleging, among other things, damages of approximately $6.0 million for fraudulent inducement leading to the 2021 arbitration settlement agreement and breach of said settlement agreement. Upon court order, the Company participated in mediation in May 2024, and no settlement was reached. The Company has filed a motion to stay the lawsuit and compel it to arbitration, and that motion is currently pending. As of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had recorded an estimated liability of $0.9 million, recorded within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to the potential settlement of this matter.        

Gary Winemaster Litigation v. The Company

In August 2021, the Company’s former Chairman of the Board and former Chief Executive Officer and President, Gary Winemaster (“Winemaster”) filed suit in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against the Company and Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America (“Travelers”) alleging the Company’s breach of its advancement obligations under Winemaster’s indemnification agreement and Travelers’ breach of the side A policy between Traveler’s and the Company of which Winemaster is a beneficiary. In his complaint, Winemaster was seeking reimbursement under his indemnification agreement in excess of $7.2 million of attorney’s fees plus interest incurred by Winemaster in his defense of the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) case, U.S. v. Winemaster et al. Since the filing of the complaint, the Company estimates that Travelers has paid approximately $8.8 million to Winemaster’s attorneys, Latham and Watkins, under the Company’s side A policy to settle existing outstanding attorney’s fees. Travelers is seeking reimbursement from the Company for those advances pursuant to the terms of the side A policy. In October 2021, the Company and Winemaster entered into a Stipulation and Advancement Order to handle all future attorney’s fees relating to his DOJ and SEC cases, to the extent not reimbursed by Travelers under the side A policy. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $8.8 million accrued for the reimbursement to Travelers recorded within Accounts payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. In June 2024, the Company reached a settlement with

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Travelers for $4.5 million, resulting in a $4.3 million gain that was recorded within Selling, General and Administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income. As of June 30, 2024, the Company recorded the aforementioned settlement liability within Other noncurrent liabilities with the current portion within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Jeffrey Ehlers and Rick Lulloff Litigation

In September 2021, Jeffrey Ehlers (“Ehlers”) and Rick Lulloff (“Lulloff”), former employees of the Company, made demand against the Company for approximately $2.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively, for alleged wages due and owing under each employee’s employment contract related to “Incentive Bonuses” for revenues generated in the Company’s transportation end market. In November 2021, Ehlers and Lulloff separately filed complaints against the Company in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, alleging breach of contract and violations of the Illinois Wage and Payment Collection Act incorporating their claims in the above referenced demand letter. The Company filed a notice of removal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois and has also moved to consolidate the cases, which has been granted by the Court. In December 2022, the Company reached a settlement with both Ehlers and Lulloff, for $0.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had recorded the aforementioned settlement liabilities within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of December 31, 2023, the Company paid the settlement in full to both Ehlers and Lulloff.

Indemnification Agreements

The Company holds a directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy, which is renewed annually and expires in July 2025. The insurance policy includes standard exclusions including for any ongoing or pending litigation such as the previously disclosed investigations by the SEC and USAO.

Other Commitments and Contingencies

At June 30, 2024, the Company had four outstanding letters of credit totaling $1.4 million. The letters of credit primarily serve as collateral for the Company for certain facility leases and insurance policies. As discussed in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, the Company had restricted cash of $3.2 million as of June 30, 2024, related to these letters of credit and cash held in escrow due to a customer agreement.

Note 11.    Income Taxes

On a quarterly basis, the Company computes an estimated annual effective tax rate considering ordinary income and related income tax expense. Ordinary income refers to income before income tax expense excluding significant, unusual or infrequently occurring items. The tax effect of an unusual or infrequently occurring item is recorded in the interim period in which it occurs.

The Company has assessed the need to maintain a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets based on an assessment of whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax benefits will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. Appropriate consideration is given to all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. In assessing the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets, the Company considered whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. In making this determination, the Company assessed all of the evidence available at the time, including recent earnings, forecasted income projections and historical performance. The Company determined that the negative evidence outweighed the objectively verifiable positive evidence and continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets.

The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was 4.0% and 3.7%, respectively, compared to an effective tax rate for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 of 3.6%. The effective tax rates for all periods were significantly different than the applicable U.S. statutory tax rate. For both the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the difference between the effective and statutory tax rates was primarily due to the Company’s full valuation allowance.

Note 12.    Stockholders’ Equity

Common and Treasury Stock

The changes in shares of Common and Treasury Stock are as follows:

(in thousands)	Common Shares Issued	Treasury Stock Shares	Common Shares Outstanding
Balance as of December 31, 2023	23,117	149	22,968
Net shares issued for Stock awards	—	(7)	7
Balance as of June 30, 2024	23,117	142	22,975

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Note 13. Earnings Per Share

The Company computes basic earnings per share by dividing net income by the weighted-average common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is calculated to give effect to all potentially dilutive common shares that were outstanding during the year. Weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding primarily reflect the additional shares that would be issued upon the assumed exercise of stock options and the assumed vesting of unvested share awards. The treasury stock method has been used to compute diluted earnings per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

The Company issued Stock Appreciation Rights (“SARs”) and Restricted Stock Awards (“RSAs”), all of which have been evaluated for their potentially dilutive effect under the treasury stock method. See Note 13. Stock-Based Compensation in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report for additional information on the SARs and the RSAs.

The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows:

(in thousands, except per share basis)	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income – basic and diluted	$	21,540	$	6,417	$	28,655	$	10,141
Denominator:
Shares used in computing net income per share:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic	22,973		22,952		22,971		22,952
Effect of dilutive securities	20		14		12		15
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted	22,993		22,966		22,983		22,967
Earnings per common share:
Earnings per share of common stock – basic	$	0.94	$	0.28	$	1.25	$	0.44
Earnings per share of common stock – diluted	$	0.94	$	0.28	$	1.25	$	0.44

The aggregate number of shares excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculations, because they would have been anti-dilutive, were 73 and 107 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, SARs and RSAs were not included in the diluted earnings per share calculations as they would have been anti-dilutive because the Company’s average stock price was less than or equal to the exercise price of the SARs or the grant price of the RSAs.

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Note 14.    Related Party Transactions

Weichai Transactions

See Note 3. Weichai Transactions for information regarding the Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements and Collaboration Agreement.

Other Related Party Transactions

See Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies for information regarding the Company’s indemnification obligations related to certain former directors and officers of the Company.

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Item 2.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis includes forward-looking statements about the Company’s business and consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, including discussions about management’s expectations for the Company’s business. These statements represent projections, beliefs and expectations based on current circumstances and conditions and are made in light of recent events and trends. These statements should not be construed either as assurances of performance or as promises of a given course of action. Instead, various known and unknown factors are likely to cause the Company’s actual performance and management’s actions to vary, and the results of these variances may be both material and adverse. See “Forward-Looking Statements” in this Quarterly Report. The following discussion should also be read in conjunction with the Company’s unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related Notes included in this Quarterly Report.

Executive Overview

The Company designs, engineers, manufactures, markets and sells a broad range of advanced, emission-certified engines and power systems that run on a wide variety of clean, alternative fuels, including natural gas, propane, and biofuels, as well as gasoline and diesel options, within the power systems, industrial and transportation end markets with primary manufacturing, assembly, engineering, research and development (“R&D”), sales and distribution facilities located in suburban Chicago, Illinois and Darien and Beloit, Wisconsin. The Company provides highly engineered, comprehensive solutions designed to meet specific customer application requirements and technical specifications, including those imposed by environmental regulatory bodies, such as the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (“EPA”), the California Air Resource Board (“CARB”) and the People’s Republic of China’s Ministry of Ecology and Environment (“MEE”).

The Company’s products are primarily used by global original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”) and end-user customers across a wide range of applications and equipment that includes standby and prime power generation, demand response, microgrid, combined heat and power, arbor care, material handling (including forklifts), agricultural and turf, construction, pumps and irrigation, compressors, utility vehicles, light- and medium-duty vocational trucks, school and transit buses, and utility power. The Company manages the business as a single reporting segment.

Net sales by geographic area and by end market for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are presented below:

(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended June 30,								For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024				2023				2024				2023
Geographic Area			% of Total				% of Total				% of Total				% of Total
United States	$	98,490	89	%	$	95,746	79	%	$	180,762	88	%	$	188,862	79	%
North America (outside of United States)	5,457		5	%	7,303		6	%	10,303		5	%	12,121		5	%
Pacific Rim	5,175		5	%	12,379		10	%	11,820		6	%	26,551		11	%
Europe	1,431		1	%	3,920		3	%	2,891		1	%	6,965		3	%
Others	33		—	%	2,517		2	%	50		—	%	3,835		2	%
Total	$	110,586	100	%	$	121,865	100	%	$	205,826	100	%	$	238,334	100	%

(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended June 30,								For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024				2023				2024				2023
End Market			% of Total				% of Total				% of Total				% of Total
Power Systems	$	73,087	66	%	$	54,452	45	%	$	135,049	66	%	$	99,086	42	%
Industrial	31,514		29	%	45,590		37	%	60,258		29	%	88,465		37	%
Transportation	5,985		5	%	21,823		18	%	10,519		5	%	50,783		21	%
Totals	$	110,586	100	%	$	121,865	100	%	$	205,826	100	%	$	238,334	100	%

Recent Trends and Business Outlook

As of the date of this Quarterly Report, the Company prudently continues to manage its expenses, including the restriction of all non-essential travel and minimized discretionary expenses and consulting services. The Company continues to review operating expenses, including prioritizing certain R&D investments in support of the Company’s long-term growth objectives. Starting in 2021 and throughout 2023, the Company took rightsizing actions to align its staffing with current needs, while also streamlining certain roles.

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Despite the recent recovery of the global economy, there continues to be challenges based on the current macroeconomic and geopolitical environment. Average crude oil prices reached the highest average price in five years in 2022 but have steadily declined while remaining near atop the 5-year averages at the end of the second quarter 2024. Rig counts in the U.S. oil markets remain below historical levels as of the second quarter of 2024. Despite increasing rig counts and crude oil prices, the Company believes that capital spending within the areas of the oil and gas market that it participates in remains below historical levels. While the Company saw an increase of sales to customers with traditional exposure to the oil and gas markets during 2023, as compared to the prior year, sales remain below historic levels. A significant portion of the Company’s sales and profitability has historically been derived from the sale of products that are used within the oil and gas industry. The Company continues to experience inflationary cost pressures for certain raw materials and other goods which the Company continues to try to mitigate through price increases and other cost reduction measures. Additionally, the Company continues to experience ongoing tariff costs for products and is trying to mitigate these impacts through price increases and other measures, such as seeking certain tariff exclusions, where possible. The potential for continued economic uncertainty and unfavorable oil and gas market dynamics may have a material adverse impact on the levels of future customer orders and the Company’s future business operations, financial condition and liquidity.

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Results of Operations

Condensed consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared with the three and six months ended June 30, 2023:

(in thousands, except per share amounts)	For the Three Months Ended June 30,											For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024			2023			Change			% Change		2024			2023			Change			% Change
Net sales (from related parties $253 and $1,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively, $453 and $2,100 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively)	$	110,586		$	121,865		$	(11,279)		(9)	%	$	205,826		$	238,334		$	(32,508)		(14)	%
Cost of sales (from related parties $176 and $600 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively, and $329 and $1,500 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively)	75,398			94,911			(19,513)			(21)	%	144,882			187,911			(43,029)			(23)	%
Gross profit	35,188			26,954			8,234			31	%	60,944			50,423			10,521			21	%
Gross margin %	31.8		%	22.1		%	9.7		%			29.6		%	21.2		%	8.5		%
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	4,959			4,662			297			6	%	10,156			9,266			890			10	%
Research and development expenses as a % of sales	4.5		%	3.8		%	0.7		%			4.9		%	3.9		%	1.0		%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	4,520			10,550			(6,030)			(57)	%	14,052			20,455			(6,403)			(31)	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses as a % of sales	4.1		%	8.7		%	(4.6)		%			6.8		%	8.6		%	(1.8)		%
Amortization of intangible assets	365			437			(72)			(16)	%	730			873			(143)			(16)	%
Total operating expenses	9,844			15,649			(5,805)			(37)	%	24,938			30,594			(5,656)			(18)	%
Operating income	25,344			11,305			14,039			124	%	36,006			19,829			16,177			82	%
Interest expense (from related parties $2,216 and $1,816 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 4,438 and 3,799 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively)	2,909			4,645			(1,736)			(37)	%	6,255			9,310			(3,055)			(33)	%
Income before income taxes	22,435			6,660			15,775			NM		29,751			10,519			19,232			183	%
Income tax expense	895			243			652			NM		1,096			378			718			190	%
Net income	$	21,540		$	6,417		$	15,123		236	%	$	28,655		$	10,141		$	18,514		183	%
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	0.94		$	0.28		$	0.66		NM		$	1.25		$	0.44		$	0.81		184	%
Diluted	$	0.94		$	0.28		$	0.66		NM		$	1.25		$	0.44		$	0.81		184	%
Non-GAAP Financial Measures:
Adjusted net income *	$	16,559		$	6,357		$	10,202		160	%	$	23,600		$	10,168		$	13,432		132	%
Adjusted net income per share – diluted*	$	0.72		$	0.28		$	0.44		157	%	$	1.04		$	0.44		$	0.60		136	%
EBITDA *	$	26,662		$	12,707		$	13,955		110	%	$	38,641		$	22,677		$	15,964		70	%
Adjusted EBITDA *	$	21,681		$	12,647		$	9,034		71	%	$	33,586		$	22,704		$	10,882		48	%

NM    Not meaningful

*Non-GAAP measurement, see reconciliation below

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Net Sales

Net sales decreased $11.3 million, or 9%, during the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, as a result of lower sales of $14.1 million and $15.8 million within the industrial and transportation end markets, respectively, partially offset by an increase of $18.6 million in the power systems end market. Higher power systems end market sales were primarily due to increased demand for products across various applications, with the largest increases attributable to products used within the packaging market such as enclosures serving the fast-growing Data Center market, as well as oil and gas products and demand response products. We are strategically prioritizing the rapidly expanding Data Center sector, improving and increasing our manufacturing capacity and capabilities to meet and exceed our customers’ evolving demands for our products. The decreased sales within the transportation end market were primarily attributable to lower sales in the truck and school bus market as customer products have evolved, decrease in sales from our shifting sales away from some of our transportation customers, and new compliance and regulatory requirements have changed engine product offerings. Decreased industrial end market sales are primarily due to decreases in demand for products used within the material handling and arbor care markets, as well as the direct effects of enforcement of the UFLPA, which limited the Company’s ability to import certain raw materials in early 2024.

Net sales decreased $32.5 million, or 14%, during the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, as a result of lower sales of $28.2 million and $40.3 million within the industrial and transportation end markets, respectively, partly offset by an increase of $36.0 million in the power systems end market. Higher power systems end market sales were primarily due to increased demand for products across various applications, with the largest increases attributable to products used within the packaging market such as enclosures serving the fast-growing Data Center market, as well as oil and gas products and demand response products. We are strategically prioritizing the rapidly expanding Data Center sector, improving and increasing our manufacturing capacity and capabilities to meet and exceed our customers’ evolving demands for our products. The decreased sales within the transportation end market were primarily attributable to lower sales in the truck and school bus market as customer products have evolved, decrease in sales from our shifting sales away from some of our transportation customers, and new compliance and regulatory requirements have changed engine product offerings. Decreased industrial end market sales are primarily due to decreases in demand for products used within the material handling and arbor care markets, as well as the direct effects of enforcement of the UFLPA, which limited the Company’s ability to import certain raw materials in early 2024.

Gross Profit

Gross profit increased during the three months ended June 30, 2024 by $8.2 million, or 31%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. Gross margin was 31.8% and 22.1% during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in gross margin is primarily due to improved mix, pricing actions, higher operating efficiencies, and lower warranty costs primarily attributable to the Company’s sales shift away from certain transportation customers.

Gross profit increased during the six months ended June 30, 2024 by $10.5 million, or 21%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023. Gross margin was 29.6% and 21.2% during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in gross margin is primarily due to improved mix, pricing actions, higher operating efficiencies, and lower warranty costs primarily attributable to the Company’s sales shift away from certain transportation customers.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were $5.0 million and $4.7 million, respectively. The increase is primarily related to the testing of new products.

Research and development expenses during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were $10.2 million and $9.3 million, respectively. The increase is primarily related to the testing of new products.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses decreased during the three months ended June 30, 2024 by $6.0 million, or 57%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, due largely to a decrease in the legal reserve, lower professional fees and the decrease selling expenses associated with decreased sales in the transportation market.

SG&A decreased during the six months ended June 30, 2024 by $6.4 million, or 31%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to the decrease in the legal reserve, lower professional fees and the decrease selling expenses associated with decreased sales in the transportation market.

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Interest Expense

Interest expense was $2.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to $4.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, largely due to lower average outstanding debt, partially offset by higher overall effective interest rates on the Company’s debt. See Note 6. Debt, included in Part 1, Item 1. Financial Statements, for additional information.

Interest expense was $6.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to $9.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, largely due to lower average outstanding debt, partially offset by higher overall effective interest rates on the Company’s debt. See Note 6. Debt, included in Part 1, Item 1. Financial Statements, for additional information.

Income Tax Expense

The Company recorded income tax expense of $0.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to income tax expense of $0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The Company’s pretax income was $22.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to a pretax income of $6.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The Company continues to record a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets.

The Company recorded income tax expense of $1.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to income tax expense of $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The Company’s pretax income was $29.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to pretax income of $10.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The Company continues to record a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets.

See Note 11. Income Taxes, included in Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements, for additional information related to the Company’s income tax provision.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to the results provided in accordance with U.S. GAAP above, this report also includes non-GAAP (adjusted) financial measures. Non-GAAP financial measures provide insight into selected financial information and should be evaluated in the context in which they are presented. These non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in compliance with U.S. GAAP, and non-GAAP financial measures as reported by the Company may not be comparable to similarly titled amounts reported by other companies. The non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in this report. Management does not use these non-GAAP financial measures for any purpose other than the reasons stated below.

Non-GAAP Financial Measure	Comparable GAAP Financial Measure
Adjusted net income	Net income
Adjusted net income per share – diluted	Net income per share – diluted
EBITDA	Net income
Adjusted EBITDA	Net income

The Company believes that Adjusted net income, Adjusted net income per share – diluted, EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA provide relevant and useful information, which is widely used by analysts, investors and competitors in its industry as well as by the Company’s management in assessing the performance of the Company. Adjusted net income is defined as net income as adjusted for certain items that the Company believes are not indicative of its ongoing operating performance. Adjusted net income per share – diluted is a measure of the Company’s diluted earnings per common share adjusted for the impact of special items. EBITDA provides the Company with an understanding of earnings before the impact of investing and financing charges and income taxes. Adjusted EBITDA further excludes the effects of other non-cash charges and certain other items that do not reflect the ordinary earnings of the Company’s operations.

Adjusted net income, Adjusted net income per share – diluted, EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA are used by management for various purposes, including as a measure of performance of the Company’s operations and as a basis for strategic planning and forecasting. Adjusted net income, Adjusted net income per share – diluted, and Adjusted EBITDA may be useful to an investor because these measures are widely used to evaluate companies’ operating performance without regard to items excluded from the calculation of such measures, which can vary substantially from company to company depending on the accounting methods, the book value of assets, the capital structure and the method by which the assets were acquired, among other factors. They are not, however, intended as alternative measures of operating results or cash flow from operations as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following table presents a reconciliation from Net income to Adjusted net income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income	$	21,540	$	6,417	$	28,655	$	10,141
Stock-based compensation 1	22		37		48		106
Other legal matters 2	(5,003)		3		(5,103)		21
Insurance proceeds 3	—		(100)		—		(100)
Adjusted net income	$	16,559	$	6,357	$	23,600	$	10,168

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The following table presents a reconciliation from Net income per share – diluted to Adjusted net income per share – diluted for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income per share – diluted	$	0.94	$	0.28	$	1.25	$	0.44
Other legal matters 2	(0.22)		—		(0.21)		—
Adjusted net income per share – diluted	$	0.72	$	0.28	$	1.04	$	0.44
Diluted shares (in thousands)	22,993		22,966		22,983		22,967

The following table presents a reconciliation from Net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income	$	21,540	$	6,417	$	28,655	$	10,141
Interest expense	2,909		4,645		6,255		9,310
Income tax expense	895		243		1,096		378
Depreciation	953		965		1,905		1,975
Amortization of intangible assets	365		437		730		873
EBITDA	26,662		12,707		38,641		22,677
Stock-based compensation 1	22		37		48		106
Other legal matters 2	(5,003)		3		(5,103)		21
Insurance proceeds 3	—		(100)		—		(100)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	21,681	$	12,647	$	33,586	$	22,704

1.Amounts reflect non-cash stock-based compensation expense and have no material impact on the Adjusted net income per share – diluted for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

2.Amounts include legal settlements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

3.Amounts include insurance recoveries related to a prior year incident and have no material impact on the Adjusted net income per share – diluted for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Cash Flows

Cash was impacted as follows:

(in thousands)	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		Change		% Change
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	17,164	$	26,574	$	(9,410)	(35)	%
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,527)		(1,254)		(273)		(22)	%
Net cash used in financing activities	(10,239)		(21,678)		11,439		53	%
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	5,398	$	3,642	$	1,756	48	%
Capital expenditures	$	(1,527)	$	(1,254)	$	(273)	(22)	%

Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024

Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $17.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $26.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, resulting in a decrease of $9.4 million in cash provided by operating activities year-over-year. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities primarily resulted from a $30.0 million decrease of cash provided by working capital accounts, partially offset by an increase in earnings of $18.5

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million. The decrease in cash generated from working capital was primarily related to the increase of prepaid expenses, and offset by less purchases of inventory and less collections on accounts receivables for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $1.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to cash used in investing activities of $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, cash used in investing activities primarily related to capital expenditures associated with normal maintenance of the Company’s facilities.

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

The Company used $10.2 million in cash from financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $21.7 million cash used by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The cash used by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024, was a result of repayment of existing debt year to date. See additional discussion below and in Note 6. Debt, included in Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements, which further describe the Company’s debt arrangements.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company’s sources of funds are cash flows from operations, borrowings made pursuant to its credit facilities and shareholder’s loan agreements, and cash and cash equivalents on hand. Principal uses of funds consist of payments of principal interest on our debt facilities and shareholder’s loan agreements, capital expenditures, and working capital needs.

As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s total outstanding debt obligations under the Credit Agreement, the $25 Million Loan Agreement, the $50 Million Loan Agreement, the $30 Million Loan Agreement and for finance leases and other debt were $135.1 million in the aggregate, and its cash and cash equivalents were $28.8 million. See Item 1. Financial Statements, Note 6. Debt, for additional information.

Uncertainties exist about the Company’s ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement or shareholder’s loan agreements in the future. Without additional financing, the Company anticipates that it will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to repay the outstanding indebtedness under the Company’s existing debt arrangements as they become due. Management currently plans to seek an extension and/or replacement of its existing debt arrangements or seek additional liquidity from its current or other lenders before the maturity dates in 2024 and 2025. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to successfully complete a refinancing on acceptable terms or repay this outstanding indebtedness when required or if at all.

Despite the recent recovery of the global economy, there continues to be challenges based on the current macroeconomic and geopolitical environment. Average crude oil prices reached the highest average price in five years in 2022 but have steadily declined while remaining near atop the 5-year averages at the end of the second quarter 2024. Rig counts in the U.S. oil markets remain below historical levels as of the second quarter of 2024. Despite increasing rig counts and crude oil prices, the Company believes that capital spending within the areas of the oil and gas market that it participates in remains below historical levels. While the Company saw an increase of sales to customers with traditional exposure to the oil and gas markets during 2023, as compared to the prior year, sales remain below historic levels. A significant portion of the Company’s sales and profitability has historically been derived from the sale of products that are used within the oil and gas industry. The Company continues to experience inflationary cost pressures for certain raw materials and other goods which the Company continues to try to mitigate through price increases and other cost reduction measures. Additionally, the Company continues to experience ongoing tariff costs for products and is trying to mitigate these impacts through price increases and other measures, such as seeking certain tariff exclusions, where possible. The potential for continued economic uncertainty and unfavorable oil and gas market dynamics may have a material adverse impact on the levels of future customer orders and the Company’s future business operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Lastly, national inflationary pressures have continued to cause interest rates to remain elevated. Although the Company’s interest expense has decreased because of reduced debt balances, it may be subject to future increases from these inflationary pressures. Accordingly, the above challenges may continue to have a material adverse impact on the Company’s future results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.

Due to uncertainties surrounding the Company’s future ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement or shareholder’s loan agreements in the future, substantial doubt exists as to its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. If the Company does not have sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, it may be forced to limit its business activities or be unable to continue as a going concern, which would have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

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At June 30, 2024, the Company had four outstanding letters of credit totaling $1.4 million. See Item 1. Financial Statements, Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies for additional information related to the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements and the outstanding letters of credit.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S GAAP. Preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The Company’s most critical accounting policies and estimates are those most important to the portrayal of its financial condition and results of operations and which require the Company to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates regarding matters that are inherently uncertain. Although management believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable, they are based on information available when they are made and, therefore, may differ from estimates made under different assumptions or conditions.

The Company’s significant accounting policies are consistent with those discussed in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, to the consolidated financial statements and the MD&A section of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, there were no significant changes in the application of critical accounting policies.

The Company has identified the following accounting policies as its most critical because they require the Company to make difficult, subjective, and complex judgments and estimates:

▪Revenue Recognition

▪Goodwill Impairment

▪Warranty

Impact of New Accounting Standards

For information about recently issued accounting pronouncements, see Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, included in Part 1, Item 1.

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Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The Company is a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and is not required to provide the information under this item.

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Item 4.    Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The term “disclosure controls and procedures” is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act as “controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms.” The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that material information relating to the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries is accumulated and communicated to its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

The Company’s management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2024. Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2024, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the Exchange Act, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the second quarter of 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.    Legal Proceedings.

See Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies, included in Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements, for a discussion of legal proceedings, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A.    Risk Factors.

The Company is a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and is not required to provide the information under this item.

Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3.    Defaults upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5.    Other Information.

None.

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Item 6.    Exhibits.

EXHIBIT INDEX

The following documents listed below that have been previously filed with the SEC (1934 Act File No. 001-35944) are incorporated herein by reference:

			Incorporated by Reference Herein
Exhibit No.		Exhibit Description	Form	Exhibit	Filing Date	File No.
10.1		$25 Million Third Amended and Restated Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, dated as of May 20, 2024, between the Company and Weichai America Corp.	8-K	10.1	05/21/2024	001-35944
31.1	*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	**	Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	**	Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	*	XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.
101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	*	XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document.
104	*	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

*Filed with this Report.

**This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 12th day of August 2024.

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.
By:	/s/ Xun Li
Name:	Xun Li
Title:	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

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