UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023    

or

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from________to________

Commission file number 001-35944

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware		33-0963637
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
201 Mittel Drive, Wood Dale, IL		60191
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)
(630) 350-9400
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
None	—	—
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 and Section 15(d) of the Act.   Yes  ¨

No   x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x     No   ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  x     No   ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer	¨	Accelerated filer	¨
Non-accelerated filer	x	Smaller reporting company	x
		Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.     ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    YES ¨   NO x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ¨

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If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements

of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ¨

The aggregate market value of 5,572,344 shares of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of December 31, 2023 was $15.6 million based on the last reported sale price on the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market on June 30, 2023 (although the total market capitalization of the registrant as of such date was approximately $64.1 million). Shares of the registrant’s Common Stock held by each executive officer and director and by each person who holds 10% or more of the outstanding Common Stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

As of March 7, 2024, there were 22,968,971 outstanding shares of the Common Stock of the registrant.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III incorporates information by reference to the registrant’s definitive proxy statement (the “2024 proxy statement”), to be filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) within 120 days after the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I
	Forward-Looking Statements	4
Item 1.	Business	5
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	13
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	23
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	23
Item 2.	Properties	25
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	25
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	25
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	26
Item 6.	Reserved	26
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	34
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	35
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	66
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	66
Item 9B.	Other Information	66
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	81
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	68
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	68
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	68
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	68
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	68
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	69
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	71
	Signatures	72

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“2023 Annual Report”) that are not historical facts are intended to constitute “forward-looking statements” entitled to the safe-harbor provisions of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements may involve risks and uncertainties. These statements often include words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “budgeted,” “contemplate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “guidance,” “may,” “outlook,” “plan,” “projection,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” or similar expressions, but these words are not the exclusive means for identifying such statements. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding Power Solutions International, Inc.’s, a Delaware corporation (“Power Solutions,” “PSI” or the “Company”), projected sales, potential profitability and liquidity, strategic initiatives, future business strategies, warranty mitigation efforts and market opportunities, improvements in its business, improvement of product margins, and product market conditions and trends. These statements are not guarantees of performance or results, and they involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Although the Company believes that these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, there are many factors that could affect the Company’s results of operations and liquidity and could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the Company’s forward-looking statements.

The Company cautions that the risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause its actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements include, without limitation: the factors discussed in this report set forth in Item 1A. Risk Factors; the impact of the macro-economic environment in both the U.S. and internationally on our business and expectations regarding growth of the industry; uncertainties arising from global events (including the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas conflicts), natural disasters or pandemics, and their impact on material prices; the effects of strategic investments on our operations, including our efforts to expand our global market share and actions taken to increase sales growth; the ability to develop and successfully launch new products; labor costs and other employment-related costs; loss of suppliers and disruptions in the supply of raw materials; the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern; the Company’s ability to raise additional capital when needed and its liquidity; uncertainties around the Company’s ability to meet funding conditions under its financing arrangements and access to capital thereunder; the potential acceleration of the maturity at any time of the loans under the Company’s uncommitted senior secured revolving credit facility through the exercise by Standard Chartered Bank of its demand right; the impact of rising interest rates; changes in economic conditions, including inflationary trends in the price of raw materials; our reliance on information technology and the associated risk involving potential security lapses and/or cyber-attacks; the ability of the Company to accurately forecast sales, and the extent to which sales result in recorded revenues; changes in customer demand for the Company’s products; volatility in oil and gas prices; the impact of U.S. tariffs on imports; the impact of supply chain interruptions and raw material shortages, including compliance disruptions such as the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (the “UFLPA”) delaying goods from China; the potential impact of higher warranty costs and the Company’s ability to mitigate such costs; any delays and challenges in recruiting and retaining key employees consistent with the Company’s plans; the potential effects of damage to our reputation or other adverse consequences if our employees, suppliers, sub-suppliers or other contract parties, agents or business partners violate anti-bribery, competition, export and import, trade sanctions, data privacy, environmental, human rights or other laws; any negative impacts from delisting of the Company’s common stock par value $0.001 (the “Common Stock”) from the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) and any delays and challenges in obtaining a re-listing on a stock exchange; the impact of unanticipated changes in our effective tax rate, the adoption of new tax legislation or exposure to additional income tax liabilities. The Company’s forward-looking statements are presented as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, the Company expressly disclaims any intention or obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

The Company is subject to the reporting and information requirements of the Exchange Act, and as a result, it is obligated to file annual, quarterly and current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements and other information with the SEC. The Company makes these filings available free of charge on its website (http://www.psiengines.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after it electronically files them with, or furnishes them to, the SEC. Information on the Company’s website does not constitute part of this 2023 Annual Report. In addition, the SEC maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov) that contains the annual, quarterly and current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements, and other information the Company electronically files with, or furnishes to, the SEC.

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PART I

Unless the context indicates otherwise, references in this 2023 Annual Report to “Power Solutions,” “PSI,” “the Company,” “Corporate,” “it,” “its” and “itself” mean Power Solutions International, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. References herein to “2023,” “fiscal 2023” or “fiscal year 2023” refer to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. References herein to “2022,” “fiscal 2022” or “fiscal year 2022” refer to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 1.    Business.

General Business Overview

Power Solutions International, Inc., incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware in 2011, designs, engineers, manufactures, markets and sells a broad range of advanced, emission-certified engines and power systems that are powered by a wide variety of clean, alternative fuels, including natural gas, propane, and biofuels, as well as gasoline and diesel options, within the power systems, industrial and transportation end markets. The Company manages the business as a single reportable segment.

The Company’s products are primarily used by global original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and end-user customers across a wide range of applications and equipment that includes standby and prime power generation, demand response, microgrid, combined heat and power, arbor equipment, material handling (including forklifts), agricultural and turf, construction, pumps and irrigation, compressors, utility vehicles, light- and medium-duty vocational trucks, and school and transit buses.

The Company provides highly engineered, comprehensive solutions designed to meet specific customer application requirements and technical specifications, including those imposed by environmental regulatory bodies, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), the California Air Resources Board (“CARB”) and the People’s Republic of China’s Ministry of Ecology and Environment (“MEE,” formerly the Ministry of Environmental Protection), as well as regulatory bodies within the European Union (“EU”).

The Company’s products include both sourced and internally designed and manufactured engines that are engineered and integrated with associated components. These comprehensive power systems are tested and validated to meet quality, safety, durability and global environmental standards and regulations.  

Through advanced research and development (“R&D”) and engineering capabilities, the Company is able to provide its customers with highly optimized, efficient, durable and emissions-compliant products that enhance their competitive position.

The Company’s business is diversified across end markets and applications and also includes extensive aftermarket and service parts programs. These programs consist of (i) internal aftermarket service parts programs with worldwide sales and distribution capabilities and (ii) internal OEM-developed service parts programs for components and products supplied by the Company.

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The Company’s end markets, product categories and equipment are as highlighted in the following table:

End Market	Product Categories	Equipment/Products (End Use)
Power Systems	Electric Power Generation (“Gensets”) Large Custom Genset Enclosures	Mobile and Stationary Gensets for: Emergency Standby Rental  Prime Power Demand Response Microgrid Oil & Gas Data Center Renewable Energy Resiliency (Wind, Solar, Storage) Combined Heat and Power (“CHP”)
Industrial	Material Handling Agricultural/Arbor Care Irrigation/Pumps Construction Compressors New Energy Other Industrial	Forklifts Wood Chippers Stump Grinders Sweepers/Industrial Scrubbers Aerial Lift Platforms/Scissor Lifts Irrigation Pumps Oil and Gas Compression Oil Lifts Off Road Utility Vehicles Ground Support Equipment Ice Resurfacing Equipment Pump Jacks Battery Packs
Transportation	Trucks Buses Fuel Systems and Tanks	Class 2 - 7 Vocational Trucks and Vans School Buses (Type A and Type C) Transit Buses Terminal and Utility Tractors

Products

The Company’s sourced and internally designed and manufactured engine blocks are engineered and integrated with associated components in a range of configurations that includes basic engine blocks integrated with appropriate fuel system parts as well as completely packaged power systems that include combinations of front accessory drives, cooling systems, electronic systems, air intake systems, fuel systems, housings, power takeoff systems, exhaust systems, hydraulic systems, enclosures, brackets, hoses, tubes, packaging, telematics and other assembled componentry. The Company also designs and manufactures large, custom-engineered integrated electrical power generation systems for both standby and prime power applications. The Company’s comprehensive power systems are tested and validated to meet quality, safety, durability and global environmental standards and regulations.

The Company’s engines and power systems include both emission-certified compression and spark-ignited internal combustion engines which are enabled by advanced controls to run on a wide variety of clean, alternative fuels, including natural gas, propane, and biofuels, as well as gasoline and diesel options, within the power systems, industrial and transportation end markets. Natural gas, gasoline, propane, and biofuel engines range from 0.99 liters (“L”) to 53L , while Diesel options range from 20L to 88L. The Company also designs and fabricates power system enclosures and sources electrification components that are engineered and integrated into desired configurations deemed “New Energy” within the industrial end market.

Strategic Initiatives/Growth Strategies

The Company continues to execute a comprehensive set of business objectives aimed at improving profitability, streamlining processes, strengthening the business and focusing on achieving growth in higher-return product lines. Key elements of these objectives and other initiatives are highlighted below.

Sustained profitability

The Company continues to execute on its plan to enhance profitability through the review of its customer and product portfolio. To date, this has resulted in strategic price increases in certain areas of the business, along with product redesign and the re-sourcing of certain components, to support improved margins. This program is a multi-year effort and will entail a strategic

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assessment of certain areas in which profitability does not meet established thresholds. The Company also continues to transform its manufacturing operations through the ongoing adoption of lean, agile and flexible lines, which provides opportunities for improved efficiency, margins and profitability, particularly as volume and sales increase. The Company has also been investing heavily in the expansion of its heavy-duty engine product line, particularly through its collaboration with Weichai America Corp., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Weichai Power Co., Ltd. (HK2338, 000338.SZ) (herein collectively referred to as “Weichai”). This product line has historically provided better margins.

Warranty expense mitigation efforts

The Company continues to limit its warranty expense through various mitigation efforts. As part of this, the Company is developing reimbursement and commercial remedies from key suppliers for components supplied by third parties, where applicable, at the same time ensuring any contractual obligations with customers include more favorable warranty terms for the Company wherever possible. Also, the Company continues to evaluate and improve its engineering validation and reliability programs for products and applications as well as make investments in technology to further enhance its tools and processes.

Streamlining of business processes and footprint rationalization

The Company has an ongoing program to review and identify cost reduction opportunities throughout the organization while simultaneously planning for strategic growth. As part of this program, the Company has adopted tighter controls over spending and centralized certain business processes. During 2023, the Company consolidated two of its leased facilities in the Chicago area to increase efficiencies and reduce overhead costs for engine manufacturing lines.

Strengthen the business through the optimization of business systems and technology

The Company is working to strengthen its business through the optimization of its business systems and technology to support the strengthening of internal controls, improve processes, drive greater operational efficiencies and provide better and timelier decision making across the organization. The Company also continues to work on the enhancement and optimization of its Enterprise Resource Planning system and associated workflows.

Grow the business in the highest return on investment areas

The Company has been a major participant in the power systems market for many years as a supplier to several of the world’s leading power generation companies and through its large custom genset enclosure business. Continuing to build on its broad product offering the Company received EPA certification for its 32L and 40L heavy-duty engines in 2018 and for its 53L heavy-duty engines in 2019. These heavy-duty engines provide a natural-gas-fueled power range from 500 kilowatt-electric (“kWe”) to 1.25 megawatt (“MW”), allowing it to serve a greater portion of the demand response, microgrid, combined heat and power, and oil and gas markets. Additionally, in 2019, the Company received EPA emergency standby certification for its 20L, 40L and 53L diesel engines, which provide a power range of 550 kWe to 1.65 MW. These diesel engines are largely designed for power systems market applications including emergency power, wastewater treatment, and oil and gas exploration and production. Also, the engines can handle mission critical customer operations in the health care, data center, hospitality and transportation industries. In addition to dedicating significant R&D resources within the power systems end market, the Company has also strategically invested in expanding its management, sales and operations staff to support these efforts. The Company’s heavy-duty engines have historically provided better margins.

Capitalize on key market trends

The Company’s breadth of products and solutions will enable it to capitalize on numerous market trends that it believes have the potential to drive customer demand for its products and contribute toward its long-term growth. Further, the Company’s R&D activity is largely focused on expanding its solutions to further address trends in these areas. The key trends include the following:

•the worldwide growth of intermittent sources of energy, such as wind and solar, and an aged electric grid in the United States, coupled with power outage activity due to weather or power shutdowns, are driving increased demand for generators, microgrids and demand response equipment;

•increasingly stringent regulations and growing efforts to reduce emissions are driving demand for clean energy and alternatives to diesel power engines (e.g., EPA Tier 4 emission standards, CARB regulations, MEE policies in China, and grants, rebates and other incentives for adopting clean energy applications), in several markets such as the power generation market for microgrids and oil and gas applications, school bus and arbor care markets, among others;

•growth in data centers and their increasing demand for electricity, which is driving growth for backup power (commercial generators/microgrids);

•growth in e-commerce activity around the world, which is driving demand for last-mile delivery vehicles; and

•the availability of automotive engines that are suited for industrial application.

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New product expansion by leveraging deep industry experience

Throughout the Company’s history, it has evolved from a provider of diesel power systems to becoming a major supplier of power systems fueled by alternatives to diesel, including gasoline, propane, and natural gas, among others. By leveraging the deep industry experience of its engineering and new-product development teams, the Company is continuing to take steps to broaden the range of its power system product offerings, including engine classes, power ratings and the OEM and direct user market categories into which it supplies products. The Company plans to capitalize on its technologically sophisticated, in-house design, prototyping, testing and application engineering capabilities to further refine its superior power system technology. In 2023, due to increasing demand for new energy and latest market trends, the Company began to offer battery packs for its industrial market.

Leverage the Company’s relationship with Weichai

In March 2017, the Company executed a share purchase agreement (the “SPA”) with Weichai America Corp. Under the terms of the SPA, Weichai invested $60.0 million in the Company (the “Weichai Transactions”) by purchasing a combination of newly issued Common Stock and preferred stock, par value $0.001 (the “Preferred Stock”), as well as a stock purchase warrant, which significantly strengthened the Company’s financial condition and contributed to the extinguishment of its $60.0 million term loan in 2017. Weichai has also provided support for PSI’s business and operations through various shareholder loan agreements as described in Part II, Item 7. Liquidity and Capital Resources.

The Company and Weichai also entered into a strategic collaboration agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) under which they have been working together to accelerate market opportunities for each company’s respective product lines across various geographic and end-user markets. On March 22, 2023, the Collaboration Agreement was extended for an additional term of three years.

The Collaboration Agreement provides the Company with strategic benefits and opportunities, including the ability to leverage Weichai’s strengths and capabilities in R&D, manufacturing, procurement and distribution and its widespread sales channels in China and other emerging markets. This collaboration has enabled the Company to broaden its existing product portfolio, improve material quality, decrease costs, accelerate the development of new products and bring them to market, and expand access and exposure to new markets.

Also, through the Company’s relationship with Weichai, it has access to Weichai’s ‘New Energy’ product portfolio and is exploring product diversification opportunities in the areas of battery storage and electrification.

Expand global business

Through the expansion of its product lineup and the entry into new markets, the Company has a history of growing its product offerings internationally beyond North America. The Company sees long-term opportunity in continuing to grow its business worldwide with further R&D investment including new-product development and offerings. In January 2022, PSI and Société Internationale des Moteurs Baudouin (“Baudouin”), a subsidiary of Weichai, entered into an international distribution and sales agreement which enables Baudouin to bring PSI’s power systems line of products into the European, Middle Eastern, and African markets, which resulted in $0.7 million of sales during the year ended December 31, 2023. In addition to sales, Baudouin will manage service, support, warranty claims, and technical requests. The Company believes that this agreement will continue to offer enhanced global growth opportunities, particularly in Europe.

Sales and Marketing

The Company employs a direct sales and marketing approach to maintain maximum interface with and service support for its OEM customers. This direct interface incorporates the corporate internal technical sales representatives. The Company complements its direct OEM relationships with a localized, independent sales and product support organization. This localized sales and support organization provides the necessary knowledge of local customs and requirements while also delivering immediate sales assistance and customer support.

The Company has invested in and is focused on capturing aftermarket sales of the value-added components that are included in its power systems. With a significant portion of the selling prices of the Company’s power systems coming from value-added components, this is a large, continuing growth opportunity for its aftermarket business.

Customers

The Company’s customers primarily include global OEMs and direct end-users across a wide range of applications that demand high product quality, best-in-class engineering support and on-time delivery. Within several applications for which the Company provides solutions, it maintains supplier relationships with customers, which are often among the largest in that category.

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The Company’s largest customer, represented 14% of consolidated net sales in 2023. The largest customer changes from time to time as a result of various factors, including prevailing market conditions, customers’ strategies and inventory of the Company’s power systems.

Competition

Each of the Company’s end markets have a variety of competitors, including engine manufacturers, independent suppliers and distributors of engines, fuel systems and component providers, manufacturers of power generation equipment, engine packagers and integrators, and the in-house operations of certain OEMs, some of which have longer operating histories, strong brand recognition and significantly greater financial and marketing resources.

Notwithstanding significant competition, the Company believes that the following factors provide it with a differentiated value proposition that allows the Company to compete effectively:

•fuel-agnostic strategy;

•demonstrated expertise in on- and off-road applications;

•ability to leverage Weichai’s strengths and capabilities;

•completeness and comprehensiveness of engines and power systems;

•expansive product integrations, including electronics, controls, fuel systems and transmissions;

•commonality of technology platform spanning all product lines;

•emissions regulation compliance and certification;

•breadth and depth of advanced engineering disciplines;

•industry-leading product and application engineering;

•competitive pricing/cost;

•ability to tailor power systems to specific customer needs;

•performance and quality;

•speed to market; and

•customer support and service.

Manufacturing

The Company manufactures and assembles its products at facilities in suburban Chicago, Illinois, as well as in Darien and Beloit, Wisconsin, and customizes its power systems to meet specific requirements of OEM applications and the needs of its OEM customers. The Company has invested in precision computer numerical control (“CNC”) machining equipment to finish its internally designed engine blocks and cylinder heads, which are cast by various suppliers. The manufacturing lines in the Company’s production facilities are technologically sophisticated, lean, agile and flexible, and the Company allocates production capacity on its mixed model manufacturing lines to accommodate the demand levels and product mix required by its OEM customers.

The Company focuses on safety, people, quality, on-time delivery, cost and environment in its manufacturing operations. The Company is certified to the most recent International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) standard, ISO 9001: 2015. The ISO 9000 family of quality management standards, which must be met in order to become ISO certified, is designed to help organizations monitor and improve the quality and delivery of their products and/or services to their customers. The Company also uses tools such as Six Sigma, Lean Manufacturing, 80/20, Value Stream Mapping and other manufacturing engineering strategies to help manage its business, build quality, drive performance and continually improve culture within the manufacturing operations’ teams. The Company also uses a customer relationship management database to help collect customer feedback and to track overall quality performance at its OEM customers. Structured staff training is a constant priority and includes closed-loop quality monitoring and feedback systems.

Research, Development and Engineering

The Company’s research, development and engineering programs are focused on new product development, enhancements to current products, in addition to performance and quality improvements across its product lines. Its efforts are market driven, with the sales team identifying and defining market requirements and trends and its engineering and new-product development groups reviewing existing power system portfolios and developing new solutions that build upon the technology within that portfolio.

The Company’s product and application development engineering teams include in-house mechanical and electrical engineering functions, including advanced engine modeling, simulation, analysis and testing. Internal resources are supplemented with engineering outsourcing relationships for design, development and product testing. In addition to these engineering outsourcing relationships, the Company benefits from the design, development and testing capabilities of its supplier base. The Company staffs its engineering support activities associated with released product and component sourcing programs with dedicated internal engineering personnel.

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Research, development and engineering expenditures include salaries, contractor fees, building costs, utilities, testing, information technology and administrative expenses and are expensed, net of contract reimbursements, when incurred. From time to time, the Company enters into agreements with its customers to fund a portion of the research, development and engineering costs of a particular project. These reimbursements are accounted for as a reduction of the related research, development and engineering expenditure. The Company’s net research, development and engineering expenditures for 2023 and 2022 were $19.5 million and $18.9 million, respectively.

Supplier Relationships

In addition to producing its own engines, the Company has established relationships with its suppliers for certain engines that are integrated into its comprehensive power systems, the most significant of which are Doosan Infracore Co., Ltd. (“Doosan”), a subsidiary of Doosan Group, Shenyang Aerospace Mitsubishi Motors Engine Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (“SAME”) and Weichai. The Company also sources other power system components and coordinates design efforts with third-party suppliers for some of its key components. In general, the prices at which the Company purchases engines, components and other raw materials are based on market factors, including the prices offered by other suppliers operating in the same market and the prevailing market prices of raw materials.

The Company aggregates product sourcing efforts across its large and diverse OEM customer base and across industry categories, capitalizing on volume, economies of scale and global supply opportunities. The Company’s customers benefit from the aggregation of its global sourcing, procurement, and assembly and services, obtaining cost benefits that they might not obtain if they were to rely on their own internal resources, capabilities and more limited demand requirements. Through this process, customers are able to streamline their supply base by consolidating procurement and assembly efforts down to a single part number product supplied by the Company. The Company delivers this assembly to its customers production lines ready to install into the customers’ product.

The Company is party to a supply agreement with Doosan, under which it purchases and distributes specified Doosan engines within a territory consisting of the United States, Canada and Mexico. On October 1, 2019, the supply agreement with Doosan was amended and extended to December 31, 2023. Following December 31, 2023 the supply agreement automatically extends for additional one-year terms unless a notice of termination is provided by either party six months prior to the scheduled expiration. On July 1, 2022, the supply agreement was amended to remove exclusivity and the minimum product purchase commitments.

The Company was also party to a supply agreement with SAME, for the exclusive purchase and distribution of engines around the world, with the exception of China (including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan), within the forklift market. Near the end of 2023, the importing of SAME products was suspended as a result of the intensified enforcement and expansion of the UFLPA. The Company is actively working to re-source these products through new channels as quickly as possible to minimize the effect on future sales while maintaining the Company’s high-quality standards.

Product Support

The Company’s dedicated team of product and application engineers enables it to deliver high-quality, responsive technical support to its OEM and end-user customers. The Company provides technical support and training to its customers, including in-plant training and support through web- and phone-based field service. The Company further supports its customers by engaging regional providers to perform warranty services and offer support for its power systems. The Company also leverages its technical resources to provide service and support functions for its power systems sold to OEM customers.

Backlog

Backlog generally is not considered a significant factor in the Company’s business.

Employees and Human Capital

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s workforce consisted of approximately 700 full-time employees. None of the members of the Company’s workforce are represented by a union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

Part of the Company’s values focus on developing and maintaining a world class workforce through personal accountability, teamwork, customer service and innovation. The Company monitors and manages attrition. It approves, through its human resources department, the replacement of key positions that it believes are critical to sustaining improved business performance and analyzes departure data to continually improve upon the experience of employees. Turnover for salaried employees in 2023 was approximately 17.0%. The Company’s talent management and succession planning process includes the identification of key positions based on current and future business strategies, the identification of potential successors, and a plan for talent development.

The Company focuses on attracting and retaining the best employees by providing market competitive pay and benefits. This ensures sustainability of the organization. The Company’s short-term and long-term incentive plans are designed to provide a

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variable pay opportunity to reward the attainment of key financial and operational goals as well as shareholder value creation. In addition to the base and variable pay plans, the Company offers employees other benefits including medical, paid-time off, and retirement savings plans.

Health and safety are also a key priority, as the Company is committed to removing conditions that cause personal injury or occupational illness. Employees participate in training sessions focused on these topics and are encouraged to promote behaviors that protect others from risk of injury. The Company sets annual targets for its Total Recordable Incident Rate (“TRIR”) and Days Away, Restricted or Transferred (“DART”) and regularly reviews these metrics. For 2023, the Company achieved an overall TRIR of 5.9, meaning that for every 100 employees, 0.60 employees incurred an injury that resulted in recordable medical treatment. The DART was 5.5 in 2023, meaning that for every 100 employees, 0.60 individuals experienced an incident that resulted in days away from work or restricted work tasks.

Environmental Matters

The Company’s reporting facilities follow the guidelines required for its federally enforceable state operating permits (FESOP) used with the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA), and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) Type-B permit guidelines. This includes monitoring the emissions produced from these locations as part of the requirements within the states PSI operates. A majority of PSI's current production utilizes traditional utility supply. PSI’s production processes that require product testing rely on liquid propane and natural gas fuels, which produce lower emissions than diesel and gasoline.

The Company is committed to producing high quality products that provide reduced emissions and to operating its facilities in a manner that mitigates their impact on the environment.

For the full year ended 2023, approximately 76% of the engines sold run on either propane or natural gas. Also, the Company has taken the following steps to enhance its sustainability:

•updated most of the interior/exterior lighting in its buildings to LED lighting. As lamps or fixtures burn out or require replacement, they are converted to LED (if not already) as a measure of energy conservation;

•recycling of certain materials including cardboard, metal, wood scrap, used oil and antifreeze, and metal processing coolants and lubricants reclamation;

•reduced loaded hot testing of large displacement engines due to quality improvements (reduces noise, emissions and fuel consumption)

The Company intends to continue exploring additional avenues for greater sustainability through new product development and the exploration of additional operational opportunities.

Impact of Government Regulation

The Company’s power systems are subject to extensive statutory and regulatory requirements that directly or indirectly impose standards governing exhaust emissions, evaporative emissions, greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions and noise. The Company’s power systems are subject to compliance with regulatory standards imposed by the EPA, state regulatory agencies in the United States, including the CARB, and other regulatory agencies around the world, such as the MEE. Because its engines are sold into both off-road and on-road markets, the Company must ensure certification to the specific regulations within the applicable statutory segment. For products sold into the U.S. market, both EPA and CARB have imposed specific regulations on engines used in both off-road equipment and on-road vehicles. These regulations generally serve to restrict exhaust emissions, with a primary focus on oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Exhaust emission regulations for engines used in off-highway industrial and power generation equipment vary based upon the use of the equipment into which the engine is incorporated (such as stationary power generation or mobile off-highway industrial equipment) and the type of fuel used to drive the power system. Similarly, on-road regulations from the EPA and CARB focus on the same exhaust constituents as well as sophisticated requirements to meet on-board diagnostic (“OBD”) system regulations. Emissions of GHGs such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen dioxide are also regulated, with more stringent requirements which started in 2021. The Company continues to make significant investments into the necessary intellectual property that supports full compliance of the Company’s engines now and into the foreseeable future.

The first EPA emissions regulations adopted for diesel engines, known as Tier 1, applied to diesel engines used in mobile off-highway applications in the U.S., and similar standards for diesel engines, known as Stage I regulations, were implemented thereafter in the EU. The EPA and applicable agencies in the EU have continued to develop emissions regulations for diesel engines in the U.S. and the EU, respectively, and have adopted more restrictive standards. The current diesel engine emission requirements in the U.S are known as Tier 4 and are applicable to off-road diesel engines used in industrial equipment. Similarly, the EU has adopted more restrictive standards under its Stage V regulations. Tier 4 and Stage V regulations call for reductions in levels of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen.

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The Company’s entry into the transportation end market began in 2013 with the development of its 8.8L power systems targeted for 2015 regulatory standards. In 2014, the EPA and CARB certified the Company’s new engine as a Model Year 2015 product for liquid propane gas (“LPG”) and compressed natural gas (“CNG”) fuels, and in 2015 the Company launched its first propane-fueled engine for on-road applications. To assist the adoption of alternative-fueled vehicles in the marketplace, the EPA and CARB granted alternative-fueled engines an exemption from OBD regulations until 2018 (CARB) /2019 (EPA). Gasoline engines are not exempt from OBD regulations, therefore, in 2017, the Company achieved full OBD certification for its 2018 and beyond gasoline 6.0L and 8.8L products. The knowledge gained from this gasoline OBD development was applied to the Company’s alternative-fueled engines for 2019 after all OBD exemptions ended as of December 31, 2018. In 2016, the EPA launched new Phase 1 GHG emission regulations. New EPA Phase 2 GHG emission regulations began January 1, 2021.

Historically, the Company’s 6.0L and 8.8L gasoline engines qualified for the small manufacturer exemption for Phase 1 GHG under Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulation Section 1036.150(d). Starting in 2020, as a result of the Weichai ownership change in April 2019, those products no longer qualified for the exemption and had to meet Phase 1 GHG standards. In order to address the impact of the transition of its emission regulation requirements in 2020 and 2021, the Company licensed its technology to a third-party small manufacturer to produce and certify the 6.0L gasoline engine and utilized averaging, banking, and trading compliance provisions for the sale of its 8.8L gasoline engine. The Company ended the program to outsource and sell the certified 6.0L engines effective December 31, 2021. The Company is utilizing averaging, banking, and trading compliance provisions for compliance with the EPA Phase 2 GHG emission regulations.

The initial and ongoing certification requirements vary by power system application and market segment. Each application must undergo a series of rigorous and demanding tests to demonstrate compliance with regulatory standards, including useful life, zero hours and durability testing. Once a power system is certified, regulatory agencies impose ongoing compliance requirements, which include testing newly produced power systems on a regular quarterly schedule to ensure ongoing compliance with applicable regulations. In addition, there are field audit requirements, which require the removal of power systems from service at specified stages of their useful lives to perform confirmatory exhaust emissions testing and/or OBD system audits and testing. All of the Company’s emission-certified power systems meet existing exhaust emission standards of the EPA and CARB. Failure to comply with these standards could result in materially adverse effects on the Company’s future financial results.

Information about the Company’s Executive Officers

The following selected information for each of the Company’s current executive officers was prepared as of March 7, 2024.

Name	Age	Executive Officer Since	Present Position with the Company
C. (Dino) Xykis	64	2020	Chief Executive Officer, Chief Technical Officer
Xun (Kenneth) Li	54	2022	Chief Financial Officer
Randall D. Lehner	52	2024	General Counsel

C. (Dino) Xykis was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer on April 24, 2023, after serving as Interim CEO since June 2, 2022. Mr. Xykis was also appointed as the Company’s Chief Technical Officer on March 15, 2021. He is responsible for the oversight of the Company and its advanced product development, engineering design and analysis, on-highway engineering, applied engineering, emissions and certification, Waterford, Michigan engineering operations, program management and product strategic planning. Since joining the Company in 2010 and until his appointment as Chief Technical Officer in March 2021, Mr. Xykis served as Vice President of Engineering for the Company. He has more than 30 years of professional experience in multi-disciplined engineering areas including senior management and executive positions at various companies including Cummins Inc., a publicly traded company on the NYSE, and Generac Power Systems, a publicly traded company on the NYSE. Mr. Xykis also served as Adjunct Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics at the Milwaukee School of Engineering and previously served on the audit and compensation committees of the Board of Directors of Image Sensing Systems, a publicly traded company on NASDAQ, from 1996 to 2001. Mr. Xykis has also served on the advisory board of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota for the past eight years. Mr. Xykis holds a Bachelor’s degree in Structural Engineering, a Master’s degree in Vibration/Dynamics, and a PhD. in Structural/Applied Mechanics from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

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Xun (Kenneth) Li was appointed as the Chief Financial Officer on August 26, 2022. Mr. Li is an accomplished executive who has more than 20 years of professional experience in the areas of finance, accounting, financial planning & analysis, internal controls and strategy, among others. Most recently, Mr. Li served as Chief Financial Officer for ND Paper, a leading pulp, packaging and paper company, from 2020 to August 2022, where he was a member of the executive leadership management team with primary responsibility for finance, accounting, tax, auditing, treasury, risk management, internal audit, and strategic planning, among other areas, and served as a strategic advisor to the Chief Executive Officer. Prior to this role, Mr. Li was with Caterpillar Inc., a publicly traded company on the NYSE, from 2008 through 2020, where he served in various financial leadership positions, the most recent of which was chief financial officer of the global mining machine product group from 2013 to 2020. Prior to Caterpillar, Mr. Li was with Ford Motor Company, a publicly traded company on the NYSE, where he held finance leadership roles of increasing responsibility, from 2003 to 2008. Mr. Li earned the Masters in Business Administration degree with high distinction and a Master of Science (M.S.) degree in Accounting, both from the University of Michigan. He also holds an M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Oklahoma and a Bachelors of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Shanghai JiaoTong University. Mr. Li is also a certified public accountant in the state of Illinois.

Randall D. Lehner was appointed as the General Counsel on March 4, 2024. Mr. Lehner is an accomplished Legal Counsel who has more than 20 years of legal experience in the areas of complex commercial litigation, arbitration, regulatory compliance, internal controls and strategy, among others. Most recently, from May 2020 to February 2024, Mr. Lehner served as associate general counsel for Guaranteed Rate, LLC, a leading mortgage company, where he was a member of the executive leadership management team with primary responsibility for litigation and legal risk management. Prior to this role, from 2015 through 2020, Mr. Lehner was a partner with Kelly, Drye & Warren, LLP, where his practice focused on commercial litigation, regulatory, internal investigations and government enforcement actions. Prior to Kelly, Drye & Warren, LLP, from 1997 to 2014, Mr. Lehner worked at several other prestigious law firms. Mr. Lehner holds a Juris Doctor degree from Duke University with high honors. He also holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the University of Michigan with high honors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The Company’s business and results of operations are subject to various risks, including those listed below, many of which are not within the Company’s control, which may cause actual financial performance to differ materially from historical or projected future performance. New risks may emerge at any time, and the Company cannot predict those risks or estimate the extent to which they may affect its results of operations.

Macroeconomic and Geopolitical Factors

Adverse global and regional economic conditions may materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

The Company has international operations with sales outside the U.S. representing a 17% of the Company’s total net sales. Further, the Company’s global supply chain is large, complex and a majority of the Company’s supplier facilities, are located outside the U.S. As a result, the Company’s operations and performance depend significantly on global and regional economic conditions.

Adverse macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, slower growth or recession, new or increased tariffs and other barriers to trade, changes to fiscal and monetary policy, tighter credit, higher interest rates, high unemployment and currency fluctuations may materially and adversely affect demand for the Company’s products and services. In addition, spending may be materially and adversely affected in response to financial market volatility, negative financial news, conditions in the real estate and mortgage markets, declines in income or asset values, energy shortages and cost increases, labor and healthcare costs and other economic factors.

Also, uncertainty about, or a decline in, global or regional economic conditions may have a significant impact on the Company’s suppliers, contract manufacturers, logistics providers, distributors, and other channel partners. Potential effects include financial instability; inability to obtain credit to finance operations and purchases of the Company’s products; and insolvency.

A downturn in the economic environment may also lead to increased credit and collectability risk on the Company’s trade receivables; the failure of financial institutions; limitations on the Company’s ability to issue new debt; reduced liquidity; and declines in the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments. These and other economic factors may materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and stock price.

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The Company is exposed to political, economic and other risks, in addition to various laws and regulations that arise from operating a multinational business.

The Company sells products internationally and sources a significant amount of materials from suppliers outside of the U.S. Accordingly, the Company is subject to the political, economic and other risks that are inherent in operating a multinational company, including risks related to the following:

•general economic conditions;

•the imposition of tariffs and other import or export barriers, which could potentially disrupt the Company’s existing supply chains and impose additional costs on the Company’s business;

•trade and technology protection measures;

•compliance with regulations governing import and export activities;

•import and export duties and restrictions;

•currency fluctuations and exchange restrictions;

•transportation delays and interruptions;

•political and economic instability;

•terrorist activities;

•acts of war, including the events currently underway in Ukraine and Israel, which could lead to volatility in commodity availability and pricing, access to current or new markets, and general overall market volatility and weakness, among other factors;

•labor unrest;

•natural disasters; and

•public health concerns including the potential negative impacts to suppliers, customers or the Company’s business.

Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business and results of operations.

Also, the Company is subject to, and may become subject to, various state, federal and international laws and regulations governing its business, environmental, labor and trade practices. These laws and regulations, particularly those applicable to the Company’s international operations, are or may be complex, extensive and subject to change. The Company needs to ensure that it and its OEM customers and suppliers timely comply with such laws and regulations, which may result in increased operating costs. Other legislation has been, and may in the future be, enacted in other locations in which the Company manufactures or sells its products. If the Company or its component suppliers fail to timely comply with applicable legislation, its customers may refuse to purchase its products, or it may face increased operating costs as a result of fines or penalties. In connection with complying with such environmental laws and regulations as well as with industry environmental initiatives, the standards of business conduct required by some of its customers and its commitment to sound corporate citizenship in all aspects of its business, the Company could incur substantial compliance and operating costs and be subject to disruptions to its operations and logistics. In addition, if the Company were found to be in violation of these laws or noncompliant with these initiatives or standards of conduct, it could be subject to governmental fines, liability to its customers and damage to its reputation and corporate brand, any of which could cause its financial condition or results of operations to suffer.

The Company utilizes a global supply chain to source products, including engines, components and materials, which may subject it to tariffs, including U.S. tariffs imposed on imports from China. The Company also sells its products on a global basis, and therefore its export sales could be impacted by tariffs.

Several of the Company’s products are sourced internationally, including from China, where the U.S. has imposed tariffs on specified products imported from China. These tariffs have an impact on the Company’s material costs and have the potential to have an even greater impact, depending on the outcome of future trade negotiations and policies. The Company is evaluating U.S. government policy, which is subject to change in the current negotiating environment, pricing, its supply chain and its operational strategies to mitigate the impact of these tariffs; however, there can be no assurances that any mitigation strategies employed will remain available under government policy or that the Company will be able to offset tariff-related costs or maintain competitive pricing of its products. Further, the imposition of tariffs on imports from China and other countries have the potential to materially and adversely impact the Company’s sales, profitability and future product launches. The Company

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also sells its products on a global basis; and, therefore, its export sales could be impacted by the tariffs. Any material reduction in sales may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

We may incur fines or penalties, damage to our reputation or other adverse consequences if our employees, suppliers, sub-suppliers or other contract parties, agents or business partners violate anti-bribery, competition, export and import, trade sanctions, data privacy, environmental, human rights or other laws.

We are subject to regulation under a wide variety of U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. laws, regulations and policies, including laws related to anti-corruption, human rights, anti-bribery, export and import compliance, trade sanctions, data privacy, anti-trust and money laundering, due to our domestic and global operations. In particular, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business, and we operate in many parts of the world that have experienced government corruption to some degree. We cannot provide assurance our internal controls will always protect us from the improper conduct of our employees, suppliers, sub-suppliers or other contract parties, agents and business partners. Violations of these laws, which are complex, may conflict with laws of other jurisdictions and often are difficult to interpret and apply, could subject us to civil or criminal investigations in the United States and other jurisdictions, could lead to substantial civil or criminal, monetary and non-monetary penalties and related stockholder lawsuits, could lead to increased costs of compliance and could damage our reputation, business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Liquidity and Indebtedness

The Company’s management has concluded as of the filing of this 2023 Annual Report that, due to uncertainty surrounding the Company’s ability to extend or refinance its current debt agreements and uncertainty as to whether it will have sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, substantial doubt exists as to its ability to continue as a going concern. The Company’s plans to alleviate the substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern may not be successful, and it may be forced to limit its business activities or be unable to continue as a going concern, which would have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $144.8 million of total borrowings outstanding under its debt arrangements with Standard Chartered Bank (“Standard Chartered”) and Weichai. On March 24, 2023, the Company amended and restated its $130.0 million uncommitted senior secured revolving credit agreement with Standard Chartered, the Third Amended and Restated Uncommitted Revolving Credit Agreement (the "Credit Agreement")”, which extends the maturity date of loans outstanding under its previous credit facility to the earlier of March 22, 2024 or the demand of Standard Chartered. The $130.0 million Credit Agreement is subject to customary events of default and covenants and is secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets. In addition, Standard Chartered has the right to demand payment of any and all outstanding borrowings and other amounts outstanding at any point in time at its discretion.

During 2023, the Company also amended four shareholder’s loan agreements with Weichai, to among other things, extend the maturities thereof. The first amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (the "first Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement") continues to provide the Company with a $130.0 million subordinated loan under which Weichai is obligated to advance funds solely for purposes of repaying outstanding borrowings under the $130.0 million Credit Agreement if the Company is unable to pay such borrowings. The maturity of the first Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement was extended to April 25, 2024. The second amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (the “second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement”) continues to provide the Company with a $25.0 million subordinated loan at the discretion of Weichai and matures on May 20, 2024. The third amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (the “third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement”) continues to provide the Company with access to up to $50.0 million of credit at the discretion of Weichai and matures on November 30, 2024. The fourth amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (the “fourth Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement”) continues to provide the Company with access to up to $30.0 million of credit at the discretion of Weichai and matures on March 31, 2024. All of the amended shareholder loan agreements with Weichai are subject to customary events of default and covenants. The Company has covenanted to secure any amounts borrowed under either of the agreements upon payment in full of all amounts outstanding under the $130.0 million Credit Agreement.

Without additional financing, the Company anticipates that it will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to repay amounts owed under its existing debt arrangements as they become due. In order to provide the Company with a more permanent source of liquidity, management plans to seek an extension and amendment and/or replacement of its existing debt agreements or seek additional liquidity from its current or other lenders before the maturity dates in 2024. There can be no assurance that the Company’s management will be able to successfully complete an extension and amendment of its existing debt agreements or obtain new financing on acceptable terms, when required or if at all. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of the Company’s efforts to address these issues.

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Furthermore, if the Company cannot raise capital on acceptable terms, it may not, among other things, be able to do the following:

•continue to expand the Company’s research and product investments and sales and marketing organization;

•expand operations both organically and through acquisitions; and

•respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements.

The Company’s management has concluded that, due to uncertainties surrounding the Company’s future ability to refinance, extend and amend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and other requirements under the Credit Agreement and other outstanding debt, in the future, substantial doubt exists as to its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. The Company’s plans to alleviate the substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern may not be successful, and it may be forced to limit its business activities or be unable to continue as a going concern, which would have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern and contemplating the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on generating profitable operating results, having sufficient liquidity, maintaining compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement and shareholder loan agreements, in the future, and extending and amending, refinancing or repaying the indebtedness outstanding under the Company’s existing debt arrangements.

The Company has a significant amount of indebtedness and is highly leveraged. Its existing debt or any potential new debt could adversely affect its business and growth prospects.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s total debt obligations, including indebtedness under agreements with Standard Chartered and Weichai, was $145.2 million. The Company’s debt arrangements contain and may contain in the future certain requirements, including specific financial and other covenants or restrictions. The failure or the inability to meet such obligations under existing debt or any new debt could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business and financial condition. In addition, the Company’s debt obligations could make it more vulnerable to adverse economic and industry conditions and could limit its flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in its business and the industries in which it operates. The Company’s indebtedness and the cash flow needed to satisfy its debt obligations and the covenants contained in current and potential future debt agreements could have important consequences, including the following:

•limiting funds available for borrowing through the imposition of availability blocks;

•limiting funds otherwise available for financing capital expenditures by requiring dedication of a portion of cash flows from operating activities to the repayment of debt and the interest on such debt;

•limiting the ability to incur additional indebtedness;

•limiting the ability to capitalize on significant business opportunities, including mergers, acquisitions and other strategic transactions;

•making the Company more vulnerable to rising interest rates or higher interest rates; and

•making the Company more vulnerable in the event of a downturn in its business.

The Company’s Credit Agreement places limitations on its ability to make acquisitions and restricts its ability to incur additional indebtedness, while certain loan agreements with Weichai place limitations or restrictions on the Company’s usage of borrowed funds. Any future failure by the Company to comply with the financial covenants set forth under the Company’s debt agreements, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of debt maturities or prevent the Company from accessing availability. If the maturity of the indebtedness is accelerated, the Company may not have sufficient cash resources, or have the ability to obtain financing through alternative resources, to satisfy its debt and other obligations, and the Company may not be able to continue as a going concern.

Litigation

Limitations of the Company’s Directors’ and Officers’ liability insurance and potential indemnification obligations will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Under its bylaws and certain indemnification agreements, the Company has obligations to indemnify current and former officers and directors and certain current and former employees. Expenses that may occur in the future and/or liabilities that may be imposed in connection with actions against certain of the Company’s past and present directors and officers and certain current and former employees who are entitled to indemnification would be funded by the Company with its existing cash

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resources. The Company has incurred less than $0.1 million related to its indemnification obligation in 2023 and 2022 combined. With a verdict reached in the USAO trial matter involving former officers and employees in September 2021, coupled with a settlement reached in the SEC matter involving former officers and employees in June 2022, the Company’s potential future costs for indemnity obligations related to these matters should cease. The Company has approximately $8.8 million accrued for the reimbursement to Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America (“Travelers”) related to the matter involving former officers and employees. The Company entered into a new directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy, which expires in July 2024.

Financial Condition, Results of Operations, and Cash Flows

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately determine our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, our stockholders could lose confidence in our financial results, which could materially and adversely affect us.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud. There is no assurance that material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in internal controls will not be identified in the future or that we will be successful in adequately remediating any such material weaknesses and significant deficiencies. We may in the future discover areas of our internal controls that need improvement. We have had material weaknesses in our internal controls in the past and we cannot be certain that we will be successful in maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting and financial processes in the future. The existence of any material weakness or significant deficiencies would require management to devote significant time and incur significant expense to remediate any such material weaknesses or significant deficiencies, and management may not be able to remediate any such material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in a timely manner. The existence of any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could also result in errors in our financial statements that could require us to restate our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, subject us to investigations from regulatory authorities or cause stockholders to lose confidence in our reported financial information, all of which could materially and adversely affect us.

The Company could incur restructuring and impairment charges as it evaluates its portfolio of assets and identifies opportunities to restructure its business to optimize its cost structure.

The Company continuously evaluates its portfolio of assets and its operational structure in an effort to identify opportunities to optimize its cost structure as a result of its on-going business needs and its high warranty costs. These actions could result in restructuring and related charges, including but not limited to asset impairments and employee termination costs, any of which could be significant and could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations.

The Company has substantial amounts of long-lived assets, including goodwill and intangible assets, which are subject to periodic impairment analysis and review. Identifying and assessing whether impairment indicators exist, or if events or changes in circumstances have occurred, including market conditions, operating results, competition and general economic conditions requires significant judgment. Declines in profitability due to changes in volume, market pricing, cost or the business environment could result in charges that could have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. Significant adverse changes to the Company’s business environment and future cash flows could cause the recognition of impairment charges, which could be material, in future periods.

The Company is subject to price increases in some of the key components in its power systems.

The prices of some of the key components of the Company’s power systems are subject to fluctuation due to market forces, including changes in the costs of raw materials incorporated into these components. Such price increases occur from time to time due to spot shortages of commodities, increases in labor costs or longer-term shortages due to market forces. In particular, the prices of certain precious metals, such as palladium and rhodium, used in emissions-control systems fluctuate frequently and often significantly. Substantial increases in the prices of raw materials used in components that the Company sources from suppliers may result in increased prices charged by suppliers. If the Company incurs price increases from suppliers for key components in its power systems, production costs will increase, and given competitive market conditions, or contractual limitations, the Company may not be able to pass all or any of those cost increases on to OEM customers in the form of higher sales prices. To the extent that its competitors do not suffer comparable component cost increases, the Company may have even greater difficulty passing along price increases, and the Company’s competitive position may be harmed. As a result, increases in costs of key components may adversely affect the Company’s margins and otherwise adversely affect its results of operations.

Many of the Company’s power systems involve long and variable design and sales cycles.

The design and sales cycle for customized power systems, from initial contact with potential OEM customers to the commencement of shipments, may be lengthy. Customers generally consider a wide range of solutions before making a decision to purchase power systems. Before an OEM commits to purchase power systems, they often require a significant technical review, assessment of competitive products and approval at a number of management levels within their organization.

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During the time the Company’s customers are evaluating its products, the Company may incur substantial sales and marketing, engineering, and research and development expenses to customize the power systems to the customer’s needs.

Warranty, Safety Standards, and Emissions

The Company could suffer warranty claims or be subject to product liability claims, both of which could materially adversely affect its business.

The Company’s power systems are sophisticated and complex, and the success of the power systems is dependent, in part, upon the quality and performance of key components, such as engines, fuel systems, generators, breakers, and complex electrical components and associated software. The Company may incur liabilities for warranty claims as a result of defective products or components, including claims arising from defective products or components provided by its suppliers that are integrated into its power systems.

The provisions the Company makes for warranty accruals may not be sufficient, or it may be unable to rely on a warranty provided by a third-party manufacturer or recover costs incurred associated with defective components or products provided by its suppliers. The Company may recognize additional expenses as a result of warranty claims in excess of its current expectations. Such warranty claims may necessitate a redesign, re-specification, a change in manufacturing processes and/or a recall of its power systems, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations and on existing or future sales of its power systems and other products. Even in the absence of any warranty claims, a product deficiency such as a manufacturing defect or a safety issue may necessitate a product recall, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations and on existing or future sales.

The Company is exposed to potential product liability claims that are inherent to natural gas, propane, gasoline and diesel and products that use these fuels. Natural gas, propane, diesel and gasoline are flammable and are potentially dangerous products. Any accidents involving the Company’s power systems could materially impede widespread market acceptance and demand for its power systems. In addition, the Company may be subject to a claim by end-users of its OEM customers’ products or others alleging that they have suffered property damage, personal injury or death because its power systems or the products of its customers into which its power systems are integrated did not perform adequately. Such a claim could be made whether or not the Company’s power systems perform adequately under the circumstances. From time to time, the Company may be subject to product liability claims in the ordinary course of business, and it carries a limited amount of product liability insurance for this purpose. However, current insurance policies may not provide sufficient or any coverage for such claims, and the Company cannot predict whether it will be able to maintain insurance coverage on commercially acceptable terms.

The Company and its products are subject to numerous environmental and regulatory policies, including emission and fuel economy rules.

The Company’s business is affected by government environmental policies, mandates and regulations around the world, most significantly with respect to emission standards in the United States. Examples of such regulations include those that (i) restrict the sale of power systems that do not meet emission standards and (ii) impose penalties on sellers of noncompliant power systems.

The Company generally must obtain product certification from both the EPA and the CARB to sell its products in the United States. The Company may attempt to expand sales of its certified power systems to OEMs that sell their products in other countries, which may also have stringent emissions requirements. Accordingly, future sales of the Company’s products will depend upon its products being certified to meet the existing and future air quality and energy standards imposed by the relevant regulatory agencies. While the Company incurs significant research and development costs to ensure that its products comply with emission standards and meet certification requirements in the regions in which its products are sold, the Company cannot provide assurance that its products will continue to meet those standards. The failure to comply with certification requirements would not only adversely affect future sales but could result in the recall of products or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

The adoption of new, more stringent and burdensome government emissions regulations, whether at the foreign, federal, state or local level, in markets in which the Company supplies power systems may require modification of emission certification and other manufacturing processes for its power systems. The Company might incur additional and/or unanticipated expenses in meeting future compliance requirements, and it may be required to increase its research and product development expenditures. Increases in such costs and expenses could necessitate increases in the prices the Company charges for its power systems, which could adversely affect demand for such power systems. There are no assurances that the Company will have adequate financial or technical resources in the future to maintain compliance with government emissions standards.

Prior to 2020, the Company’s 6.0L and 8.8L gasoline engines qualified for the small manufacturer exemption for Phase 1 GHG under Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulation Section 1036.150(d). In order to address the impact of the transition of its emission regulation requirements in 2021, the Company licensed its technology to a third-party small manufacturer to produce and certify the 6.0L gasoline engine and utilized averaging, banking, and trading compliance provisions for the sale of its 8.8L

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gasoline engine. The Company ended the program to outsource and sell the certified 6.0L engines effective December 31, 2021. New EPA Phase 2 GHG regulations began January 1, 2021. The Company is meeting Phase 2 GHG standards utilizing averaging, banking, and trading compliance provisions. Future changes to the regulations and/or failure of the Company to comply with the regulations could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

Supply Chain

The Company is dependent on third-party suppliers, and the partial or complete loss of one of these key suppliers, or the failure to find replacement suppliers or manufacturers in a timely manner, could result in supply shortages.

The Company sources engines, components and replacement parts used in the assembly of its power systems and aftermarket sales from various third-party suppliers. Much of the technology incorporated into the components that the Company sources from a limited number of suppliers is technologically sophisticated, and the Company does not believe that its competitors have access to some of this sophisticated technology. The Company’s business could be harmed by adverse changes in its relationships with these suppliers if its competitors gain access to such technology. The viability of certain key third-party suppliers, or the exiting by certain suppliers of certain business lines, could require the Company to find other suppliers for materials or components. Some components cannot be quickly or inexpensively re-sourced to another supplier due to long lead times and contractual commitments that might be required by another supplier in order to provide the components or materials. Any extended delay in receiving engines or other critical components, or the inability of third-party suppliers to meet the Company’s quality, quantity or cost requirements, could impair or prohibit the Company’s ability to deliver products to its OEM customers.

The statute compliance disruptions associated with goods shipped from certain regions in China could cause supply chain interruptions and raw material shortages.

In December 23, 2021, the UFLPA became law in the United States. The UFLPA, among other matters, prohibits the import of goods from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China. In July 2023, the Company began experiencing delays in the imports of raw materials directly related to the UFLPA. Near the end of 2023, the importing of certain forklift products was suspended because of the intensified enforcement and expansion of the UFLPA. The Company is actively working to re-source these products through new channels as quickly as possible to minimize the effect on future sales while maintaining the Company’s high-quality standards. Statute compliance disruptions could continue in the future and could result in further delay of importing raw materials needed to fulfil future orders while the Company works to comply with requests in regards to the UFLPA.With the ongoing enforcement and expansion of the UFLPA, the Company has increased the vetting of new and existing vendors with links to the applicable areas to mitigate the likelihood of future disruption of imports.

Growth and Profitability

The market for alternative-fueled, spark-ignited power systems may not continue to develop as expected.

The continued market acceptance and growth of the market for efficient alternative-fueled, spark-ignited power systems, including natural gas, propane and gasoline, is a key tenet of the Company’s growth strategy. The impact of diesel emission regulations is expected to increase the cost and complexity of diesel power systems, but this may not materialize to the expected extent or at all. Also, customers, or potential customers, may not substitute natural gas-, propane- and gasoline-powered power systems for diesel power systems in response to these regulations. In addition, to the extent that diesel power system manufacturers develop the ability to design and produce emission-compliant diesel power systems that are more competitive than the Company’s alternative-fueled power systems, customers and potential customers may be less likely to substitute alternative-fueled power systems for diesel power systems. Furthermore, if alternative-fueled power systems are substituted for diesel power systems, there can be no assurance that the Company’s power systems would capture any portion of the potential market increase. If the industrial OEM market generally, or more specifically any of the OEM categories that represent a significant portion of the Company’s business or in which it anticipates significant growth opportunities for its power systems, fails to develop or develops more slowly than the Company anticipates, its business could be materially adversely affected. Lastly, the Company also faces competition from other forms of power systems, including electrification and fuel cells, for example, which could limit its ability to grow in the future.

The Company may be impacted by volatility of oil and gas prices and/or fuel price differentials.

The prices of various fuel alternatives are subject to fluctuation, based upon many factors, including global supply and demand, changes in resource base, pipeline transportation capacity for natural gas, refining capacity for crude oil, and government excise and fuel tax policies. The price differential among various fuel alternatives can impact OEMs and their decisions on which, if any, power systems they purchase from the Company. Furthermore, if OEMs do decide to purchase the Company’s power systems, relative fuel prices may affect which power systems they purchase, and the margins can vary significantly among the Company’s various power systems.

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The Company may be affected by the price of oil and gas. For example, when the price of oil declines, oil becomes a more favorable source of fuel in the short term, and alternative fuel and energy producers suffer as a result. This volatility, as with any commodity, will occur from time to time and may adversely affect the Company’s business.

Also, a significant portion of the Company’s sales and profitability has historically been derived from sales of products that are used in the oil and gas industry, primarily in support of operating wells. Various factors, such as capital allocation strategies, oil pricing, rig counts, and governments policies, among others, could lead oil and gas producers curtail or limit capital expenditures as was experienced in both 2022 and 2023. In addition, oil and gas producers may cease or suspend production at well sites that have or are likely to become unprofitable. As a result, sales of the Company’s products could be severely impacted during periods of a prolonged depression in energy prices, rig counts and capital expenditures which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. The Company estimates that as much as approximately $72.1 million and $47.0 million of its 2023 and 2022 net sales, respectively, were attributable to the sale of products used within the oil and gas industry. The potential impact of future disruptions, continued economic uncertainty, and depressed crude oil prices and low rig count levels may have a significant adverse impact that may result in the recognition of material impairments or other related charges.

The introduction of new products, including new engines that the Company develops, and the continued expansion of products in the power systems and transportation markets may not succeed or achieve widespread acceptance.

The Company’s growth depends on its ability to develop and/or acquire new products and/or refine existing products and power system technology, to complement and enhance the breadth of its power system offerings with respect to engine class and the OEM market categories into which the Company supplies its products. The Company will generally seek to develop or acquire new products, or enhance existing products and power system technology, if it believes such acquisitions or enhancements will provide significant additional sales and favorable profit margins. However, the Company cannot know beforehand whether any new or enhanced products will successfully penetrate target markets. There can be no assurance that newly developed or acquired products will perform as well as the Company expects, or that such products will gain widespread adoption among the Company’s customers.

Additionally, there are greater design and operational risks associated with new products. The inability of the Company’s suppliers to produce technologically sophisticated components for new engines and power systems, the discovery of any product or process defects or failures associated with production of any new products, and any related product returns could each have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business and its results of operations. If new products that the Company expends significant resources to develop or acquire are not successful, or such products do not achieve the required production volume and scale, its business could be adversely affected.

The Company’s strategy includes production of in-house developed and manufactured engines used by OEM customers, including large transportation OEMs. The costs and regulations involved with developing and certifying an engine for transportation applications are significant and may be higher and more stringent than expected. Additionally, the stresses and demands on engines and power systems used for transportation applications could result in unexpected issues. The discovery of any significant problems with these engines could result in recall campaigns, additional warranty costs, potential product liability claims, and reputational and brand risks. Sales of the Company’s internally developed engines could lead to significantly higher warranty costs to service these engines if they do not perform to expectations.

The Company’s OEM customers may not continue to outsource their power system needs.

The purchasers of the Company’s power systems are OEMs that manufacture a wide range of applications and equipment that include standby and prime power generation, demand response, microgrid, combined heat and power, utility power, arbor equipment, material handling (including forklifts), agricultural and turf, construction, pumps and irrigation, compressors, utility vehicles, light- and medium-duty vocational trucks, and school and transit buses. As a result of the significant resources and expertise required to develop and manufacture emission-certified power systems, certain of these customers have historically chosen to outsource production of power systems to the Company. To a significant extent, the Company depends on OEMs continuing to outsource design and production of power systems, power system components and subsystems. OEM customers may not continue to outsource as much or any of their power system production in the future. Increased levels of OEM vertical integration could result from a number of factors, such as shifts in the Company’s customers’ business strategies, acquisition by a customer of a power system manufacturer or the emergence of low-cost production opportunities in foreign countries. Any number of these factors could have an adverse impact on the Company’s business.

The Company currently faces, and will continue to face, significant competition.

The market for the Company’s products and related services is highly competitive, subject to rapid change and sensitive to new-product and service introductions and changes in technical requirements. New developments in power system technology may negatively affect the development or sale of some or all of the Company’s power systems or make them noncompetitive or obsolete. Other companies, some of which have longer operating histories, greater name recognition and significantly greater

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financial and marketing resources than the Company, are currently engaged in the development of products and technologies that are similar to, or may be competitive with, certain of the Company’s products and power system technologies. If the markets for its products grow as the Company anticipates, competition may intensify, as existing and new competitors identify opportunities in such markets.

The Company faces competition from companies that employ current power system technologies, and it may face competition in the future from additional companies as new power system technologies are adopted. Additionally, the Company may face competition from companies developing technologies such as cleaner diesel engines, biodiesel, fuel cells, electrification, advanced batteries and hybrid battery/internal combustion power systems. The Company may not be able to incorporate such technologies into its product offerings, or it may be required to devote substantial resources to do so. The success of its business depends in large part on its ability to provide single assembly, integrated, comprehensive, technologically sophisticated power systems to its customers. The development or enhancement by its competitors of similar capabilities could adversely affect the Company’s business.

Technology and Intellectual Property

Failure to keep pace with technological developments may adversely affect the Company’s operations.

The Company is engaged in an industry that will be affected by future technological developments. The Company’s success will depend upon its ability to develop and introduce, on a timely and cost-effective basis, new products, applications and processes that keep pace with technological developments and address increasingly sophisticated customer requirements. The Company may not be successful in identifying, developing and marketing new products, applications and processes, and product or process enhancements. The Company may experience difficulties that could delay or prevent the successful development, introduction and marketing of product or process enhancements or new products, applications or processes. The Company’s products, applications or processes may not adequately meet the requirements of the marketplace and achieve market acceptance. If the Company were to incur delays in developing new products, applications or processes, or product or process enhancements, or if its products do not gain market acceptance, its results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

The Company could fail to adequately protect its intellectual property rights or could face claims of intellectual property infringement by third parties.

The Company believes that the success of its business depends, in substantial part, upon its proprietary technology, information, processes and know-how. The Company does not own any material patents and relies on a combination of trademark and trade secret laws, along with confidentiality agreements, contractual provisions and licensing arrangements, to establish and protect its intellectual property rights. Despite the Company’s efforts to protect its intellectual property rights, existing laws afford only limited protection, and the Company’s actions may be inadequate to protect its rights or to prevent others from claiming violations of their proprietary rights. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not protect the Company’s proprietary rights as fully or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. The unauthorized use of the Company’s intellectual property rights and proprietary technology by others could materially harm its business.

In addition, the Company cannot be certain that its products, services and power system technologies, including any intellectual property licensed from third parties for use therein or incorporated into components that it sources from its suppliers, do not, or in the future will not, infringe or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of third parties. In the future, the Company may be subject to infringement claims that may result in litigation. Successful infringement claims against the Company could result in substantial monetary liability, require the Company to enter into royalty or licensing arrangements, or otherwise materially disrupt the conduct of the Company’s business. In addition, even if the Company prevails in the defense of any such claims, any such litigation could be time-consuming and expensive to defend or settle and could materially adversely affect its business.

Human Capital

The loss of key members of management or failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel could, in the future, affect the Company’s business results.

The Company’s success depends on its ability to attract, retain and motivate a highly-skilled and diverse management team and workforce. Failure to ensure that the Company has the depth and breadth of management and personnel with the necessary skill set and experience could impede its ability to deliver growth objectives and execute its operational strategy. Competition for qualified employees among companies that rely heavily upon engineering and technology is at times intense, and the loss of qualified employees could hinder the Company’s ability to conduct research activities successfully and develop marketable products. As the Company continues to expand, it will need to promote and hire additional staff, and, as a result of increased compensation and benefit mandates, it may be difficult to attract or retain such individuals without incurring significant additional costs.

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Common Stock Ownership and Stockholder Influence

Ownership of the Company’s stock is concentrated among certain former employees and Weichai, therefore limiting other stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters.

As of March 7, 2024, Weichai beneficially owned 51.2% of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock. Additionally, Gary S. Winemaster, the Company’s founder, former Chairman of the Board of Directors (the “Board”), former Chief Executive Officer, and President and nonexecutive Chief Strategy Officer, beneficially owned approximately 14.4% of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock, and Kenneth J. Winemaster, the Company’s co-founder and former Executive Vice President, beneficially owned approximately 9.6% of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock. Each of these stockholders, by virtue of their significant equity ownership in the Company, may be able to significantly influence, and, in the case of Weichai, control the outcome of all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors and any merger or other significant corporate transactions. The interests of these stockholders may not coincide with the interests of other stockholders. The concentration of ownership might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of the Company that other stockholders may view as beneficial. Weichai alone owns a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock and, therefore, it possesses voting control over the Company sufficient to prevent any change of control from occurring.

Weichai maintains certain rights through its Investor Rights Agreement with the Company.

Weichai entered into an Investor Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) with the Company upon execution of the SPA. The Rights Agreement provides Weichai with majority representation on the Company’s Board and management representation rights. Weichai currently has four representatives on the Board which constitutes the majority of the directors serving on the Board. According to the Rights Agreement, during any period when the Company is a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NASDAQ Listing Rules, it will take such measures as to avail itself of the “controlled company” exemptions available under Rule 5615 of the NASDAQ Listing Rules of Rules 5605(b), (d) and (e). With Weichai being the majority owner of the Company’s outstanding shares of its Common Stock, Weichai will be able to exercise control over matters requiring stockholders’ approval, including the election of the Directors, amendment of the Company’s Charter and approval of significant corporate transactions. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of the Company or changes in management and will make the approval of certain transactions impractical without the support of Weichai.

The continued delisting of its Common Stock could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

The historical failure to timely file its periodic reports with the SEC resulted in the Company not being in compliance with NASDAQ Listing Rule 5250(c)(1), which requires listed companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports with the SEC, and triggered the delisting of the Company’s Common Stock. The Company’s delisting could have a material adverse effect on the Company by, among other things, reducing:

•the liquidity of its Common Stock;

•the market price of its Common Stock;

•the number of institutional and other investors that will consider investing in its Common Stock;

•the number of market makers in its Common Stock;

•the availability of information concerning the trading prices and volume of its Common Stock;

•the number of broker-dealers willing to execute trades in shares of its Common Stock;

•the Company’s ability to obtain equity financing for the continuation of its operations;

•the Company’s ability to use its equity as consideration in any merger transaction; and

•the effectiveness of equity-based compensation plans for its employees used to attract and retain individuals important to the Company’s operations.

NOLs and Future Tax Payments

The Company’s inability to generate sufficient taxable income in the future may limit the Company’s ability to use net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards to reduce future tax payments.

The Company has NOL carryforwards with which to offset its future taxable income for U.S. federal income tax reporting purposes. If the Company should fail to generate a sufficient level of taxable income prior to the expiration of the NOL carryforward periods, then it will lose the ability to apply the NOLs as offsets to future taxable income. Similar limitations also apply to certain U.S. federal tax credits.

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Unanticipated changes in our effective tax rate, the adoption of new tax legislation or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could adversely affect our profitability.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate and cash tax liability in the future could be adversely affected by the enactment of new tax legislation, changes in the level and mix of earnings in jurisdictions with differing statutory tax rates, and changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities. The carrying value of deferred tax assets, which are predominantly in the United Sates, is dependent on our ability to generate future taxable income in the United States. We are also subject to ongoing tax audits globally. These audits can involve complex issues, which may require an extended period of time to resolve and can be highly judgmental. Tax authorities may disagree with certain of our tax reporting positions and, as a result, assess additional taxes against us. We regularly assess the likely outcomes of these audits to determine the appropriateness of our gross unrecognized tax benefits. The amounts ultimately paid upon resolution of current and future tax audits could be materially different from the amounts previously included in our income tax provision and, therefore, could have a material impact on our income tax provision.

Cyber Risk Factors

The Company is exposed to, and may be adversely affected by, potential security breaches or other disruptions to its information technology systems and data security.

The Company relies on its information technology systems and networks in connection with many of its business activities. The Company’s operations routinely involve receiving, storing, processing and transmitting sensitive information pertaining to its business, customers, dealers, suppliers, employees and other sensitive matters. Cyber incidents could materially disrupt operational systems, result in loss of trade secrets or other proprietary or competitively sensitive information, compromise personally identifiable information regarding customers or employees, and jeopardize the security of the Company’s facilities. A cyber incident could be caused by malicious outsiders using sophisticated methods to circumvent firewalls, encryption and other security defenses. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, the Company may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventive measures. Information technology security threats, including security breaches, computer malware and other cyber-attacks, are increasing in both frequency and sophistication and could create financial liability, subject the Company to legal or regulatory sanctions, or damage its reputation with customers, dealers, suppliers and other stakeholders. The Company continuously seeks to maintain a robust program of information security and controls, but the impact of a material information technology event could have a material adverse effect on its reputation and results of operations.

Item 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 1C.    Cybersecurity.

The Company continuously enhances policies and procedures, and controls to mitigate against the substantial rise in the prevalence of cybersecurity risks and challenges to protect its data.

Risk Management Strategy

The Company’s cybersecurity risk management function is lead by the Vice President of Information Technology, who evaluates processes and activities within the Company’s information technology infrastructure and automated systems. During 2023, the Company completed a detailed assessment to identify all technology and cyber tools currently in place and assessed its information technology personnel’s cybersecurity capabilities and skill sets. During 2023, the Company focused on formalizing cybersecurity procedures and defining standards for risk identification and communication activities. The Company utilizes the National Institute of Standards and Technology guidance in all cybersecurity policies and procedures. Annual training for employees is required as well as ad hoc trainings for specific topics or events as deemed appropriate throughout the year. The Company also has cyber insurance to assist the Company both financially and operationally if a cyber event were to occur. Below is the basic framework used in the Company’s risk management strategy:

•Identify - set of procedures to identify assets to be protected, including computation, data, and integrity;

•Protect - set of procedures to effectively engage and monitor adequate safeguards of critical infrastructure

services;

•Detect - set of activities, tools, and procedures to timely identify anomalies through continuous monitoring;

•Respond - set of activities to effectively respond to and contain detected and confirmed cybersecurity events, and

•Recover - set of activities and procedures to ensure any assets impaired because of a cybersecurity event are restored to use within the stated recovery point/time objectives.

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The Company has taken steps to gain insights into how cybersecurity risk management functions have been integrated into its overall risk management systems and process. Below are the risk management activities regularly performed:

•Cybersecurity, as described above;

•Financial control risk assessment which is a formal part of the annual internal control program;

•Management’s risk assessment associated with the budgeting and strategic planning process;

•Annual update of risk factors in the Company’s Form 10-K by key executives;

•Legal risk assessment associated with our response to the Department of Justice proceeding, and

•A broader fraud risk assessment (also performed as part of the internal control program).

The Company’s information technology and risk management function is highly centralized, with the Corporate Controller and Vice President of Information Technology involved in most of the risk related activities which provides a consistent input throughout risk management activities as well as aiding in identifying dependencies and duplications. The Company engaged a third party who conducted its phishing and penetration tests in 2023. The Company is in the process of implementing new processes, procedures, and tools as a result of the observations from these tests and expects all actions to be implemented during 2024.

The Vice President of Information Technology oversees the population of third-party service providers connected to any of the Company’s networks. The Company obtains a Report on Controls at a Service Organization Relevant to User Entities’ Internal Control over Financial Reporting, Type 2 Report (“SOC-1 Report”) that reports on the fairness of the presentation of the service provider’s description of the service organization’s system and the suitability of the design and operating effectiveness of the controls to achieve the related control objectives throughout a specified period. The SOC-1 Report is reviewed by Internal Audit. The Company limits access to information based on the nature of the services performed by third party service providers which provides a significant level of risk management before third-party access to data.

In 2023, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, despite our efforts, we cannot eliminate all risks from cybersecurity threats, or provide assurances that we have not experienced undetected cybersecurity incidents. We face ongoing risks from certain cybersecurity threats, and we cannot provide assurance that, if those risks materialize, our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition will not be materially affected in the future. For additional information about these risks, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Governance

The Audit Committee of the Board (the “Audit Committee”) has been designated as the board committee with oversight responsibility of cybersecurity as delegated in the Audit Committee charter. The below summarizes the role and the frequency in which the Audit Committee oversees and monitors cybersecurity risks:

•At least annually the Vice President of Technology presents compliance activities related to cybersecurity to the Audit Committee which includes those activities related to compliance with the cybersecurity disclosure regulations;

•Any material breaches would be disclosed to the Audit Committee either in regularly scheduled meetings or in calls with the Chair of the Audit Committee if the communication is urgent;

•Periodically, the Vice President of Information Technology provides updates to the Audit Committee on internal controls surrounding information technology (including cybersecurity);

•The Chair of the Audit Committee provides regular updates during the Audit Committee meeting activities which includes cybersecurity; and

•The Vice President of Information Technology presents updates on the cybersecurity program to the Company’s Board annually.

All cybersecurity events are communicated to the Corporate Controller and Internal Audit Vice President for disclosure considerations. Material and severe occurrences are escalated to the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer for further review, discussion and remediation.

The Vice President of Information Technology is responsible for managing overall cybersecurity and cyber risks, including infrastructure, development, and cybersecurity. The Vice President of Information Technology has extensive and progressive experience in supporting information technology risks and objectives in manufacturing companies equivalent to the Company and is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional from ISC2, a leading association for cybersecurity professionals. The Company’s Vice President of Information Technology is required to have the following qualifications:

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•Asset Security;

•Security Architecture and Engineering;

•Communication and Network Security;

•Identity and Access Management;

•Security Assessment and Testing;

•Security Operations; and

•Software Development Security.

Management is informed about and monitors the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity threats by the Vice President of Information Technology. The Company’s information technology landscape is not large or complex and it has a limited data footprint which allows the Vice President of Information Technology to be directly responsible and stay aware of all incidents. The Company has sufficient tools and processes in place to allow the Vice President of Information Technology to be effective as the central point person of monitoring and reporting incidents.

Item 2.    Properties.

The Company’s operations are located in 8 leased facilities in the United States, totaling approximately 1.0 million square feet of floor space. The Company’s corporate headquarters is located in Wood Dale, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.

The Company’s primary manufacturing, assembly, engineering, research and development, sales and distribution facilities are located in suburban Chicago, Illinois, as well as in Darien and Beloit, Wisconsin.

The Company believes that all of its facilities have been adequately maintained, are in good operating condition and are suitable for its current needs. These facilities are expected to meet the Company’s needs in the foreseeable future.

Item 3.    Legal Proceedings.

See Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies, included in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for a discussion of legal proceedings, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5.    Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity

    Securities.

The Company’s Common Stock traded on the NASDAQ under the symbol “PSIX” from May 28, 2013 through April 18, 2017. The Company’s Common Stock was suspended from trading on NASDAQ effective at the open of business on April 19, 2017 (and subsequently delisted) and began trading on the OTC Pink marketplace (“OTCPink”), operated by OTC Markets Group, Inc. (“OTC Market”) on that date under “PSIX.”

The OTCPink is a quotation system and not a national securities exchange, and many companies have experienced limited liquidity when traded through this quotation system. The quotations represent inter-dealer prices without adjustment for retail markups, markdowns or commissions, and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

As of March 7, 2024, the sale price for the Company’s Common Stock, as reported by the OTC Market, was $2.08 per share.

Holders

As of March 7, 2024, there were approximately 50 holders of record of the Company’s Common Stock.

Dividend Policy

The Company has not paid any cash dividends on its Common Stock to date. The payment of dividends is currently restricted by the Credit Agreement. The Company intends to retain its future earnings to support operations, to finance expansion and reduce debt.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

During 2023 and 2022, the Company did not repurchase any equity securities.

Item 6.    

Reserved

Item 7.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis includes forward-looking statements about the Company’s business and consolidated results of operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, including discussions about management’s expectations for the Company’s business. These statements represent projections, beliefs and expectations based on current circumstances and conditions and in light of recent events and trends, and these statements should not be construed either as assurances of performance or as promises of a given course of action. Instead, various known and unknown factors are likely to cause the Company’s actual performance and management’s actions to vary, and the results of these variances may be both material and adverse. A description of material factors known to the Company that may cause its results to vary, or may cause management to deviate from its current plans and expectations, is set forth under “Risk Factors” in this report. See also “Forward-Looking Statements.” The following discussion should also be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the related Notes included in this report.

Executive Overview

The Company designs, engineers, manufactures, markets and sells a broad range of advanced, emission-certified engines and power systems that run on a wide variety of clean, alternative fuels, including natural gas, propane, and biofuels, as well as gasoline and diesel options, within the power systems, industrial and transportation end markets with primary manufacturing, assembly, engineering, R&D, sales and distribution facilities located in suburban Chicago, Illinois and Darien and Beloit, Wisconsin. The Company provides highly engineered, comprehensive solutions designed to meet specific customer application requirements and technical specifications, including those imposed by environmental regulatory bodies, such as the EPA, the CARB and the MEE.

The Company’s products are primarily used by global OEM and end-user customers across a wide range of applications and equipment that includes standby and prime power generation, demand response, microgrid, combined heat and power, arbor care, material handling (including forklifts), agricultural and turf, construction, pumps and irrigation, compressors, utility vehicles, light- and medium-duty vocational trucks, school and transit buses, and utility power. The Company manages the business as a single reporting segment.

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Net sales by geographic area and by end market for 2023 and 2022 are presented below:

(in thousands)	For the year ended December 31, 2023				For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Geographic Area			% of Total				% of Total
United States	$	378,886	83	%	$	349,488	73	%
North America (outside of United States)	21,265		5	%	16,437		3	%
Pacific Rim	39,822		8	%	80,681		17	%
Europe	13,815		3	%	18,452		4	%
Others	5,185		1	%	16,275		3	%
Total	$	458,973	100	%	$	481,333	100	%

(in thousands)	For the year ended December 31, 2023				For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
End Market			% of Total				% of Total
Power Systems	$	225,106	49	%	$	179,491	37	%
Industrial	160,334		35	%	224,669		47	%
Transportation	73,533		16	%	77,173		16	%
Total	$	458,973	100	%	$	481,333	100	%

During 2023, the Company sold over 33,500 engines of which approximately 76% utilized propane or natural gas as their fuel source and 17% utilized gasoline. The remaining 7% of engines were dual fuel gasoline/propane, diesel and service/base engines. During 2022, the Company sold over 47,000 engines of which approximately 70% utilized propane or natural gas as their fuel source and 12% utilized gasoline. The remaining 18% of engines were dual fuel gasoline/propane, diesel and service/base engines.

Weichai Transactions

The Company sought to expand its range of products and its presence in the Pacific Rim through the Weichai Transactions (see Note 3. Weichai Transactions, included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional information).

The Company and Weichai executed the Collaboration Agreement in order to achieve their respective objectives, enhance the cooperation alliance and share experiences, expertise and resources. Among other things, the Collaboration Arrangement established a joint steering committee, permitted Weichai to second a limited number of technical, marketing, sales, procurement and finance personnel to work at the Company and established several collaborations related to stationary natural-gas applications and Weichai diesel engines. The Collaboration Agreement also provides for the steering committee to create various subcommittees with operating roles and otherwise governs the treatment of intellectual property of parties prior to the collaboration and the intellectual property developed during the collaboration. On March 22, 2023, the Collaboration Agreement was extended for an additional term of three years. The Company’s sales to Weichai were $1.7 million and $0.6 million during 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company purchased $6.2 million and $13.3 million of inventory from Weichai during 2023 and 2022, respectively.

PSI also entered into a series of Shareholder Loan agreements with Weichai. See Note 6. Debt, included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional information.

Incremental Financial Reporting, Internal Control Remediation, and Government Investigation and Other Legal Matter Expenses

Incremental financial reporting, internal control remediation and government investigation and other legal matter expenses consist of professional services fees related to the Company’s efforts to restate prior period financial statements, prepare, audit and file delinquent financial statements, and remediate internal control material weaknesses as well as fees and reserves related to Company, SEC, and USAO investigations. Since August 2016, the Company has experienced a substantial and disruptive diversion of management resources to address various accounting, financial reporting and financial issues. During that time, the Company determined that it was necessary to restate financial results for 2014 and 2015 as well as the first quarter of 2016 and, since then, has also focused on becoming timely on all of its SEC financial reporting requirements, which was achieved with the filing of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Additionally, the SEC and the USAO

27

conducted investigations into the Company’s financial reporting, revenue recognition practices and related conduct. These investigations were completed and settled in September 2020 (see Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies, included in Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional information). Incremental financial reporting, internal control remediation, and government investigation and other legal matter expenses, included in the 2023 and 2022 operating results, were $0.2 million and $3.6 million, respectively.

Recent Trends and Business Outlook

As of the date of this 2023 Annual Report, the Company prudently continues to manage its expenses, including the restriction of all non-essential travel and minimized discretionary expenses and consulting services. The Company continues to review operating expenses, including prioritizing certain R&D investments in support of the Company’s long-term growth objectives. Starting in 2021 and throughout 2023, the Company took rightsizing actions to align its staffing with current needs, while also streamlining certain roles.

By the end of 2022, the global economy had mostly recovered after the global pandemic, COVID-19. The recovery led to challenging market conditions across certain areas of the Company’s business. Average crude oil prices reached the highest average price in five years in 2022 but has since declined while remaining near atop the 5-year averages through 2023. Rig counts in the U.S. oil markets also increased through 2022 but still under pre-pandemic levels as of the end of 2023. Despite increasing rig counts and crude oil prices, the Company believes that capital spending within the areas of the oil and gas market that it participates in, remains below pre-pandemic levels. While the Company saw an increase of sales to customers with traditional exposure to the oil and gas markets during 2023, as compared to the prior year, sales remain below pre-pandemic levels. A significant portion of the Company’s sales and profitability has historically been derived from the sale of products that are used within the oil and gas industry. The Company has seen logistical challenges experienced during prior years of port congestion and shipping delays ease and return to a pre-pandemic state and, excluding any unforeseen events, expects this to continue. However, the Company continues to experience inflationary cost pressures for certain raw materials and other goods which the Company continues to try to mitigate through price increases and other cost reduction measures. Additionally, the Company continues to experience ongoing tariff costs for products and is trying to mitigate these impacts through price increases and other measures, such as seeking certain tariff exclusions, where possible. The potential for continued economic uncertainty and unfavorable oil and gas market dynamics may have a material adverse impact on the levels of future customer orders and the Company’s future business operations, financial condition and liquidity.

In June 2022, the SEC matter concerning former officers and employees was settled. As a result, the Company’s potential future costs for indemnity obligations related to this matter significantly decreased in 2023. Meanwhile, the Company continues to be party to several legal contingencies. See Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies for further discussion of the Company’s indemnification obligations.

The Company expects its sales in 2024 to increase by approximately 3% compared to 2023 levels, as a result of expectations for strong growth in the power systems end market paired with flat sales in the industrial end market and a forecasted reduction in the transportation end markets. Notwithstanding this outlook, which is being driven in part by expectations for stable supply chain dynamics and a continuation of favorable economic conditions within the United States and across the Company’s various markets, the Company cautions that significant uncertainty remains as a result of supply chain challenges, inflationary costs, commodity volatility, and rising interest rates among other factors.

Hyster-Yale Supply Arrangement: Hyster-Yale started sourcing alternative supply beginning in late 2023 for several high-volume engines that the Company currently provides, including the 2.0L and 2.4L engines which was accelerated in part due to supply chain issues from the UFLPA enforcement at the end of 2023. As a result, the Company expects to see a decline in sales volumes to Hyster-Yale in 2024 but believes it is well positioned to continue its relationship in a moderated capacity with this customer in 2024 and beyond.

Strategic Initiatives/Growth Strategies: The Company has initiated various business objectives aimed at improving profitability, streamlining processes, strengthening the business and focusing on achieving growth in higher-return product lines. Central to this plan is the Company’s increased emphasis on power systems product offerings through new product development and investments, in addition to leveraging the Company’s relationship with Weichai. With the introduction of numerous natural gas and diesel engines over the past few years, coupled with its existing strong product lineup, the Company believes that it has a solid foundation to achieve long-term growth, particularly within the power systems market.

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Results of Operations

Results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared with the year ended December 31, 2022:

(in thousands, except per share amounts)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			Change			% Change
Net sales (from related parties $2,449 and $2,749 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	$	458,973		$	481,333		$	(22,360)		(5)	%
Cost of sales (from related parties $1,790 and $2,262 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	353,109			392,770			(39,661)			(10)	%
Gross profit	105,864			88,563			17,301			20	%
Gross margin %	23.1		%	18.4		%	4.7		%
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	19,457			18,896			561			3	%
Research and development expenses as a % of sales	4.2		%	3.9		%	0.3		%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	40,386			42,941			(2,555)			(6)	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses as a % of sales	8.8		%	8.9		%	(0.1)		%
Amortization of intangible assets	1,746			2,124			(378)			(18)	%
Total operating expenses	61,589			63,961			(2,372)			(4)	%
Operating income	44,275			24,602			19,673			80	%
Interest expense (from related parties $7,729 and $4,680 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	17,069			13,028			4,041			31	%
Income before income taxes	27,206			11,574			15,632			135	%
Income tax expense	900			304			596			NM
Net income	$	26,306		$	11,270		$	15,036		133	%
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	1.15		$	0.49		$	0.66		135	%
Diluted	$	1.15		$	0.49		$	0.66		135	%
Non-GAAP Financial Measures:
Adjusted net income *	$	26,552		$	15,735		$	10,817		69	%
Adjusted income per share *	$	1.17		$	0.69		$	0.48		70	%
EBITDA *	$	49,875		$	31,292		$	18,583		59	%
Adjusted EBITDA *	$	50,121		$	35,757		$	14,364		40	%

NM    Not meaningful

*    See reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP results below

Net Sales

Net sales decreased $22.4 million, or 5%, compared to 2022, as a result of sales decreases of $64.3 million and $3.6 million within the industrial and transportation end markets, respectively, partly offset by an increase of $45.6 million in the power systems end market. Decreased industrial end market sales are primarily due to decreases in demand for products used within the material handling and arbor care markets as well as being directly affected by the enforcement of the UFLPA which limited the Company’s ability to import certain raw materials at the end of 2023. The decreased sales within the transportation end market were primarily attributable to lower sales in the school bus market as customer products have evolved and new compliance and regulatory requirements have changed engine product offerings. Higher power systems end market sales are primarily due to increased demand for products across various applications, with the largest increases attributable to products used within the demand response market as well as traditional oil and gas products.

Gross Profit

Gross profit increased by $17.3 million, or 20%, to $105.9 million in 2023, compared to $88.6 million in 2022. Gross margin was 23.1% and 18.4% in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in gross margin is primarily due to improved mix, pricing actions and freight cost management. For the year ended December 31, 2023, warranty costs were $13.0 million, an increase of

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$6.6 million compared to warranty costs of $6.4 million in the same period last year, mainly attributable to changes in estimates for preexisting warranties. A majority of the warranty activity is attributable to products sold within the transportation end market in prior years.

Research and Development Expenses

R&D expenses in 2023 were $19.5 million, an increase of $0.6 million, or 3%, from 2022 levels as a result of the Company’s continued efforts to customize power systems to meet customers’ needs and meet emission and other certificate requirements.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) decreased in 2023 by $2.6 million, or 6%, compared to 2022. The decrease is primarily due to lower legal costs during the period. These decreased costs were partially offset by an increase in incentive compensation expense.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased $4.0 million to $17.1 million in 2023 from $13.0 million in 2022, largely due to lower average outstanding debt, partially offset by higher overall effective interest rates on the Company’s debt. See Note 6. Debt, included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for additional information.

Income Tax Expense

The Company recorded income tax expense of $0.9 million in 2023, an increase of $0.6 million, as compared to an income tax expense of $0.3 million in 2022. The Company’s pretax income was $27.2 million in 2023, compared to pretax income of $11.6 million in 2022. Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 is related primarily to the impact of amended state returns, adjustments to taxes payable, and deferred tax liability related to indefinite lived assets. The Company continues to record a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets which offsets the tax expense and tax benefit associated with the pre-tax income and pre-tax loss for both years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

See Note 11. Income Taxes, included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional information related to the Company’s income tax provision.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to the results provided in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) above, this report also includes non-GAAP (adjusted) financial measures. Non-GAAP financial measures provide insight into selected financial information and should be evaluated in the context in which they are presented. These non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in compliance with U.S. GAAP, and non-GAAP financial measures as reported by the Company may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. The non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, and Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in this report. Management does not use these non-GAAP financial measures for any purpose other than the reasons stated below.

Non-GAAP Financial Measure	Comparable GAAP Financial Measure
Adjusted net income	Net income
Adjusted net income per share	Net income per common share – diluted
EBITDA	Net income
Adjusted EBITDA	Net income

The Company believes that Adjusted net income, Adjusted net income per share, EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA provide relevant and useful information, which is widely used by analysts, investors and competitors in its industry as well as by the Company’s management in assessing the performance of the Company. Adjusted net income is defined as net income as adjusted for certain items that the Company believes are not indicative of its ongoing operating performance. Adjusted net income per share is a measure of the Company’s diluted net earnings per share adjusted for the impact of special items. EBITDA provides the Company with an understanding of earnings before the impact of investing and financing charges and income taxes. Adjusted EBITDA further excludes the effects of other non-cash and certain other items that do not reflect the ordinary earnings of the Company’s operations.

Adjusted net income, Adjusted net income per share, EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA are used by management for various purposes, including as a measure of performance of the Company’s operations and as a basis for strategic planning and forecasting. Adjusted net income, Adjusted net income per share, and Adjusted EBITDA may be useful to an investor because these measures are widely used to evaluate companies’ operating performance without regard to items excluded from the

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calculation of such measures, which can vary substantially from company to company depending on the accounting methods, the book value of assets, the capital structure and the method by which the assets were acquired, among other factors. They are not, however, intended as an alternative measure of operating results or cash flow from operations as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following table presents a reconciliation from Net income to Adjusted net income:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	26,306	$	11,270
Stock-based compensation 1	151		385
Severance 2	—		462
Internal control remediation 3	—		467
Governmental investigations and other legal matters 4	195		3,151
Insurance proceeds 5	(100)		—
Adjusted net income	$	26,552	$	15,735

The following table presents a reconciliation from Net income per common share – diluted to Adjusted net income per share – diluted:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Net income per common share – diluted	$	1.15	$	0.49
Stock-based compensation 1	0.01		0.02
Severance 2	—		0.02
Internal control remediation 3	—		0.02
Governmental investigations and other legal matters 4	0.01		0.14
Adjusted net income per share – diluted	$	1.17	$	0.69
Diluted shares (in thousands)	22,973		22,948

The following table presents a reconciliation from Net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	26,306	$	11,270
Interest expense	17,069		13,028
Income tax expense	900		304
Depreciation	3,854		4,566
Amortization of intangible assets	1,746		2,124
EBITDA	49,875		31,292
Stock-based compensation 1	151		385
Severance 2	—		462
Internal control remediation 3	—		467
Governmental investigations and other legal matters 4	195		3,151
Insurance proceeds 5	(100)		—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	50,121	$	35,757

1.Amounts reflect non-cash stock-based compensation expense.

2.Amounts represent severance and other post-employment costs for certain former employees of the Company.

3.Amounts represent professional services fees related to the Company’s efforts to remediate internal control material weaknesses including certain costs to upgrade IT systems.

4.Amounts include professional services fees and reserves related to legal matters.

5.Amounts include insurance recoveries related to a prior year incident and have no material impact on the Adjusted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

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Cash Flows

Cash was impacted as follows:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		Change		% Change
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	70,512	$	(8,845)	$	79,357	NM
Net cash used in investing activities	(5,020)		(1,354)		(3,666)		NM
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(66,798)		28,367		(95,165)		NM
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	(1,306)	$	18,168	$	(19,474)	(107)	%
Capital expenditures	$	(5,036)	$	(1,354)	$	(3,682)	NM

NM    Not meaningful

Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operations was $70.5 million in 2023 compared to net cash used in operations of $8.8 million in 2022 resulting in an increase of $79.4 million in cash provided by operating activities year-over-year. The increase in cash provided by operating activities primarily resulted from the $15.0 million increase in earnings, reduction in inventory, increased collections on customer accounts receivable and the Company had less cash paid against accounts payable compared to the prior year due to a catch up on payables in the first nine months of 2022, contributing to a $64.9 million increase of cash provided by working capital accounts.

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $5.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to cash used in investing activities of $1.4 million for year ended December 31, 2022, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, cash used in investing activities primarily related to capital expenditures associated with normal maintenance of the Company’s facilities.

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

The Company used $66.8 million in cash from financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $28.4 million in cash generated by financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2022. The cash used by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was a result of repayment of existing debt during the year. Whereas, cash provided in 2022 was primarily attributable to cash received under the shareholder’s loan agreements with Weichai. See additional discussion below and in Note 6. Debt in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data related to the amendments of the Company’s debt arrangements.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company’s sources of funds are cash flows from operations, borrowings made pursuant to our credit facilities, shareholder’s loan agreements, and cash and cash equivalents on hand. Principal uses of funds consist of payments of principal interest on our debt facilities and shareholder’s loan agreements, capital expenditures, and working capital needs.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s total outstanding debt obligations under the Credit Agreement, the second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, the third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, the fourth Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement and for finance leases and other debt were $145.2 million in the aggregate, and its cash and cash equivalents were $22.8 million. See Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 6. Debt, for additional information.

Significant uncertainties exist about the Company’s ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement or shareholder’s loan agreements in the future. Without additional financing, the Company anticipates that it will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to repay the outstanding indebtedness under the Company’s existing debt arrangements as they become due. Management currently plans to seek an extension and/or replacement of its existing debt arrangements or seek additional liquidity from its current or other lenders before the maturity dates in 2024. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to successfully complete a refinancing on acceptable terms or repay this outstanding indebtedness when required or if at all.

By the end of 2022, the global economy had mostly recovered after the global pandemic, COVID-19. The recovery led to challenging market conditions across certain areas of the Company’s business. Average crude oil prices reached the highest average price in five years in 2022 but has since declined while remaining near atop the 5-year averages through 2023. Rig counts in the U.S. oil markets also increased through 2022 but still under pre-pandemic levels as of the end of 2023. Despite increasing rig counts and crude oil prices, the Company believes that capital spending within the areas of the oil and gas market

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that it participates in, remains below pre-pandemic levels. While the Company saw an increase of sales to customers with traditional exposure to the oil and gas markets during 2023, as compared to the prior year, sales remain below pre-pandemic levels. A significant portion of the Company’s sales and profitability has historically been derived from the sale of products that are used within the oil and gas industry. The Company has seen logistical challenges experienced during prior years of port congestion and shipping delays ease and return to a pre-pandemic state and, excluding any unforeseen events, expects this to continue. However, the Company continues to experience inflationary cost pressures for certain raw materials and other goods which the Company continues to try to mitigate through price increases and other cost reduction measures. Additionally, the Company continues to experience ongoing tariff costs for products and is trying to mitigate these impacts through price increases and other measures, such as seeking certain tariff exclusions, where possible. The potential for continued economic uncertainty and unfavorable oil and gas market dynamics may have a material adverse impact on the levels of future customer orders and the Company’s future business operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Lastly, national inflationary pressures have continued to cause interest rates to remain at elevated levels. As a result, the Company’s interest expense has increased and is subject to further increases. Accordingly, the above challenges may continue to have a material adverse impact on the Company’s future results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.

Due to uncertainties surrounding the Company’s future ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement or shareholder’s loan agreements in the future, substantial doubt exists as to its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. If the Company does not have sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, it may be forced to limit its business activities or be unable to continue as a going concern, which would have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

At December 31, 2023, the Company had four outstanding letters of credit totaling $1.9 million. See Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies for additional information related to the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements and the outstanding letters of credit.

Commitments and Contingencies

Legal matters are further discussed in Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies, included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. See Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion of legal risks to the Company.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The Company’s most critical accounting policies and estimates are those most important to the portrayal of its financial condition and results of operations which require the Company to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates regarding matters that are inherently uncertain. The Company has identified the following as its most critical accounting policies and judgments. Although management believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable, they are based on information available when they are made and, therefore, may differ from estimates made under different assumptions or conditions.

The Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, and should be reviewed in connection with the following discussion of accounting policies that require difficult, subjective, and complex judgments and estimates.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue for the Company is generated from contracts when performance obligations under terms of the contract with a customer are satisfied, which is generally when control of the product has been transferred to the customer. For contracts with customers that include multiple performance obligations, judgment is required to determine whether performance obligations specified in these contracts are distinct and should be accounted for as separate revenue transactions for recognition purposes. For the majority of the Company’s products, revenue is recognized when the products are shipped or delivered to the customer based on the shipping terms which is usually when control passes to the customer. Conversely, the Company recognizes revenue throughout the manufacturing process when constructing because the customer receives the benefit of the asset as the product is constructed. The Company recognizes revenue related to extended warranty programs based on the passage of time over the extended warranty period.

The Company allows product returns on certain products. The accrued sales returns in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet, included in Accounts Receivable, net, were $0.1 million and $0.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Estimated sales returns are provided at the time of sale based on historical sales channel return rates. Estimated future obligations related to these products are provided by a reduction of sales in the period in which the revenue is recognized.

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We considered the impact of recoverable salvage value on sales returns by product in determining its estimate of future sales returns. We recognize a return asset for the right to recover the goods returned by the customer. The right of return asset is recognized on a gross basis outside of the accrued sales returns and is not material to our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In the event future sales returns claims are higher than our historical experiences, such as a 50 basis point increase, the impacts would not be material to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The allowance for credit losses is our best estimate of the amount of estimated lifetime credit losses in our accounts receivable. We regularly review the adequacy of our allowance for credit losses.

The credit environment in which our customers operate has been relatively stable over the past few years and the Company collections are bolstered by a robust collections department. Historically, less than 1.0% of net sales ultimately prove to be uncollectible. Total bad debt expense was less than $0.1 million in both 2023 and 2022. If circumstances change, for example, due to the occurrence of higher-than-expected defaults or a significant adverse change in a major customer’s ability to meet our financial obligations such as bankruptcies, estimates of the recoverability of receivable amounts due could be reduced.

We have not made any material changes in the accounting methodology we use to measure the estimated liability for sales returns or allowance for credit losses during the past three fiscal years.

Refer to Note 2. Revenue of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information on the Company’s revenue recognition.

Goodwill Impairment

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment annually as of October 1 and whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that impairment may have occurred or when required by accounting standards. We test goodwill and individual indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at a single reporting unit level. These assessments may be performed quantitatively or qualitatively.

We have not made any changes in 2023 to our reporting unit or the accounting methodology we use to assess impairment loss on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. In 2023, management performed an assessment of the impairment of goodwill for our reporting unit and indefinite-lived intangible assets using a quantitative approach, which indicated that the fair values the reporting unit and indefinite-lived intangible assets were substantially in excess of their carrying values. Therefore, no indications of impairment were identified.

Because these estimates form a basis for the determination of whether the impairment charge should be recorded, these estimates are considered to be critical accounting estimates. See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further discussion.

Warranty

The Company offers a standard limited warranty on the workmanship of its products that in most cases covers defects for a defined period, warranties mandated by governments and warranties for products that carry limited warranties from suppliers. The Company estimates and records a liability and related charges to income for its warranty program at the time products are sold to customers. Estimates are based on historical experience and reflect management’s best estimates of expected costs at the time products are sold.

When the Company identifies cost effective opportunities to address issues in products sold or corrective actions for safety issues, it initiates product recalls or field campaigns. As a result of the uncertainty surrounding the nature and frequency of product recalls and field campaigns, the liability for such actions is generally recorded when the Company commits to a product recall or field campaign. When collection is reasonably assured, the Company also estimates the amount of warranty claim recoveries to be received from its suppliers. Warranty costs and recoveries are included in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Warranty costs and recoveries are included in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further discussion.

Impact of New Accounting Standards

For information about recently issued accounting pronouncements, see Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 7A.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

The Company is a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and is not required to provide the information under this item.

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Item 8.    Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The following consolidated financial statements are included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

	Page
Consolidated Financial Statements of Power Solutions International, Inc.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (BDO USA, P.C., Chicago, IL, PCAOB ID#243)	36
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022	38
Consolidated Statements of Income for 2023 and 2022	39
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit for 2023 and 2022	40
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for 2023 and 2022	41
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	42

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Stockholders and Board of Directors

Power Solutions International, Inc.

Wood Dale, Illinois 

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Power Solutions International, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern Uncertainty

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, significant uncertainties exist about the Company’s ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Company’s debt arrangements. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Accrued Product Warranty

As described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated accrued product warranty balance was $19.3 million as of December 31, 2023. The Company offers a standard limited warranty on the workmanship of its products. The Company estimates and records a liability and related charges to income for its warranty program at the time products are sold to customers. These estimates are established using historical warranty claims information including failure rates, repair costs and timing of failures. Previous estimates are adjusted as actual warranty claims data becomes available.

We identified the estimation of certain accrued product warranties as a critical audit matter. The principal consideration for this determination was the significant judgment used by management when determining the accrued product warranty estimates. Auditing management’s estimates and assumptions to determine certain accrued product warranties involved especially

36

challenging auditor judgment due to the significant audit effort in performing procedures related to the significant assumptions, specifically the applicability of historical claims experience.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

a.Evaluating the reasonableness of management’s assumptions to estimate certain future warranty claims by comparing the current product warranty claims estimates to the prior year estimates and investigating significant differences to evaluate the applicability of the historical claims experience.

b.Testing the completeness and accuracy of certain underlying historical warranty claims information used to estimate future warranty claims.

c.Testing the mathematical accuracy of management’s calculation of certain accrued product warranties.

/s/ BDO USA, P.C.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.

Chicago, Illinois

March 14, 2024

37

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except par values)	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	22,758	$	24,296
Restricted cash	3,836		3,604
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $5,975 and $4,308 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively; (from related parties $777 and $2,325 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	66,979		89,894
Income tax receivable	550		555
Inventories, net	84,947		120,560
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	26,312		16,364
Total current assets	205,382		255,273
Property, plant and equipment, net	14,928		13,844
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	27,145		13,282
Intangible assets, net	3,914		5,660
Goodwill	29,835		29,835
Other noncurrent assets	3,099		2,019
TOTAL ASSETS	$	284,303	$	319,913
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable (to related parties $24,496 and $23,358 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	$	67,355	$	76,430
Current maturities of long-term debt	139		130
Revolving line of credit	50,000		130,000
Finance lease liability, current	76		90
Operating lease liability, current	3,912		2,894
Other short-term financing (from related parties $94,820 and $75,020 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	94,820		75,614
Other accrued liabilities (from related parties $1,833 and $5,232 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	31,999		34,109
Total current liabilities	248,301		319,267
Deferred income taxes	1,478		1,278
Long-term debt, net of current maturities (from related parties $0 and $4,800 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	90		5,029
Finance lease liability, long-term	94		170
Operating lease liability, long-term	25,070		10,971
Noncurrent contract liabilities	2,401		3,199
Other noncurrent liabilities	10,786		10,371
TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	288,220	$	350,285
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 10)
STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Preferred stock – $0.001 par value. Shares authorized: 5,000. No shares issued and outstanding at all dates.	$	—	$	—
Common stock – $0.001 par value; 50,000 shares authorized; 23,117 shares issued; 22,968 and 22,951 shares outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively	23		23
Additional paid-in capital	157,770		157,673
Accumulated deficit	(160,790)		(187,096)
Treasury stock, at cost, 149 and 166 shares at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively	(920)		(972)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT	(3,917)		(30,372)
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT	$	284,303	$	319,913

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

38

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(in thousands, except per share amounts)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Net sales (from related parties $2,449 and $2,749 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	$	458,973	$	481,333
Cost of sales (from related parties $1,790 and $2,262 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	353,109		392,770
Gross profit	105,864		88,563
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	19,457		18,896
Selling, general and administrative expenses	40,386		42,941
Amortization of intangible assets	1,746		2,124
Total operating expenses	61,589		63,961
Operating income	44,275		24,602
Interest expense (from related parties $7,729 and $4,680 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	17,069		13,028
	27,206		11,574
Income tax expense	900		304
Net income	$	26,306	$	11,270
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic	22,960		22,938
Diluted	22,973		22,948
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	1.15	$	0.49
Diluted	$	1.15	$	0.49

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

39

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

(in thousands)	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Treasury Stock		Total Stockholders’ Deficit
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	23	$	157,436	$	(198,366)	$	(1,116)	$	(42,023)
Net income	—		—		11,270		—		11,270
Stock-based compensation expense	—		237		—		148		385
Common stock issued for stock-based awards, net	—		—		—		(4)		(4)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	23	$	157,673	$	(187,096)	$	(972)	$	(30,372)
Net income	—		—		26,306		—		26,306
Stock-based compensation expense	—		202		—		(51)		151
Common stock issued for stock-based awards, net	—		—		—		(2)		(2)
Restricted Stock Awards	—		(105)		—		105		—
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	23	$	157,770	$	(160,790)	$	(920)	$	(3,917)

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

40

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Net income	$	26,306	$	11,270
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Amortization of intangible assets	1,746		2,124
Depreciation	3,854		4,566
Stock-based compensation expense	151		385
Amortization of financing fees	1,188		2,178
Deferred income taxes	200		189
Provision for losses in accounts receivable	1,668		888
Increase in allowance for inventory obsolescence	1,826		533
Other adjustments, net	229		529
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	21,248		(25,672)
Inventory	33,787		21,098
Prepaid expenses, right-of-use assets and other assets	(7,043)		(4,251)
Accounts payable	(9,237)		(17,004)
Income taxes receivable	5		3,721
Accrued expenses	(2,162)		2,107
Other noncurrent liabilities	(3,254)		(11,506)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	70,512		(8,845)
Cash (used in) provided by investing activities
Capital expenditures	(5,036)		(1,354)
Proceeds from disposal of assets	16		—
Net cash used in investing activities	(5,020)		(1,354)
Cash (used in) provided by financing activities
Repayment of debt	(80,000)		—
Repayment of long-term debt and lease liabilities	(215)		(256)
Proceeds from short-term financings	15,000		31,582
Repayment of short-term financings	(594)		(1,168)
Payments of deferred financing costs	(987)		(1,787)
Other financing activities, net	(2)		(4)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(66,798)		28,367
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(1,306)		18,168
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of the year	27,900		9,732
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the year	$	26,594	$	27,900

(in thousands)	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	22,758		24,296
Restricted cash	3,836		3,604
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	26,594	$	27,900

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

41

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1.    Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information

Nature of Business Operations

Power Solutions International, Inc. (“Power Solutions,” “PSI” or the “Company”), a Delaware corporation, is a global producer and distributor of a broad range of high-performance, certified, low-emission power systems, including alternative-fueled power systems for original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) of off-highway industrial equipment and certain on-road vehicles and large custom-engineered integrated electrical power generation systems.

The Company’s customers include large, industry-leading and multinational organizations. The Company’s products and services are sold predominantly to customers throughout North America as well as to customers located throughout the Pacific Rim and Europe. The Company’s power systems are highly engineered, comprehensive systems which, through the Company’s technologically sophisticated development and manufacturing processes, including its in-house design, prototyping, testing and engineering capabilities and its analysis and determination of the specific components to be integrated into a given power system (driven in large part by emission standards and cost considerations), allow the Company to provide its customers with power systems customized to meet specific OEM application requirements, other technical customers’ specifications and requirements imposed by environmental regulatory bodies.

The Company’s power system configurations range from a basic engine integrated with appropriate fuel system components to completely packaged power systems that include any combination of cooling systems, electronic systems, air intake systems, fuel systems, housings, power takeoff systems, exhaust systems, hydraulic systems, enclosures, brackets, hoses, tubes and other assembled componentry. The Company also designs and manufactures large, custom-engineered integrated electrical power generation systems for both standby and prime power applications. The Company purchases engines from third-party suppliers and produces internally designed engines, all of which are then integrated into its power systems.

Of the other components that the Company integrates into its power systems, a substantial portion consist of internally designed components and components for which it coordinates significant design efforts with third-party suppliers, with the remainder consisting largely of parts that are sourced off-the-shelf from third-party suppliers. Some of the key components (including purchased engines) embody proprietary intellectual property of the Company’s suppliers. As a result of its design and manufacturing capabilities, the Company is able to provide its customers with a power system that can be incorporated into a customer’s specified application. In addition to the certified products described above, the Company sells diesel, gasoline and non-certified power systems and aftermarket components.

Stock Ownership and Control

Weichai America Corp., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Weichai Power Co., Ltd. (HK2338, SZ000338) (herein collectively referred to as “Weichai”), owns a majority of the outstanding shares of the Company’s Common Stock. As a result, Weichai is able to exercise control over matters requiring stockholders’ approval, including the election of the directors, amendment of the Company’s Charter and approval of significant corporate transactions. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of the Company or changes in management and will make the approval of certain transactions impractical without the support of Weichai.

Weichai also entered into an Investor Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) with the Company upon execution of the share purchase agreement (the “SPA”). The Rights Agreement provides Weichai with representation on the Company’s Board and management representation rights. Weichai currently has four representatives on the Board, which constitutes the majority of the directors serving on the Board. According to the Rights Agreement, during any period when the Company is a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) Listing Rules, it will take such measures as to avail itself of the “controlled company” exemptions available under Rule 5615 of the NASDAQ Listing Rules of Rules 5605(b), (d) and (e).

Going Concern Considerations

Significant uncertainties exist about the Company’s ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Company’s debt arrangements. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s total outstanding debt obligations under the Third Amended and Restated Uncommitted Revolving Credit Agreement (the "Credit Agreement")”, the second amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (the “second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement”), the third amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (the “third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement”), the fourth amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (the “fourth Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement”) and for finance leases and other debt were $145.2 million in the aggregate, and its cash and cash equivalents were $22.8 million. See Note 6. Debt, for further information regarding the terms and conditions of the Company’s debt agreements.

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Without additional financing, the Company anticipates that it will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to repay amounts owed under its existing debt arrangements as they become due. In order to provide the Company with a more permanent source of liquidity, management plans to seek an extension and amendment and/or replacement of its existing debt agreements or seek additional liquidity from its current or other lenders before the maturity dates in 2024. There can be no assurance that the Company’s management will be able to successfully complete an extension and amendment of its existing debt agreements or obtain new financing on acceptable terms, when required or if at all. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of the Company’s efforts to address these issues.

Furthermore, if the Company cannot raise capital on acceptable terms, it may not, among other things, be able to do the following:

•continue to expand the Company’s research and product investments and sales and marketing organization;

•continue to fund and expand operations both organically and through acquisitions; and

•respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements.

Macroeconomic volatility and uncertainties further increase the potential for continued supply chain disruptions, economic uncertainty, and unfavorable oil and gas market dynamics which may continue to have a material adverse impact on the results of operations, financial position and liquidity of the Company.

Lastly, national inflationary pressures have continued to cause interest rates to remain elevated. As a result, the Company’s interest expense has increased and is subject to further increases. Accordingly, the above challenges may continue to have a material adverse impact on the Company’s future results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.

The Company’s management has concluded that, due to uncertainties surrounding the Company’s future ability to refinance, extend and amend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement and other outstanding debt, in the future, substantial doubt exists as to its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. The Company’s plans to alleviate the substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern may not be successful, and it may be forced to limit its business activities or be unable to continue as a going concern, which would have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern and contemplating the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on generating profitable operating results, having sufficient liquidity, maintaining compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement and other outstanding debt, in the future, and extending and amending, refinancing or repaying the indebtedness outstanding under the Company’s existing debt arrangements.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Power Solutions International, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company’s consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the assets, liabilities, sales and expenses of all wholly-owned subsidiaries and majority-owned subsidiaries in which the Company exercises control. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company operates as one business and geographic operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of a business that can earn revenues and incur expenses for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The Company’s CODM is its principal executive officer, who decides how to allocate resources and assess performance. A single management team reports to the CODM, who manages the entire business. The Company’s CODM reviews consolidated statements of income to make decisions, allocate resources and assess performance, and the CODM does not evaluate the profit or loss from any separate geography or product line.

Concentrations

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s net sales:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Customer A	14	%	19	%

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The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s trade accounts receivable:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Customer A	12	%	30	%
Customer B	13	%	**

The following table presents suppliers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s purchases:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Supplier A	13	%	**
Supplier B	14	%	**
Supplier C	**		10	%

**    Less than 10% of the total

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions include the valuation of allowances for uncollectible receivables, inventory reserves, warranty reserves, stock-based compensation, evaluation of goodwill, other intangibles, property, plant and equipment for impairment, income tax valuation allowances and determination of useful lives of long-lived assets. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of short-term, highly liquid investments that have original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Such investments are stated at cost, which approximates fair value.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of funds that are contractually restricted as to usage or withdrawal due to required minimum levels of cash collateral for letters of credits and contractual agreements with customers. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had restricted cash of $3.8 million and $3.6 million, respectively, which includes $1.3 million restricted cash held in escrow which could be required to be refunded to the customer if conditions occur as defined in the agreement with the customer. The Company has not recognized revenue associated with the restricted cash. The liability is included within Noncurrent Contract Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be settled or realized. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent that it believes these assets will more likely than not be realized. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent operations.

The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with accounting guidance, on the basis of a two-step process whereby (i) it determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position and (ii) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. Tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return are recorded when such benefits meet a more-likely-than-not threshold. Otherwise, these tax benefits are recorded when a tax position has been effectively settled, which means that the appropriate taxing authority has completed its examination even though the statute of limitations remains open, or the statute of limitation has expired. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are

44

recognized as part of income tax expense and are accrued beginning in the period that such interest and penalties would be applicable under relevant tax law until such time that the related tax benefits are recognized.

Accounts Receivable and Allowances

Trade accounts receivable represent amounts billed to customers and not yet collected. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, which approximates net recoverable value, and generally do not bear interest. The allowance for credit losses is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the existing accounts receivable and is established through a charge to selling, general and administrative expenses. We estimate losses over the contractual life using assumptions to capture the risk of loss, even if remote, based principally on how long a receivable has been outstanding and the geographic region. Other factors considered include historical write-off experience, current economic conditions and also factors such as customer credit, past transaction history with the customer and changes in customer payment terms. Trade accounts receivable and the allowance for credit losses are reviewed on a regular basis. When necessary, an allowance for the full amount of specific accounts deemed uncollectible is recorded. Accounts receivable losses are deducted from the allowance and the account balance is written off when means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Recoveries of previously written off balances are recognized when received. An allowance associated with anticipated future sales returns and accrued pricing adjustments are also included in the accounts receivable, net.

Inventories

The Company’s inventories consist primarily of engines and parts. Engines are valued at the lower of cost plus estimated freight-in or net realizable value. Parts are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value approximates replacement cost. Cost is principally determined using the first-in, first-out method and includes material, labor and manufacturing overhead. It is the Company’s policy to review inventories on a continuing basis for obsolete, excess and slow-moving items and to record valuation adjustments for such items in order to eliminate non-recoverable costs from inventory. Valuation adjustments are recorded in an inventory reserve account and reduce the cost basis of the inventory in the period in which the reduced valuation is determined. Inventory reserves are established based on quantities on hand, usage and sales history, customer orders, projected demand and utilization within a current or future power system. Specific analysis of individual items or groups of items is performed based on these same criteria, as well as on changes in market conditions or any other identified conditions.

Inventories consist of the following:

(in thousands)	As of December 31,
Inventories	2023		2022
Raw materials	$	68,273	$	101,566
Work in process	1,166		3,073
Finished goods	21,238		19,825
Total inventories	90,677		124,464
Inventory allowance	(5,730)		(3,904)
Inventories, net	$	84,947	$	120,560

Activity in the Company’s inventory allowance was as follows:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
Inventory Allowance	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	3,904	$	3,370
Charged to expense	2,796		1,159
Write-offs	(970)		(625)
Balance at end of period	$	5,730	$	3,904

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment is carried at cost and presented net of accumulated depreciation and impairments. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Property, plant and equipment is evaluated periodically to determine if an adjustment to depreciable lives is warranted. Such evaluation is based principally on the expected utilization of the long-lived assets.

Repairs and maintenance costs are charged directly to expense as incurred. Major renewals or replacements that substantially extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized and depreciated.

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Estimated useful lives by each type of asset category are as follows:

	Years
Buildings	Up to 39
Leasehold improvements	Lesser of (i) expected useful life of improvement or (ii) life of lease (including likely extension thereof)
Machinery and equipment	1 to 10

Intangible Assets

The Company’s intangible assets include customer relationships, developed technology, trade names and trademarks. Intangible assets are amortized on an accelerated basis over a period of time that approximates the pattern over which the Company expects to gain the estimated economic benefits, and such period generally ranges between three years and 15 years.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company assesses potential impairments to its long-lived assets or asset groups, excluding goodwill which is separately tested for impairment, whenever events indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Long-lived assets are evaluated for impairment by comparing the carrying value of the asset or asset group with the estimated future net undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset or asset group, including cash flows from disposition. If the future net undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is calculated. An impairment loss is determined by the amount that the asset’s or asset group’s carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Estimated fair value is generally measured by discounting estimated future cash flows. If an impairment loss is recognized, the adjusted balance becomes the new cost basis and is depreciated (amortized) over the remaining useful life. The Company also periodically reassesses the useful lives of its long-lived assets due to advances and changes in technologies. No impairment losses were recorded during the periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired business over the amounts assigned to the net acquired assets. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, on an annual basis or more frequently, if events occur or circumstances change indicating potential impairment. The Company annually tests goodwill for impairment on October 1.

In evaluating goodwill for impairment, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not (i.e., there is a likelihood of more than 50%) that the Company’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. Qualitative factors that the Company considers include, but are not limited to, macroeconomic and industry conditions, overall financial performance and other relevant entity-specific events. If the Company bypasses the qualitative assessment, or if the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then the Company performs a quantitative goodwill impairment test to identify potential goodwill impairment and measures the amount of goodwill impairment it will recognize, if any.

In the quantitative goodwill impairment test, the Company compares the estimated fair value of the reporting unit with its related carrying value. If the estimated fair value exceeds the carrying amount, no further analysis is needed. If, however, the reporting unit’s estimated fair value is less than its carrying amount, the Company records an impairment for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value.

The Company calculates its estimated fair value using the income and market approaches when feasible, or an asset approach when neither the income nor the market approach has sufficient data. For the income approach, a discounted cash flow method, the Company uses internally developed discounted cash flow models that include the following assumptions, among others: projections of revenues, expenses and related cash flows based on assumed long-term growth rates and demand trends, expected future investments to grow new units, and estimated discount rates. The Company based these assumptions on its historical data and experience, industry projections, and micro and macro general economic condition projections and expectations. The market approach, also called the Guideline Public Company Approach, compares the value of an entity to similar publicly traded companies. The asset approach estimates the selling price the unit could achieve under assumed market conditions. The Company used the income and market approaches when determining its estimated fair value as of October 1, 2023 and 2022.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company performed a quantitative assessment and determined that the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying value; as such, no impairment charges were recognized.

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Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

(in thousands)	As of December 31,
Other Accrued Liabilities	2023		2022
Accrued product warranty	$	11,290	$	13,037
Litigation reserves *	3,929		2,102
Contract liabilities	2,741		2,256
Accrued compensation and benefits	8,469		7,299
Accrued interest expense	1,913		5,257
Other	3,657		4,158
Total	$	31,999	$	34,109

*As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, litigation reserves related to various ongoing legal matters including associated legal fees. See Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies for further information regarding the various ongoing legal matters.

Warranty Costs

The Company offers a standard limited warranty on the workmanship of its products that in most cases covers defects for a defined period. Warranties for certified emission products are mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and / or the California Air Resources Board (the “CARB”) and are longer than the Company’s standard warranty on certain emission-related products. The Company’s products also carry limited warranties from suppliers. The Company’s warranties generally apply to engines fully manufactured by the Company and to the modifications the Company makes to supplier base products. Costs related to supplier warranty claims are generally borne by the supplier and passed through to the end customer.

Warranty estimates are based on historical experience and represent the projected cost associated with the product. A liability and related expense are recognized at the time products are sold. The Company adjusts estimates when it is determined that actual costs may differ from initial or previous estimates. The Company’s warranty liability is generally affected by failure rates, repair costs and the timing of failures. Future events and circumstances related to these factors could materially change the estimates and require adjustments to the warranty liability. In addition, new product launches require a greater use of judgment in developing estimates until historical experience becomes available.

The Company records adjustments to preexisting warranties for changes in its estimate of warranty costs for products sold in prior fiscal years in the period in which new information is received and the information indicates that actual costs may differ from the Company’s initial or previous estimates. Such adjustments typically occur when claims experience deviates from historic and expected trends.

When the Company identifies cost effective opportunities to address issues in products sold or corrective actions for safety issues, it initiates product recalls or field campaigns. As a result of the uncertainty surrounding the nature and frequency of product recalls and field campaigns, the liability for such actions is generally recorded when the Company commits to a product recall or field campaign. In each subsequent quarter after a recall or field campaign is initiated, the recorded warranty liability balance is analyzed, reviewed and adjusted, if necessary, to reflect any changes in the anticipated average cost of repair or number of repairs to be completed prospectively.

When collection is reasonably assured, the Company also estimates the amount of warranty claim recoveries to be received from its suppliers. Warranty costs and recoveries are included in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Income. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, included in accounts receivable is approximately $1.3 million and $1.0 million, respectively, of reimbursements of warranty costs due from a significant supplier.

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Accrued product warranty activities included in Other noncurrent liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet are presented below:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
Accrued Product Warranty	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of year	$	21,550	$	32,948
Current year provision *	6,635		6,258
Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties **	7,550		4,576
Payments made during the period	(16,472)		(22,232)
Balance at end of year	19,263		21,550
Less: Current portion	11,290		13,037
Noncurrent accrued product warranty	$	7,973	$	8,513

*Warranty costs, net of supplier recoveries, and other adjustments, were $13.0 million and $6.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Supplier recoveries were $1.1 million and $4.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

**Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties reflect changes in the Company’s estimate of warranty costs for products sold in prior periods. Such adjustments typically occur when claims experience deviates from historical and expected trends. For the year December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a cost for changes in estimates of preexisting warranties of $7.6 million, or $0.33 per diluted share, and costs of $4.6 million, or $0.20 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2022, which includes a favorable experience for preexisting warranties attributable to a contract revision executed during the quarter ended March 31, 2022.

Revenue Recognition

See Note 2. Revenue for additional information the Company’s policy related to revenue recognition.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). The standard replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology under current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires the use of a forward-looking expected credit loss model for accounts receivables, loans, and other financial instruments. The standard requires a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The new standard is effective for non-public companies, and public business entities that meet the definition of a smaller reporting company as defined by the SEC, for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures – Segment Reporting (Topic 280). The amendments to this standard require public entities to disclose more detailed information about their reportable segments’ significant expenses on an interim and annual basis. The amendments to this standard do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The amendments to this standard apply to all public entities that are required to report segment information in accordance with Topic 280, Segment Reporting and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company plans to adopt this guidance in its annual reporting for the year ending December 31, 2024 and subsequent interim periods. The Company is continuing to assess the impact of the amendment to this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures - Income Taxes (Topic 740). The amendments to this standard enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures, primarily related to rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information as well as effectiveness of overall income tax disclosures. The new standard is effective for non-public companies, and public business entities that meet the definition of a smaller reporting company as defined by the SEC, for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, early adoption is permitted. The Company currently plans to adopt this guidance on December 15, 2024 when it becomes effective. The Company is continuing to assess the impact of the amendment to this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

Note 2.    Revenue

Revenue Recognition

The Company determines the amount of revenue to be recognized through the following steps:

•identification of the contract, or contracts with a customer;

•identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

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•determination of the transaction price;

•allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

•recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies the performance obligations.

Revenue for the Company is generated from contracts that may include a single performance obligation (generally, a single type of engine) or multiple performance obligations (which may include an engine with aftermarket parts, different types of engines, etc.). A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account for revenue recognition. Revenue is measured at the transaction price which is based on the amount of consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to the customer. The transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company is required to estimate the total consideration expected to be received from contracts with customers. The consideration expected to be received may be variable based on the specific terms of the contract and the Company’s past practices.

For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the total transaction price to distinct performance obligations based on directly observable data, if available, or the Company’s best estimate of the stand-alone selling price of each distinct performance obligation. The primary methods used to determine stand-alone selling price are directly observable prices and the cost plus a margin approach.

The Company applies judgment in order to identify and determine the number of performance obligations, determine the total transaction price, allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation, and determine the appropriate timing of revenue recognition.

Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are presented on a net basis; that is, such taxes are excluded from revenues.

The Company’s payment terms are generally 60 days or less and its sales arrangements do not contain any significant financing components.

Timing of revenue recognition. The Company recognizes revenue related to performance obligations in its contracts with customers when control passes to the customer. Control passes to the customer when the customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the asset. For the majority of the Company’s products, revenue is recognized at a point in time when the products are shipped or delivered to the customer based on the shipping terms as that is the point in time when control passes to the customer. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized revenue of $385.5 million and $434.0 million, respectively, related to products shipped or delivered at a point in time.

The Company also recognizes revenue over time primarily when the Company’s performance obligations include enhancing a customer-controlled asset (generally when an engine is provided by the customer), constructing an asset with no alternative future use and the Company has an enforceable right to payment throughout the period as the services are performed, or providing services over time such as an extended warranty beyond the Company’s standard warranty. The Company recognizes revenue throughout the manufacturing process when constructing an asset based on labor hours incurred because the customer receives the benefit of the asset as the product is constructed. The Company believes labor hours incurred relative to total estimated labor hours at completion faithfully depicts the transfer of control to the customer. The Company recognizes revenue related to extended warranty programs based on the passage of time over the extended warranty period. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized revenue of $73.4 million and $47.3 million, respectively, for products manufactured and services provided over time.

Shipping and handling costs. The Company accounts for shipping and handling costs as fulfillment costs which are recorded in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Income. This includes shipping and handling costs incurred after control of the asset has transferred to the customer as the Company has elected the practical expedient in ASC 606.

Principal vs. agent considerations. From time to time, the Company may involve more than one party when providing goods or services to a customer, the Company determines whether it is the principal or agent in these transactions by evaluating the nature of its promise to the customer. The analysis of whether the Company is a principal or an agent in a transaction is performed for each good or services provided to the customer. The Company determines whether it controls the good or service before it is transferred to the customer by considering the following factors:

a.Whether the Company is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service.

b.Whether the Company has inventory risk before the specified good or service has been transferred to the customer or after transfer of control to the customer.

c.Whether the Company has discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service.

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If the Company determines that it is the principal in the transaction, it recognizes revenues at the gross transaction price for the good or service. If the Company determines that is an agent in the transaction, it recognizes revenue at the net amount of the transaction price.

Variable consideration. Variable consideration primarily includes rebates and discounts. The Company estimates the projected amount of rebates and discounts based on current assumptions, customer-specific information and historical experience. Variable consideration is recorded as a reduction of revenue to the extent that it is probable that there will not be significant changes to the Company’s estimate of variable consideration when any uncertainties are settled.

Costs to obtain a contract. The Company has elected the practical expedient to recognize incremental costs to obtain a contract (primarily commissions) as expense when incurred since the amortization period of the asset that the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table summarizes net sales by end market:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
End Market	2023		2022
Power Systems	$	225,106	$	179,491
Industrial	160,334		224,669
Transportation	73,533		77,173
Total	$	458,973	$	481,333

The following table summarizes net sales by geographic area:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
Geographic Area	2023		2022
United States	$	378,886	$	349,488
North America (outside of United States)	21,265		16,437
Pacific Rim	39,822		80,681
Europe	13,815		18,452
Other	5,185		16,275
Total	$	458,973	$	481,333

Contract Balances

Most of the Company’s contracts are for a period of less than one year; however, extended warranty contracts extend beyond one year. The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the time of invoicing to customers and these timing differences result in contract assets, or contract liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. Contract assets include amounts related to the contractual right to consideration for completed performance when the right to consideration is conditional. The Company records contract liabilities when cash payments are received or due in advance of performance. Contract assets and contract liabilities are recognized at the contract level.

(in thousands)	As of December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Short-term contract assets (included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets)	$	15,554	$	3,620	$	2,707
Short-term contract liabilities (included in Other accrued liabilities)	(2,741)		(2,256)		(1,819)
Long-term contract liabilities (included in Noncurrent contract liabilities)	(2,401)		(3,199)		(3,330)
Net contract assets (liabilities)	$	10,412	$	(1,835)	$	(2,442)

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $1.4 million and $1.6 million of revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations related to amounts that were included in the net contract liabilities balance as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Remaining Performance Obligations

The Company has elected the practical expedient to not disclose remaining performance obligations that have expected original durations of one year or less. For performance obligations that extend beyond one year, the Company had $3.9 million of remaining performance obligations as of December 31, 2023 primarily related to extended warranties. The Company expects to recognize revenue related to these remaining performance obligations of approximately $1.5 million in 2024, $0.5 million in 2025, $0.2 million in 2026, $1.0 million in 2027, $0.6 million in 2028 and $0.1 million in 2029 and beyond.

Note 3.    Weichai Transactions

Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

The Company is party to four shareholder’s loan agreements with Weichai, including the $130.0 million first Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, the $25.0 million second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, the $50.0 million third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, and the $30.0 million fourth Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement. See additional discussion of these debt agreements in Note 6. Debt.

Weichai Collaboration Arrangement and Other Related Party Transactions

The Company and Weichai executed a strategic collaboration agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) on March 20, 2017, in order to achieve their respective strategic objectives and enhance the strategic cooperation alliance to share experiences, expertise and resources. The Collaboration Agreement was extended for three years in March 2020 and was set to expire in March 2023. On March 22, 2023, the Collaboration Agreement was extended for an additional term of three years.

The Company evaluates whether an arrangement is a collaborative arrangement at its inception based on the facts and circumstances specific to the arrangement. The Company also reevaluates whether an arrangement qualifies or continues to qualify as a collaborative arrangement whenever there is a change in either the roles of the participants or the participants’ exposure to significant risks and rewards dependent on the ultimate commercial success of the endeavor. For those collaborative arrangements where it is determined that the Company is the principal participant, costs incurred and revenue generated from third parties are recorded on a gross basis in the financial statements. The Company purchased $6.2 million and $13.3 million of inventory from Weichai during 2023 and 2022, respectively.

In January 2022, PSI and Baudouin, a subsidiary of Weichai, entered into an international distribution and sales agreement which enables Baudouin to bring PSI’s power systems line of products into the European, Middle Eastern, and African markets. In addition to sales, Baudouin will manage service, support, warranty claims, and technical requests. Refer to the Consolidated Balance Sheet and Statements of Income for detailed related party information.

Note 4.    Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment by type were as follows:

(in thousands)	As of December 31,
Property, Plant and Equipment	2023		2022
Leasehold improvements	$	6,987	$	7,107
Machinery and equipment	46,964		45,747
Construction in progress	1,654		467
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	55,605		53,321
Accumulated depreciation	(40,677)		(39,477)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	14,928	$	13,844

Note 5.    Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill

The carrying amount of goodwill at both December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $29.8 million. Accumulated impairment losses at both December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $11.6 million.

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Other Intangible Assets

Components of intangible assets are as follows:

(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value
Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(31,195)	$	3,745
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,531)		169
Total	$	37,340	$	(33,426)	$	3,914

(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2022
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value
Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(29,527)	$	5,413
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,453)		247
Total	$	37,340	$	(31,680)	$	5,660

Estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 is as follows:

(in thousands)
Year Ending December 31,	Estimated Amortization
2024	$	1,459
2025	1,219
2026	997
2027	230
2028	3
2029 and beyond	6
Total	$	3,914

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Note 6.    Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt consisted of the following:

(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023			As of December 31, 2022
	Amount		Rate (1)	Amount		Rate (1)	Maturity Date
Short-term financing:
Revolving credit facility *	$	50,000	8.71%	$	130,000	7.04%	March 22, 2024
Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (second)	25,000		9.44%	25,000		9.10%	May 20, 2024
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (third)	50,000		9.44%	50,000		9.01%	November 30, 2024
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (fourth)	19,820		9.41%	—			March 31, 2024
Other short-term financing	—			614			Various
Total short-term debt	$	144,820		$	205,614
Long-term debt:
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (fourth)	$	—		$	4,800	9.00%	March 31, 2024
Finance leases and other debt	399		**	619		**	Various
Total long-term debt and finance leases	399			5,419
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt and finance leases	215			220
Long-term debt	$	184		$	5,199

*	Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees on the revolving credit facility are not presented in the above table as they are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Unamortized debt issuance costs, were $0.2 million and $0.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
**	Finance lease obligations are a non-cash financing activity. See Note 7. Leases.
(1)	Includes the weighted average interest rate.

The Company paid $19.9 million and $6.1 million in cash for interest in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Credit Agreement and Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

On March 24, 2023, the Company amended and restated its $130.0 million Second Amended and Restated Uncommitted Revolving Credit Agreement with Standard Chartered. The Credit Agreement extends the maturity date of loans outstanding under its previous credit facility to the earlier of March 22, 2024 or the demand of Standard Chartered. The Credit Agreement is subject to customary events of default and covenants, including minimum consolidated EBITDA and Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio covenants for the second and third quarters of 2023. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement will incur interest at either the alternate base rate or the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus applicable rate of 3.35% per annum. In addition, the Company paid fees of $1.0 million related to the Credit Agreement which will be deferred and amortized over the term of the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement continues to be secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets and provides Standard Chartered the right to demand payment of any and all of the outstanding borrowings and other amounts owed under the Credit Agreement at any point in time prior to the maturity date at Standard Chartered’s discretion. The Company made payments totaling $80.0 million related to the Credit Agreement with no additional borrowings during 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $50.0 million outstanding under the Credit Agreement.

In connection with this Credit Agreement, on March 24, 2023, the Company also amended two of the four shareholder’s loan agreements with Weichai, to among other things, extend the maturities thereof. The first Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement continues to provide the Company with a $130.0 million subordinated loan under which Weichai is obligated to advance funds solely for purposes of repaying outstanding borrowings under the $130.0 million Credit Agreement if the Company is unable to pay such borrowings. The fourth Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement continues to provide the Company with access to up to $30.0 million of credit at the discretion of Weichai. The maturity of the first Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement was extended to April 24, 2024 and the maturity of the fourth Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement was extended to March 31, 2024. Borrowings under the first Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement and the fourth Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement will bear interest at an annual rate equal to SOFR plus 4.05% per annum. Further, if the applicable SOFR rate is negative, the interest rate per annum shall be deemed as 4.05% per annum. If the interest rate for any loan is lower than Weichai’s borrowing cost, the interest rate for such loan shall be equal to Weichai’s borrowing

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cost plus 1%. All of the amended shareholder loan agreements with Weichai are subject to customary events of default and covenants. The Company has covenanted to secure any amounts borrowed under either of the agreements upon payment in full of all amounts outstanding under the $130.0 million Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2023, there were no borrowings under the first Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement.

On May 12, 2023, the Company amended and extended the maturity of its second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement with Weichai to May 20, 2024. The second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement continues to provide the Company with a $25.0 million subordinated loan. Borrowings under the second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement will incur interest at the applicable SOFR rate, plus 4.05% per annum. Further, if the applicable term SOFR is negative, the interest rate per annum shall be deemed as 4.05% per annum. If the interest rate for any loan under the second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement is lower than Weichai’s borrowing cost, the interest rate for such loan shall be equal to Weichai’s borrowing cost plus 1%.

The Company is also party to a third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement with Weichai, which was entered into on December 10, 2021. The third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement provides the Company with a $50.0 million uncommitted facility that is subordinated to the Credit Agreement and any borrowing requests made under the third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement are subject to Weichai’s discretionary approval. Borrowings under the third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement will incur interest at the applicable SOFR, plus 4.05% per annum and can be used for general corporate purposes, except for certain legal expenditures which require additional approval from Weichai. Further, if the applicable term SOFR is negative, the interest rate per annum shall be deemed as 4.05% per annum. If the interest rate for any loan is lower than Weichai’s borrowing cost, the interest rate for such loan shall be equal to Weichai’s borrowing cost plus 1%. Borrowings under the third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement can be used for general corporate purposes, except for certain legal expenditures which require additional approval from Weichai. The third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement was amended on November 29, 2023 and expires on November 30, 2024 with any outstanding principal and accrued interest due upon maturity.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s total outstanding debt obligations under the Credit Agreement, its second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, its third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, its fourth Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement and for finance leases and other debt were $145.2 million in the aggregate, and its cash and cash equivalents were $22.8 million. The Company's total accrued interest for all shareholder loans was $1.9 million and $5.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Accrued interest is included within Other Accrued Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

See Item 8., Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information for further discussion of the Company’s going concern considerations.

The below schedule of remaining maturities of long-term debt excludes finance leases (refer to Item 8., Note 7. Leases).

(in thousands)
Year Ending December 31,	Maturities of Long-Term Debt
2025	$	81
2026	9
Total	$	90

Note 7.    Leases

Lease Policies

The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease in whole or in part at the inception of the contract. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term while lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. All leases with an expected term greater than twelve months result in the recognition of a ROU asset and a liability at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of the lease payments unless the implicit rate in the lease is readily determinable. The incremental borrowing rate is determined considering factors such as the lease term, the Company’s credit standing and the economic environment of the location of the lease.

The lease term includes all non-cancellable periods and may include options to extend (or to not terminate) the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option. Leases that have a term of 12 months or less at the commencement date are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term and do not result in the recognition of a ROU asset or lease liability.

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The Company classifies leases as finance leases when (i) there is a transfer of ownership of the underlying asset by the end of the lease term, (ii) the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that the Company is reasonably certain will be exercised, (iii) the lease term is for the majority of the remaining economic life of the asset, or (iv) the present value of the lease payments and any residual value guarantee equals or substantially exceeds the fair value of the asset.

Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease expense for finance leases is generally front-loaded as the finance lease ROU asset is depreciated on a straight-line basis, but interest expense on the lease liability is recognized using the interest method which results in more expense during the early years of the lease. Variable lease payments are expensed in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. The Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components, such as fixed maintenance costs, as a single lease component in calculating ROU assets and lease liabilities for all classes of leased assets.

Leases

The Company has obligations under lease arrangements primarily for facilities, equipment and vehicles. These leases have original lease periods expiring between May 2024 and July 2034. The following table summarizes the lease expense by category in the Consolidated Statements of Income:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Cost of sales	$	8,111	$	6,300
Research, development and engineering expenses	295		267
Selling, general and administrative expenses	180		169
Interest expense	14		21
Total	$	8,600	$	6,757

The following table summarizes the components of lease expense and income:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Operating lease cost	$	5,885	$	4,706
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of ROU asset	82		148
Interest expense	14		21
Short-term lease cost	1,005		100
Variable lease cost	1,614		1,782
Sublease income	(619)		(1,062)
Total lease cost, net	$	7,981	$	5,695

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$	4,719	$	4,859
Operating cash flows paid for interest portion of finance leases	14		21
Financing cash flows paid for principal portion of finance leases	90		157
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	18,095		3,540
Finance leases	—		—

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 6.2 years and 5.8 years for operating leases and 2.2 years and 3.0 years for finance leases, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted-average discount rate was 7.6% and 7.1% for operating leases, and 6.5% and 6.6% for finance leases, respectively.

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The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:

(in thousands)	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Operating lease ROU assets, net	$	27,145	$	13,282
Operating lease liabilities, current	3,912		2,894
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	25,070		10,971
Total operating lease liabilities	$	28,982	$	13,865
Finance lease ROU assets, net 1	$	144	$	225
Finance lease liabilities, current	76		90
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	94		170
Total finance lease liabilities	$	170	$	260

1.    Included in Property, plant and equipment, net for finance leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents maturity analysis of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023:

(in thousands)
Year Ending December 31,	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2024	$	5,981	$	84
2025	6,161		81
2026	5,931		17
2027	5,950		—
2028	4,973		—
Thereafter	7,534		—
Total undiscounted lease payments	36,530		182
Less: imputed interest	7,548		12
Total lease liabilities	$	28,982	$	170

Note 8.    Fair Value of Financial Instruments

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, a three-level hierarchy of measurements based upon observable and unobservable inputs is used to arrive at fair value. Observable inputs are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about valuation based on the best information available in the circumstances. Depending on the inputs, the Company classifies each fair-value measurement as follows:

•Level 1 – based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 – based on other significant observable inputs for the assets or liabilities through corroborations with market data at the measurement date; and

•Level 3 – based on significant unobservable inputs that reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use to price the assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Financial Instruments Measured at Carrying Value

Current Assets

Cash and cash equivalents (Level 1) are measured at carrying value, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

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Debt

The Company measured its revolving credit facility and other short-term financing at original carrying value. Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees of $0.2 million and $0.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, on the revolving credit facility are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The fair value of the revolving credit facility and other short-term financing approximated carrying value, as it consisted primarily of short-term variable rate loans. The Company measures its material debt obligations using Level 2 inputs:

(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	50,000	$	—	$	50,000	$	—
Other financing	94,820		—		94,820

(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	130,000	$	—	$	130,000	$	—
Other financing	75,614		—		75,614

Other Financial Assets and Liabilities

In addition to the methods and assumptions used for the financial instruments discussed above, accounts receivable, net, income tax receivable, and accounts payable and certain accrued expenses are measured at carrying value, which approximates fair value (Level 1) because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Note 9.    Defined Contribution Plans

The Company sponsors a defined contribution plan for its current employees. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred plan costs of $1.2 million and $0.8 million, respectively.

Note 10.    Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Contingencies

The legal matters discussed below and others could result in losses, including damages, fines, civil penalties and criminal charges, which could be substantial. The Company records accruals for these contingencies to the extent the Company concludes that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. Regarding the matters disclosed below, unless otherwise disclosed, the Company has determined that liabilities associated with these legal matters are reasonably possible; however, unless otherwise stated, the possible loss or range of possible loss cannot be reasonably estimated. Given the nature of the litigation and investigations and the complexities involved, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss for all such matters until the Company knows, among other factors the following:

•what claims, if any, will survive dispositive motion practice;

•the extent of the claims, particularly when damages are not specified or are indeterminate;

•how the discovery process will affect the litigation;

•the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation; and

•any other factors that may have a material effect on the litigation or investigation.

However, the Company could incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise its expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the amounts are accrued and/or liquidity in the period in which the amounts are paid.

Securities and Exchange Commission and United States Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of Illinois Investigations

In September 2020, the Company entered into agreements with the SEC and the USAO to resolve the investigations into the Company’s past revenue recognition practices. Under the settled administrative order with the SEC, the Company committed to remediate the deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses identified in its 2017 Form 10-K filed in May 2019 by April 30, 2021 unless an extension was provided by the SEC. On April 12, 2021, the SEC granted the Company’s request for an extension of time until March 31, 2022 in which to comply with the requirements of the administrative order to remediate the remaining outstanding material weaknesses. In April 2022, the SEC granted a further

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extension of time until March 31, 2023 to fully comply with the administrative order. In May 2023, the Company submitted documentation to the SEC for its review to assess the Company’s compliance with the administrative order. In July 2023, the Company was notified by the SEC that no additional information was required with respect to the administrative order.

Jerome Treadwell v. the Company

In October 2018, a putative class-action complaint was filed against the Company and NOVAtime Technology, Inc. (“NOVAtime”) in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois. In December 2018, NOVAtime removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division under the Class Action Fairness Act. Plaintiff has since voluntarily dismissed NOVAtime from the lawsuit without prejudice and filed an amended complaint in April 2019. The operative, amended complaint asserts violations of the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act (“BIPA”) in connection with employees’ use of the time clock to clock in and clock out using a finger scan and seeks statutory damages, attorneys’ fees, and injunctive and equitable relief. An aggrieved party under BIPA may recover (i) $1,000 per violation if the Company is found to have negligently violated BIPA or (ii) $5,000 per violation if the Company is found to have intentionally or recklessly violated BIPA plus reasonable attorneys’ fees. In May 2019, the Company filed its motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s amended complaint. In December 2019, the court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss. In January 2020, the Company moved for reconsideration of the court’s order denying the motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, to stay the case pending the Illinois Appellate Court’s ruling in McDonald v. Symphony Healthcare on a legal question that would be potentially dispositive in this matter. In February 2020, the court denied the Company’s motion for reconsideration, but required the parties to submit additional briefing on the Company’s motion to stay. In April 2020, the court granted the Company’s motion to stay and stayed the case pending the Illinois Appellate Court’s ruling in McDonald v. Symphony Healthcare. In October 2020, after the McDonald ruling, the court granted the parties’ joint request to continue the stay of the case for 60 days. The court also ordered the parties to schedule a settlement conference with the Magistrate Judge in May 2021 which went forward without a settlement being reached. On May 22, 2023, the Company filed its answer to the amended complaint. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had recorded an estimated liability of $2.4 million and $2.0 million, respectively, recorded within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to the potential settlement of this matter.          

Mast Powertrain v. the Company

In February 2020, the Company received a demand for arbitration from Mast Powertrain, LLC (“Mast”) pursuant to a development agreement entered into in November 2011 (the “Development Agreement”). Mast claimed that it is owed more than $9.0 million in past royalties and other damages for products sold by the Company pursuant to the Development Agreement. The Company disputed Mast’s damages, denied that any royalties are owed to Mast, denied any liability, and counterclaimed for overpayment on invoices paid to Mast. Mast subsequently clarified its claim for past royalties owed to be approximately $4.5 million. In July 2021, the Company reached a settlement with Mast to resolve past claims for royalties owed for $1.5 million which the Company had previously recorded within Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Statements of Income for the year-ended December 31, 2020. The Company fully paid the settlement and had no recognized liability as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022. In September 2023, Mast filed a lawsuit against the Company in the Eastern District of Texas Federal Court, alleging, among other things, damages of approximately $6.0 million for fraudulent inducement leading to the 2021 arbitration settlement agreement and breach of said settlement agreement. As of December 31, 2023 the Company had recorded an estimated liability of $0.9 million, recorded within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to the potential settlement of this matter. 

Gary Winemaster Litigation v. The Company

In August 2021, the Company’s former Chairman of the Board and former Chief Executive Officer and President, Gary Winemaster (“Winemaster”) filed suit in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against the Company and Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America (“Travelers”) alleging the Company’s breach of its advancement obligations under Winemaster’s indemnification agreement and Travelers’ breach of the side A policy between Traveler’s and the Company of which Winemaster is a beneficiary. In his complaint, Winemaster was seeking reimbursement under his indemnification agreement in excess of $7.2 million of attorney’s fees plus interest incurred by Winemaster in his defense of the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) case, U.S. v. Winemaster et al. Since the filing of the complaint, the Company estimates that Travelers has paid approximately $8.8 million to Winemaster’s attorneys, Latham and Watkins, under the Company’s side A policy to settle existing outstanding attorney’s fees. Travelers is seeking reimbursement from the Company for those advances pursuant to the terms of the side A policy. The Company is negotiating the amount and payment terms of the reimbursement with Travelers. In October 2021, the Company and Winemaster entered into a Stipulation and Advancement Order to handle all future attorney’s fees relating to his DOJ and SEC cases, to the extent not reimbursed by Travelers under the side A policy. As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has approximately $8.8 million accrued for the reimbursement to Travelers recorded within Accounts payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Jeffrey Ehlers and Rick Lulloff Litigation

In September 2021, Jeffrey Ehlers (“Ehlers”) and Rick Lulloff (“Lulloff”), former employees of the Company, made demands against the Company for approximately $2.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively, for alleged wages due and owing under

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each employee’s employment contract related to “Incentive Bonuses” for revenues generated in the Company’s transportation end market. In November 2021, Ehlers and Lulloff separately filed complaints against the Company in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, alleging breach of contract and violations of the Illinois Wage and Payment Collection Act incorporating their claims in the above referenced demand letter. The Company filed a notice of removal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois and has also moved to consolidate the cases, which has been granted by the Court. In December 2022, the Company reached a settlement with both Ehlers and Lulloff, for $0.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company recorded the aforementioned settlement liabilities within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of December 31, 2023, the Company paid the settlement in full to both Ehlers and Lulloff.

Indemnification Agreements

In June 2020, the Company entered into a new directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy, which has been renewed annually and expires in July 2024. The insurance policy includes standard exclusions including for any ongoing or pending litigation such as the previously disclosed investigations by the SEC and USAO.

Other Commitments

At December 31, 2023, the Company had four outstanding letters of credit totaling $1.9 million. The letters of credit primarily serve as collateral for the Company for certain facility leases and insurance policies. As discussed in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, the Company had restricted cash of $3.8 million at December 31, 2023 related to these letters of credit and cash held in escrow due to a customer agreement.

The Company had arrangements with Doosan that required the Company to purchase minimum volumes or be subject to monetary penalties. On July 7, 2022, the Company entered into a revised supply agreement with Doosan, which among other things, removed the Company’s exclusivity to purchase and distribute specified engines within the territory of the United States, Canada and Mexico, and removed the minimum product purchase commitments and related performance penalties imposed on the Company.

The Company was also party to a supply agreement with SAME which expired effective December 31, 2022, for the exclusive purchase and distribution of engines around the world, with the exception of China (including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan), within the forklift market. The agreement included minimum purchase commitments which has no financial impact or monetary penalties for not meeting minimum purchases.

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Note 11.    Income Taxes

Income tax expense was as follows:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Current tax expense
Federal	$	61	$	204
State	639		(89)
Total current tax expense	$	700	$	115
Deferred tax expense
Federal	$	64	$	(71)
State	136		260
Total deferred tax expense	200		189
Total tax expense	$	900	$	304

The Company made net cash payments for income taxes of $0.6 million in 2023, while it received net cash refunds for income taxes of $3.0 million in 2022.

A reconciliation between the Company’s effective tax rate on income before income taxes and the statutory tax rate is as follows: 

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023				2022
	Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent
Income tax expense at federal statutory rate	$	5,713	21.0	%	$	2,430	21.0	%
State income tax, net of federal benefit	1,486		5.5	%	140		1.2	%
Other permanent differences	22		0.1	%	88		0.7	%
Research and development tax credits	(601)		(2.2)	%	(393)		(3.4)	%
Other tax credits	277		1.0	%	(612)		(5.3)	%
Tax reserve reassessment	158		0.6	%	79		0.7	%
Change in valuation allowance	(5,366)		(19.7)	%	(497)		(4.3)	%
Return adjustment	(673)		(2.5)	%	(1,147)		(9.9)	%
Other, net	(116)		(0.5)	%	216		1.9	%
Income tax expense	$	900	3.3	%	$	304	2.6	%

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized pretax income of $27.2 million and $11.6 million, respectively.

The Company generates R&D tax credits as a result of its R&D activities, which reduce the Company’s effective income tax rate. In general, these credits are general business credits and may be carried forward up to 20 years to be offset against future taxable income. The income tax expense for 2023 primarily related to federal and state income taxes offset by R&D credits and a reduction in the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets.

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Significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following:

(in thousands)	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	18,067	$	25,541
Capital loss carryforwards	195		194
Research and development credits	6,167		5,565
Other state credits	2,244		3,671
Inventory	2,569		2,407
Allowances and bad debts	1,646		1,195
Accrued warranty	5,165		6,048
Accrued wages and benefits	353		1,294
Other accrued expenses	6,505		5,749
Stock-based compensation	240		188
Capitalized research and development costs	8,078		4,658
163(j) disallowed interest	2,868		1,343
Contract liabilities	698		1,057
Operating lease liability	7,917		2,820
Other	804		1,685
Total deferred tax assets	63,516		63,415
Valuation allowance	(54,314)		(59,680)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance	$	9,202	$	3,735
Deferred tax liabilities:
ROU operating lease asset	$	(7,274)	$	(2,612)
Intangible amortization	(1,006)		(110)
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment	(2,400)		(2,291)
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	(10,680)	$	(5,013)
Net deferred tax liability	$	(1,478)	$	(1,278)

The Company’s net deferred tax liability is presented as a separate line item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

A valuation allowance is required to be established or maintained when, based on currently available information, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The guidance on accounting for income taxes provides important factors in determining whether a deferred tax asset will be realized, including whether there has been sufficient taxable income in recent years and whether sufficient income can reasonably be expected in future years in order to utilize the deferred tax asset.

The Company evaluated the need to maintain a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets based on an assessment of whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax benefits will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. Appropriate consideration is given to all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. As a result of this evaluation, the Company concluded that the negative evidence outweighed the positive evidence and that a full valuation allowance should be maintained against its net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company’s net deferred tax liability of $1.5 million and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, represents the deferred tax liability related to indefinite-lived assets which cannot serve as a source of income for the realization of deferred tax assets that are not indefinite-lived.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has, on a tax-effected basis, $8.4 million in R&D and state tax credit carryforwards which begin to expire in 2024. The Company has $10.3 million and $7.6 million of federal and state (tax effected, net of federal tax benefit) net operating loss carryforwards, respectively, that are available to offset taxable income in the future. The state net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire in 2026. The federal net operating loss carryforwards do not expire.

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The change in unrecognized tax benefits excluding interest and penalties were as follows:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of year	$	1,660	$	1,588
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year	117		74
Additions for tax positions of prior years	43		5
Reduction for tax positions of prior years	(1)		$	(7)
Balance at end of year	$	1,819	$	1,660

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in Income tax expense. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the amount accrued for interest and penalties was not material. The Company reflects the liability for unrecognized tax benefits as Other noncurrent liabilities in its Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amounts included in “reductions for tax positions of prior years” represent decreases in the unrecognized tax benefits relating to expiration of the statutes during each year shown.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company believes the liability for unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, could decrease by an immaterial amount in 2024 due to lapses in the statute of limitations. Due to the various jurisdictions in which the Company files tax returns, it is possible that there could be other changes in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits in 2024, but the amount cannot be estimated. Unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate are not expected to be material.

With few exceptions, the major jurisdictions subject to examination by the relevant tax authorities and open tax years, stated as the Company’s fiscal years, are as follows:

Jurisdiction	Open Tax Years
U.S. Federal	2014	to	2023
U.S. States	2013	to	2023
Canada	2019	to	2020

The Company is currently under federal income tax audit for tax years 2014, 2015 and 2016. The Company is currently under Illinois income tax audit for tax years 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016.

Note 12.    Stockholders’ Deficit

Common and Treasury Stock

The changes in shares of Common and Treasury Stock are as follows:

(in thousands)	Common Shares Issued	Treasury Stock Shares	Common Shares Outstanding
Balance as of December 31, 2021	23,117	191	22,926
Net shares issued for stock awards	—	(25)	25
Balance as of December 31, 2022	23,117	166	22,951
Net shares issued for stock awards	—	(17)	17
Balance as of December 31, 2023	23,117	149	22,968

Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of Preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share. The Preferred stock may be designated into one or more series as determined by the Board. As of December 31, 2023, the Board had authorized two series of Preferred stock. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no shares of Preferred stock outstanding.

Note 13.    Stock-Based Compensation

The Company has an incentive compensation plan (the “2012 Plan”), which authorizes the granting of a variety of different types of awards including, but not limited to, non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, Stock Appreciation Rights (“SARs”), Restricted Stock Awards (“RSAs”), deferred stock and performance units to its executive officers, employees, consultants and Directors. The 2012 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board.

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Under the 2012 Plan, 830,925 shares were initially made available for awards, with 700,000 additional shares added to the 2012 Plan in 2013. Forfeited shares are added back to the pool of shares available for future awards.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 394,516 shares available for issuance of future awards. To date, the Company’s granted awards have generally been either RSAs or SARs.

SAR awards are typically share settled except for certain executives which are settled in cash. Share settlement entitles the recipients to receive, upon exercise, a number of shares of Common Stock equal to (i) the number of shares for which the SAR is being exercised multiplied by the value of one share of Common Stock on the date of exercise (determined as provided in the SAR award agreement), less (ii) the number of shares for which the SAR is being exercised multiplied by the applicable exercise price, divided by (iii) the value of one share of Common Stock on the date of exercise (determined as provided in the SAR award agreement). The exercised SAR is to be settled only in whole shares of Common Stock, and the value of any fractional share of Common Stock is forfeited. Cash settled awards are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as a liability and adjusted each reporting period for changes in share value until the settlement of the award.

RSA grants represent Common Stock issued subject to forfeiture or other restrictions that will lapse upon satisfaction of specified conditions.

Both SAR awards and RSA grants are time-based awards that generally vest over a 2 to 3-year vesting schedule (except grants to members of the Board which have a 1-year vesting schedule). SAR awards generally have a term of 10 years. Compensation expense for recipients of these time-based awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period from the date of grant. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur rather than apply an estimated forfeiture rate. Stock-based compensation expense is primarily recorded in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

RSAs are valued based on the fair value of the common stock at grant date.

For all SAR award assumptions, the Company used rates on the grant date of zero-coupon government bonds with maturities over periods covering the term of the awards. The Company considered the historical volatility of its stock price over a term similar to the expected life of the awards in determining expected volatility. The expected term is the period that the awards granted are expected to remain outstanding. The Company has never declared or paid a cash dividend on its Common Stock.

The following table represents stock-based compensation expense and the related income tax benefits:

(in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Stock-based compensation expense	$	151	$	385
Income tax benefit	$	—	$	87

SAR Awards

The Company granted 101,663 SAR awards in 2023, and granted 159,217 SAR awards in 2022. The SAR awards granted for the year ended December 31, 2023 were all liability classified awards and remained outstanding. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining contractual term for these awards was 9.32 years, the aggregate intrinsic value was zero and the unrecognized compensation expense was $0.1 million. The assumptions used for determining the fair value of the SARs included the following:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Market closing price of the Common Stock	$	2.05		$	3.00
Exercise price	$	2.99		$	3.00
Range of risk-free interest rates	3.8		%	2.1% - 3.3%
Weighted-average volatility	88.5		%	88.4		%
Range of volatilities	88.5% - 89.4%			84.6% - 89.0%
Expected term	5.00 years			5.00 years
Dividend yield	—		%	—		%
Weighted-average grant date fair value	$	1.33		$	1.40

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SAR activity for awards classified in equity consisted of the following:

Number of Shares under SARs	Shares	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	130,520	$	7.87	6.18	$	—
Granted	159,217	4.83			—
Exercised	—	—			—
Forfeited	(78,074)	5.74			—
Expired	(83,551)	6.58			—
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	128,112	6.22		7.07	52
Granted	—	—			—
Exercised	—	—			—
Forfeited	—	—			—
Expired	(2,250)	11.25			—
Outstanding at December 31, 2023	125,862	6.13		6.14	$	3
Exercisable at December 31, 2022	58,217	$	9.78	4.49	—
Exercisable at December 31, 2023	94,914	$	7.04	5.45	1

The total fair value of SARs that vested during 2023 and 2022 was $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The total aggregate intrinsic value of SARs that vested during both 2023 and 2022 was $0.1 million. Unrecognized compensation expense related to SARs as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $0.1 million. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted-average period over which the unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be recognized was approximately 2.17 years.

Restricted Stock Awards

Restricted stock activity consisted of the following:

	Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
December 31, 2021	33,246	$	12.96
Granted	20,000	1.80
Forfeited	—	—
Vested	(26,623)	8.83
Balance as of December 31, 2022	26,623	$	8.70
Granted	15,000	2.27
Forfeited	(7,834)	3.63
Vested	(18,389)	9.63
Balance as of December 31, 2023	15,400	$	3.91

The total grant date fair value of restricted stock that vested during 2023 and 2022 was $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The total aggregate intrinsic value of restricted stock that vested during both 2023 and 2022 was less than $0.1 million. Unrecognized compensation expense related to RSAs as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted-average period over which the unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be recognized was approximately 0.53 years.

Note 14.    Earnings Per Share

The Company computes basic earnings per share by dividing net income by the weighted-average common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is calculated to give effect to all potentially dilutive common shares that were outstanding during the year. Weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding primarily reflect the additional shares that would be issued upon the assumed exercise of stock options and the assumed vesting of unvested share awards. The treasury stock method has been used to compute diluted earnings per share for 2023 and 2022.

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The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows:

(in thousands, except per share basis)	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income – basic and diluted	$	26,306	$	11,270
Denominator:
Shares used in computing net income per share
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic	22,960		22,938
Effect of dilutive securities	13		10
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted	22,973		22,948
Earnings per common share
Earnings per share of common stock – basic	$	1.15	$	0.49
Earnings per share of common stock – diluted	$	1.15	$	0.49

The aggregate number of shares excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculations because they would have been anti-dilutive were 0.1 million shares in both 2023 and 2022. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, SARs and RSAs were not included in the diluted earnings per share calculations as they would have been anti-dilutive because the Company’s average stock price was less than or equal to the exercise price of the SARs or the grant price of the RSAs.

Note 15.    Related Party Transactions

Weichai Transactions

See Note 3. Weichai Transactions for information regarding the Weichai SPA, Shareholder’s Loan Agreements and Collaboration Agreement.

Other Related Party Transactions

See Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies for information regarding the Company’s indemnification obligations related to certain former directors and officers of the Company.

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Item 9.    Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures.

None.

Item 9A.    Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The term “disclosure controls and procedures” is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as “controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms.” The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that material information relating to the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries is accumulated and communicated to its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

The Company’s management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the Exchange Act, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. As defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d(f) under the Exchange Act, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Company’s financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Effective internal control can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements.

In September 2020, the Company settled the investigations by the SEC and USAO into the Company’s past revenue recognition practices. As part of the settlement, among other undertakings, the Company committed to remediate the deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses by April 30, 2021. On April 12, 2021 the SEC granted the Company’s request for an extension of time until March 31, 2022 in which to comply with the requirements of the administrative order to remediate the remaining material weaknesses. In April 2022, the SEC granted a further extension of time until March 31, 2023 to fully comply with the administrative order. In May 2023, the Company submitted documentation to the SEC for its review to assess the Company’s compliance with the administrative order. In July 2023, the Company was notified by the SEC that no additional information with respect to the administrative order is required.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on the criteria established by the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO Framework”).

As a result of management’s review of the Company’s financial and accounting records and the other work completed by the management team and its advisers, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in the internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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Item 9B.    Other Information.

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C.    Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

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PART III

Item 10.    Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference herein from the 2024 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2023. If the Proxy Statement is not filed with the SEC by such time, such information will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report by such time.

See also Information about the Company’s Executive Officers in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that is applicable to its directors, officers and employees and is available on its website under the “Governance Documents/Committee Charters” tab within the “Governance” subsection of the “Investors” section of its website at https://investors.psiengines.com/committee-chartersgovernance-documents. The Company intends to include on its website any amendments to, or waivers from, a provision of the code of ethics that applies to its principal executive officer, principal financial officer or controller that relates to any element of the code of ethics definition contained in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K.

Item 11.    Executive Compensation.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference herein from the 2024 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2023. If the Proxy Statement is not filed with the SEC by such time, such information will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report by such time.

Item 12.    Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference herein from the 2024 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2023. If the Proxy Statement is not filed with the SEC by such time, such information will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report by such time.

Item 13.    Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference herein from the 2024 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2023. If the Proxy Statement is not filed with the SEC by such time, such information will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report by such time.

Item 14.    Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference herein from the 2024 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2023. If the Proxy Statement is not filed with the SEC by such time, such information will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report by such time.

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PART IV

Item 15.    Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

The following Financial Statements are filed as a part of this report:	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	36
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022	38
Consolidated Statements of Income for 2023 and 2022	39
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit for 2023 and 2022	40
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for 2023 and 2022	41
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	42

All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and, therefore, have been omitted.

EXHIBIT INDEX

The following documents listed below that have been previously filed with the SEC (1934 Act File No. 001-35944) are incorporated herein by reference:

			Incorporated by Reference Herein
Exhibit No.		Exhibit Description	Form	Exhibit	Filing Date	File No.
2.1	†	Agreement and Plan of Merger dated April 29, 2011, by and among Format, Inc., PSI Merger Sub, Inc. and The W Group, Inc.	8-K	2.1	05/05/2011	000-52213
2.2		Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 1, 2014, by and among Power Solutions International, Inc., Carl L. Trent, Kenneth C. Trent and CKT Holdings, Inc.	8-K	10.1	04/02/2014	001-35944
3.1		Certificate of Incorporation of Power Solutions International, Inc., a Delaware corporation, originally filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on August 12, 2011.	S-1/A	3.4	08/19/2011	333-174543
3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of Power Solutions International, Inc.	8-K	3.1	08/18/2015	001-35944
3.3		Form of Certificate of Designation of Series B Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock of Power Solutions International, Inc.	8-K	3.1	03/27/2017	001-35944
3.4		Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Power Solutions International, Inc., dated as of December 23, 2020.	8-K	3.1	12/31/2020	001-35944
4.1		Description of the registrant’s securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.	10-K	4.11	05/04/2020	001-35944
10.1	††	Power Solutions International, Inc. 2012 Incentive Compensation Plan.	8-K	10.3	06/07/2012	000-52213
10.2	††	Amendment No. 1 to the Power Solutions International, Inc. 2012 Incentive Compensation Plan.	DEF14A	Appendix A	08/02/2013	001-35944
10.3	††	Form of Restricted Stock Agreement by and between Power Solutions International, Inc. and each eligible employee.	8-K	10.1	06/20/2013	001-35944
10.4	††	Form of Indemnification Agreement by and between Power Solutions International, Inc. and certain Indemnitees.	8-K	10.1	01/09/2014	001-35944
10.5		Amended and Restated Lease Agreement, dated as of April 1, 2014, by and between Professional Power Products, Inc. and 448 W. Madison LLC.	8-K	10.2	04/02/2014	001-35944
10.6		Lease Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2014, by and between Power Solutions International, Inc. and Hamilton Lakes Commerce Center #4 Limited Partnership.	8-K	10.2	10/01/2014	001-35944
10.7		Lease Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2017, by and between Power Solutions International, Inc. and James Campbell Company LLC.	10-K	10.26	05/16/2019	001-35944
10.8		First Lease Amendment, dated as of July 11, 2018, by and between Power Solutions International, Inc. and Centerpoint Properties Trust, in connection with that certain Industrial Building Lease dated as of March 13, 2012, with respect to that certain premises located at 101 Mittel Drive (formerly 801 EC Drive) in Wood Dale, Illinois.	8-K	10.1	07/18/2018	001-35944

69

			Incorporated by Reference Herein
Exhibit No.		Exhibit Description	Form	Exhibit	Filing Date	File No.
10.9		Second Lease Amendment, dated as of July 11, 2018, by and between Power Solutions International, Inc. and CenterPoint Properties Trust, in connection with that certain Industrial Building Lease dated as of February 28, 2012, as further amended by that certain First Lease Amendment dated June 1, 2012, with respect to that certain premises located at 201 Mittel Drive, Wood Dale, Illinois.	8-K	10.2	07/18/2018	001-35944
10.10	†††	Addendum dated as of July 31, 2014, to Supply Agreement dated December 11, 2007, by and between Power Solutions International, Inc. and Doosan Infracore Co., Ltd., as amended.	8-K	10.1	08/06/2014	001-35944
10.11		Asset Purchase Agreement dated as of May 4, 2015 by and among Power Solutions International, Inc., Powertrain Integration Acquisition, LLC, as the Buyer, and Powertrain Integration, LLC and its principals, as the Seller.	8-K	10.1	05/06/2015	001-35944
10.12		Form of Investor Rights Agreement between Power Solutions International, Inc. and Weichai America Corp.	8-K	10.3	03/27/2017	001-35944
10.13		Shareholders Agreement by and among Power Solutions International, Inc., Weichai America Corp. and the Founding Stockholders, dated as of March 20, 2017.	8-K	10.4	03/27/2017	001-35944
10.14	†††	Strategic Collaboration Agreement between Weichai Power Co. Ltd. and Power Solutions International, Inc., dated March 20, 2017.	8-K	10.5	03/27/2017	001-35944
10.15		Securities Exchange Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2017, by and among Power Solutions International, Inc., and Weichai America Corp.	8-K	10.1	12/05/2017	001-35944
10.16	††	Employment Agreement, dated June 15, 2017, by and between Power Solutions International, Inc. and John P. Miller.	8-K/A	10.1	06/21/2017	001-35944
10.17	††	Employment Agreement, dated November 28, 2017, by and between Power Solutions International, Inc. and Kenneth Winemaster.	8-K	10.1	12/04/2017	001-35944
10.18		Amendment to the Power Solutions International, Inc. 2012 Incentive Compensation Plan (As Amended July 31, 2013).	10-K	10.40	05/16/2019	001-35944
10.19		Addendum #10, dated as of September 16, 2019, to Supply Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2007, by and between Power Solutions International, Inc. and Doosan Infracore Co., Ltd., as amended.	8-K	10.1	10/02/2019	001-35944
10.20		First Amendment to Strategic Collaboration Agreement, dated as of March 26, 2020, by and between the Company and Weichai Power.	8-K	10.1	04/01/2020	001-35944
10.21		Credit Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2020, between the Company and Standard Chartered Bank, as administrative agent.	8-K	10.1	04/06/2020	001-35944
10.22	††	Confidential Consulting Agreement	10-Q	10.1	05/04/2019	001-35944
10.23		First Amendment to Credit Agreement and Limited Waiver, dated as of December 28, 2020, among the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Standard Chartered Bank, as administrative agent.	8-K	10.1	12/31/2020	001-35944
10.24		Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, dated as of December 28, 2020, between the Company and Weichai America Corp.	8-K	10.2	12/31/2020	001-35944
10.25		Employment Agreement, dated as of February 15, 2021, between the Company and Lance Arnett	8-K	10.1	02/16/2021	001-35944
10.26		Separation Agreement and Release, dated as of February 15, 2021, between the Company and John P. Miller	8-K	10.2	02/16/2021	001-35944
10.27		Retirement Agreement and Release, dated as of December 14, 2021, between the Company and Kenneth Winemaster	8-K	10.1	12/17/2021	001-35944
10.28		Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, dated as of December 10, 2021, between the Company and Weichai America Corp.	8-K	10.1	12/16/2021	001-35944
10.29		Second Amended and Restated Uncommitted Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2022, among the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Standard Chartered Bank, as administrative agent.	8-K	10.1	03/28/2022	001-35944
10.30		Second Amended and Restated Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2022, between the Company and Weichai America Corp.	8-K	10.2	03/28/2022	001-35944
10.31		First Amended and Restated Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2022, between the Company and Weichai America Corp.	8-K	10.3	03/28/2022	001-35944
10.32		Addendum # 11, dated as of July 1, 2022 to Supply Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2007, by and between Power Solutions International, Inc. and Doosan Infracore Co., Ltd., as amended.	8-K	10.4	07/25/2022	001-35944

70

			Incorporated by Reference Herein
Exhibit No.		Exhibit Description	Form	Exhibit	Filing Date	File No.
10.33		Employment Agreement, effective as of August 29, 2022, by and between Kenneth Li and Power Solutions International, Inc.	8-K	10.1	08/29/2022	001-35944
10.34		Employment Agreement, effective as of September 16, 2022, between PSI and Sidong Shao	8-K	10.1	09/22/2022	001-35944
10.35	* ††	Description of Long-Term Incentive Plan
10.36		First Amended and Restated Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, dated as of November 29, 2022, between the Company and Weichai America Corp.	8-K	10.1	12/02/2022	001-35944
10.37		Third Amended and Restated Uncommitted Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of March 24, 2023, among the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Standard Chartered Bank, as administrative agent.	8-K	10.1	03/30/2023	001-35944
10.38		Third Amended and Restated Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, dated as of March 24, 2023, between the Company and Weichai America Corp.	8-K	10.2	03/30/2023	001-35944
10.39		First Amended and Restated Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, dated as of March 24, 2023, between the Company and Weichai America Corp.	8-K	10.3	03/30/2023	001-35944
10.40		Second Amendment to Strategic Collaboration Agreement, dated as of March 22, 2023, by and between the Company and Weichai Power.	8-K	10.1	03/27/2023	001-35944
10.41		Employment Agreement, dated as of April 24, 2023, between the Company and Constantine Xykis.	8-K	10.1	04/25/2023	001-35944
10.42		Second Amended and Restated Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, dated as of May 12, 2023, between the Company and Weichai America Corp.	8-K	10.1	05/17/2023	001-35944
10.43		Addendum # 12, dated as of June 8, 2023 to Supply Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2007, by and between Power Solutions International, Inc. and Doosan Infracore Co., Ltd., as amended.	8-K	10.1	06/13/2023	001-35944
10.44		Second Amended and Restated Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, dated as of November 29, 2023, between the Company and Weichai America Corp.	8-K	10.1	12/06/2023	001-35944
21.1	*	Subsidiaries of Power Solutions International, Inc.
23.1	*	Consent of BDO USA, P.C.
31.1	*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	**	Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	**	Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	*	XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	*	XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document.

*    Filed with this Report.

**    This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

†    Exhibits and schedules omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The registrant agrees to furnish a supplemental copy of an omitted exhibit or schedule to the SEC upon request.

††    Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

†††    Confidential treatment has been requested with respect to certain portions of this exhibit. Omitted portions have been separately filed with the SEC.

Item 16.    Form 10-K Summary.

None.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 14th day of March, 2024.

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.
By:	/s/ Xun Li
Name:	Xun Li
Title:	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated on the 14th day of March, 2024.

Signature	Title
/s/ Dino Xykis	Chief Executive Officer
Dino Xykis	(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Xun Li	Chief Financial Officer
Xun Li	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
/s/ Jiwen Zhang	Chairman of the Board and Director
Jiwen Zhang
/s/ Shaojun Sun	Director
Shaojun Sun
/s/ Fuzhang Yu	Director
Fuzhang Yu
/s/ Gengsheng Zhang	Director
Gengsheng Zhang
/s/ Kenneth W. Landini	Director
Kenneth W. Landini
/s/ Frank P. Simpkins	Director
Frank P. Simpkins
/s/ Hong He	Director
Hong He

72