bsrr-10q_20190331.htm

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

As of May 1, 2019, the registrant had 15,328,430 shares of common stock outstanding.

	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
ASSETS	(unaudited)			(audited)
Cash and due from banks	$	58,940		$	72,439
Interest-bearing deposits in banks		9,123			1,693
Total cash & cash equivalents		68,063			74,132
Securities available-for-sale		563,628			560,479
Loans and leases:
Gross loans and leases		1,750,989			1,731,928
Allowance for loan and lease losses		(9,438	)		(9,750	)
Deferred loan and lease costs, net		2,787			2,602
Net loans and leases		1,744,338			1,724,780
Foreclosed assets		806			1,082
Premises and equipment, net		28,855			29,500
Goodwill		27,357			27,357
Other intangible assets, net		6,187			6,455
Bank-owned life insurance		49,270			48,153
Other assets		50,583			50,564
Total assets	$	2,539,087		$	2,522,502

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Deposits:
Non-interest bearing	$	658,524		$	662,527
Interest bearing		1,502,224			1,453,813
Total deposits		2,160,748			2,116,340
Repurchase agreements		19,360			16,359
Short-term borrowings		—			56,100
Subordinated debentures, net		34,811			34,767
Other liabilities		40,100			25,912
Total liabilities		2,255,019			2,249,478

Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 8)

Shareholders' equity
Common stock, no par value; 24,000,000 shares authorized; 15,328,030 and 15,300,460 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively		113,001			112,507
Additional paid-in capital		3,135			3,066
Retained earnings		170,258			164,117
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net		(2,326	)		(6,666	)
Total shareholders' equity		284,068			273,024
Total liabilities and shareholder's equity	$	2,539,087		$	2,522,502

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

Interest and dividend income	2019		2018
Loans and leases, including fees	$	23,748	$	20,004
Taxable securities		2,617		2,338
Tax-exempt securities		1,045		1,016
Federal funds sold and other		73		118
Total interest income		27,483		23,476
Interest expense
Deposits		2,955		1,318
Short-term borrowings		72		13
Subordinated debentures		483		385
Total interest expense		3,510		1,716
Net interest income		23,973		21,760
Provision for loan losses		300		200
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		23,673		21,560
Non-interest income
Service charges on deposits		2,943		2,946
Other income		2,963		2,187
Total non-interest income		5,906		5,133
Other operating expense
Salaries and employee benefits		9,243		9,183
Occupancy and equipment		2,361		2,348
Other		6,248		6,356
Total other operating expense		17,852		17,887
Income before taxes		11,727		8,806
Provision for income taxes		2,832		2,096
Net income	$	8,895	$	6,710

PER SHARE DATA
Book value	$	18.53	$	16.75
Cash dividends	$	0.18	$	0.16
Earnings per share basic	$	0.58	$	0.44
Earnings per share diluted	$	0.58	$	0.44
Average shares outstanding, basic		15,311,154		15,232,696
Average shares outstanding, diluted		15,447,747		15,412,168

Total shareholder equity (in thousands)	$	284,068	$	255,320
Shares outstanding		15,328,030		15,246,780
Dividends paid (in thousands)	$	2,754	$	2,437

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

	Common Stock
											Accumulated
					Additional						Other
					Paid In			Retained			Comprehensive			Shareholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Earnings			Income (Loss)			Equity
Balance, December 31, 2017		15,223,360	$	111,138	$	2,937		$	144,197		$	(2,330	)	$	255,942
Net income									6,710						6,710
Other comprehensive income, net of tax												(5,347	)		(5,347	)
Exercise of stock options		23,420		460		(78	)								382
Stock compensation costs						76									76
Stock issued-acquisition						(6	)								(6	)
Cash dividends - $.16 per share									(2,437	)					(2,437	)
Balance, March 31, 2018		15,246,780	$	111,598	$	2,929		$	148,470		$	(7,677	)	$	255,320

Balance, December 31, 2018		15,300,460	$	112,507	$	3,066		$	164,117		$	(6,666	)	$	273,024
Net income									8,895						8,895
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax												4,340			4,340
Exercise of stock options		27,570		494		(82	)								412
Stock compensation costs						151									151
Stock issued-acquisition															—
Cash dividends - $.18 per share									(2,754	)					(2,754	)
Balance, March 31, 2019		15,328,030	$	113,001	$	3,135		$	170,258		$	(2,326	)	$	284,068

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

	2019			2018
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	8,895		$	6,710
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

Gain on sales of securities		(6	)		—
Loss on disposal of fixed assets		12			—
Gain on sale on foreclosed assets		(16	)		—
Writedowns on foreclosed assets		20			110
Share-based compensation expense		151			76
Provision for loan losses		300			200
Depreciation and amortization		754			785
Net amortization on securities premiums and discounts		1,030			1,423
Accretion of discounts for loans acquired and net deferred loan fees		(266	)		(356	)
Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance policies		(900	)		(204	)
Amortization of core deposit intangible		269			230
(Increase) decrease in interest receivable and other assets		(203	)		2,633
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities		4,476			(3,020	)
Deferred income tax benefit (provision)		2			(953	)
Net amortization of partnership investment		450			405
Net cash provided by operating activities		14,968			8,039

Cash flows from investing activities:
Maturities and calls of securities available for sale		1,150			200
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale		15,504			—
Purchases of securities available for sale		(34,469	)		(36,750	)
Principal pay downs on securities available for sale		19,803			22,282
Loan originations and payments, net		(19,618	)		(34,471	)
Purchases of premises and equipment		(87	)		(412	)
Proceeds from sale premises and equipment		10			—
Proceeds from sales of foreclosed assets		7,920			—
Purchase of bank-owned life insurance		(217	)		(278	)
Net cash from bank acquisition		—			(6	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(10,004	)		(49,435	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Increase in deposits		44,408			48,244
Decrease in borrowed funds		(56,100	)		(16,100	)
Increase in Fed funds purchased		—			300
Increase in repurchase agreements		3,001			4,379
Cash dividends paid		(2,754	)		(2,437	)
Stock options exercised		412			382
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(11,033	)		34,768

Decrease in cash and due from banks		(6,069	)		(6,628	)

Cash and cash equivalents
Beginning of period		74,132			70,137
End of period	$	68,063		$	63,509

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Sierra Bancorp (the “Company”) is a California corporation headquartered in Porterville, California, and is a registered bank holding company under federal banking laws. The Company was formed to serve as the holding company for Bank of the Sierra (the “Bank”), and has been the Bank’s sole shareholder since August 2001. The Company exists primarily for the purpose of holding the stock of the Bank and of such other subsidiaries it may acquire or establish. As of March 31, 2019, the Company’s only other subsidiaries were Sierra Statutory Trust II, Sierra Capital Trust III, and Coast Bancorp Statutory Trust II, which were formed solely to facilitate the issuance of capital trust pass-through securities (“TRUPS”). Pursuant to the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) standard on the consolidation of variable interest entities, these trusts are not reflected on a consolidated basis in the Company’s financial statements. References herein to the “Company” include Sierra Bancorp and its consolidated subsidiary, the Bank, unless the context indicates otherwise.

Bank of the Sierra, a California state-chartered bank headquartered in Porterville, California, offers a wide range of retail and commercial banking services via branch offices located throughout California’s South San Joaquin Valley, the Central Coast, Ventura County, and neighboring communities. The Bank was incorporated in September 1977, and opened for business in January 1978 as a one-branch bank with $1.5 million in capital. Our growth in the ensuing years has largely been organic in nature, but includes four whole-bank acquisitions: Sierra National Bank in 2000, Santa Clara Valley Bank in 2014, Coast National Bank in 2016, and Ojai Community Bank in October 2017. We also acquired a branch located in Lompoc, California from Community Bank of Santa Maria in May 2018, and we opened a new branch on Palm Avenue in Fresno in September 2018. As of the filing date of this report the Bank operates 40 full service branches and an online branch, and maintains ATMs at all but one of our branch locations as well as seven non-branch locations. Moreover, the Bank has specialized lending units which focus on agricultural borrowers, SBA loans, and mortgage warehouse lending. The Company had total assets of $2.5 billion at March 31, 2019, and for a number of years we have claimed the distinction of being the largest bank headquartered in the South San Joaquin Valley. The Bank’s deposit accounts, which totaled $2.2 billion at March 31, 2019, are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to maximum insurable amounts.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in a condensed format, and therefore do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. The information furnished in these interim statements reflects all adjustments that are, in the opinion of Management, necessary for a fair statement of the results for such periods. Such adjustments can generally be considered as normal and recurring unless otherwise disclosed in this Form 10-Q. In preparing the accompanying financial statements, Management has taken subsequent events into consideration and recognized them where appropriate. The results of operations in the interim statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other quarter, or for the full year. Certain amounts reported for 2018 have been reclassified to be consistent with the reporting for 2019. The interim financial information should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

In February 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The intention of this standard is to increase the transparency and comparability around lease obligations. Previously unrecorded off-balance sheet obligations will now be brought more prominently to light by presenting lease liabilities on the face of the balance sheet, accompanied by enhanced qualitative and quantitative disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. ASU 2016-02 is generally effective for public business entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company has leases on 21 branch locations, an administrative office building, and three offsite ATM locations which are considered operating leases and are not currently reflected in our financial statements. Pursuant to ASU 2016-02, on January 1, 2019 these lease agreements were recognized on our consolidated statement of condition as right-of-use assets totaling approximately $10 million, and corresponding lease liabilities. Please see Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements for more detailed disclosure information.

In September 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold for credit losses in current U.S. GAAP, and instead requires an organization to record a current estimate of all expected credit losses over the contractual term for financial assets carried at amortized cost. This is commonly referred to as the current expected credit losses (“CECL”) methodology. Expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date will be measured based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Another change from existing U.S. GAAP involves the treatment of purchased credit deteriorated assets, which are more broadly defined than purchased credit impaired assets in current accounting standards. When such assets are purchased, institutions will estimate and record an allowance for credit losses that is added to the purchase price rather than being reported as a credit loss expense. Furthermore, ASU 2016-13 updates the measurement of credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities, by mandating that institutions record credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities through an allowance for credit losses rather than the current practice of writing down securities for other-than-temporary impairment. ASU 2016-13 will also require the enhancement of financial statement disclosures regarding estimates used in calculating credit losses. ASU 2016-13 does not change the existing write-off principle in U.S. GAAP or current nonaccrual practices, nor does it change accounting requirements for loans held for sale or certain other financial assets which are measured at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. As a public business entity that is an SEC filer, ASU 2016-13 becomes effective for the Company on January 1, 2020, although early application is permitted for 2019. On the effective date, institutions will apply the new accounting standard as follows: for financial assets carried at amortized cost, a cumulative-effect adjustment will be recognized on the balance sheet for any change in the related allowance for loan and lease losses generated by the adoption of the new standard; financial assets classified as purchased credit impaired assets prior to the effective date will be reclassified as purchased credit deteriorated assets as of the effective date, and will be grossed up for the related allowance for expected credit losses created as of the effective date; and, debt securities on which other-than-temporary impairment had been recognized prior to the effective date will transition to the new guidance prospectively with no change in their amortized cost basis. The Company is well under way with transition efforts. We have established an implementation team which is chaired by our Chief Credit Officer and includes the Company’s other executive officers, along with certain members of our credit administration and finance departments. Furthermore, after extensive discussion and due diligence, we engaged a third-party vendor and purchased a specialized application to assist in our calculation of potential required reserves utilizing the CECL methodology and to help validate our current reserving methodology. A preliminary evaluation indicates that the provisions of ASU 2016-13 will likely have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements, particularly the level of our allowance for credit losses and shareholders’ equity. While the potential extent of that impact has not yet been definitively determined, initial estimates indicate that our allowance for loan and lease losses could increase by 100% or more relative to current levels if we utilize the discounted cash flow methodology with forecasting.

In January 2017 the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. Currently, Topic 805 specifies three elements of a business – inputs, processes, and outputs. While an integrated set of assets and activities (collectively referred to as a “set”) that is a business usually has outputs, outputs are not required. In addition, all the inputs and processes that a seller uses in operating a set are not required if market participants can acquire the set and continue to produce outputs, for example, by integrating the acquired set with their own inputs and processes. This led many transactions to be accounted for as business combinations rather than asset purchases under legacy GAAP. The primary goal of ASU 2017-01 is to narrow the definition of a business, and the guidance in this update provides a screen to determine when a set is not a business. The screen requires that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set is not a business. This reduces the number of transactions that need to be further evaluated. The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and we implemented ASU 2017-01 on a prospective basis effective January 1, 2018. This update affected the accounting treatment used for our branch deposit purchase in the second quarter of 2018, and we expect that it will also impact the way we account for certain branch acquisitions in future periods, if the opportunity for such arises.

In January 2017 the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment. This guidance removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation, and goodwill impairment will simply be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. All other goodwill impairment guidance will remain largely unchanged. Entities will continue to have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if a quantitative impairment test is necessary. The same one-step impairment test will be applied to goodwill at all reporting units, even those with zero or negative carrying amounts. Entities will be required to disclose the amount of goodwill at reporting units with zero or negative carrying amounts. The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. We have not been required to record any goodwill impairment to date, and after a preliminary review do not expect that this guidance would require us to do so given current circumstances. Nevertheless, we will continue to evaluate ASU 2017-04 to more definitely determine its potential impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In March 2017 the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The amendments in this update will shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium, by requiring the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. Under current guidance, the premium on a callable debt security is generally amortized as an adjustment to yield over the contractual life of the instrument, and any unamortized premium is recorded as a loss in earnings upon the debtor’s exercise of a call provision. Under ASU 2017-08, because the premium will be amortized to the earliest call date, entities will no longer recognize a loss in earnings if a debt security is called prior to the contractual maturity date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; discounts will continue to be amortized as an adjustment to yield over the contractual life of the debt instrument. ASU 2017-08 is effective for public business entities, including the Company, for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity early adopts in an interim period, any adjustments must be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. To apply ASU 2017-08, entities must use a modified retrospective approach, with the cumulative-effect adjustment recognized to retained earnings at the beginning of the period of adoption. Entities are also required to provide disclosures about a change in accounting principle in the period of adoption. The Company adopted ASU 2017-08 effective January 1, 2019 with no material impact on our financial statements or operations.

In August 2018 the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, as part of its disclosure framework project. Pursuant to this guidance, disclosures that will no longer be required include the following: transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; transfers in and out of Level 3 for nonpublic entities, as well as purchases and issuances and the Level 3 roll forward; a company’s policy for determining when transfers between any of the three levels have occurred; the valuation processes used for Level 3 measurements; and, the changes in unrealized gains or losses presented in earnings for Level 3 instruments held at the balance sheet date for nonpublic entities. The following are additional disclosure requirements: for public entities, the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 instruments held at the balance sheet date; for public entities, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used for Level 3 measurements, although for certain unobservable inputs the entity will be allowed to disclose other quantitative information in place of the weighted average to the extent that it would be a more reasonable and rational method to reflect the distribution of unobservable inputs; for nonpublic entities, some form of quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements; and, for certain investments in entities that calculate the net asset value, disclosures will be required about the timing of liquidation and redemption restrictions lapsing if the latter has been communicated to the reporting entity. The guidance also clarifies that the Level 3 measurement uncertainty disclosure should communicate information about the uncertainty at the balance sheet date. ASU 2018-13 is effective for all entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods. Early adoption is permitted. In addition, an entity may early adopt any of the removed or modified disclosures immediately and delay adoption of the new disclosures until the effective date.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, cash paid for interest due on interest-bearing liabilities was $3.409 million and $1.874 million, respectively. There was no cash paid for income taxes during the three months ended March 31, 2019 or March 31, 2018. There were assets totaling $26,000 that were acquired in settlement of loans for the three months ended March 31, 2019, but none during the three months ended March 31, 2018. Non-cash items which arose from the recording of an operating right-of-use asset and lease liability, pursuant to the adoption of ASU 2016-02, were $9.7 million and $10.3 million respectively during the first quarter of 2019.

On March 16, 2017 the Company’s Board of Directors approved and adopted the 2017 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), which became effective May 24, 2017, the date approved by the Company’s shareholders. The 2017 Plan replaced the Company’s 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”), which expired by its own terms on March 15, 2017. Options to purchase 341,450 shares that were granted under the 2007 Plan were still outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and remain unaffected by that plan’s expiration. The 2017 Plan provides for the issuance of both “incentive” and “nonqualified” stock options to officers and employees, and of “nonqualified” stock options to non-employee directors and consultants of the Company. The 2017 Plan also provides for the issuance of restricted stock awards to these same classes of eligible participants, although no restricted stock awards have ever been issued by the Company. The total number of shares of the Company’s authorized but unissued stock reserved for issuance pursuant to awards under the 2017 Plan was initially 850,000 shares, and the number remaining available for grant as of March 31, 2019 was 690,800. The potential dilutive impact of unexercised stock options is discussed below in Note 6, Earnings per Share.

Pursuant to FASB’s standards on stock compensation, the value of each stock option is reflected in our income statement as employee compensation or directors’ expense by amortizing its grant date fair value over the vesting period of the option. The Company utilizes a Black-Scholes model to determine grant date fair values. A pre-tax charge of $151,000 was reflected in the Company’s income statement during the first quarter of 2019 and $76,000 was charged during the first quarter of 2018, as expense related to stock options.

The computation of earnings per share, as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income, is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during each period. There were 15,311,154 weighted average shares outstanding during the first quarter of 2019, and 15,232,696 during the first quarter of 2018.

Diluted earnings per share calculations include the effect of the potential issuance of common shares, which for the Company is limited to shares that would be issued on the exercise of “in-the-money” stock options. For the first quarter of 2019, calculations under the treasury stock method resulted in the equivalent of 136,593 shares being added to basic weighted average shares outstanding for purposes of determining diluted earnings per share, while a weighted average of 199,120 stock options were excluded from the calculation because they were underwater and thus anti-dilutive. For the first quarter of 2018 the equivalent of 179,472 shares were added in calculating diluted earnings per share, while 169,000 anti-dilutive stock options were not factored into the computation.

As presented in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, comprehensive income includes net income and other comprehensive income. The Company’s only source of other comprehensive income is unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investment securities. Investment gains or losses that were realized and reflected in net income of the current period, which had previously been included in other comprehensive income as unrealized holding gains or losses in the period in which they arose, are considered to be reclassification adjustments that are excluded from other comprehensive income in the current period.

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off‑balance‑sheet risk in the normal course of business. Those financial instruments currently consist of unused commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. They involve, to varying degrees, elements of risk in excess of the amount recognized in the balance sheet. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by counterparties for commitments to extend credit and letters of credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and issuing letters of credit as it does for originating loans included on the balance sheet. The following financial instruments represent off‑balance‑sheet credit risk (dollars in thousands):

Commitments to extend credit consist primarily of the unused or unfunded portions of the following: home equity lines of credit; commercial real estate construction loans, where disbursements are made over the course of construction; commercial revolving lines of credit; mortgage warehouse lines of credit; unsecured personal lines of credit; and formalized (disclosed) deposit account overdraft lines. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the unused portions of committed amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Standby letters of credit are issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party, and the credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as the risk involved in extending loans to customers.

At March 31, 2019, the Company was also utilizing a letter of credit in the amount of $95 million issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank on the Company’s behalf as security for certain deposits and to facilitate certain credit arrangements with the Company’s customers. That letter of credit is backed by loans which are pledged to the FHLB by the Company.

Note 9 – Fair Value Disclosures and Reporting, the Fair Value Option and Fair Value Measurements

FASB’s standards on financial instruments, and on fair value measurements and disclosures, require public business entities to disclose in their financial statement footnotes the estimated fair values of financial instruments. In addition to disclosure requirements, FASB’s standard on investments requires that our debt securities that are classified as available for sale and any equity securities which have readily determinable fair values be measured and reported at fair value in our statement of financial position. Certain impaired loans are also reported at fair value, as explained in greater detail below, and foreclosed assets are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. FASB’s standard on financial instruments permits companies to report certain other financial assets and liabilities at fair value, but we have not elected the fair value option for any of those financial instruments.

Fair value measurement and disclosure standards also establish a framework for measuring fair values. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Further, the standards establish a fair value hierarchy that encourages an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and limit the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair values. The standards describe three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market data and information about the financial instruments. Fair value disclosures for deposits include demand deposits, which are by definition equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. Fair value calculations for loans and leases reflect exit pricing, and incorporate our assumptions with regard to the impact of prepayments on future cash flows and credit quality adjustments based on risk characteristics of various financial instruments, among other things. Since the estimates are subjective and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment they cannot be determined with precision, and changes in assumptions could significantly alter the fair values presented.

Estimated fair values for the Company’s financial instruments are as follows, as of the dates noted:

Fair Value of Financial Instruments
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	March 31, 2019
			Fair Value Measurements
	Carrying Amount		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	68,063	$	68,063	$	—	$	—	$	68,063
Investment securities available for sale		563,628		—		563,628		—		563,628
Loans and leases, net held for investment		1,744,299		—		1,730,151		—		1,730,151
Collateral dependent impaired loans		39		—		39		—		39

Financial liabilities:
Deposits		2,160,748		658,524		1,501,824		—		2,160,348
Repurchase agreements		19,360		19,360		—		—		19,360
Short term borrowings		—		—		—		—		—
Subordinated debentures		34,811		—		30,355		—		30,355

	December 31, 2018
			Fair Value Measurements
	Carrying Amount		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	74,132	$	74,132	$	—	$	—	$	74,132
Investment securities available for sale		560,479		—		560,479		—		560,479
Loans and leases, net held for investment		1,724,575		—		1,707,463		—		1,707,463
Collateral dependent impaired loans		205		—		205		—		205

Financial liabilities:
Deposits		2,116,340		662,527		1,453,048		—		2,115,575
Repurchase agreements		16,359		16,359		—		—		16,359
Short term borrowings		56,100		—		56,100		—		56,100
Subordinated debentures		34,767		—		30,311		—		30,311

For financial asset categories that were carried on our balance sheet at fair value as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company used the following methods and significant assumptions:

Fair Value Measurements - Nonrecurring
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2019, using
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Impaired loans
Real estate:
1-4 family residential construction	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Other construction/land		—		27		—		27
1-4 family - closed-end		—		—		—		—
Equity lines		—		—		—		—
Multi-family residential		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—		—		—		—
Farmland		—		—		—		—
Total real estate		—		27		—		27
Agricultural		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		—
Consumer loans		—		12		—		12
Total impaired loans	$	—	$	39	$	—	$	39
Foreclosed assets	$	—	$	806	$	—	$	806
Total assets measured on a nonrecurring basis	$	—	$	845	$	—	$	845

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018, using
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Impaired loans
Real estate:
1-4 family residential construction	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Other construction/land		—		27		—		27
1-4 family - closed-end		—		—		—		—
Equity lines		—		12		—		12
Multi-family residential		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—		—		—		—
Farmland		—		—		—		—
Total real estate		—		39		—		39
Agricultural		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		—		119		—		119
Consumer loans		—		47		—		47
Total impaired loans	$	—	$	205	$	—	$	205
Foreclosed assets	$	—	$	1,082	$	—	$	1,082
Total assets measured on a nonrecurring basis	$	—	$	1,287	$	—	$	1,287

The table above includes collateral-dependent impaired loan balances for which a specific reserve has been established or on which a write-down has been taken. Information on the Company’s total impaired loan balances and specific loss reserves associated with those balances is included in Note 11 below, and in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the “Nonperforming Assets” and “Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses” sections.

The unobservable inputs are based on Management’s best estimates of appropriate discounts in arriving at fair market value. Adjusting any of those inputs could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. For example, an increase or decrease in actual loss rates would create a directionally opposite change in the fair value of unsecured impaired loans.

Although the Company currently has the intent and the ability to hold the securities in its investment portfolio to maturity, the securities are all marketable and are classified as “available for sale” to allow maximum flexibility with regard to interest rate risk and liquidity management. Pursuant to FASB’s guidance on accounting for debt and equity securities, available for sale securities are carried on the Company’s financial statements at their estimated fair market values, with monthly tax-effected “mark-to-market” adjustments made vis-à-vis accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale investment securities are as follows:

At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had 415 securities and 552 securities, respectively, with gross unrealized losses. Management has evaluated those securities as of the respective dates, and does not believe that any of the unrealized losses are other than temporary. Gross unrealized losses on our investment securities as of the indicated dates are disclosed in the table below, categorized by investment type and by the duration of time that loss positions on individual securities have continuously existed (over or under twelve months).

The table below summarizes the Company’s gross realized gains and losses as well as gross proceeds from the sales of securities, for the periods indicated:

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities available-for-sale at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are shown below, grouped by the remaining time to contractual maturity dates. The expected life of investment securities may not be consistent with contractual maturity dates, since the issuers of the securities might have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

At March 31, 2019, the Company’s investment portfolio included 325 “muni” bonds issued by 259 different government municipalities and agencies located within 29 different states, with an aggregate fair value of $146 million. The largest exposure to any single municipality or agency was a combined $2.570 million (fair value) in general obligation bonds issued by the Lindsay (CA) Unified School District.

The Company’s investments in bonds issued by states, municipalities and political subdivisions are evaluated in accordance with Supervision and Regulation Letter 12-15 issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Investing in Securities without Reliance on Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization Ratings,” and other regulatory guidance. Credit ratings are considered in our analysis only as a guide to the historical default rate associated with similarly-rated bonds. There have been no significant differences in our internal analyses compared with the ratings assigned by the third party credit rating agencies.

The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair values of general obligation and revenue bonds in the Company’s investment securities portfolio at the indicated dates, identifying the state in which the issuing municipality or agency operates for our largest geographic concentrations:

Revenue and General Obligation Bonds by Location
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018
	Amortized		Fair Market		Amortized		Fair Market
General obligation bonds	Cost		Value		Cost		Value
State of issuance
Texas	$	38,428	$	38,882	$	36,331	$	36,199
California		26,741		27,465		26,928		27,357
Washington		16,003		16,306		16,036		16,062
Ohio		8,903		8,944		8,639		8,601
Illinois		7,391		7,510		6,827		6,838
Other (20 and 22 states, respectively)		22,540		22,854		21,530		21,576
Total general obligation bonds		120,006		121,961		116,291		116,633

Revenue bonds
State of issuance
Texas		7,507		7,572		7,526		7,506
Utah		5,356		5,389		5,364		5,353
Indiana		2,635		2,692		2,641		2,654
Washington		1,748		1,811		1,751		1,780
Virginia		1,335		1,322		1,341		1,315
Other (10 and 11 states, respectively)		4,896		4,965		5,267		5,293
Total revenue bonds		23,477		23,751		23,890		23,901
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	143,483	$	145,712	$	140,181	$	140,534

The revenue bonds in the Company’s investment securities portfolios were issued by government municipalities and agencies to fund public services such as utilities (water, sewer, and power), educational facilities, and general public and economic improvements. The primary sources of revenue for these bonds are delineated in the table below, which shows the amortized cost and fair market values for the largest revenue concentrations as of the indicated dates.

The Company has the ability to invest in limited partnerships which own housing projects that qualify for federal and/or California state tax credits, by mandating a specified percentage of low-income tenants for each project. The primary investment return comes from tax credits that flow through to investors. Because rent levels are lower than standard market rents and the projects are generally highly leveraged, each project also typically generates tax-deductible operating losses that are allocated to the limited partners.

The Company made investment commitments to nine different LIHTC fund limited partnerships from 2001 through 2017, all of which were California-focused funds that help the Company meet its obligations under the Community Reinvestment Act. We utilize the cost method of accounting for our LIHTC fund investments, under which we initially record on our balance sheet an asset that represents the total cash expected to be invested over the life of the partnership. Any commitments or contingent commitments for future investment are reflected as a liability. The income statement reflects tax credits and any other tax benefits from these investments “below the line” within our income tax provision, while the initial book value of the investment is amortized on a straight-line basis as an offset to non-interest income, over the time period in which the tax credits and tax benefits are expected to be received.

As of March 31, 2019 our total LIHTC investment book balance was $5.5 million, which includes $1.9 million in remaining commitments for additional capital contributions. There were $133,000 in tax credits derived from our LIHTC investments that were recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2019, and amortization expense of $450,000 associated with those investments was netted against pre-tax non-interest income for the same time period. Our LIHTC investments are evaluated annually for potential impairment, and we have concluded that the carrying value of the investments is stated fairly and is not impaired.

The Company monitors the credit quality of loans on a continuous basis using the regulatory and accounting classifications of pass, special mention, substandard and impaired to characterize the associated credit risk. Balances classified as “loss” are immediately charged off. The Company conforms to the following definitions for its risk classifications:

Credit quality classifications for the Company’s loan balances were as follows, as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2019
	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Impaired		Total
Real estate:
1-4 family residential construction	$	106,334	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	106,334
Other construction/land		108,162		193		—		475		108,830
1-4 family - closed end		226,307		1,781		934		3,618		232,640
Equity lines		44,613		2,038		308		4,684		51,643
Multi-family residential		54,708		—		—		367		55,075
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		311,531		5,392		2,985		1,208		321,116
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		433,866		3,565		4,316		1,355		443,102
Farmland		152,254		1,072		143		1,641		155,110
Total real estate		1,437,775		14,041		8,686		13,348		1,473,850

Agricultural		51,905		175		—		6		52,086
Commercial and industrial		109,255		14,988		337		1,099		125,679
Mortgage warehouse		91,118		—		—		—		91,118
Consumer loans		7,289		154		24		789		8,256
Total gross loans and leases	$	1,697,342	$	29,358	$	9,047	$	15,242	$	1,750,989

	December 31, 2018
	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Impaired		Total
Real estate:
1-4 family residential construction	$	105,676	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	105,676
Other construction/land		108,304		231		—		488		109,023
1-4 family - closed end		230,022		1,861		1,310		3,632		236,825
Equity lines		49,346		2,194		64		4,716		56,320
Multi-family residential		54,504		—		—		373		54,877
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		292,886		4,192		3,021		1,225		301,324
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		429,835		2,730		4,354		1,425		438,344
Farmland		148,680		1,073		146		1,642		151,541
Total real estate		1,419,253		12,281		8,895		13,501		1,453,930

Agricultural		48,517		580		—		6		49,103
Commercial and industrial		110,413		15,686		377		1,744		128,220
Mortgage warehouse		91,813		—		—		—		91,813
Consumer loans		7,851		151		39		821		8,862
Total gross loans and leases	$	1,677,847	$	28,698	$	9,311	$	16,072	$	1,731,928

Nonperforming assets are comprised of loans for which the Company is no longer accruing interest, and foreclosed assets. The Company’s foreclosed assets can include mobile homes and/or OREO, which consists of commercial and/or residential real estate properties acquired by foreclosure or similar means that the Company is offering or will offer for sale. Foreclosed assets totaled $806,000 at March 31, 2019, and $1.082 million at December 31, 2018. Gross nonperforming loans totaled $4.568 million at March 31, 2019 and $5.156 million at December 31, 2018. Loans and leases are classified as nonperforming when reasonable doubt surfaces with regard to the ability of the Company to collect all principal and interest. At that point, we stop accruing interest on the loan or lease in question and reverse any previously-recognized interest to the extent that it is uncollected or associated with interest-reserve loans. Any asset for which principal or interest has been in default for 90 days or more is also placed on non-accrual status even if interest is still being received, unless the asset is both well secured and in the process of collection. An aging of the Company’s loan balances is presented in the following tables, by number of days past due as of the indicated dates:

	March 31, 2019
	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days Or More Past Due⁽¹⁾		Total Past Due		Current		Total Financing Receivables		Non-Accrual Loans⁽²⁾
Real estate:
1-4 family residential construction	$	1,650	$	—	$	—	$	1,650	$	104,684	$	106,334	$	—
Other construction/land		—		—		28		28		108,802		108,830		75
1-4 family - closed end		761		—		730		1,491		231,149		232,640		822
Equity lines		67		268		56		391		51,252		51,643		488
Multi-family residential		—		—		—		—		55,075		55,075		—
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		1,340		—		100		1,440		319,676		321,116		594
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		314		—		—		314		442,788		443,102		—
Farmland		—		—		1,615		1,615		153,495		155,110		1,642
Total real estate		4,132		268		2,529		6,929		1,466,921		1,473,850		3,621

Agricultural		—		—		—		—		52,086		52,086		—
Commercial and industrial		26		—		356		382		125,297		125,679		811
Mortgage warehouse lines		—		—		—		—		91,118		91,118		—
Consumer		98		17		62		177		8,079		8,256		136
Total gross loans and leases	$	4,256	$	285	$	2,947	$	7,488	$	1,743,501	$	1,750,989	$	4,568

	December 31, 2018
	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days Or More Past Due⁽¹⁾		Total Past Due		Current		Total Financing Receivables		Non-Accrual Loans⁽²⁾
Real estate:
1-4 family residential construction	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	105,676	$	105,676	$	—
Other construction/land		210		—		27		237		108,786		109,023		82
1-4 family - closed end		319		—		775		1,094		235,731		236,825		799
Equity lines		1,471		—		57		1,528		54,792		56,320		408
Multi-family residential		—		—		—		—		54,877		54,877		—
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		183		—		102		285		301,039		301,324		605
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		49		—		—		49		438,295		438,344		49
Farmland		1,555		—		—		1,555		149,986		151,541		1,642
Total real estate		3,787		—		961		4,748		1,449,182		1,453,930		3,585

Agricultural		—		—		—		—		49,103		49,103		—
Commercial and industrial		1,567		83		886		2,536		125,684		128,220		1,425
Mortgage warehouse lines		—		—		—		—		91,813		91,813		—
Consumer		95		45		56		196		8,666		8,862		146
Total gross loans and leases	$	5,449	$	128	$	1,903	$	7,480	$	1,724,448	$	1,731,928	$	5,156

A loan that is modified for a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulty is classified as a troubled debt restructuring if the modification constitutes a concession. At March 31, 2019, the Company had a total of $11.840 million in TDRs, including $1.090 million in TDRs that were on non-accrual status. Generally, a non-accrual loan that has been modified as a TDR remains on non-accrual status for a period of at least six months to demonstrate the borrower’s ability to comply with the modified terms. However, performance prior to the modification, or significant events that coincide with the modification, could result in a loan’s return to accrual status after a shorter performance period or even at the time of loan modification. Regardless of the period of time that has elapsed, if the borrower’s ability to meet the revised payment schedule is uncertain then the loan will be kept on non-accrual status. Moreover, a TDR is generally considered to be in default when it appears that the customer will not likely be able to repay all principal and interest pursuant to restructured terms.

The Company may agree to different types of concessions when modifying a loan or lease. The tables below summarize TDRs which were modified during the noted periods, by type of concession:

	Three months ended March 31, 2019
	Rate Modification		Term Modification		Interest Only Modification		Rate & Term Modification		Total

Real estate:
Other construction/land	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
1-4 family - closed-end		—		—		—		—		—
Equity lines		—		100		—		—		100
Multi-family residential		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		—		—		—		—		—
Farmland		—		—		—		—		—
Total real estate loans		—		100		—		—		100
Agricultural		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		94		—		—		—		94
Consumer loans		—		9		—		—		9
Total	$	94	$	109	$	—	$	—	$	203

	Three months ended March 31, 2018
	Rate Modification		Term Modification		Interest Only Modification		Rate & Term Modification		Total

Real estate:
Other construction/land	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
1-4 family - closed-end		—		—		—		—		—
Equity lines		—		68		—		—		68
Multi-family residential		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		—		—		—		—		—
Farmland		—		—		—		—		—
Total real estate loans		—		68		—		—		68
Agricultural				—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer loans		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	—	$	68	$	—	$	—	$	68

The following tables present, by class, additional details related to loans classified as TDRs during the referenced periods, including the recorded investment in the loan both before and after modification and balances that were modified during the period:

	Three months ended March 31, 2019

		Pre- Modification		Post- Modification
	Number of Loans	Outstanding Recorded Investment		Outstanding Recorded Investment		Reserve Difference⁽¹⁾			Reserve
Real estate:
Other construction/land	0	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—
1-4 family - closed-end	0		—		—		—			—
Equity lines	1		100		100		—			—
Multi-family residential	0		—		—		—			—
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	0		—		—		—			—
Farmland	0		—		—		—			—
Total real estate loans			100		100		—			—

Agricultural	0		—		—		—			—
Commercial and industrial	2		94		94		(20	)		1
Consumer loans	1		9		9		(2	)		—
Total		$	203	$	203	$	(22	)	$	1

	Three months ended March 31, 2018

		Pre- Modification		Post- Modification
	Number of Loans	Outstanding Recorded Investment		Outstanding Recorded Investment		Reserve Difference⁽¹⁾		Reserve
Real estate:
Other construction/land	0	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
1-4 family - closed-end	0		—		—		—		—
Equity lines	1		68		68		—		2
Multi-family residential	0		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	0		—		—		—		—
Farmland	0		—		—		—		—
Total real estate loans			68		68		—		2

Agricultural	0		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial	0		—		—		—		—
Consumer loans	0		—		—		—		—
Total		$	68	$	68	$	—	$	2

The company had no finance receivables modified as TDRs within the previous twelve months that defaulted or were charged off during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

The Company may acquire loans which show evidence of credit deterioration since origination. These purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) loans are recorded at the amount paid, since there is no carryover of the seller’s allowance for loan losses. Potential losses on PCI loans subsequent to acquisition are recognized by an increase in the allowance for loan losses. PCI loans are accounted for individually or are aggregated into pools of loans based on common risk characteristics. The Company projects the amount and timing of expected cash flows, and expected cash receipts in excess of the amount paid for any such loans are recorded as interest income over the remaining life of the loan or pool of loans (accretable yield). The excess of contractual principal and interest over expected cash flows is not recorded (nonaccretable difference). Expected cash flows are periodically re-evaluated throughout the life of the loan or pool of loans. If the present value of the expected cash flows is determined at any time to be less than the carrying amount, a reserve is recorded. If the present value of the expected cash flows is greater than the carrying amount, it is recognized as part of future interest income.

Our acquisition of Santa Clara Valley Bank in 2014 included certain loans which have shown evidence of credit deterioration since origination, and for which it was probable at acquisition that all contractually required payments would not be collected. The carrying amount and unpaid principal balance of those PCI loans was as follows, as of the dates indicated:

An allowance for loan losses totaling $100,000 was allocated for PCI loans as of March 31, 2019, as compared to $103,000 at December 31, 2018. There was no discount accretion recorded on PCI loans during the three months ended March 31, 2019.

The Company’s allowance for loan and lease losses, a contra-asset, is established through a provision for loan and lease losses. The allowance is maintained at a level that is considered adequate to absorb probable losses on certain specifically identified impaired loans, as well as probable incurred losses inherent in the remaining loan portfolio. Specifically identifiable and quantifiable losses are immediately charged off against the allowance; recoveries are generally recorded only when cash payments are received subsequent to the charge off. We employ a systematic methodology, consistent with FASB guidelines on loss contingencies and impaired loans, for determining the appropriate level of the allowance for loan and lease losses and adjusting it to that level at least quarterly. Pursuant to our methodology, impaired loans and leases are individually analyzed and a criticized asset action plan is completed specifying the financial status of the borrower and, if applicable, the characteristics and condition of collateral and any associated liquidation plan. A specific loss allowance is created for each impaired loan, if necessary.

The following tables disclose the unpaid principal balance, recorded investment, average recorded investment, and interest income recognized for impaired loans on our books as of the dates indicated. Balances are shown by loan type, and are further broken out by those that required an allowance and those that did not, with the associated allowance disclosed for those that required such. Included in the valuation allowance for impaired loans shown in the tables below are specific reserves allocated to TDRs, totaling $1.021 million at March 31, 2019 and $1.048 million at December 31, 2018.

Impaired Loans
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	March 31, 2019
	Unpaid Principal Balance⁽¹⁾		Recorded Investment⁽²⁾		Related Allowance		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized⁽³⁾
With an allowance recorded
Real estate:
Other construction/land	$	582	$	427	$	41	$	686	$	10
1-4 family - closed-end		3,279		3,279		73		3,382		43
Equity lines		4,585		4,533		651		4,722		63
Multi-family residential		367		367		22		381		6
Commercial real estate- owner occupied		834		714		125		792		10
Commercial real estate- non-owner occupied		1,502		1,355		3		1,597		26
Total real estate		11,149		10,675		915		11,560		158
Agricultural		6		6		1		6		—
Commercial and industrial		970		951		333		1,044		6
Consumer loans		812		774		180		947		13
Subtotal		12,937		12,406		1,429		13,557		177
With no related allowance recorded
Real estate:
Other construction/land		53		48		—		60		—
1-4 family - closed-end		385		339		—		430		—
Equity lines		177		151		—		194		—
Commercial real estate- owner occupied		494		494		—		511		—
Commercial real estate- non-owner occupied		—		—		—		—		—
Farmland		1,642		1,641		—		1,660		—
Total real estate		2,751		2,673		—		2,855		—
Agricultural		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		169		148		—		298		—
Consumer loans		129		15		—		222		—
Subtotal		3,049		2,836		—		3,375		—
Total	$	15,986	$	15,242	$	1,429	$	16,932	$	177

Impaired Loans
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	December 31, 2018
	Unpaid Principal Balance⁽¹⁾		Recorded Investment⁽²⁾		Related Allowance		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized⁽³⁾
With an allowance recorded
Real estate:
Other construction/land	$	593	$	438	$	44	$	648	$	40
1-4 family - closed-end		3,325		3,325		75		3,182		175
Equity lines		4,603		4,550		656		4,368		206
Multi-family residential		373		373		25		359		20
Commercial real estate- owner occupied		842		723		135		740		40
Commercial real estate- non-owner occupied		1,572		1,425		3		1,644		107
Total real estate		11,308		10,834		938		10,941		588
Agricultural		6		6		1		6		—
Commercial and industrial		1,724		1,534		918		1,965		40
Consumer loans		813		764		151		909		61
Subtotal		13,851		13,138		2,008		13,821		689
With no related allowance recorded
Real estate:
Other construction/land		54		50		—		58		—
1-4 family - closed-end		357		307		—		375		3
Equity lines		224		166		—		221		—
Commercial real estate- owner occupied		502		502		—		478		—
Commercial real estate- non-owner occupied		—		—		—		—		—
Farmland		1,642		1,642		—		1,538		—
Total real estate		2,779		2,667		—		2,670		3
Agricultural		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		238		211		—		838		—
Consumer loans		182		56		—		273		1
Subtotal		3,199		2,934		—		3,781		4
Total	$	17,050	$	16,072	$	2,008	$	17,602	$	693

The specific loss allowance for an impaired loan generally represents the difference between the book value of the loan and either the fair value of underlying collateral less estimated disposition costs, or the loan’s net present value as determined by a discounted cash flow analysis. The discounted cash flow approach is typically used to measure impairment on loans for which it is anticipated that repayment will be provided from cash flows other than those generated solely by the disposition or operation of underlying collateral. However, historical loss rates may be used by the Company to determine a specific loss allowance if those rates indicate a higher potential reserve need than the discounted cash flow analysis. Any change in impairment attributable to the passage of time is accommodated by adjusting the loss allowance accordingly.

For loans where repayment is expected to be provided by the disposition or operation of the underlying collateral, impairment is measured using the fair value of the collateral. If the collateral value, net of the expected costs of disposition, is less than the loan balance, then a specific loss reserve is established for the shortfall in collateral coverage. If the discounted collateral value is greater than or equal to the loan balance, no specific loss reserve is required. At the time a collateral-dependent loan is designated as nonperforming, a new appraisal is ordered and typically received within 30 to 60 days if a recent appraisal is not already available. We generally use external appraisals to determine the fair value of the underlying collateral for nonperforming real estate loans, although the Company’s licensed staff appraisers may update older appraisals based on current market conditions and property value trends. Until an updated appraisal is received, the Company uses the existing appraisal to determine the amount of the specific loss allowance that may be required. The specific loss allowance is adjusted, as necessary, once a new appraisal is received. Updated appraisals are generally ordered at least annually for collateral-dependent loans that remain impaired, and current appraisals were available or in process for 97% of the Company’s impaired real estate loan balances at March 31, 2019. Furthermore, the Company analyzes collateral-dependent loans on at least a quarterly basis, to determine if any portion of the recorded investment in such loans can be identified as uncollectible and would therefore constitute a confirmed loss. All amounts deemed to be uncollectible are promptly charged off against the Company’s allowance for loan and lease losses, with the loan then carried at the fair value of the collateral, as appraised, less estimated costs of disposition if applicable. Once a charge-off or write-down is recorded, it will not be restored to the loan balance on the Company’s accounting books.

Our methodology also provides for the establishment of a “general” allowance for probable incurred losses inherent in loans and leases that are not impaired. Unimpaired loan balances are segregated by credit quality, and are then evaluated in pools with common characteristics. At the present time, pools are based on the same segmentation of loan types presented in our regulatory filings. While this methodology utilizes historical loss data and other measurable information, the credit classification of loans and the establishment of the allowance for loan and lease losses are both to some extent based on Management’s judgment and experience. Our methodology incorporates a variety of risk considerations, both quantitative and qualitative, in establishing an allowance for loan and lease losses that Management believes is appropriate at each reporting date. Quantitative information includes our historical loss experience, delinquency and charge-off trends, and current collateral values. Qualitative factors include the general economic environment in our markets and, in particular, the condition of the agricultural industry and other key industries. Lending policies and procedures (including underwriting standards), the experience and abilities of lending staff, the quality of loan review, credit concentrations (by geography, loan type, industry and collateral type), the rate of loan portfolio growth, and changes in legal or regulatory requirements are additional factors that are considered. The total general reserve established for probable incurred losses on unimpaired loans was $8.009 million at March 31, 2019.

There were no material changes to the methodology used to determine our allowance for loan and lease losses during the three months ended March 31, 2019. As we add new products and expand our geographic coverage, and as regulatory and economic environments change, we expect to enhance our methodology to keep pace with the size and complexity of the loan and lease portfolio and respond to pressures created by external forces. We engage outside firms on a regular basis to assess our methodology and perform independent credit reviews of our loan and lease portfolio. In addition, the FDIC and the California DBO review the allowance for loan and lease losses as an integral part of their audit and examination processes. Management believes that the current methodology is appropriate given our size and level of complexity.

The tables that follow detail the activity in the allowance for loan and lease losses for the periods noted:

Allowance for Credit Losses and Recorded Investment in Financing Receivables
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	Three months ended March 31, 2019
	Real Estate			Agricultural Products			Commercial and Industrial			Consumer			Unallocated			Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	5,831		$	256		$	2,394		$	1,239		$	30		$	9,750
Charge-offs		—			—			(579	)		(551	)		—			(1,130	)
Recoveries		175			—			41			302			—			518
Provision		88			(37	)		58			139			52			300
Ending balance	$	6,094		$	219		$	1,914		$	1,129		$	82		$	9,438

Reserves:
Specific	$	915		$	1		$	333		$	180		$	—		$	1,429
General		5,179			218			1,581			949			82			8,009
Ending balance	$	6,094		$	219		$	1,914		$	1,129		$	82		$	9,438

Loans evaluated for impairment:
Individually	$	13,348		$	6		$	1,099		$	789		$	—		$	15,242
Collectively		1,460,502			52,080			215,698			7,467			—			1,735,747
Ending balance	$	1,473,850		$	52,086		$	216,797		$	8,256		$	—		$	1,750,989

	Year ended December 31, 2018
	Real Estate			Agricultural Products			Commercial and Industrial			Consumer			Unallocated			Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	4,786		$	208		$	2,772		$	1,231		$	46		$	9,043
Charge-offs		(2,474	)		—			(608	)		(2,226	)		—			(5,308	)
Recoveries		374			23			148			1,120			—			1,665
Provision		3,145			25			82			1,114			(16	)		4,350
Ending balance	$	5,831		$	256		$	2,394		$	1,239		$	30		$	9,750

Reserves:
Specific	$	937		$	2		$	918		$	151		$	—		$	2,008
General		4,894			254			1,476			1,088			30			7,742
Ending balance	$	5,831		$	256		$	2,394		$	1,239		$	30		$	9,750

Loans evaluated for impairment:
Individually	$	13,501		$	6		$	1,744		$	821		$	—		$	16,072
Collectively		1,440,429			49,097			218,289			8,041			—			1,715,856
Ending balance	$	1,453,930		$	49,103		$	220,033		$	8,862		$	—		$	1,731,928

We lease space under non-cancelable operating leases for 21 branch locations, three off-site ATM locations, one administration office and one warehouse. Many of our leases include both lease (e.g., fixed payments including rent, taxes, and insurance costs) and non-lease components (e.g., common-area or other maintenance costs). Payments for taxes and insurance as well as non-lease components are not included in the accounting of the lease component. These costs are separately accounted for in occupancy expense.

Most leases include one or more options to renew. The exercise of lease renewal options is typically at our sole discretion; therefore, the majority of renewals to extend the lease terms are not included in our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as they are not reasonably certain of exercise. We regularly evaluate the renewal options and when they are reasonably certain of exercise, we include the renewal period in our lease term.

As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we used our incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of the lease payments.

The cost components of our operating leases were as follows for the period ended March 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands, unaudited):

Rent expense for the three months ended March 31, 2018, prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-02, was $557 thousand.

There were no sale and leaseback transactions, leveraged leases, or lease transactions with related parties during the three months ended March 31, 2019.

The supplemental cash flow information and weighted average remaining lease terms and discount rates for all of our operating leases were as follows (dollars in thousands, unaudited):

Maturities of our lease liabilities for all operating leases are as follows (dollars in thousands, unaudited):

The following table presents the future minimum rental payments under leases with terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2018 presented in accordance with ASC Topic 840, “Leases”:

The Company utilizes the guidance found in ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), when accounting for certain non-interest income. The core principle of this guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Sufficient information should be provided to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The Company’s revenue streams that are within the scope of and accounted for under Topic 606 include service charges on deposit accounts, debit card interchange fees, and fees levied for other services the Company provides its customers. The guidance does not apply to revenue associated with financial instruments such as loans and investments, and other non-interest income such as loan servicing fees and earnings on bank-owned life insurance, which are accounted for on an accrual basis under other provisions of GAAP. In total, approximately 24.6% of the Company’s revenue was outside of the scope of the ASC 606 as of March 31, 2019.

All of the company’s revenue from contracts in the scope of ASC 606 is recognized within noninterest income. The following table presents the Company’s sources of noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. Items outside the scope of ASC 606 are noted as such (dollars in thousands, unaudited).

With regard to non-interest income associated with customer contracts, the Company has determined that transaction prices are fixed and performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered, thus there is little or no judgment involved in the timing of revenue recognition under contracts that are within the scope of ASC 606.

This Form 10-Q includes forward-looking statements that involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Words such as “expects”, “anticipates”, “believes”, “projects”, and “estimates” or variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on certain underlying assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, as they could be impacted by a number of potential risks and developments that cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty. Therefore, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed, forecast in, or implied by such forward-looking statements.

A variety of factors could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations, and should be considered when evaluating the Company’s potential future financial performance. They include, but are not limited to, the risk of unfavorable economic conditions in the Company’s market areas; risks associated with fluctuations in interest rates; liquidity risks; increases in nonperforming assets and credit losses that could occur, particularly in times of weak economic conditions or rising interest rates; reductions in the market value of available-for-sale securities that could result if interest rates increase substantially or an issuer has real or perceived financial difficulties; the Company’s ability to attract and retain skilled employees; the Company’s ability to successfully deploy new technology; the success of acquisitions or branch expansion; and risks associated with the multitude of current and prospective laws and regulations to which the Company is and will be subject. Risk factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from results that might be implied by forward-looking statements include the risk factors disclosed in the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

The Company’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The financial information and disclosures contained within those statements are significantly impacted by Management’s estimates and judgments, which are based on historical experience and incorporate various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under current circumstances. Actual results may differ from those estimates under divergent conditions.

Critical accounting policies are those that involve the most complex and subjective decisions and assessments, and have the greatest potential impact on the Company’s stated results of operations. In Management’s opinion, the Company’s critical accounting policies deal with the following areas: the establishment of the allowance for loan and lease losses, as explained in detail in Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements and in the “Provision for Loan and Lease Losses” and “Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses” sections of this discussion and analysis; the valuation of impaired loans and foreclosed assets, as discussed in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements; income taxes and related deferred tax assets and liabilities, especially with regard to the ability of the Company to recover deferred tax assets as discussed in the “Provision for Income Taxes” and “Other Assets” sections of this discussion and analysis; and goodwill and other intangible assets, which are evaluated annually for impairment and for which we have determined that no impairment exists, as discussed in the “Other Assets” section of this discussion and analysis. Critical accounting areas are evaluated on an ongoing basis to ensure that the Company’s financial statements incorporate our most recent expectations with regard to those areas.

Net income for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 was $8.895 million, an increase of $2.185 million, or 33%, relative to net income of $6.710 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2018. Basic and diluted earnings per share for the first quarter of 2019 were both $0.58, compared to $0.44 basic and diluted earnings per share for the first quarter of 2018. The Company’s annualized return on average equity was 12.99% and annualized return on average assets was 1.44% for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, compared to 10.61% and 1.16%, respectively, for the quarter ended March 31, 2018. The primary drivers behind the variance in first quarter net income are as follows:

The Company’s assets totaled $2.539 billion at March 31, 2019, relative to $2.523 billion at December 31, 2018. Total liabilities were $2.255 billion at March 31, 2019 compared to $2.249 billion at the end of 2018, and shareholders’ equity totaled $284 million at March 31, 2019 compared to $273 million at December 31, 2018. The following provides a summary of key balance sheet changes during the first three months of 2019:

The Company earns income from two primary sources. The first is net interest income, which is interest income generated by earning assets less interest expense on deposits and other borrowed money. The second is non-interest income, which primarily consists of customer service charges and fees but also comes from non-customer sources such as bank-owned life insurance. The majority of the Company’s non-interest expense is comprised of operating costs that facilitate offering a broad range of banking services to our customers.

Net interest income increased by $2.213 million, or 10%, for the first quarter of 2019 relative to the first quarter of 2018. The level of net interest income we recognize in any given period depends on a combination of factors including the average volume and yield for interest-earning assets, the average volume and cost of interest-bearing liabilities, and the mix of products which comprise the Company’s earning assets, deposits, and other interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income can also be impacted by nonrecurring items, as discussed in greater detail below.

The following tables show average balances for significant balance sheet categories and the amount of interest income or interest expense associated with each category for the noted periods. The tables also display calculated yields on each major component of the Company’s investment and loan portfolios, average rates paid on each key segment of the Company’s interest-bearing liabilities, and our net interest margin for the noted periods.

Average Balances and Rates
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	For the three months ended							For the three months ended
	March 31, 2019							March 31, 2018
Assets	Average Balance ⁽¹⁾		Income/ Expense		Average Rate/Yield ⁽²⁾			Average Balance ⁽¹⁾		Income/ Expense		Average Rate/Yield ⁽²⁾
Investments:
Federal funds sold/due from time	$	11,469	$	73		2.58	%	$	30,476	$	118		1.57	%
Taxable		418,901		2,617		2.53	%		425,075		2,338		2.23	%
Non-taxable		142,329		1,045		3.77	%		141,579		1,016		3.68	%
Total investments		572,699		3,735		2.84	%		597,130		3,472		2.54	%

Loans and leases:⁽³⁾
Real estate		1,464,275		20,100		5.57	%		1,254,596		16,644		5.38	%
Agricultural		50,550		780		6.26	%		50,131		658		5.32	%
Commercial		122,597		1,577		5.22	%		127,316		1,379		4.39	%
Consumer		8,718		315		14.65	%		10,493		293		11.32	%
Mortgage warehouse lines		63,120		927		5.96	%		83,348		978		4.76	%
Other		3,107		49		6.40	%		3,013		52		7.00	%
Total loans and leases		1,712,367		23,748		5.62	%		1,528,897		20,004		5.31	%
Total interest earning assets⁽⁴⁾		2,285,066		27,483		4.93	%		2,126,027		23,476		4.53	%
Other earning assets		21,176							10,195
Non-earning assets		200,115							201,397
Total assets	$	2,506,357						$	2,337,619
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Interest bearing deposits:
Demand deposits	$	99,252	$	72		0.29	%	$	116,829	$	88		0.31	%
NOW		437,209		126		0.12	%		409,198		117		0.12	%
Savings accounts		287,773		75		0.11	%		293,716		76		0.10	%
Money market		128,686		41		0.13	%		164,824		42		0.10	%
Certificates of deposit, under $100,000		90,346		278		1.25	%		81,699		108		0.54	%
Certificates of deposit, $100,000 or more		381,950		2,038		2.16	%		294,019		887		1.22	%
Brokered deposits		50,000		325		2.64	%		—		—		—
Total interest bearing deposits		1,475,216		2,955		0.81	%		1,360,285		1,318		0.39	%
Borrowed funds:
Federal funds purchased		1,122		—		—			10		—		—
Repurchase agreements		17,278		17		0.40	%		9,805		10		0.41	%
Short term borrowings		8,121		55		2.75	%		944		3		1.29	%
TRUPS		34,784		483		5.63	%		34,606		385		4.51	%
Total borrowed funds		61,305		555		3.67	%		45,365		398		3.56	%
Total interest bearing liabilities		1,536,521		3,510		0.93	%		1,405,650		1,716		0.50	%
Demand deposits - non-interest bearing		652,910							643,524
Other liabilities		39,150							31,936
Shareholders' equity		277,776							256,509
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	2,506,357						$	2,337,619
Interest income/interest earning assets						4.93	%						4.53	%
Interest expense/interest earning assets						0.63	%						0.33	%
Net interest income and margin⁽⁵⁾			$	23,973		4.30	%			$	21,760		4.20	%

The Volume and Rate Variances table below sets forth the dollar difference for the comparative periods in interest earned or paid for each major category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and the amount of such change attributable to fluctuations in average balances (volume) or differences in average interest rates. Volume variances are equal to the increase or decrease in average balances multiplied by prior period rates, and rate variances are equal to the change in rates multiplied by prior period average balances. Variances attributable to both rate and volume changes, calculated by multiplying the change in rates by the change in average balances, have been allocated to the rate variance.

Volume & Rate Variances
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	Three months ended March 31,
	2019 over 2018
	Increase (decrease) due to
Assets:	Volume			Rate			Net
Investments:
Federal funds sold/due from time	$	(74	)	$	29		$	(45	)
Taxable		(34	)		313			279
Non-taxable		5			24			29
Total investments		(103	)		366			263
Loans and leases:
Real estate		2,782			674			3,456
Agricultural		5			117			122
Commercial		(51	)		249			198
Consumer		(50	)		72			22
Mortgage warehouse		(237	)		186			(51	)
Other		2			(5	)		(3	)
Total loans and leases		2,451			1,293			3,744
Total interest earning assets	$	2,348		$	1,659		$	4,007
Liabilities
Interest bearing deposits:
Demand deposits	$	(13	)		(3	)	$	(16	)
NOW		8			1			9
Savings accounts		(2	)		1			(1	)
Money market		(9	)		8			(1	)
Certificates of deposit, under $100,000		11			159			170
Certificates of deposit, $100,000 or more		265			886			1,151
Brokered deposits		—			325			325
Total interest bearing deposits		260			1,377			1,637
Borrowed funds:
Repurchase agreements		8			(1	)		7
Short term borrowings		23			29			52
TRUPS		2			96			98
Total borrowed funds		33			124			157
Total interest bearing liabilities		293			1,501			1,794
Net interest income	$	2,055		$	158		$	2,213

The volume variance calculated for the first quarter of 2019 relative to the first quarter of 2018 was a favorable $2.055 million due to an increase of $159 million, or 7%, in the average balance of interest-earning assets, resulting from organic growth in loans less a $24 million drop in the average balance of investments. There was also a favorable rate variance of $158,000 for the comparative quarters, in spite of the fact that the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased by 43 basis points while the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets was up by only 40 basis points. The rate variance benefited from our net interest position, or the positive difference between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as the yield increase on earning assets was applied to a much higher balance than the rate change for interest-bearing liabilities. Furthermore, there was a favorable shift within interest-earning assets, with the average balance of loans increasing by 12% relative to a net decline of 4% in the average balance of lower-yielding investments. The comparative results can also be impacted by nonrecurring interest items such as interest recoveries on non-accrual loans, interest reversals for loans placed on non-accrual status, accelerated fee recognition and prepayment penalties for premature loan payoffs, and late fees. Nonrecurring items added $206,000 to interest income in the first quarter of 2019 relative to $102,000 in the first quarter of 2018. With regard to yield and rate increases, loan yields have risen due to the impact of higher short-term index rates on variable-rate loans, and a relatively large volume of new fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans booked at higher interest rates. Investment yields have increased in response to principal reinvested in a rising interest rate environment over the past year. Rates paid on non-maturity deposits increased slightly for the comparative periods, but the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities went up primarily because of the addition of brokered deposits and in response to higher rates paid on time deposits, overnight borrowings and adjustable-rate trust-preferred securities (“TRUPS”).

The Company’s net interest margin, which is tax-equivalent net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets, was affected by the same factors discussed above relative to rate and volume variances. Our net interest margin was 4.30% in the first quarter of 2019, up 10 basis points relative to the first quarter of 2018. Discount accretion on loans from whole-bank acquisitions enhanced our net interest margin by approximately four basis points in the first quarter of 2019, as compared to five basis points in the first quarter of 2018.

Credit risk is inherent in the business of making loans. The Company sets aside an allowance for loan and lease losses, a contra-asset account, through periodic charges to earnings which are reflected in the income statement as the provision for loan and lease losses. The Company recorded a loan loss provision of $300,000 in the first quarter of 2019 relative to $200,000 in the first quarter of 2018. The 2019 provision was deemed necessary subsequent to Management’s determination of the appropriate level for the Company’s allowance for loan and lease losses, taking into consideration overall credit quality, growth in outstanding loan balances, and reserves required for specifically identified impaired loan balances. Specifically identifiable and quantifiable loan losses are immediately charged off against the allowance. The Company recorded $612,000 in net loan charge-offs in the first quarter of 2019, whereas $252,000 in net charge-offs were recorded the first quarter of 2018.

With the loan loss provision recorded thus far in 2019, we have been able to maintain our allowance for loan and lease losses at a level that, in Management’s judgment, is adequate to absorb probable loan losses related to specifically-identified impaired loans as well as probable incurred losses in the remaining loan portfolio. The Company’s need for reserve replenishment via a loan loss provision has been favorably impacted in recent periods by the following factors: all of our acquired loans were booked at their fair values at acquisition, and thus did not initially require a loan loss allowance; some charge-offs in 2019 have been recorded against pre-established reserves, which alleviated what otherwise might have been a need for reserve replenishment; loss rates for most loan types have been declining, thus having a positive impact on general reserves required for performing loans; and, new loans booked during and since the great recession have been underwritten using tighter credit standards than was the case for many legacy loans.

The Company’s policies for monitoring the adequacy of the allowance, determining loan balances that should be charged off, and other detailed information with regard to changes in the allowance are discussed in Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements, and below under “Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses.” The process utilized to establish an appropriate allowance for loan and lease losses can result in a high degree of variability in the Company’s loan loss provision, and consequently in our net earnings.

The following table provides details on the Company’s noninterest income and noninterest expense for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

Non Interest Income/Expense
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	For the three months ended March 31,
NON-INTEREST INCOME:	2019			% of Total			2018			% of Total
Service charges on deposit accounts	$	2,943			49.83	%	$	2,946			57.39	%
Other service charges and fees		2,262			38.30	%		2,151			41.91	%
Net gains on sale of securities available-for-sale		6			0.10	%		—			0.00	%
Bank-owned life insurance		900			15.24	%		203			3.95	%
Other		(205	)		-3.47	%		(167	)		-3.25	%
Total non-interest income	$	5,906			100.00	%	$	5,133			100.00	%
As a % of average interest-earning assets⁽¹⁾					1.05	%					0.98	%

OTHER OPERATING EXPENSE:
Salaries and employee benefits	$	9,243			51.78	%	$	9,183			51.34	%
Occupancy costs
Furniture & equipment		524			2.94	%		626			3.50	%
Premises		1,837			10.29	%		1,722			9.63	%
Advertising and marketing costs		692			3.88	%		621			3.47	%
Data processing costs		1,251			7.01	%		1,271			7.11	%
Deposit services costs		1,769			9.91	%		1,238			6.92	%
Loan services costs
Loan processing		171			0.96	%		321			1.79	%
Foreclosed assets		20			0.11	%		228			1.27	%
Other operating costs
Telephone & data communications		307			1.72	%		327			1.83	%
Postage & mail		195			1.09	%		276			1.54	%
Other		344			1.91	%		326			1.82	%
Professional services costs
Legal & accounting		411			2.30	%		432			2.42	%
Acquisition costs		23			0.13	%		286			1.60	%
Other professional service		937			5.25	%		578			3.23	%
Stationery & supply costs		55			0.31	%		320			1.79	%
Sundry & tellers		73			0.41	%		132			0.74	%
Total non-interest expense	$	17,852			100.00	%	$	17,887			100.00	%
As a % of average interest-earning assets⁽¹⁾					3.17	%					3.41	%
Efficiency ratio ⁽²⁾		58.74	%					65.72	%

Total noninterest income reflects an increase of $773,000, or 15%, for the quarterly comparison, due in large part to a higher level of BOLI income. Total noninterest income was an annualized 1.05% of average interest-earning assets in the first quarter of 2019 relative to 0.98% in the first quarter of 2018.

Service charges on deposit accounts were unchanged in the first quarter of 2019 relative to the first quarter of 2018, but our ratio of deposit service charge income to total noninterest income fell to 50% in the first quarter of 2019 from 57% in the first quarter of 2018 because of the increase in total noninterest income. Other service charges, commissions, and fees increased by $111,000, or 5%, for the first quarter comparison, due in large part to a higher level of debit card interchange fees. There were minimal net gains on investment securities in the first quarter of 2019, and none in the first quarter of 2018.

BOLI income increased by $697,000, or 343%, in the first quarter of 2019 relative to the first quarter of 2018. BOLI income is derived from two types of policies owned by the Company, namely “separate account” and “general account” life insurance, and the change in BOLI income in 2019 relative to 2018 is due in large part to fluctuations in separate account BOLI income. The Company had $7.5 million invested in separate account BOLI at March 31, 2019, which produces income that helps offset expense accruals for deferred compensation accounts the Company maintains on behalf of certain directors and senior officers. Those accounts have returns pegged to participant-directed investment allocations that can include equity, bond, or real estate indices, and are thus subject to gains or losses which often contribute to significant fluctuations in income (and associated expense accruals). Gains on separate account BOLI totaled $662,000 in the first quarter of 2019 relative to a loss of $40,000 in the first quarter of 2018, for an absolute increase of $702,000. As noted, gains and losses on separate account BOLI are related to expense accruals or reversals associated with participant gains and losses on deferred compensation balances, thus their net impact on taxable income tends to be minimal. The Company’s books also reflect a net cash surrender value of $41.8 million for general account BOLI at March 31, 2019. General account BOLI generates income that helps offset expenses associated with executive salary continuation plans, director retirement plans and other employee benefits. Interest credit rates on general account BOLI do not change frequently so the income has typically been fairly consistent.

The “Other” category under noninterest income reflects negative amounts because it includes amortization expense associated with our investments in low-income housing tax credit funds and other limited partnership investments, which is netted against other noninterest income. This line item also includes gains and losses on the disposition of assets other than OREO, rent on bank-owned property other than OREO, dividends on restricted stock (including our equity investment in the Federal Home Loan Bank), and other miscellaneous income. Other noninterest income has an unfavorable variance of $38,000, or 23%, for the quarter due to a higher level of amortization expense on tax credit investments.

Total operating expense, or noninterest expense, was slightly lower in the first quarter of 2019 than in the first quarter of 2018, since increases in the normal course of business were offset by the impact of nonrecurring acquisition costs recognized in the first quarter of 2018 and a drop in foreclosed asset costs. Because of those items, noninterest expense dropped to 3.17% of average earning assets in the first quarter of 2019 from 3.41% for the first quarter of 2018.

The largest component of operating expense, salaries and employee benefits, increased by only $60,000, or 1%, in the first quarter of 2019 over the first quarter of 2018, as selective staff reductions offset salary adjustments in the normal course of business and an increase of $144,000 in deferred compensation expense. As noted above in our discussion of BOLI income, employee deferred compensation plan accruals are related to separate account BOLI income and losses, as are directors deferred compensation accruals that are included in “other professional services,” and the net income impact of all income/expense accruals related to deferred compensation is usually minimal. Salaries directly related to successful loan originations are removed from compensation expense and amortized as loan costs over the life of the related loans, which reduces current period compensation expense. Loan origination salaries that were deferred from current expense totaled $984,000 in the first quarter of 2019 and $1.040 million in the first quarter of 2018, a drop of $56,000 due to variability in successful organic loan origination activity, which had a slight unfavorable impact on the quarterly variance in personnel costs. The Company had 538 full-time equivalent employees at March 31, 2019 relative to 553 at March 31, 2018. Salaries and benefits were 52% of total operating expense in the first quarter of 2019 relative to 51% in the first quarter of 2018.

Total occupancy expense was roughly the same in the first quarter of 2019 as in the first quarter of 2018. Other expense categories include higher recurring costs connected to the increase in branches and strong organic loan growth over the past year, and they have been further impacted by annual expense increases in the normal course of business. Variances in overhead expense also include the positive impact of lower nonrecurring acquisition costs and OREO expense, and were favorably impacted by reductions in postage costs, lower losses from debit card fraud, and efficiency gains in other areas. It should be noted that stationery and supply costs were $265,000 lower for the quarterly comparison, while deposit costs increased by $531,000, or 43%. These partially offsetting variances include about $257,000 from an expense reclassification in 2019, while the increase in deposit services costs also reflects higher ATM costs, interchange expense, and amortization expense on our core deposit intangible, among other things.

The Company’s tax-equivalent overhead efficiency ratio was 58.74% in the first quarter of 2019 relative to 65.72% in the first quarter of 2018. The overhead efficiency ratio represents total noninterest expense divided by the sum of fully tax-equivalent net interest and noninterest income; the provision for loan losses and investment gains/losses are excluded from the equation. Our overhead efficiency ratio improved in 2019 due in large part to a higher level of net interest income, additional BOLI income, and well-controlled noninterest expense.

The Company sets aside a provision for income taxes on a monthly basis. The amount of that provision is determined by first applying the Company’s statutory income tax rates to estimated taxable income, which is pre-tax book income adjusted for permanent differences, and then subtracting available tax credits. Permanent differences include but are not limited to tax-exempt interest income, BOLI income, and certain book expenses that are not allowed as tax deductions. Our tax credits consist primarily of those generated by investments in low-income housing tax credit funds, and California state employment tax credits. The Company’s provision for income taxes was 24.1% of pre-tax income in the first quarter of 2019 as compared to 23.8% in the first quarter of 2018, an immaterial difference.

The Company’s interest-earning assets are comprised of investments and loans, and the composition, growth characteristics, and credit quality of both of those components are significant determinants of the Company’s financial condition. Investments are analyzed in the section immediately below, while the loan and lease portfolio and other factors affecting earning assets are discussed in the sections following investments.

The Company’s investments can at any given time consist of debt securities and marketable equity securities (together, the “investment portfolio”), investments in the time deposits of other banks, surplus interest-earning balances in our Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) account, and overnight fed funds sold. Surplus FRB balances and fed funds sold to correspondent banks typically represent the temporary investment of excess liquidity. The Company’s investments can serve several purposes: 1) they provide liquidity to even out cash flows from the loan and deposit activities of customers; 2) they provide a source of pledged assets for securing public deposits, bankruptcy deposits and certain borrowed funds which require collateral; 3) they constitute a large base of assets with maturity and interest rate characteristics that can be changed more readily than the loan portfolio, to better match changes in the deposit base and other funding sources of the Company; 4) they are another interest-earning option for surplus funds when loan demand is light; and 5) they can provide partially tax exempt income. Aggregate investments totaled $573 million, or 23% of total assets at March 31, 2019 and $562 million, or 22% of total assets at December 31, 2018.

We had no fed funds sold at the end of the reporting periods, and interest-bearing balances held primarily in our Federal Reserve Bank account totaled $9 million at March 31, 2019 relative to $2 million at December 31, 2018. The Company’s investment securities portfolio had a book balance of $564 million at March 31, 2019, reflecting a net increase of $3 million, or 1%, for the first three months of 2019. The Company carries investments at their fair market values. We currently have the intent and ability to hold our investment securities to maturity, but the securities are all marketable and are classified as “available for sale” to allow maximum flexibility with regard to interest rate risk and liquidity management. The expected average life for bonds in our investment portfolio was 4.0 years and their average effective duration was 3.1 years at March 31, 2019, down slightly from an expected average life of 4.1 years and an average effective duration of 3.3 years at year-end 2018.

The following table sets forth the amortized cost and fair market value of Company’s investment portfolio by investment type as of the dates noted:

The net unrealized loss on our investment portfolio, or the amount by which aggregate fair market values fell short of amortized cost, was $3 million at March 31, 2019, a drop of $6 million relative to the net unrealized loss of $9 million at December 31, 2018. The change was caused by the favorable impact of declining long-term market interest rates on fixed-rate bond values. The balance of U.S. Government agency securities in our portfolio increased slightly during the first three months of 2019 due primarily to higher market values. Mortgage-backed securities fell by $2 million, or 1%, due to prepayments and bond sales net of bond purchases and changes in fair market values. Municipal bond balances increased by $5 million, or 4%, as bond purchases and higher market valuations offset the impact of maturities/redemptions. Municipal bonds purchased in recent periods have strong underlying ratings, and all municipal bonds in our portfolio undergo a detailed quarterly review for potential impairment.

Investment securities that were pledged as collateral for borrowings and/or potential borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank and/or the Federal Reserve Bank, repurchase agreements, and other purposes as required or permitted by law totaled $220 million at March 31, 2019 and $217 million at December 31, 2018, leaving $344 million in unpledged debt securities at March 31, 2019 and $343 million at December 31, 2018. Securities that were pledged in excess of actual pledging needs and were thus available for liquidity purposes, if needed, totaled $64 million at March 31, 2019 and $9 million at December 31, 2018.

Gross loans and leases reflect a net increase of $19 million, or 1%, growing to $1.751 billion at March 31, 2019 from $1.732 billion at December 31, 2018. A distribution of the Company’s loans showing the balance and percentage of loans by type is presented for the noted periods in the table below. The balances in the table are before deferred or unamortized loan origination, extension, or commitment fees, and deferred origination costs. While not reflected in the loan totals and not currently comprising a material segment of our lending activities, the Company also occasionally originates and sells, or participates out portions of, loans to non-affiliated investors.

Loan and Lease Distribution
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
Real estate:
1-4 family residential construction	$	106,334		$	105,676
Other construction/land		108,830			109,023
1-4 family - closed-end		232,640			236,825
Equity lines		51,643			56,320
Multi-family residential		55,075			54,877
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		321,116			301,324
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		443,102			438,344
Farmland		155,110			151,541
Total real estate		1,473,850			1,453,930
Agricultural		52,086			49,103
Commercial and industrial		125,679			128,220
Mortgage warehouse lines		91,118			91,813
Consumer loans		8,256			8,862
Total loans and leases	$	1,750,989		$	1,731,928
Percentage of Total Loans and Leases
Real estate:
1-4 family residential construction		6.07	%		6.10	%
Other construction/land		6.22	%		6.29	%
1-4 family - closed-end		13.29	%		13.67	%
Equity lines		2.95	%		3.25	%
Multi-family residential		3.15	%		3.17	%
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		18.34	%		17.40	%
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		25.31	%		25.32	%
Farmland		8.86	%		8.75	%
Total real estate		84.19	%		83.95	%
Agricultural		2.97	%		2.84	%
Commercial and industrial		7.17	%		7.40	%
Mortgage warehouse lines		5.20	%		5.30	%
Consumer loans		0.47	%		0.51	%
Total loans and leases		100.00	%		100.00	%

For the first three months of 2019, total real estate loans increased by $20 million, or 1%, due to organic growth in commercial real estate loans and loans secured by farmland that was partially offset by a reduction in loans secured by residential properties. Agricultural production loans were also up by $3 million, or 6%, for the first three months of 2019, due in part to seasonal considerations. Commercial loan and lease balances reflect a net decline of $2.5 million, or 2%, and mortgage warehouse balances and consumer loans also fell slightly.

Management is focused on quality loan growth, but this year there appear to be fewer lending opportunities which meet our credit and yield criteria. Moreover, we are still experiencing occasional surges in prepayments as well as significant fluctuations in mortgage warehouse lending, thus no assurance can be provided with regard to future net growth in aggregate loan balances.

Nonperforming assets are comprised of loans for which the Company is no longer accruing interest, in addition to foreclosed assets which can include mobile homes and OREO. If the Company grants a concession to a borrower in financial difficulty, the loan falls into the category of a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). TDRs may be classified as either nonperforming or performing loans depending on their underlying characteristics and circumstances. The following table presents comparative data for the Company’s nonperforming assets and performing TDRs as of the dates noted:

Nonperforming assets and performing troubled debt restructurings
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018			March 31, 2018
NON-ACCRUAL LOANS:
Real estate:
Other construction/land	$	75		$	82		$	71
1-4 family - closed-end		822			799			910
Equity lines		488			408			646
Commercial real estate - owner occupied		594			605			227
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied		—			49			105
Farmland		1,642			1,642			33
TOTAL REAL ESTATE		3,621			3,585			1,992
Agriculture		—			—			—
Commercial and industrial		811			1,425			963
Consumer loans		136			146			134
TOTAL NONPERFORMING LOANS		4,568			5,156			3,089

Foreclosed assets		806			1,082			5,371
Total nonperforming assets	$	5,374		$	6,238		$	8,460
Performing TDRs⁽¹⁾	$	10,674		$	10,920		$	11,185
Nonperforming loans as a % of total gross loans and leases		0.26	%		0.30	%		0.19	%
Nonperforming assets as a % of total gross loans and leases and foreclosed assets		0.31	%		0.36	%		0.53	%

⁽¹⁾ Performing TDRs are not included in nonperforming loans above, nor are they included in the numerators used to calculate the ratios disclosed in this table.

Total nonperforming assets were reduced by $864,000, or 14%, during the first three months of 2019, due to reductions resulting from net charge-offs and our continued focus on credit quality improvement. The $5 million balance of nonperforming loans at March 31, 2019 includes certain TDRs and other loans that were paying as agreed, but which met the technical definition of nonperforming loans and were thus classified as such. As shown in the table, we also had close to $11 million in loans classified as performing TDRs on which we were still accruing interest as of March 31, 2019, a slight reduction relative to December 31, 2018.

Foreclosed assets had a carrying value of $806,000 at March 31, 2019, comprised of nine properties classified as OREO and one mobile home. This represents a reduction of $276,000, or 26%, relative to year-end 2018 when foreclosed assets totaled $1.082 million, consisting of 11 properties classified as OREO. The balance reduction came from write-downs on OREO and the sale of a few small properties during the first three months of 2019. All foreclosed assets are periodically evaluated and written down to their fair value less expected disposition costs, if lower than the then-current carrying value.

Total nonperforming assets were 0.31% of gross loans and leases plus foreclosed assets at March 31, 2019, down from 0.36% at December 31, 2018 and 0.53% at March 31, 2018. An action plan is in place for each of our non-accruing loans and foreclosed assets and they are all being actively managed. Collection efforts are continuously pursued for all nonperforming loans, but we cannot provide assurance that they will be resolved in a timely manner or that nonperforming balances will not increase.

The allowance for loan and lease losses, a contra-asset, is established through periodic provisions for loan and lease losses. It is maintained at a level that is considered adequate to absorb probable losses on specifically identified impaired loans, as well as probable incurred losses inherent in the remaining loan portfolio. Specifically identifiable and quantifiable losses are immediately charged off against the allowance; recoveries are generally recorded only when sufficient cash payments are received subsequent to the charge off.

The Company’s allowance for loan and lease losses was $9.4 million at March 31, 2019, a 3% reduction relative to December 31, 2018 resulting from net loan balances charged-off against the allowance, net of a $300,000 loan loss provision. Because the allowance was lower but the loan portfolio grew, the allowance for loan and lease losses fell to 0.54% of total loans at March 31, 2019, from 0.56% at December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2018. The ratio of the Company’s allowance to total loans has been at relatively low levels in recent periods, as facilitated by the following circumstances: some charge-offs have been recorded against pre-established reserves, alleviating the need for reserve replenishment; acquisition loans were booked at their fair values, and thus did not initially require a loan loss allowance; favorable trends in loan loss rates have had a positive impact on general reserves established for performing loans; and, new loans booked during and since the great recession have been underwritten using tighter credit standards than was the case for many legacy loans. The ratio of the allowance to nonperforming loans was 206.61% at March 31, 2019, relative to 291.07% at December 31, 2018 and 189.10% at March 31, 2018. A separate allowance of $384,000 for potential losses inherent in unused commitments is included in other liabilities at March 31, 2019.

The following table summarizes activity in the allowance for loan and lease losses for the noted periods:

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	For the three months			For the three months			For the year
	ended March 31,			ended March 31,			ended December 31,
Balances:	2019			2018			2018
Average gross loans and leases outstanding during period ⁽¹⁾	$	1,712,367		$	1,528,897		$	1,625,732
Gross loans and leases outstanding at end of period	$	1,750,989		$	1,592,216		$	1,731,928

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses:
Balance at beginning of period	$	9,750		$	9,043		$	9,043
Provision charged to expense		300			200			4,350
Charge-offs
Real estate
1-4 family residential construction		—			—			—
Other construction/land		—			—			4
1-4 family - closed-end		—			5			5
Equity lines		—			21			125
Multi-family residential		—			—			—
Commercial real estate- owner occupied		—			—			—
Commercial real estate- non-owner occupied		—			—			2,341
Farmland		—			—			—
TOTAL REAL ESTATE		—			26			2,475
Agricultural		—			—			—
Commercial and industrial		579			33			608
Consumer loans		551			565			2,225
Total	$	1,130		$	624		$	5,308
Recoveries
Real estate
1-4 family residential construction		—			—			—
Other construction/land		—			—			—
1-4 family - closed-end		4			2			10
Equity lines		21			62			134
Multi-family residential		—			—			—
Commercial real estate- owner occupied		—			—			230
Commercial real estate- non-owner occupied		149			—			—
Farmland		—			—			—
TOTAL REAL ESTATE		174			64			374
Agricultural		—			—			22
Commercial and industrial		42			29			148
Consumer loans		302			279			1,121
Total	$	518		$	372		$	1,665
Net loan charge offs (recoveries)	$	612		$	252		$	3,643
Balance at end of period	$	9,438		$	8,991		$	9,750

RATIOS
Net charge-offs to average loans and leases (annualized)		0.14	%		0.07	%		0.22	%
Allowance for loan losses to gross loans and leases at end of period		0.54	%		0.56	%		0.56	%
Allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans		206.61	%		291.07	%		189.10	%
Net loan charge-offs to allowance for loan losses at end of period		6.48	%		2.80	%		37.36	%
Net loan charge-offs to provision for loan losses		204.00	%		126.00	%		83.75	%

As reflected in the table above, the Company recorded a loan loss provision of $300,000 in the first quarter of 2019 compared to $200,000 in the first quarter of 2018. Net loans charged off against the allowance totaled $612,000 in the first quarter of 2019 and $252,000 in the first quarter of 2018. Any shortfall in the allowance identified pursuant to our analysis of remaining probable losses is covered by quarter-end. The “Provision for Loan and Lease Losses” section above includes additional details on our provision and its relationship to actual charge-offs.

The Company’s allowance for loan and lease losses at March 31, 2019 represents Management’s best estimate of probable losses in the loan portfolio as of that date, but no assurance can be given that the Company will not experience substantial losses relative to the size of the allowance. Furthermore, fluctuations in credit quality, changes in economic conditions, updated accounting or regulatory requirements, and/or other factors could induce us to augment or reduce the allowance.

The Company maintains commitments to extend credit in the normal course of business, as long as there are no violations of conditions established in the outstanding contractual arrangements. Unused commitments to extend credit totaled $715 million at March 31, 2019 and $782 million at December 31, 2018. It is unlikely that all unused commitments will ultimately be drawn down. Unused commitments represented approximately 41% of gross loans outstanding at March 31, 2019 and 45% at December 31, 2018. The Company also had undrawn letters of credit issued to customers totaling $10 million at March 31, 2019 and $9 million at December 31, 2018. The effect on the Company’s revenues, expenses, cash flows and liquidity from the unused portion of the commitments to provide credit cannot be reasonably predicted because there is no guarantee that the lines of credit will ever be used. However, the “Liquidity” section in this Form 10-Q outlines resources available to draw upon should we be required to fund a significant portion of unused commitments.

In addition to unused commitments to provide credit, the Company is utilizing a $95 million letter of credit issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank on the Company’s behalf as security for certain deposits and to facilitate certain credit arrangements with the Company’s customers. That letter of credit is backed by loans that are pledged to the FHLB by the Company. For more information on the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements, see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements located elsewhere herein.

Interest-earning cash balances were discussed above in the “Investments” section, but the Company also maintains a certain level of cash on hand in the normal course of business as well as non-earning deposits at other financial institutions. Our balance of cash and due from banks depends on the timing of collection of outstanding cash items (checks), the amount of cash held at our branches and our reserve requirement, among other things, and is subject to significant fluctuations in the normal course of business. While cash flows are normally predictable within limits, those limits are fairly broad and the Company manages its short-term cash position through the utilization of overnight loans to, and borrowings from, correspondent banks, including the Federal Reserve Bank and the Federal Home Loan Bank. Should a large “short” overnight position persist for any length of time, the Company typically raises money through focused retail deposit gathering efforts or by adding brokered time deposits. If a “long” position is prevalent, we will let brokered deposits or other wholesale borrowings roll off as they mature, or we might invest excess liquidity into longer-term, higher-yielding bonds. The Company’s balance of non-earning cash and due from banks was $59 million at March 31, 2019 relative to $72 million at December 31, 2018, with the decrease due primarily to a lower amount of cash items in process of collection. The average balance of non-earning cash and due from banks, which is a better measure for ascertaining trends, was $60 million for the first three months of 2019 relative to $61 million for the year in 2018. The reduction in the average balance is due to concentrated efforts to improve cash management efficiency.

Foreclosed assets are discussed above in the section titled “Nonperforming Assets.” Net premises and equipment declined by $645,000, or 2%, for the first three months of 2019 as the result of depreciation recorded on fixed assets. Goodwill was $27 million at March 31, 2019, unchanged for the first three months of 2019, but other intangible assets were down $268,000, or 4%, due to amortization expense recorded on core deposit intangibles. The Company’s goodwill and other intangible assets are evaluated annually for potential impairment, and pursuant to that analysis Management has concluded that no impairment exists as of March 31, 2019. Bank-owned life insurance, with a balance of $49 million at March 31, 2019, is discussed in detail above in the “Non-Interest Income and Non-Interest Expense” section.

The aggregate balance of “Other assets” was $51 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. While the ending balance is essentially the same, there were significant changes within other assets during the first quarter including the following: a $9.4 million addition resulting from operating lease assets booked at the beginning of 2019, pursuant to our adoption of FASB’s ASU 2016-02; a reduction of $7.6 million resulting from our first quarter 2019 collection of a receivable established at the end of 2018 for expected proceeds from the sale of a large foreclosed property; and, a $1.8 million reduction in our deferred tax asset. At March 31, 2019, the balance of other assets included as its largest components an $11.7 million investment in restricted stock, an operating lease right-of-use asset totaling $9.4 million, accrued interest receivable totaling $9.1 million, a net deferred tax asset of $6.8 million, a $5.5 million investment in low-income housing tax credit funds, and a $3.0 million investment in a small business investment corporation. Restricted stock is comprised primarily of Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco stock held in conjunction with our FHLB borrowings, and is not deemed to be marketable or liquid. Our net deferred tax asset is evaluated as of every reporting date pursuant to FASB guidance, and we have determined that no impairment exists.

Deposits represent another key balance sheet category impacting the Company’s net interest margin and profitability metrics. Deposits provide liquidity to fund growth in earning assets, and the Company’s net interest margin is improved to the extent that growth in deposits is concentrated in less volatile and typically less costly non-maturity accounts such as demand deposit accounts, NOW accounts, savings accounts, and money market demand accounts. Information concerning average balances and rates paid by deposit type for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 is included in the Average Balances and Rates tables appearing above, in the section titled “Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin.” A distribution of the Company’s deposits by type, showing the period-end balance and percentage of total deposits, is presented as of the dates indicated in the following table.

Deposit balances reflect net growth of $44 million, or 2%, during the first three months of 2019. While all of our deposit growth was organic in nature, it does include some seasonal increases in deposit balances. For the first three months of 2019, non-maturity deposits were up almost $22 million, or 1%. Movement within that category is not unusual since many customers maintain multiple accounts to manage their finances, and during the first quarter there was a slight shift out of non-interest bearing demand deposits and money market demand deposits into other interest-bearing non-maturity accounts. Customer time deposits increased by close to $23 million, or 5%, while wholesale brokered deposits were unchanged during the first three months of 2019.

Management is of the opinion that a relatively high level of core customer deposits is one of the Company’s key strengths, and we continue to strive for core deposit retention and growth. Our deposit-targeted promotions are still favorably impacting growth in the number of accounts and it is expected that balances in these accounts will grow over time consistent with our past experience, although given the current highly competitive market for deposits no assurance can be provided with regard to future core deposit increases.

The Company’s non-deposit borrowings may, at any given time, include fed funds purchased from correspondent banks, borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank, advances from the Federal Reserve Bank, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and/or junior subordinated debentures. The Company uses short-term FHLB advances and fed funds purchased on uncommitted lines to support liquidity needs created by seasonal deposit flows, to temporarily satisfy funding needs from increased loan demand, and for other short-term purposes. The FHLB line is committed, but the amount of available credit depends on the level of pledged collateral.

Total non-deposit interest-bearing liabilities were down $53 million, or 49%, for the first three months of 2019, due to a drop in borrowings from the FHLB that was partially offset by a small increase in customer repurchase agreements. The Company had no borrowings from the FHLB at March 31, 2019 relative to $56 million at December 31, 2018, and there were no overnight federal funds purchased from other correspondent banks or advances from the FRB on our books at March 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018. Repurchase agreements totaled $19 million at March 31, 2019 relative to a balance of $16 million at year-end 2018, for an increase of $3 million. Repurchase agreements represent “sweep accounts”, where commercial deposit balances above a specified threshold are transferred at the close of each business day into non-deposit accounts secured by investment securities. The Company had junior subordinated debentures totaling $34.8 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, in the form of long-term borrowings from trust subsidiaries formed specifically to issue trust preferred securities.

Other liabilities are principally comprised of accrued interest payable, other accrued but unpaid expenses, and certain clearing amounts. The Company’s balance of other liabilities increased by $14 million, or 55%, during the first three months of 2019 due in large part to the $10 million liability established as an offset to the operating lease right-of-use asset noted above. Our accrual for current taxes payable was also up by about $3 million.

Liquidity management refers to the Company’s ability to maintain cash flows that are adequate to fund operations and meet other obligations and commitments in a timely and cost-effective manner. Detailed cash flow projections are reviewed by Management on a monthly basis, with various stress scenarios applied to assess our ability to meet liquidity needs under unusual or adverse conditions. Liquidity ratios are also calculated and reviewed on a regular basis. While those ratios are merely indicators and are not measures of actual liquidity, they are closely monitored and we are committed to maintaining adequate liquidity resources to draw upon should unexpected needs arise.

The Company, on occasion, experiences cash needs as the result of loan growth, deposit outflows, asset purchases or liability repayments. To meet short-term needs, we can borrow overnight funds from other financial institutions, draw advances via Federal Home Loan Bank lines of credit, or solicit brokered deposits if customer deposits are not immediately obtainable from local sources. Availability on lines of credit from correspondent banks and the FHLB totaled $596 million at March 31, 2019. An additional $19 million in credit is available from the FHLB if the Company were to pledge sufficient collateral and maintain the required amount of FHLB stock. The Company was also eligible to borrow approximately $75 million at the Federal Reserve Discount Window based on pledged assets at March 31, 2019. Furthermore, funds can be obtained by drawing down excess cash that might be available in the Company’s correspondent bank deposit accounts, or by liquidating unpledged investments or other readily saleable assets. In addition, the Company can raise immediate cash for temporary needs by selling under agreement to repurchase those investments in its portfolio which are not pledged as collateral. As of March 31, 2019, unpledged debt securities plus pledged securities in excess of current pledging requirements comprised $408 million of the Company’s investment balances, as compared to $352 million at December 31, 2018. Other sources of potential liquidity include but are not necessarily limited to any outstanding fed funds sold and vault cash. The Company has a higher level of actual balance sheet liquidity than might otherwise be the case, since we utilize a letter of credit from the FHLB rather than investment securities for certain pledging requirements. That letter of credit, which is backed by loans pledged to the FHLB by the Company, totaled $95 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Management is of the opinion that available investments and other potentially liquid assets, along with standby funding sources it has arranged, are more than sufficient to meet the Company’s current and anticipated short-term liquidity needs.

The Company’s net loans to assets and available investments to assets ratios were 69% and 16%, respectively, at March 31, 2019, as compared to internal policy guidelines of “less than 78%” and “greater than 3%.” Other liquidity ratios reviewed periodically by Management and the Board include net loans to total deposits and wholesale funding to total assets (including ratios and sub-limits for

the various components comprising wholesale funding), which were all well within policy guidelines at March 31, 2019. The Company has been able to maintain a robust liquidity position in recent periods, but no assurance can be provided that our liquidity position will continue at current strong levels.

The holding company’s primary uses of funds include operating expenses incurred in the normal course of business, shareholder dividends, and stock repurchases. Its primary source of funds is dividends from the Bank, since the holding company does not conduct regular banking operations. Management anticipates that the Bank will have sufficient earnings to provide dividends to the holding company to meet its funding requirements for the foreseeable future. Both the holding company and the Bank are subject to legal and regulatory limitations on dividend payments, as outlined in Item 5(c) Dividends in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 which was filed with the SEC.

Market risk arises from changes in interest rates, exchange rates, commodity prices and equity prices. The Company does not engage in the trading of financial instruments, nor does it have exposure to currency exchange rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily that of interest rate risk, and we have established policies and procedures to monitor and limit our earnings and balance sheet exposure to changes in interest rates. The principal objective of interest rate risk management is to manage the financial components of the Company’s balance sheet in a manner that will optimize the risk/reward equation for earnings and capital under a variety of interest rate scenarios.

To identify areas of potential exposure to interest rate changes, we utilize commercially available modeling software to perform monthly earnings simulations and calculate the Company’s market value of portfolio equity under varying interest rate scenarios. The model imports relevant information for the Company’s financial instruments and incorporates Management’s assumptions on pricing, duration, and optionality for anticipated new volumes. Various rate scenarios consisting of key rate and yield curve projections are then applied in order to calculate the expected effect of a given interest rate change on interest income, interest expense, and the value of the Company’s financial instruments. The rate projections can be shocked (an immediate and parallel change in all base rates, up or down), ramped (an incremental increase or decrease in rates over a specified time period), economic (based on current trends and econometric models) or stable (unchanged from current actual levels).

In addition to a stable rate scenario, which presumes that there are no changes in interest rates, we typically use at least six other interest rate scenarios in conducting our rolling 12-month net interest income simulations: upward shocks of 100, 200, and 300 basis points, and downward shocks of 100, 200, and 300 basis points. Those scenarios may be supplemented, reduced in number, or otherwise adjusted as determined by Management to provide the most meaningful simulations in light of economic conditions and expectations at the time. We currently utilize an additional upward rate shock scenario of 400 basis points. Pursuant to policy guidelines, we generally attempt to limit the projected decline in net interest income relative to the stable rate scenario to no more than 5% for a 100 basis point (bp) interest rate shock, 10% for a 200 bp shock, 15% for a 300 bp shock, and 20% for a 400 bp shock. As of March 31, 2019 the Company had the following estimated net interest income sensitivity profile, without factoring in any potential negative impact on spreads resulting from competitive pressures or credit quality deterioration:

Our current simulations indicate that the Company’s net interest income will increase slightly over the next 12 months in a rising rate environment, but a drop in interest rates could have a substantial negative impact. In prior periods the simulations projected sizeable gains in net interest income in rising rate scenarios, but balance sheet changes such as the addition of fixed-rate loans and adjustable-rate loans with longer reset periods, and the increase in short-term interest rates over the past few years have significantly diminished that effect. If there were an immediate and sustained upward adjustment of 100 basis points in interest rates, all else being equal, net interest income over the next 12 months is projected to improve by $1.069 million, or 1.06%, relative to a stable interest rate scenario, with the favorable variance increasing marginally as interest rates rise higher. If interest rates were to decline by 100 basis points, however, net interest income would likely be around $4.276 million lower than in a stable interest rate scenario, for a negative variance of 4.25%. The unfavorable variance increases when rates drop 200 or 300 basis points, due to the fact that certain deposit rates are already relatively low (on NOW accounts and savings accounts, for example), and will hit a natural floor of close to zero while non-floored variable-rate loan yields continue to drop. This effect is exacerbated by accelerated prepayments on fixed-rate loans and mortgage-backed securities when rates decline, although rate floors on some of our variable-rate loans partially offset other

negative pressures. While we view material interest rate reductions as unlikely in the near term, we will continue to monitor our interest rate risk profile and will apply remedial changes as deemed appropriate.

In addition to the net interest income simulations shown above, we run stress scenarios for the unconsolidated Bank modeling the possibility of no balance sheet growth, the potential runoff of “surge” core deposits which flowed into the Bank in the most recent economic cycle, and unfavorable movement in deposit rates relative to yields on earning assets (i.e., higher deposit betas). When no balance sheet growth is incorporated and a stable interest rate environment is assumed, projected annual net interest income is about $3 million lower than in our standard simulation. However, the stressed simulations reveal that the Company’s greatest potential pressure on net interest income would result from excessive non-maturity deposit runoff and/or unfavorable deposit rate changes in rising rate scenarios.

The economic value (or “fair value”) of financial instruments on the Company’s balance sheet will also vary under the interest rate scenarios previously discussed. The difference between the projected fair value of the Company’s financial assets and the fair value of its financial liabilities is referred to as the economic value of equity (“EVE”), and changes in EVE under different interest rate scenarios are effectively a gauge of the Company’s longer-term exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Fair values for financial instruments are estimated by discounting projected cash flows (principal and interest) at anticipated replacement interest rates for each account type, while the fair value of non-financial accounts is assumed to equal their book value for all rate scenarios. An economic value simulation is a static measure utilizing balance sheet accounts at a given point in time, and the measurement can change substantially over time as the Company’s balance sheet evolves and interest rate and yield curve assumptions are updated.

The change in economic value under different interest rate scenarios depends on the characteristics of each class of financial instrument, including stated interest rates or spreads relative to current or projected market-level interest rates or spreads, the likelihood of principal prepayments, whether contractual interest rates are fixed or floating, and the average remaining time to maturity. As a general rule, fixed-rate financial assets become more valuable in declining rate scenarios and less valuable in rising rate scenarios, while fixed-rate financial liabilities gain in value as interest rates rise and lose value as interest rates decline. The longer the duration of the financial instrument, the greater the impact a rate change will have on its value. In our economic value simulations, estimated prepayments are factored in for financial instruments with stated maturity dates, and decay rates for non-maturity deposits are projected based on historical patterns and Management’s best estimates. Our EVE has increased in recent periods due to asset growth and higher discount rates, which result in a larger benefit assessed to non-maturity deposits. The table below shows estimated changes in the Company’s EVE as of March 31, 2019, under different interest rate scenarios relative to a base case of current interest rates:

The table shows that our EVE will generally deteriorate in declining rate scenarios, but should benefit from a parallel shift upward in the yield curve. The change in EVE flattens out as interest rates drop more than 200 basis points, while the rate of increase in EVE begins to taper off the higher interest rates rise. This phenomenon is caused by the relative durations of our fixed-rate assets and liabilities, combined with optionality inherent in our balance sheet. We also run stress scenarios for the unconsolidated Bank’s EVE to simulate the possibility of adverse movement in loan prepayment rates, unfavorable changes in deposit rates, and higher deposit decay rates. Model results are highly sensitive to changes in assumed decay rates for non-maturity deposits, in particular, with material unfavorable variances occurring relative to the standard simulations shown above as decay rates are increased. Furthermore, while not as extreme as the variances produced by increasing non-maturity deposit decay rates, EVE also displays a relatively high level of sensitivity to unfavorable changes in deposit rate betas in rising interest rate scenarios.

The Company had total shareholders’ equity of $284.1 million at March 31, 2019, comprised of $113.0 million in common stock, $3.1 million in additional paid-in capital, $170.3 million in retained earnings, and an accumulated other comprehensive loss of $2.3 million. At the end of 2018, total shareholders’ equity was $273.0 million. The increase for the first three months of 2019 is due to the addition of capital from net income and stock options exercised as well as a $4.3 million drop in our accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of the impact of cash dividends paid. There were no share repurchases executed by the Company during the three months ended March 31, 2019.

The Company uses a variety of measures to evaluate its capital adequacy, including risk-based capital and leverage ratios that are calculated separately for the Company and the Bank. Management reviews these capital measurements on a quarterly basis and takes appropriate action to help ensure that they meet or surpass established internal and external guidelines. As permitted by the regulators for financial institutions that are not deemed to be “advanced approaches” institutions, the Company has elected to opt out of the Basel III requirement to include accumulated other comprehensive income in risk-based capital. The following table sets forth the consolidated Company’s and the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios as of the dates indicated.

Our risk-based capital ratios increased during the first three months of 2019, as growth in risk-based capital outpaced growth in risk-adjusted assets. Our capital ratios are strong relative to the median for peer financial institutions, and remain well above the threshold for the Company and the Bank to be classified as “well capitalized,” the highest rating of the categories defined under the Bank Holding Company Act and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991. We do not foresee any circumstances that would cause the Company or the Bank to be less than well capitalized, although no assurance can be given that this will not occur.

The information concerning quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk is included in Part I, Item 2 above. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Market Risk Management.”

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report (the “Evaluation Date”) have concluded that as of the Evaluation Date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were adequate and effective to ensure that material information relating to the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries would be made known to them by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this quarterly report was being prepared.

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, and that such information is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC.

There were no significant changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred in the first quarter of 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

The Company is involved in various legal proceedings in the normal course of business. In the opinion of Management, any liability resulting from such proceedings would not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

There were no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

In September of 2016 the Board authorized 500,000 shares of common stock for repurchase, subsequent to the completion of previous stock buyback plans. The authorization of shares for repurchase does not provide assurance that a specific quantity of shares will be repurchased, and the program may be suspended at any time at Management’s discretion. The Company did not repurchase any shares in the first quarter of 2019, and there were 478,954 authorized shares remaining available for repurchase at March 31, 2019. As of the date of this report, Management has no immediate plans to resume stock repurchase activity.

Pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized:


California	33-0937517
(State of Incorporation)	(IRS Employer Identification No)

	2019			2018
Net income	$	8,895		$	6,710
Other comprehensive income, before tax:
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding gain (loss) arising during period		6,167			(7,592	)
Less: reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income ⁽¹⁾		(6	)		—
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax		6,161			(7,592	)
Income tax expense related to items of other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(1,821	)		2,245
Other comprehensive income (loss)		4,340			(5,347	)

Comprehensive income	$	13,235		$	1,363

Amortized Cost And Estimated Fair Value
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	March 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
U.S. government agencies	$	15,623	$	44	$	(220	)	$	15,447
Mortgage-backed securities		407,824		994		(6,349	)		402,469
State and political subdivisions		143,483		2,516		(287	)		145,712
Total securities	$	566,930	$	3,554	$	(6,856	)	$	563,628

	December 31, 2018
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
U.S. government agencies	$	15,553	$	12	$	(353	)	$	15,212
Mortgage-backed securities		414,208		398		(9,873	)		404,733
State and political subdivisions		140,181		1,206		(853	)		140,534
Total securities	$	569,942	$	1,616	$	(11,079	)	$	560,479

Investment Portfolio - Unrealized Losses
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	March 31, 2019
	Less than twelve months					Twelve months or more
	Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
U.S. government agencies	$	(9	)	$	470	$	(211	)	$	11,004
Mortgage-backed securities		(91	)		20,340		(6,258	)		286,791
State and political subdivisions		(2	)		501		(285	)		19,682
Total	$	(102	)	$	21,311	$	(6,754	)	$	317,477

Large Accelerated Filer	☐	Accelerated Filer:	☒
Non‑accelerated Filer:	☐	Smaller Reporting Company:	☐
Emerging Growth Company:	☐

					Page
Part I - Financial Information					1
	Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)				1
		Consolidated Balance Sheets			1
		Consolidated Statements of Income			2
		Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income			3
		Consolidated Statements of Changes In Stockholder’s Equity			4
		Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			5
		Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)			6

	Item 2. Management’s Discussion & Analysis of Financial Condition & Results of Operations				30
		Forward-Looking Statements			30
		Critical Accounting Policies			30
		Overview of the Results of Operations and Financial Condition			31
		Earnings Performance			32
			Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin		32
			Provision for Loan and Lease Losses		35
			Non-Interest Income and Non-Interest Expense		36
			Provision for Income Taxes		38
		Balance Sheet Analysis			38
			Earning Assets		38
				Investments	38
				Loan and Lease Portfolio	40
				Nonperforming Assets	41
				Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses	42
				Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements	44
			Other Assets		44
			Deposits and Interest-Bearing Liabilities		45
				Deposits	45
				Other Interest-Bearing Liabilities	46
			Non-Interest Bearing Liabilities		46
		Liquidity and Market Risk Management			46
		Capital Resources			48

	Item 3. Qualitative & Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk				50

	Item 4. Controls and Procedures				50

Part II - Other Information					51
	Item 1. - Legal Proceedings				51
	Item 1A. - Risk Factors				51
	Item 2. - Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds				51
	Item 3. - Defaults upon Senior Securities				51
	Item 4. - Mine Safety Disclosures				51
	Item 5. - Other Information				51
	Item 6. - Exhibits				52

Signatures					53

	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Commitments to extend credit	$	715,163	$	781,987
Standby letters of credit	$	9,580	$	8,966

Fair Value Measurements - Recurring
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2019, using
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total		Realized Gain/(Loss) (Level 3)
Securities:
U.S. government agencies	$	—	$	15,447	$	—	$	15,447	$	—
Mortgage-backed securities		—		402,469		—		402,469		—
State and political subdivisions		—		145,712		—		145,712		—

Total available-for-sale securities	$	—	$	563,628	$	—	$	563,628	$	—

Investment Portfolio - Realized Gains/(Losses)
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	Three months ended March 31,
	2019			2018
Proceeds from sales, calls and maturities of securities available for sale	$	16,648		$	200
Gross gains on sales, calls and maturities of securities available for sale		94			—
Gross losses on sales, calls and maturities of securities available for sale		(88	)		—
Net gains on sale of securities available for sale	$	6		$	—

Estimated Fair Value of Contractual Maturities
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	March 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Maturing within one year	$	7,057	$	7,103
Maturing after one year through five years		183,343		180,783
Maturing after five years through ten years		56,211		56,502
Maturing after ten years		87,011		88,317

Securities not due at a single maturity date:
U.S. government agencies collateralized by mortgage obligations		233,308		230,923
	$	566,930	$	563,628

Revenue Bonds by Type
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018
	Amortized		Fair Market		Amortized		Fair Market
Revenue bonds	Cost		Value		Cost		Value
Revenue source:
Water	$	7,635	$	7,679	$	6,942	$	6,946
Sales Tax		4,888		4,992		2,932		2,901
Lease		1,839		1,838		2,053		2,068
College & University		1,669		1,695		2,583		2,604
Sewer		1,429		1,447		1,392		1,398
Other (13 sources)		6,017		6,100		7,988		7,984
Total revenue bonds	$	23,477	$	23,751	$	23,890	$	23,901

	March 31, 2019
	Unpaid Principal Balance		Carrying Value
Real estate secured	$	100		—
Total purchased credit impaired loans	$	100	$	—

	March 31, 2019
Lease expense
Operating lease cost (cost resulting from lease payments)	$	540
Total lease cost	$	540

	March 31, 2019
Other information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities for operating leases:
Operating cash flows (for the three month period ended March 31, 2019)	$	270
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities ⁽¹⁾	$	9,446
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years):
Operating leases		5.5
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases		5.5	%

	Maturities of
	Lease Liabilities
Nine months ended December 31, 2019	$	1,643
Year ended December 31, 2020		2,204
Year ended December 31, 2021		1,993
Year ended December 31, 2022		1,558
Year ended December 31, 2023		1,119
Thereafter		3,939
Total		12,456
Less: present value discount		(2,390	)
Lease liability ⁽¹⁾	$	10,066

	December 31, 2018
2019	$	2,190
2020		2,204
2021		1,993
2022		1,558
2023		1,119
Thereafter		3,939
Total	$	13,003

Investment Portfolio
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018
	Amortized		Fair Market		Amortized		Fair Market
	Cost		Value		Cost		Value
Available for Sale
U.S. government agencies	$	15,623	$	15,447	$	15,553	$	15,212
Mortgage-backed securities		407,824		402,469		414,208		404,733
State and political subdivisions		143,483		145,712		140,181		140,534
Total securities	$	566,930	$	563,628	$	569,942	$	560,479

Deposit Distribution
(dollars in thousands, unaudited)
	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
Non-interest bearing demand deposits	$	658,524		$	662,527
Interest bearing demand deposits		112,637			101,243
NOW		443,991			434,483
Savings		291,875			283,953
Money market		120,697			123,807
Time, under $250,000		220,332			212,901
Time, $250,000 or more		262,692			247,426
Brokered deposits		50,000			50,000
Total deposits	$	2,160,748		$	2,116,340

Percentage of Total Deposits
Non-interest bearing demand deposits		30.47	%		31.31	%
Interest bearing demand deposits		5.21	%		4.78	%
NOW		20.55	%		20.53	%
Savings		13.51	%		13.42	%
Money market		5.59	%		5.85	%
Time, under $250,000		10.20	%		10.06	%
Time, $250,000 or more		12.16	%		11.69	%
Brokered deposits		2.31	%		2.36	%
Total		100.00	%		100.00	%

	Immediate Change in Rate

	-300 bp	-200 bp	-100 bp	+100 bp	+200 bp	+300 bp	+400 bp
Change in Net Int. Inc. (in $000’s)	-$17,601	-$9,365	-$4,276	+$1,069	+$1,915	+$2,748	+$3,150
% Change	-17.48%	-9.30%	-4.25%	+1.06%	+1.90%	+2.73%	+3.13%

Regulatory Capital Ratios
	March 31,	December 31,	Minimum Requirement
	2019	2018	to be Well Capitalized
Sierra Bancorp
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets	12.79%	12.61%	6.50%
Tier 1 Capital to Risk-weighted Assets	14.54%	14.38%	8.00%
Total Capital to Risk-weighted Assets	15.04%	14.89%	10.00%
Tier 1 Capital to Adjusted Average Assets ("Leverage Ratio")	11.66%	11.49%	5.00%

Bank of the Sierra
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets	14.42%	14.25%	6.50%
Tier 1 Capital to Risk-weighted Assets	14.42%	14.25%	8.00%
Total Capital to Risk-weighted Assets	14.91%	14.77%	10.00%
Tier 1 Capital to Adjusted Average Assets ("Leverage Ratio")	11.56%	11.39%	5.00%

Exhibit #		Description
2.1		Agreement and Plan of Consolidation by and among Sierra Bancorp, Bank of the Sierra and Santa Clara Valley Bank, N.A., dated as of July 17, 2014 (1)
2.2		Agreement and Plan of Reorganization and Merger, dated as of January 4, 2016 by and between Sierra Bancorp and Coast Bancorp (2)
2.3		Agreement and Plan of Reorganization and Merger, dated as of April 24, 2017 by and between Sierra Bancorp and OCB Bancorp, as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto dated May 4, 2017 and Amendment No. 2 thereto dated June 6, 2017 (3)
3.1		Restated Articles of Incorporation of Sierra Bancorp (4)
3.2		Amended and Restated By-laws of Sierra Bancorp (5)
10.1		Salary Continuation Agreement for Kenneth R. Taylor (6)
10.2		Salary Continuation Agreement and Split Dollar Agreement for James F. Gardunio (7)
10.3		Split Dollar Agreement for Kenneth R. Taylor (8)
10.4		Director Retirement and Split dollar Agreements Effective October 1, 2002, for Albert Berra, Morris Tharp, and Gordon Woods (8)
10.5		401 Plus Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan (8)
10.6		Indenture dated as of March 17, 2004 between U.S. Bank N.A., as Trustee, and Sierra Bancorp, as Issuer (9)
10.7		Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of Sierra Statutory Trust II, dated as of March 17, 2004 (9)
10.8		Indenture dated as of June 15, 2006 between Wilmington Trust Co., as Trustee, and Sierra Bancorp, as Issuer (10)
10.9		Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of Sierra Capital Trust III, dated as of June 15, 2006 (10)
10.10		2007 Stock Incentive Plan (11)
10.11		Sample Retirement Agreement Entered into with Each Non-Employee Director Effective January 1, 2007 (12)
10.12		Salary Continuation Agreement for Kevin J. McPhaill (12)
10.13		First Amendment to the Salary Continuation Agreement for Kenneth R. Taylor (12)
10.14		Second Amendment to the Salary Continuation Agreement for Kenneth R. Taylor (13)
10.15		First Amendment to the Salary Continuation Agreement for Kevin J. McPhaill (14)
10.16		Indenture dated as of September 20, 2007 between Wilmington Trust Co., as Trustee, and Coast Bancorp, as Issuer (15)
10.17		Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of Coast Bancorp Statutory Trust II, dated as of September 20, 2007 (15)
10.18		First Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 8, 2016, between Wilmington Trust Co. as Trustee, Sierra Bancorp as the “Successor Company”, and Coast Bancorp (15)
10.19		2017 Stock Incentive Plan (16)
10.20		Employment agreements dated as of December 27, 2018 for Kevin McPhaill, CEO, Kenneth Taylor, CFO, James Gardunio, Chief Credit Officer, and Michael Olague, Chief Banking Officer (17)
10.21		Employment agreement dated as of March 15, 2019 for Matthew Macia, Chief Risk Officer (18)
11		Statement of Computation of Per Share Earnings (19)
31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer (Section 302 Certification)
31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer (Section 302 Certification)
32		Certification of Periodic Financial Report (Section 906 Certification)
101.INS		XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

May 7, 2019		/s/ Kevin J. McPhaill
Date		SIERRA BANCORP
		Kevin J. McPhaill
		President & Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

May 7, 2019		/s/ Kenneth R. Taylor
Date		SIERRA BANCORP
		Kenneth R. Taylor
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Principal Accounting Officer)