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Securities
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2021
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Securities
Note 3.  Securities

The amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows (in thousands):
 Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value
September 30, 2021:    
Securities available-for-sale:    
U.S. Treasury securities$144,387 $— $230 $144,157 
U.S. government agency securities423,481 1,566 2,992 422,055 
Mortgage-backed securities1,938,218 41,663 11,900 1,967,981 
State and municipal securities1,733,063 38,130 11,545 1,759,648 
Asset-backed securities220,716 214 733 220,197 
Corporate notes and other119,276 3,306 1,967 120,615 
 $4,579,141 $84,879 $29,367 $4,634,653 
Securities held-to-maturity:    
State and municipal securities$989,398 $25,817 $808 $1,014,407 
 $989,398 $25,817 $808 $1,014,407 
Allowance for credit losses - securities held-to-maturity(161)
Securities held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses$989,237 
December 31, 2020:    
Securities available-for-sale:    
U.S. Treasury securities$82,199 $10 $— $82,209 
U.S. government agency securities74,916 1,547 60 76,403 
Mortgage-backed securities1,623,759 67,759 2,327 1,689,191 
State and municipal securities1,411,288 44,559 12,484 1,443,363 
Asset-backed securities177,878 715 657 177,936 
Corporate notes and other117,256 2,632 2,309 117,579 
 $3,487,296 $117,222 17,837 $3,586,681 
Securities held-to-maturity:    
State and municipal securities$1,028,550 $38,272 $291 $1,066,531 
$1,028,550 $38,272 $291 $1,066,531 
Allowance for credit losses - securities held-to-maturity(191)
Securities held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses$1,028,359 
 
During the quarters ended March 31, 2020 and September 30, 2018, Pinnacle Financial transferred, at fair value, $873.6 million and $179.8 million, respectively, of municipal securities from the available-for-sale portfolio to the held-to-maturity portfolio. The related net unrealized after tax gains of $69.0 million and net unrealized after tax losses of $2.2 million, respectively, remained in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are being amortized over the remaining life of the securities, offsetting the related amortization of discount or premium on the transferred securities. No gains or losses were recognized at the time of the transfer. At September 30, 2021, approximately $649.5 million of securities within Pinnacle Financial's investment portfolio were pledged to secure either public funds and other deposits or securities sold under agreements to repurchase. At September 30, 2021, repurchase agreements comprised of secured borrowings totaled $148.2 million and were secured by $148.2 million of pledged U.S. government agency securities, mortgage-backed securities, municipal securities, asset-backed securities, and corporate debentures. As the fair value of securities pledged to secure repurchase agreements may decline, Pinnacle Financial regularly evaluates its need to pledge additional securities to remain adequately secured.
The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities as of September 30, 2021 by contractual maturity is shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities of mortgage- and asset-backed securities since the mortgages and assets underlying the securities may be called or prepaid with or without penalty. Therefore, these securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following summary (in thousands):
 Available-for-saleHeld-to-maturity
September 30, 2021:Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value		Amortized
 Cost		Fair
Value
Due in one year or less$106,128 $106,120 $— $— 
Due in one year to five years56,921 56,821 1,409 1,472 
Due in five years to ten years508,208 517,678 5,676 5,734 
Due after ten years1,748,950 1,765,856 982,313 1,007,201 
Mortgage-backed securities1,938,218 1,967,981 — — 
Asset-backed securities220,716 220,197 — — 
 $4,579,141 $4,634,653 $989,398 $1,014,407 

At September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the following investments had unrealized losses. The table below classifies these investments according to the term of the unrealized losses of less than twelve months or twelve months or longer (in thousands):

 Investments with an Unrealized Loss of
less than 12 months		Investments with an Unrealized Loss of
12 months or longer		Total Investments with an
Unrealized Loss
 Fair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized
Losses
At September 30, 2021      
U.S. Treasury securities$132,157 $230 $— $— $132,157 $230 
U.S. government agency securities195,921 2,552 14,807 440 210,728 2,992 
Mortgage-backed securities633,938 8,630 114,968 3,270 748,906 11,900 
State and municipal securities523,859 9,138 222,884 2,961 746,743 12,099 
Asset-backed securities166,457 592 6,703 141 173,160 733 
Corporate notes18,412 422 24,970 1,545 43,382 1,967 
Total temporarily-impaired securities$1,670,744 $21,564 $384,332 $8,357 $2,055,076 $29,921 
At December 31, 2020      
U.S. Treasury securities$— $— $— $— $— $— 
U.S. government agency securities9,962 38 6,091 22 16,053 60 
Mortgage-backed securities165,696 1,772 35,997 555 201,693 2,327 
State and municipal securities175,115 2,220 345,435 10,264 520,550 12,484 
Asset-backed securities46,399 207 52,840 450 99,239 657 
Corporate notes9,978 40 23,920 2,269 33,898 2,309 
Total temporarily-impaired securities$407,150 $4,277 $464,283 $13,560 $871,433 $17,837 

The applicable dates for determining when securities were in an unrealized loss position were September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. As such, it is possible that a security had a market value less than its amortized cost on other days during the twelve-month periods ended September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, but is not in the "Investments with an Unrealized Loss of less than 12 months" category above.

As shown in the tables above, including both available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities, at September 30, 2021, Pinnacle Financial had approximately $29.9 million in unrealized losses on approximately $2.1 billion of securities. The unrealized losses associated with $873.6 million and $179.8 million of municipal securities transferred from the available-for-sale portfolio to the held-to-maturity portfolio during the quarters ended March 31, 2020 and September 30, 2018, respectively, represent unrealized losses since the date of purchase, independent of the impact associated with changes in the cost basis upon transfer between portfolios. For any securities classified as available-for-sale that are in an unrealized loss position at the balance sheet date, Pinnacle Financial assesses whether or not it intends to sell the security, or more likely than not will be required to sell the security, before recovery of its amortized cost basis which would require a write-down to fair value through net income. Because Pinnacle Financial currently does not intend to sell those securities that have an unrealized loss at September 30, 2021, and it is not more-likely-than-not that Pinnacle
Financial will be required to sell the securities before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be maturity, Pinnacle Financial has determined that no write-down is necessary. In addition, Pinnacle Financial evaluates whether any portion of the decline in fair value is the result of credit deterioration, which would require the recognition of an allowance for credit losses. Such evaluations consider the extent to which the amortized cost of the security exceeds its fair value, changes in credit ratings and any other known adverse conditions related to the specific security. The unrealized losses associated with securities at September 30, 2021 are driven by changes in interest rates and are not due to the credit quality of the securities, and accordingly, no allowance for credit losses is considered necessary related to available-for-sale securities at September 30, 2021. These securities will continue to be monitored as a part of Pinnacle Financial's ongoing evaluation of credit quality. Management evaluates the financial performance of the issuers on a quarterly basis to determine if it is probable that the issuers can make all contractual principal and interest payments.

The allowance for credit losses on held-to-maturity securities is measured on a collective basis by major security type. At September 30, 2021, Pinnacle Financial's held-to-maturity securities consist entirely of municipal securities. The estimates of expected credit losses are based on historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. A reasonable and supportable period of 18 months and reversion period of 12 months was utilized to estimate credit losses on held-to-maturity municipal securities at each of September 30, 2021 and 2020. At September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the estimated allowance for credit losses on these securities was $161,000 and $191,000, respectively, with the change driven largely by changes in macroeconomic projections.

Pinnacle Financial utilizes bond credit ratings assigned by third party ratings agencies to monitor the credit quality of debt securities held-to-maturity. At September 30, 2021, all debt securities classified as held-to-maturity were rated A or higher by the ratings agencies. Updated credit ratings are obtained as they become available from the ratings agencies.

Periodically, available-for-sale securities may be sold or the composition of the portfolio realigned to improve yields, quality or marketability, or to implement changes in investment or asset/liability strategy, including maintaining collateral requirements and raising funds for liquidity purposes or preparing for anticipated changes in market interest rates. Additionally, if an available-for-sale security loses its investment grade or tax-exempt status, the underlying credit support is terminated or collection otherwise becomes uncertain based on factors known to management, Pinnacle Financial will consider selling the security, but will review each security on a case-by-case basis as these factors become known. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, $2.2 million of available-for-sale securities were sold and $270,000 related to net gains on sales of available-for-sale securities were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net income.

Pinnacle Financial has entered into various fair value hedging transactions to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on the fair values of available for sale securities. See Note 8. Derivative Instruments for disclosure of the gains and losses recognized on derivative instruments and the cumulative fair value hedging adjustments to the carrying amount of the hedged securities.