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Stock Options, Restricted Shares and Restricted Share Units (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Summary of Stock Option Activity
 NumberWeighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
Weighted-
Average
Contractual
Remaining Term
(in years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value (1)
(000's)
Outstanding at December 31, 2016552,372  $20.75      
Granted—  —      
Stock options exercised (2)
(275,904) 20.09      
Forfeited—  —      
Outstanding at December 31, 2017276,468  $21.40      
Granted—  —  
Stock options exercised(97,877) 18.91  
Forfeited—  —  
Outstanding at December 31, 2018178,591  $22.77      
Granted—  —      
Stock options exercised(59,317) 21.40      
Forfeited—  —      
Outstanding at December 31, 2019119,274  $23.45  2.85$4,837  
Options exercisable at December 31, 2019119,274  $23.45  2.85$4,837  

(1)The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the quoted price of Pinnacle Financial Common Stock of $64.00 per common share at December 31, 2019 for the 119,274 options that were in-the-money at December 31, 2019.
(2)Includes 750 stock options which were exercised in a stock swap transaction which settled in 277 shares of Pinnacle Financial common
stock.
Summary of Activity for Unvested Restricted Share Awards
A summary of activity for unvested restricted share awards for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 follows:
 NumberGrant Date Weighted-Average Cost
Unvested at December 31, 2016820,539  $36.47  
Shares awarded261,942  67.14  
Conversion of previously awarded restricted share units to restricted share awards43,680  69.40  
Shares assumed in connection with acquisition of BNC136,890  67.25  
Restrictions lapsed and shares released to associates/directors(292,896) 37.59  
Shares forfeited(34,020) 54.71  
Unvested at December 31, 2017936,135  $50.08  
Shares awarded180,450  62.40  
Conversion of previously awarded restricted share units to restricted share awards6,200  67.85  
Restrictions lapsed and shares released to associates/directors(400,820) 46.33  
Shares forfeited(29,159) 59.51  
Unvested at December 31, 2018692,806  $55.19  
Shares awarded245,845  55.25  
Restrictions lapsed and shares released to associates/directors(348,145) 40.47  
Shares forfeited(35,210) 58.22  
Unvested at December 31, 2019555,296  $57.04  

Pinnacle Financial grants restricted share awards to associates (including members of executive management) and outside directors with a combination of time and, in the case of the annual leadership team award, performance vesting criteria. The following tables outline restricted stock grants that were made by grant year, grouped by similar vesting criteria, during the three-year period ended December 31, 2019. The table below reflects the life-to-date activity for these awards:
Grant
Year
Group (1)
Vesting
Period in years
Shares
awarded
Restrictions Lapsed and shares released to participantsShares Withheld
for taxes by participants
Shares Forfeited by participants (6)
Shares Unvested
Time Based Awards
2017
Associates (2)
3—  5248,265  76,923  31,355  37,904  102,083  
2017
Associates (2) (3)
3—  5136,890  128,176  3,840  1,659  3,215  
2018
Associates (2)
3—  5147,601  20,527  7,460  9,375  110,239  
2018
Associates (2) (3)
3—  516,777  3,484  1,948  942  10,403  
2019
Associates (2)
3—  5229,296  168  106  13,787  215,235  
Performance Based Awards
2017
Leadership team (4)
343,680  15,054  28,626  —  —  
2018
Leadership team (4)
36,200  4,340  1,860  —  —  
Outside Director Awards (5)
2017Outside directors113,677  12,139  1,538  —  —  
2018Outside directors116,072  12,783  3,289  —  —  
2019Outside directors116,549  —  —  —  16,549  
(1)Groups include employees (referred to as associates above), the leadership team which includes our named executive officers and other key senior leadership members, and outside directors. When the restricted shares are awarded, a participant receives voting rights and forfeitable dividend rights with respect to the shares, but is not able to transfer the shares until the restrictions have lapsed.  Once the restrictions lapse, the participant is taxed on the value of the award and may elect to sell some shares (or have Pinnacle Financial withhold some shares) to pay the applicable income taxes associated with the vested portion of the award. For time-based vesting restricted share awards, dividends paid on shares for which the forfeiture restrictions do not lapse will be recouped by Pinnacle Financial at the time of termination. For performance-based vesting awards and time-based vesting awards to Pinnacle Financial's executive officers, dividends are placed into escrow until the forfeiture restrictions on such shares lapse.
(2)The forfeiture restrictions on these restricted share awards lapse in equal annual installments on the anniversary date of the grant.
(3)Restricted share awards issued to associates that were former associates of BNC and to Pinnacle Financial's Chairman of the Carolinas and Virginia pursuant to legacy BNC incentive plans assumed by Pinnacle Financial.
(4)Reflects conversion of restricted share units issued in prior years to restricted share awards. The forfeiture restrictions on these restricted share awards lapse should Pinnacle Financial achieve certain soundness targets at the end of the fifth year following the grant date. See further details of these awards under the caption "Restricted Share Units" below.
(5)Restricted share awards are issued to the outside members of the board of directors in accordance with their board compensation plan.  Restrictions on those awards granted in 2019 lapse on February 29, 2020 based on each individual board member meeting their attendance goals for the various board and board committee meetings to which each member was scheduled to attend.
(6)These shares represent forfeitures resulting from recipients whose employment or board membership is terminated during each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019 or for which the performance criteria applicable to the award are not achieved. Any dividends paid on shares for which the forfeiture restrictions do not lapse will be recouped by Pinnacle Financial at the time of termination or will not be distributed from escrow, as applicable.
Restricted Share Unit Awards Outstanding
 Units Awarded
 Applicable Performance Periods associated with each tranche
(fiscal year)
Service period per tranche
(in years)
Subsequent
holding period per tranche
(in years)
Period in which units to be settled into shares of common stock (2)
Grant year
Named Executive Officers
(NEOs) (1)
Leadership Team other than NEOs
2019166,211  —  249,343  52,244  2019232024
2020222024
2021212024
201896,878  —  145,339  25,990  2018232023
2019222023
2020212023
201772,537  —  109,339  24,916  2017232022
2018222022
2019212022
201673,474  —  110,223  26,683  2016232021
     2017222021
     2018212021
201558,200  —  101,850  28,378  2015232020
   2016222020
   2017212020
(1)The named executive officers are awarded a range of awards that may be earned based on attainment of goals at a target level of performance to the maximum level of performance.
(2)Restricted share unit awards granted in 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015, if earned, will be settled in shares of Pinnacle Financial Common Stock in the periods noted in the table, if Pinnacle Bank's ratio of non-performing assets to its loans plus ORE is less than amounts established in the applicable award agreement.
Schedule of Share Based Compensation Expense
A summary of stock compensation expense, net of the impact of income taxes, related to restricted share awards and restricted share units for the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, follows (in thousands):
 201920182017
Restricted stock expense$21,226  $17,636  $19,538  
Income tax benefit5,548  4,610  7,665  
Restricted stock expense, net of income tax benefit$15,678  $13,026  $11,873