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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

6.	FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Securities available-for-sale and trading securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets on a non-recurring basis, such as loans held-for-sale, loans held-for-investment and certain other assets. These non-recurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognized on the actual date of the event or circumstances that caused the transfer, which generally corresponds with the Company’s quarterly valuation process.

Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The table below presents the recorded amount of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

	(in thousands)
September 30, 2022	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
U.S. Treasury securities	$	109,198	$	109,198	$	—	$	—
Securities of U.S. government agencies and corporations		110,367		—		110,367		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		51,556		—		51,556		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations		98,142		—		98,142		—
Mortgage-backed securities		238,722		—		238,722		—
Total investments at fair value	$	607,985	$	109,198	$	498,787	$	—

	(in thousands)
December 31, 2021	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
U.S. Treasury securities	$	86,211	$	86,211	$	—	$	—
Securities of U.S. government agencies and corporations		102,610		—		102,610		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		45,985		—		45,985		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations		135,652		—		135,652		—
Mortgage-backed securities		261,755		—		261,755		—
Total investments at fair value	$	632,213	$	86,211	$	546,002	$	—

Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

There were no assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2022.

Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are included in the table below by level within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2021:

	(in thousands)
December 31, 2021	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Impaired loans	$	33	$	—	$	—	$	33
Mortgage servicing rights		1,531		—		—		1,531
Total assets at fair value	$	1,564	$	—	$	—	$	1,564

There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Key methods and assumptions used in measuring the fair value of impaired loans and mortgage servicing rights as of December 31, 2021 were as follows:

	Method	Assumption Inputs

Impaired loans	Collateral, market, income, enterprise, liquidation, and discounted cash flows	External appraised values, management assumptions regarding market trends or other relevant factors, selling costs generally ranging from 6% to 10%, or the amount and timing of cash flows based on the loan's effective interest rate.

Mortgage servicing rights	Discounted cash flows	Present value of expected future cash flows was estimated using a weighted average discount rate factor of 9.50% as of December 31, 2021. A weighted average constant prepayment rate of 15.73% as of December 31, 2021 was utilized.

The following section describes the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities recorded at fair value.

Investment Securities Available-for-Sale

Investment securities available-for-sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted market prices, if available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions, and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Level 1 securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange, U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter markets and money market funds. Level 2 securities include mortgage-backed securities issued by government sponsored entities, municipal bonds and corporate debt securities. Securities classified as Level 3 include asset-backed securities in less liquid markets where valuations include significant unobservable assumptions.

Impaired Loans

The Company does not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. However, from time to time, a loan is considered impaired. Loans for which it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement are considered impaired. Once a loan is identified as individually impaired, the Company measures impairment. The fair value of impaired loans is estimated using one of several methods, including the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, the loan's observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Those impaired loans not requiring charge-off or specific allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans.

Certain impaired loans were considered collateral dependent and were evaluated based on the fair value of the underlying collateral securing the loan. Impaired loans where a charge-off is recorded based on the fair value of collateral require classification in the fair value hierarchy. When a loan is evaluated based on the fair value of the underlying collateral securing the loan, the Company records the impaired loan as non-recurring Level 3 given the valuation includes significant unobservable assumptions.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) are subject to impairment testing. All mortgage servicing rights are initially measured and recorded at fair value at the time loans are sold. The fair value of MSRs is determined based on the price that would be received to sell the MSRs in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Subsequent fair value measurements are determined using a discounted cash flow model. In order to determine the fair value of the mortgage servicing rights, the present value of expected future cash flows is estimated. Assumptions used include market discount rates, anticipated prepayment speeds, delinquency and foreclosure rates, and ancillary fee income.

The model used to calculate the fair value of the Company’s MSRs is periodically validated. The model assumptions and the MSRs fair value estimates are also compared to observable trades of similar portfolios as well as to MSR broker valuations and industry surveys, as available. If the valuation model reflects a value less than the carrying value, MSRs are adjusted to fair value through a valuation allowance as determined by the model. As such, the Company classifies MSRs subjected to non-recurring fair value adjustments as Level 3.

Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments for the periods ended September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were approximately as follows:

(in thousands)			September 30, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Level		Carrying amount		Fair value		Carrying amount		Fair value

Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		1	$	264,403	$	264,403	$	345,929	$	345,929
Certificates of deposit		2		11,091		10,699		13,272		13,443
Stock in Federal Home Loan Bank and other equity securities		3		9,440		9,440		7,097		7,097
Loans receivable:
Net loans		3		971,249		922,116		852,717		830,967
Loans held-for-sale		2		—		—		1,063		1,089
Interest receivable		2		5,543		5,543		4,571		4,571
Financial liabilities:
Deposits		3		1,799,605		1,423,719		1,728,302		1,678,658
Interest payable		2		89		89		42		42

Limitations

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument and expected exit prices. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. Other significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial assets or liabilities include deferred tax liabilities and premises and equipment. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in many of the estimates.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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