Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2011

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all majority and wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests represents the minority shareholders' proportionate share of the Company's majority-owned indirect subsidiaries. The portion of net income or net loss attributable to non-controlling interests is presented as net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated subsidiaries in the consolidated statements of income, and the portion of other comprehensive income of these subsidiaries is presented in the consolidated statements of shareholders' equity and comprehensive income.

Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated all subsequent events and determined that there are no material recognized or unrecognized subsequent events, except for those disclosed in Note 10—Debt.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of acquisition. Cash and cash equivalents primarily include cash on hand, money market funds and time deposits. Time deposits represent amounts on deposit in banks and temporarily invested in instruments with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase. Certain of these investments represent deposits which are not insured by the FDIC or any other government agency. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates market value.

Restricted Cash

Certain customers require the Company to provide bank guarantees on customer advances. Generally, lines of credit satisfy this requirement. However, to the extent the required guarantee exceeds the available local line of credit, the Company maintains restricted cash balances. Restricted cash balances are classified as non-current unless, under the terms of the various agreements, the funds will be released from restrictions within one year from the balance sheet date. At December 31, 2011, the Company had $6.1 million of restricted cash, of which $3.9 million was classified as non-current. At December 31, 2010, the Company had $6.4 million of restricted cash, of which $3.5 million was classified as non-current.

Derivative Financial Instruments

All derivatives, whether designated in a hedging relationship or not, are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and further, on the type of hedging relationship. For those derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments, the Company must designate the hedging instrument, based on the exposure being hedged, as a fair value hedge, cash flow hedge or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation.

        A fair value hedge is a derivative instrument designated for the purpose of hedging the exposure of changes in fair value of an asset or a liability resulting from a particular risk. If the derivative is designated as a fair value hedge, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are both recognized in the same caption in the consolidated statements of income. A cash flow hedge is a derivative instrument designated for the purpose of hedging the exposure to variability in future cash flows resulting from a particular risk. If the derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, the effective portions of changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and are recognized in the results of operations when the hedged item affects earnings. Ineffective portions of changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges are recognized in the results of operations. A hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation is achieved through a derivative instrument designated for the purpose of hedging the exposure of changes in value of investments in foreign subsidiaries. If the derivative is designated as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, the effective portions of changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income as a part of the currency translation adjustment. Ineffective portions of net investment hedges are recognized in the results of operations. For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, changes in fair value are recognized in the results of operations in the current period.

Fair Value

The Company applies the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement. The levels in the hierarchy are defined as follows:

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  Level 1:  Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

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  Level 2:  Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

  •

  Level 3:  Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

        The Company's financial instruments consist primarily of cash equivalents, restricted cash, derivative instruments consisting of forward foreign exchange contracts, commodity contracts, derivatives embedded in certain purchase and sale contracts and an interest rate swap, accounts receivable, short-term borrowings, accounts payable and long-term debt. The carrying amounts of the Company's cash equivalents and restricted cash, accounts receivable, short-term borrowings and accounts payable approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. Derivative assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company's long-term debt consists of variable rate arrangements with interest rates that reset every three months and as a result, reflect currently available terms and conditions. Consequently, the carrying value of the Company's long-term debt approximates fair value.

        The Company has evaluated the estimated fair value of financial instruments using available market information and management's estimates. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies could have a significant effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments which subject the Company to credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, derivative instruments and accounts receivables. The risk with respect to cash and cash equivalents is minimized by the Company's policy of investing in short-term financial instruments issued by highly-rated financial institutions. The risk with respect to derivative instruments is minimized by the Company's policy of entering into arrangements with highly-rated financial institutions. The risk with respect to accounts receivables is minimized by the creditworthiness and diversity of the Company's customers. The Company performs periodic credit evaluations of its customers' financial condition and generally requires an advanced deposit for a portion of the purchase price. Credit losses have been within management's expectations and the allowance for doubtful accounts totaled $5.6 million and $5.1 million as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, no single customer represented 10% of the Company's accounts receivable. For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, no single customer represented 10% of the Company's revenue.

Inventories

Components of inventory include raw materials, work-in-process, demonstration units and finished goods. Demonstration units include systems which are located in the Company's demonstration laboratories or installed at the sites of potential customers and are considered available for sale. Finished goods include in-transit systems that have been shipped to the Company's customers, but not yet installed and accepted by the customer. All inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined principally by the first-in, first-out method for a majority of subsidiaries and by average-cost for certain international subsidiaries. The Company reduces the carrying value of its inventories for differences between cost and estimated net realizable value, taking into consideration usage in the preceding twelve months, expected demand, technological obsolescence and other information including the physical condition of demonstration and in-transit inventories. The Company records a charge to cost of revenue for the amount required to reduce the carrying value of inventory to net realizable value. Costs associated with the procurement and warehousing of inventories, such as inbound freight charges and purchasing and receiving costs, are also included in the cost of revenue line item within the consolidated statements of income.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Major improvements are capitalized while expenditures for maintenance, repairs and minor improvements are charged to expense as incurred. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the assets and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are eliminated from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of income. Depreciation and amortization are calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

Buildings	25-40 years
Machinery and equipment	3-10 years
Computer equipment and software	3-5 years
Furniture and fixtures	3-10 years
Leasehold improvements	Lesser of 15 years or the remaining lease term

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill is not amortized, but is evaluated for impairment on a reporting unit basis annually, or on an interim basis when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. In assessing the recoverability of goodwill, the Company must make assumptions regarding the estimated future cash flows, and other factors, to determine the fair value of these assets. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, the Company may be required to record impairment charges against these assets in the reporting period in which the impairment is determined.

        For goodwill, the impairment evaluation includes a comparison of the carrying value of the reporting unit to the fair value of the reporting unit. If the reporting unit's estimated fair value exceeds the reporting unit's carrying value, no impairment of goodwill exists. If the fair value of the reporting unit does not exceed its carrying value, then further analysis would be required to determine the amount of the impairment, if any.

        For the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company elected to adopt Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2011-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) Testing Goodwill for Impairment ("ASU No. 2011-08"). Under ASU No. 2011-08, the Company has the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. Based on the results of the qualitative review of goodwill performed as of December 31, 2011, the Company did not identify any indicators of impairment. As such, the two-phase process was not necessary.

        Intangible assets with a finite useful life are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives as follows:

Existing technology and related patents	3-10 years
Customer and distributor relationships	5-12 years
Trade names	5-10 years

        Acquired in process research and development ("IPR&D") represents ongoing development work associated with enhancements to existing products, as well as the development of next generation products. IPR&D is initially capitalized at fair value as an intangible asset with an indefinite life and assessed for impairment on an annual basis, or when indicators of impairment are identified. When the IPR&D project is complete, it is reclassified as a finite-lived intangible asset and is amortized over its estimated useful life, typically seven to 10 years. If an IPR&D project is abandoned before completion or determined to be impaired, the value of the asset or the amount of the impairment is charged to the consolidated statements of income in the period the project is abandoned or impaired.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment losses are recorded on long-lived assets used in operations when indicators of impairment are present and the quoted market price, if available, or the estimated undiscounted operating cash flows generated by those assets are less than the assets' carrying value. Impairment losses are charged to the consolidated statements of income for the difference between the fair value and carrying value of the asset.

Warranty Costs and Deferred Revenue

The Company typically provides a one year parts and labor warranty with the purchase of equipment. The anticipated cost for this warranty is accrued upon recognition of the sale and is included as a current liability on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company's warranty reserve reflects estimated material and labor costs for potential product issues for which the Company expects to incur an obligation. The Company's estimates of anticipated rates of warranty claims and costs are primarily based on historical information and future forecasts. The Company assesses the adequacy of the warranty reserve on a quarterly basis and adjusts the amount as necessary. If the historical data used to calculate the adequacy of the warranty reserve are not indicative of future requirements, additional or reduced warranty reserves may be required.

        The Company also offers to its customers extended warranty and service agreements extending beyond the initial warranty for a fee. These fees are recorded as deferred revenue, based on their relative fair value, and recognized ratably into income over the life of the extended warranty contract once the extended warranty period has commenced.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach by recognizing deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the financial statement basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, calculated using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be reflected in the tax return. In addition, the Company is required to record a valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In addition, the Company accounts for uncertain tax positions that have reached a minimum recognition threshold.

Customer Advances

The Company typically requires an advance deposit under the terms and conditions of contracts with customers. These deposits are recorded as a liability until revenue is recognized on the specific contract in accordance with the Company's revenue recognition policy.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue from systems sales when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the price is fixed or determinable, title and risk of loss has been transferred to the customer and collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. Title and risk of loss is generally transferred to the customer upon receipt of signed customer acceptance for a system that has been shipped, installed, and for which the customer has been trained. As a result, the timing of customer acceptance or readiness could cause the Company's reported revenues to differ materially from expectations. When products are sold through an independent distributor or a strategic distribution partner that assumes responsibility for installation, the Company recognizes revenue when the products have been shipped and the title and risk of loss has been transferred. The Company's distributors do not have price protection rights or rights of return; however, products are warranted to be free from defect for a period that is typically one year. Revenue is deferred until cash is received when collectability is not reasonably assured, such as when a significant portion of the fee is due over one year after delivery, installation and acceptance of a system.

        In September 2009, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") ratified ASU No. 2009-13, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605)—Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements. ASU No. 2009-13 amends existing revenue recognition accounting standards that are currently within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 605, Subtopic 25—Multiple-Element Arrangements. ASU No. 2009-13 provides for three significant changes to the existing guidance for multiple element arrangements:

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  Removes the requirement to have objective and reliable evidence of fair value for undelivered elements in an arrangement. This may result in more deliverables being treated as separate units of accounting.

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  Modifies the manner in which arrangement consideration is allocated to the separately identified deliverables. ASU No. 2009-13 requires an entity to allocate revenue in an arrangement based on the fair value of each deliverable using its best estimate of selling prices ("ESP") of deliverables if a vendor does not have vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value ("VSOE") or third-party evidence of fair value ("TPE"), if VSOE is not available.

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  Eliminates the use of the residual method and requires an entity to allocate revenue using the relative selling prices method, which results in the discount in the transaction being evenly allocated to the separate units of accounting.

        Additionally, in September 2009, the FASB ratified ASU No. 2009-14, Software (Topic 985)—Certain Revenue Arrangements That Include Software Elements. The amendments in ASU No. 2009-14 provide that tangible products containing software components and non-software components that function together to deliver the tangible product's essential functionality are no longer within the scope of the software revenue recognition guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 985-605, Software Revenue Recognition (ASC 985-605) and should follow the guidance in ASU No. 2009-13 for multiple-element arrangements.

        The Company adopted these new accounting standards at the beginning of its first fiscal quarter of 2011 on a prospective basis for transactions originating or materially modified on or after January 1, 2011. These accounting standards generally do not change the units of accounting for the Company's revenue transactions, as most products and services qualify as separate units of accounting as was the case under previous accounting guidance. The impact of adopting these new accounting standards was not material to the Company's financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2011, and if applied in the same manner there would not have been a material impact to revenue recorded in 2010 and 2009 or any interim periods therein.

        For transactions entered into subsequent to the adoption of ASU No. 2009-13 that include multiple elements, arrangement consideration is allocated to each element based on the relative selling prices of all of the elements in the arrangement using the fair value hierarchy as required by ASU No. 2009-13. The Company limits the amount of revenue recognized for delivered elements to the amount that is not contingent on the future delivery of products or services, future performance obligations, or subject to customer-specific return or refund privileges.

        The Company attempts to determine the fair value of its products and services based on VSOE. The Company determines VSOE based on its normal selling pricing and discounting practices for the specific product or service when sold on a stand-alone basis. In determining VSOE, the Company's policy requires a substantial majority of selling prices for a product or service to be within a reasonably narrow range. The Company also considers the class of customer, method of distribution and the geographies into which products and services are being sold when determining VSOE.

        If VSOE cannot be established, which may occur in instances where a product or service has not been sold separately, stand-alone sales are too infrequent or product pricing is not within a sufficiently narrow range, the Company attempts to establish the selling price based on TPE. TPE is determined based on competitor prices for similar deliverables when sold separately. The Company is typically not able to determine TPE for its products or services. TPE is determined based on competitor prices for similar elements when sold or licensed separately. Generally, the Company's offerings contain a significant level of differentiation such that the comparable pricing of products with similar functionality cannot be determined. Furthermore, the Company is unable to reliably determine the selling prices on a stand-alone basis of similar products offered by its competitors.

        When the Company cannot determine VSOE or TPE, it uses ESP in its allocation of arrangement consideration. The objective of ESP is to determine the price at which the Company would typically transact a stand-alone sale of the product or service. ESP is determined by considering a number of factors including the Company's pricing policies, internal costs and gross profit objectives, method of distribution, market research and information, recent technological trends, competitive landscape and geographies. The Company plans to analyze the selling prices used in its allocation of arrangement consideration, at a minimum, on an annual basis. Selling prices will be analyzed more frequently if a significant change in the Company's business necessitates more frequent analysis or if the Company experiences significant variances in its selling prices.

        Revenue from the sale of accessories and parts is recognized upon shipment and service revenue is recognized as the services are performed.

        The Company also has contracts for which it applies the percentage-of-completion model of revenue recognition and the milestone model of revenue recognition. Application of the percentage-of-completion method requires the Company to make reasonable estimates of the extent of progress toward completion of the contract and the total costs the Company will incur under the contract. Changes in the estimates of progress toward completion of the contract and the total costs could affect the timing of revenue recognition.

        Other revenues are comprised primarily of research grants and licensing arrangements. Grant revenue is recognized when the requirements in the grant agreement are achieved. Licensing revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the related contract.

Shipping and Handling Costs

The Company records costs incurred in connection with shipping and handling products as marketing and selling expenses. Shipping and handling costs were $28.7 million, $20.8 million and $14.0 million in the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Amounts billed to customers in connection with these costs are included in revenues.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include salaries, wages and other personnel related costs, material costs and depreciation, consulting costs and facility costs.

Software Costs

Purchased software is capitalized at cost and is amortized over the estimated useful life, generally three years. Software developed for use in the Company's products is expensed as incurred until technological feasibility is reasonably assured and is classified as research and development expense. Subsequent to the achievement of technological feasibility, amounts are capitalizable, however, to date such amounts have not been material.

Advertising

The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expenses were $8.1 million, $9.1 million and $6.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of income based on the fair value of the share-based award at the grant date. The Company's primary types of share-based compensation are stock options and restricted stock. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, as follows (in millions):

	2011		2010		2009
Stock options	$	6.6	$	5.8	$	5.0
Restricted stock		1.3		1.1		1.3
Total stock-based compensation pre-tax		7.9		6.9		6.3
Tax benefit		1.2		1.1		1.1
Total stock-based compensation net of tax	$	6.7	$	5.8	$	5.2

        Compensation expense is amortized on a straight-line basis over the underlying vesting terms of the share-based award. Stock options to purchase the Company's common stock are periodically awarded to executive officers and other employees of the Company subject to a vesting period of three to five years. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Assumptions regarding volatility, expected term, dividend yield and risk-free interest rate are required for the Black-Scholes model and are presented in the table below:

	2011		2010		2009
Risk-free interest rate		1.24%-3.12%		1.73%-3.46%		1.71%-3.60%
Expected life		6.5 years		6.5 years		6.5 years
Volatility		57.2%		62.0%		64.0%
Expected dividend yield		—		—		—

        The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury securities for a period that is commensurate with the expected life assumption. Expected life is determined through the simplified method as defined in the Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 110. The Company believes that this is the best estimate of the expected term of a new option. Expected volatility is based on a number of factors, but the Company currently believes that the exclusive use of its historical volatility results in the best estimate of the grant-date fair value of employee stock options because it reflects the market's current expectations of future volatility. The expected dividend yield was not considered in the option pricing formula since the Company does not pay dividends and has no current plans to do so in the future. The terms of some of the Company's indebtedness also currently restrict its ability to pay dividends to its shareholders.

        In addition, the Company utilizes an estimated forfeiture rate when calculating the stock-based compensation expense for the period. The Company has applied estimated forfeiture rates derived from an analysis of historical data of 5.2%, 5.4% and 5.8% for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, in determining the expense recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. The weighted average fair values of options granted was $7.89, $8.56 and $5.83 per share for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.

Earnings Per Share

Net income per common share attributable to Bruker Corporation shareholders is calculated by dividing net income attributable to Bruker Corporation by the weighted-average shares outstanding during the period. The diluted net income per share computation includes the effect of shares which would be issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and the vesting of restricted stock, reduced by the number of shares which are assumed to be purchased by the Company under the treasury stock method.

        The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, (in millions, except per share data):

	2011		2010		2009
Net income attributable to Bruker
Corporation, as reported	$	92.3	$	95.4	$	81.2
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic		165.4		164.4		163.5
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options and restricted stock		1.5		1.3		1.4
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted		166.9		165.7		164.9
Net income per common share attributable
to Bruker Corporation shareholders:
Basic	$	0.56	$	0.58	$	0.50
Diluted	$	0.55	$	0.58	$	0.49

        Stock options to purchase approximately 0.1 million shares, 0.7 million shares and 2.3 million shares were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share in the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

Employee Retirement Plans

The Company recognizes the over-funded or under-funded status of defined benefit pension and other postretirement defined benefit plans as an asset or liability, respectively, in its consolidated statement of financial position and recognizes changes in the funded status in the year in which the changes occur through other comprehensive income.

Other Comprehensive Income

Other comprehensive income refers to revenues, expenses, gains and losses that under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States are included in other comprehensive income, but are excluded from net income as these amounts are recorded directly as an adjustment to shareholders' equity, net of tax. The Company's other comprehensive income is composed primarily of foreign currency translation adjustments, changes in the funded status of defined benefit pension plans and changes in the fair value of derivatives that have been designated as cash flow hedges.

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets and liabilities of the Company's foreign subsidiaries, where the functional currency is the local currency, are translated into U.S. dollars using year-end exchange rates, or historical rates, as appropriate. Revenues and expenses of foreign subsidiaries are translated at the average exchange rates in effect during the year. Adjustments resulting from financial statement translations are included as a separate component of shareholders' equity. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are reported in interest and other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income for all periods presented. The Company may periodically have certain intercompany foreign currency transactions that are deemed to be of a long-term investment nature; exchange adjustments related to those transactions are made directly to a separate component of shareholders' equity.

Risk and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to risks common to its industry including, but not limited to, global economic conditions, rapid technological change, spending patterns from its customers, protection of its intellectual property, availability of key raw materials and components, compliance with existing and future regulation by government agencies, dependence on key personnel and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Contingencies

The Company is subject to proceedings, lawsuits and other claims related to patents, product and other matters. The Company assesses the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to these matters as well as potential ranges of probable losses. A determination of the amount of reserves required, if any, for these contingencies is made after careful analysis of each individual issue. The required reserves may change in the future due to new developments in each situation or changes in settlement strategy in dealing with these matters.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.

        Significant estimates and judgments relied upon by management in preparing these financial statements include revenue recognition, allowances for doubtful accounts, reserves for excess and obsolete inventory, the expensing and capitalization of research and development costs for software, estimated fair values of long-lived assets used to record impairment charges related to intangible assets and goodwill, intangible asset valuations, amortization periods, expected future cash flows used to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets, stock-based compensation expense, warranty allowances, restructuring and other related charges, contingent liabilities and the recoverability of the Company's net deferred tax assets.

        Although the Company regularly reassesses the assumptions underlying these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from management's estimates if these results differ from historical experience or other assumptions prove not to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made.