Document

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

__________________

FORM 10-Q

__________________



☒	Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2020



☐	Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-35662

__________________

QUALYS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

__________________



Delaware		77-0534145
(State or other jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)		Identification Number)

919 E. Hillsdale Boulevard, 4th Floor, Foster City, California 94404

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(650) 801-6100

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

__________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share	QLYS	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x

The number of shares of the Registrant's common stock outstanding as of April 30, 2020 was 38,958,981.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS



		Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	7
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	36
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	36
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	38
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	38
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	60
Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	60
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	60
Item 5.	Other Information	60
Item 6.	Exhibits	61
	Signatures	62

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION


Item 1.	Financial Statements

Qualys, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)



	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	147,565	$	87,559
Short-term marketable securities	184,387		211,331
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $640 and $585 as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	72,696		78,034
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	20,490		18,692
Total current assets	425,138		395,616
Long-term marketable securities	102,777		119,508
Property and equipment, net	61,665		60,579
Operating leases - right of use asset	38,760		40,551
Deferred tax assets, net	16,930		18,830
Intangible assets, net	15,275		16,795
Goodwill	7,447		7,447
Restricted cash	1,200		1,200
Other noncurrent assets	15,300		15,082
Total assets	$	684,492	$	675,608
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	653	$	848
Accrued liabilities	23,753		22,784
Deferred revenues, current	201,861		192,172
Operating lease liabilities, current	7,968		7,663
Total current liabilities	234,235		223,467
Deferred revenues, noncurrent	21,823		20,935
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent	41,486		44,015
Other noncurrent liabilities	218		388
Total liabilities	297,762		288,805
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019	—		—
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized; 39,024,673 and 39,146,272 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	39		39
Additional paid-in capital	368,016		362,408
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	1,553		1,162
Retained earnings	17,122		23,194
Total stockholders’ equity	386,730		386,803
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	684,492	$	675,608

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share data)



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020			2019
Revenues	$	86,263		$	75,343
Cost of revenues	18,495			17,709
Gross profit	67,768			57,634
Operating expenses:
Research and development	17,983			15,837
Sales and marketing	18,230			17,315
General and administrative	11,124			10,431
Total operating expenses	47,337			43,583
Income from operations	20,431			14,051
Other income (expense), net:
Interest expense	(3		)	(42		)
Interest income	1,924			2,051
Other expense, net	(135		)	(223		)
Total other income, net	1,786			1,786
Income before income taxes	22,217			15,837
Provision for income taxes	3,523			2,571
Net income	$	18,694		$	13,266
Net income per share:
Basic	$	0.48		$	0.34
Diluted	$	0.46		$	0.32
Weighted average shares used in computing net income per share:
Basic	39,112			39,109
Diluted	40,846			41,546

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(unaudited)

(in thousands)



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020			2019
Net income	$	18,694		$	13,266
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Changes in net unrealized gain, net of tax effects of ($104) and ($38) in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively	351			655
Reclassification adjustments for net realized (gain) loss included in net income, net of tax effects of $25 and ($2) in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively	(85		)	28
Total change in unrealized gain on marketable securities, net of tax	266			683
Cash flow hedges:
Changes in net unrealized gain, net of tax effects of ($94) and ($48) in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively	316			203
Reclassification adjustments for net realized (gain) loss included in net income, net of tax effects of $57 and ($3) in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively	(191		)	10
Total changes in unrealized gain on cash flow hedges, net of tax	125			213
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	391			896
Comprehensive income	$	19,085		$	14,162

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

(in thousands)



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020			2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	18,694		$	13,266
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization expense	7,747			7,935
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	—			105
Bad debt expense	148			—
Stock-based compensation	9,997			8,445
Amortization of accretion of discounts on marketable securities	(64		)	(580		)
Deferred income taxes	1,784			1,643
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	5,190			7,962
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(1,629		)	(3,205		)
Accounts payable	(262		)	(1,374		)
Accrued liabilities	253			332
Deferred revenues	10,577			9,855
Other non-current liabilities	—			(37		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	52,435			44,347
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of marketable securities	(85,567		)	(66,224		)
Sales and maturities of marketable securities	129,651			91,046
Purchases of property and equipment	(7,271		)	(8,608		)
Business combinations	—			(850		)
Net cash provided by investing activities	36,813			15,364
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repurchase of common stock	(28,926		)	(7,871		)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	4,714			4,047
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards	(5,000		)	(3,367		)
Principal payments under finance lease obligations	(30		)	(419		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(29,242		)	(7,610		)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	60,006			52,101
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	88,759			42,226
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	148,765		$	94,327

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except share data)



	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Retained Earnings			Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Retained Earnings			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balances at December 31, 2019	39,146,272		$	39	$	362,408		$	1,162	$	23,194		$	386,803
Net income	—		—		—			—		18,694			18,694
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—		—		—			391		—			391
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	144,989		—		4,714			—		—			4,714
Repurchase of common stock	(346,250	)	—		(4,160		)	—		(24,766		)	(28,926		)
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units	138,260		—		—			—		—			—
Taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards	(58,598	)	—		(5,000		)	—		—			(5,000		)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		10,054			—		—			10,054
Balances at March 31, 2020	39,024,673		$	39	$	368,016		$	1,553	$	17,122		$	386,730



	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings			Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balances at December 31, 2018	39,015,034		$	39	$	330,572		$	(586	)	$	27,964		$	357,989
Net income	—		—		—			—			13,266			13,266
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—		—		—			896			—			896
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	152,164		—		4,047			—			—			4,047
Repurchase of common stock	(94,090	)	—		(1,129		)	—			(6,742		)	(7,871		)
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units	99,601		—		—			—			—			—
Taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards	(38,877	)	—		(3,367		)	—			—			(3,367		)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		8,443			—			—			8,443
Balances at March 31, 2019	39,133,832		$	39	$	338,566		$	310		$	34,488		$	373,403

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)


NOTE 1.	The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Qualys, Inc. (the “Company”, "we", "us", "our") was incorporated in the state of Delaware on December 30, 1999. The Company is headquartered in Foster City, California and has wholly-owned subsidiaries throughout the world. The Company is a pioneer and leading provider of cloud-based IT, security and compliance solutions that enable organizations to identify security risks to their IT infrastructures, help protect their IT systems and applications from ever-evolving cyber-attacks and achieve compliance with internal policies and external regulations. The Company’s cloud solutions address the growing security and compliance complexities and risks that are amplified by the dissolving boundaries between internal and external IT infrastructures and web environments, the rapid adoption of cloud computing and the proliferation of geographically dispersed IT assets. Organizations can use the Company’s integrated suite of solutions delivered on its Qualys Cloud Platform to cost-effectively obtain a unified view of their security and compliance posture across globally distributed IT infrastructures.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and condensed footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information as well as the instructions to Form 10-Q and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019, included herein, was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date but does not include all disclosures, including notes required by U.S. GAAP. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations expected for the entire year ending December 31, 2020 or for any other future annual or interim periods. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 21, 2020.

Risks and Uncertainties

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) as a pandemic. As a result of COVID-19, the Company has modified certain aspects of our business, including restricting employee travel, requiring employees to work from home, and canceling certain events and meetings, among other modifications. The Company will continue to actively monitor the situation and may take further actions that alter its business operations as may be required by federal, state or local authorities or that the Company determines are in the best interests of its employees, customers, partners, suppliers and stockholders. While the Company has not incurred significant disruptions from the COVID-19 outbreak, the Company is unable to accurately predict the full impact that COVID-19 will have due to numerous uncertainties, including the duration of the outbreak, actions that may be taken by governmental authorities and the impact to the business of its customers and partners. The Company will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact to its business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported results of operations during the reporting period. The Company’s management regularly assesses these estimates, which primarily affect revenue recognition, the valuation of accounts receivable, goodwill and intangible assets, capitalization of internally developed software, stock-based compensation and the provision for income taxes. Actual

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

results could differ from those estimates and such differences may be material to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative financial instruments are utilized by the Company to reduce foreign currency exchange risks. The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate the impact of foreign currency fluctuations of certain non-U.S. dollar denominated net asset positions, to date primarily cash, accounts receivable and operating lease liabilities (non-designated forward contracts), as well as to manage foreign currency fluctuation risk related to forecasted transactions (designated cash flow hedges). Open contracts are recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets, other noncurrent assets, accrued liabilities or other noncurrent liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses resulting from currency exchange rate movements on non-designated forward contracts are recognized in other income (expense), net. Any gains or losses from derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are first recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") and then reclassified to revenue or operating expenses when the hedged item impacts the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes the fair value of its employee stock options and restricted stock units over the requisite service periods for those awards ultimately expected to vest. The fair value of each option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model and the fair value of each restricted stock unit ("RSU") is based on the price of the Company's stock on the date of grant. Forfeitures are estimated on the date of grant and revised if actual or expected forfeiture activity differs materially from original estimates.

The Company has issued performance-based awards and stock options, and accounts for these awards and options as stock-based compensation with multiple performance conditions. For these performance-based awards, the Company records compensation expense for only the performance milestones that are probable of being achieved, with such expense recorded on a straight-line basis over the expected vesting period. The Company reassesses performance-based estimates each reporting period and if there are any changes in the probability of achievement, the Company recognizes the cumulative effect in the period when the estimate changes.

Non-marketable securities

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, the Company invested $2.5 million in preferred stock of a privately-held company. The fair value of the investment is not readily available, and there are no quoted market prices for the investment. The investment is included in other noncurrent assets on the consolidated balance sheets and measured at cost less impairment, adjusted for observable price changes. The investment is assessed for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, no impairment was recorded for the investment. During the second quarter ended June 30, 2019, the Company made an advance payment of $0.6 million to the investee for certain development work, which is recorded in other noncurrent assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. During the third quarter ended September 30, 2019, the Company made an additional investment of $0.6 million in a convertible security issued by this investee and recorded it in other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. This ASU aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs related to internal-use software. It also requires the Company to expense the capitalized implementation costs of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract over the term of the hosting arrangement. The Company adopted this ASU prospectively to applicable implementation costs incurred since January 1, 2020. Applicable implementation costs capitalized during the three months ended March 31, 2020 were not material.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) as modified by subsequently issued ASU No. 2018-19, 2019-04 and 2019-05, which introduces a new accounting model, Current

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

Expected Credit Losses (CECL). CECL requires earlier recognition of credit losses, while also providing additional transparency about credit risk. CECL utilizes a lifetime expected credit loss measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The expected credit losses are adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2020, using a modified retrospective transition method, which requires a cumulative-effect adjustment, if any, to the opening balance of retained earnings to be recognized on the date of adoption with prior periods not restated. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-01, Investments—Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) (ASU 2020-01). This ASU clarifies the interaction of the accounting for equity securities under Topic 321, the accounting for equity method investments in Topic 323, and the accounting for certain forward contracts and purchased options in Topic 815. It is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2021, and earlier adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of its pending adoption of ASU 2020-01 on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (ASU 2019-12), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes, eliminates certain exceptions within ASC 740, Income Taxes, and clarifies certain aspects of the current guidance to promote consistency among reporting entities. ASU 2019-12 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Most amendments within the standard are required to be applied on a prospective basis, while certain amendments must be applied on a retrospective or modified retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts of the provisions of ASU 2019-12 on its consolidated financial statements.


NOTE 2.	Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. For certain of the Company’s financial instruments, including certain cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other current liabilities, the carrying amounts approximate their fair values due to the relatively short maturity of these balances.

The Company measures and reports certain cash equivalents, marketable securities, derivative foreign currency forward contracts and commitments associated with prior business combinations at fair value in accordance with the provisions of the authoritative accounting guidance that addresses fair value measurements. This guidance establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows:

Level 1-Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2-Valuations based on other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3-Valuations based on inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The Company's Level 1 assets include a highly liquid money market funds, which are valued using unadjusted quoted prices that are available in an active market for an identical asset. Level 2 assets include fixed-income U.S. government agency securities, commercial paper, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities and derivative financial instruments consisting of foreign currency forward contracts. The securities, bonds and commercial paper are valued using prices from independent pricing services based on quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments or on industry models using data inputs such as interest rates and prices that can be directly observed or corroborated in active markets. The foreign currency forward contracts are valued using observable inputs, such as quotations on forward foreign exchange points and foreign interest rates. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company made investments of $0.6 million in a convertible security and $2.5 million in preferred stock, respectively, issued by a privately-held company. The estimated fair value of the investments was determined based on Level 3 inputs. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, management estimated that the fair value of the investments equaled their carrying value.

The Company's cash and cash equivalents, and marketable securities consist of the following:



	March 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized (Losses)			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash	$	94,365	$	—	$	—		$	94,365
Money market funds	35,033		—		—			35,033
U.S. government agencies	15,439		10		—			15,449
Commercial paper	1,200		—		—			1,200
Corporate bonds	1,517		1		—			1,518
Total	147,554		11		—			147,565
Short-term marketable securities:
Commercial paper	1,000		—		—			1,000
Corporate bonds	23,975		17		(84		)	23,908
Asset-backed securities	3,017		9		—			3,026
U.S. government agencies	155,316		1,137		—			156,453
Total	183,308		1,163		(84		)	184,387
Long-term marketable securities:
Asset-backed securities	39,983		79		(72		)	39,990
U.S. government agencies	16,409		544		(10		)	16,943
Corporate bonds	46,065		169		(390		)	45,844
Total	102,457		792		(472		)	102,777
Total	$	433,319	$	1,966	$	(556	)	$	434,729

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)



	December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized (Losses)			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash	$	84,102	$	—	$	—		$	84,102
Money market funds	58		—		—			58
Commercial paper	3,399		—		—			3,399
Total	87,559		—		—			87,559
Short-term marketable securities:
Commercial paper	2,239		—		—			2,239
Corporate bonds	33,048		51		(1		)	33,098
Asset-backed securities	2,438		11		—			2,449
U.S. government agencies	173,364		184		(3		)	173,545
Total	211,089		246		(4		)	211,331
Long-term marketable securities:
Asset-backed securities	40,001		193		(1		)	40,193
U.S. government agencies	46,447		370		—			46,817
Corporate bonds	32,236		262		—			32,498
Total	118,684		825		(1		)	119,508
Total	$	417,332	$	1,071	$	(5	)	$	418,398

There were no marketable securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had the ability and intent to hold all marketable securities that were in an unrealized loss position until maturity or recovery. The Company considered the extent to which fair value was less than amortized cost basis and conditions related to security’s industry and geography and changes to the ratings, if any, and concluded the decline in fair value compared to carrying value was not related to credit loss.

The following table sets forth by level within the fair value hierarchy the fair value of the Company's cash equivalents and marketable securities measured on a recurring basis:



	March 31, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Money market funds	$	35,033	$	—	$	35,033
Commercial paper	—		2,200		2,200
U.S. government agencies	—		188,844		188,844
Corporate bonds	—		71,271		71,271
Asset-backed securities	—		43,016		43,016
Total	$	35,033	$	305,331	$	340,364



	December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Money market funds	$	58	$	—	$	58
Commercial paper	—		5,638		5,638
U.S. government agencies	—		220,362		220,362
Corporate bonds	—		65,596		65,596
Asset-backed securities	—		42,642		42,642
Total	$	58	$	334,238	$	334,296

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, as determined at the end of each reporting period.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The following summarizes the fair value of marketable securities by contractual or effective maturity as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:



	March 31, 2020
	Mature within One Year		Mature after One Year through Two Years		Mature over Two Years		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Commercial paper	$	2,200	$	—	$	—	$	2,200
U.S. government agencies	171,901		15,712		1,231		188,844
Corporate bonds	25,428		24,156		21,687		71,271
Asset-backed securities	27,041		15,975		—		43,016
Total	$	226,570	$	55,843	$	22,918	$	305,331



	December 31, 2019
	Mature within One Year		Mature after One Year through Two Years		Mature over Two Years		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Commercial paper	$	5,638	$	—	$	—	$	5,638
U.S. government agencies	173,546		46,816		—		220,362
Corporate bonds	33,098		23,251		9,247		65,596
Asset-backed securities	2,449		15,550		24,643		42,642
Total	$	214,731	$	85,617	$	33,890	$	334,238

Derivative Financial Instruments

Designated cash flow hedges

The Company uses a hedging strategy to reduce its exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations for forecasted subscription renewals and new orders in British Pound ("GBP") and Euro. The Company uses forward currency contracts accounted for as cash flow hedges against a designated portion of forecasted subscription renewals and new orders. Unrealized foreign exchange gains or losses related to those designated cash flow hedge contracts are recorded in AOCI and will be reclassified into revenue when the respective hedged transactions affect earnings.

In addition, the Company uses a hedging strategy to reduce its exposure associated with costs incurred in Indian Rupee ("INR"). Unrealized foreign exchange gains or losses related to those designated cash flow hedge contracts are recorded in AOCI and will be reclassified into operating expenses when the associated hedged costs are incurred.

At March 31, 2020, the Company had 39 open designated cash flow hedge contracts with notional amounts of €22.3 million, £9.4 million and Rs.1,560 million. At December 31, 2019, the Company had 26 open designated cash flow hedge contracts with notional amounts of €24.2 million and £9.7 million.



	Three Months Ended March 31,
Derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges:	2020			2019
Net unrealized gains (before tax) recognized in AOCI:	(in thousands)
Foreign currency forward contracts (GBP, Euro and INR)	$	410		$	251

Net unrealized (gains) losses (before tax) reclassified from AOCI into income:
Foreign currency forward contracts (GBP and Euro)	(248		)	13
Net change in AOCI before tax	162			264
Net tax impact on the change in AOCI	(37		)	(51		)
Net change in AOCI after tax	$	125		$	213

As of March 31, 2020, the net amount of unrealized gains and losses on the foreign currency forward contracts for GBP and Euro reported in AOCI that is expected to be reclassified into revenue within the next 12 months is a gain of $1.2 million (before tax). As of March 31, 2020, the net amount of unrealized gains and losses on the foreign currency

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

forward contracts for INR reported in AOCI that is expected to be reclassified into operating expenses is a loss of $1.0 million (before tax).

Non-designated forward contracts

At March 31, 2020, the Company had 13 outstanding non-designated forward contracts with notional amounts of €13.1 million, £6.2 million and Rs.443.4 million. At December 31, 2019, the Company had 15 outstanding non-designated forward contracts with notional amounts of €20.0 million, £5.6 million and Rs.756.0 million.

The following summarizes derivative financial instruments as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:



	March 31,			December 31,
	2020			2019
Assets:	(in thousands)
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedge	$	954		$	427
Foreign currency forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments	516			515
Total	$	1,470		$	942
Liabilities:
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedge	$	(1,059	)	$	(524	)
Foreign currency forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments	(280		)	(550		)
Total	$	(1,339	)	$	(1,074	)

All foreign currency forward contracts were valued at fair value using level 2 inputs.

The following summarizes the gains (losses) recognized from forward contracts and other foreign currency transactions in other income (expense), net on the condensed consolidated statement of operations:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
	(in thousands)
Net gain from non-designated forward contracts	$	804		$	23
Other foreign currency transactions loss	(871		)	(183		)
Total foreign exchange loss, net	(67		)	(160		)
Other expenses	(68		)	(63		)
Other expense, net	$	(135	)	$	(223	)


NOTE 3.	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)

The components and changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes, for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows (in thousands):



	Unrealized gains (losses) on AFS debt securities			Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges			Total
Balances as of December 31, 2019	$	822		$	340		$	1,162
Other comprehensive income before reclassification	351			316			667
Reclassification of gains from Other comprehensive income (loss)	(85		)	(191		)	(276		)
Total change in unrealized gain, net of tax	266			125			391
Balances as of March 31, 2020	$	1,088		$	465		$	1,553

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)



	Unrealized gains (losses) on AFS debt securities			Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges			Total
Balances as of December 31, 2018	$	(545	)	$	(41	)	$	(586	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification	655			203			858
Reclassification of losses from Other comprehensive income (loss)	28			10			38
Total change in unrealized gain, net of tax	683			213			896
Balances as of March 31, 2019	$	138		$	172		$	310


NOTE 4.	Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net, which includes assets under finance lease, consists of the following:



	March 31,			December 31,
	2020			2019
	(in thousands)
Computer equipment	$	116,810		$	112,599
Computer software	26,154			26,137
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	8,133			6,973
Finance leases - right of use asset	3,503			3,503
Scanner appliances	16,207			15,864
Leasehold improvements	20,302			18,817
Total property and equipment	191,109			183,893
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(129,444		)	(123,314		)
Property and equipment, net	$	61,665		$	60,579

Physical scanner appliances and other computer equipment had a net carrying value of $4.4 million and $4.9 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, including assets that had not been placed in service of $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense relating to property and equipment, including assets under finance leases, was $6.1 million and $6.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.


NOTE 5.	Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The Company's subscription contracts are typically satisfied ratably over the subscription term as its cloud-based offerings are delivered to customers electronically and over time. In addition, the Company recognizes revenues for certain limited scan arrangements on an as-used basis. The Company recognizes revenue related to professional services based on time and materials or completion of milestones stated in the contracts.

As the vast majority of the Company’s offerings are subscription based, the Company rarely needs to allocate the transaction price to separate performance obligations. In the rare case that allocation of the transaction price is needed, the Company recognizes revenue in proportion to the standalone selling prices (SSP) of the underlying services at contract inception. If an SSP is not directly observable, the Company determines the SSP using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs. The Company's transaction prices typically do not include variable consideration and are a fixed amount for a specific period of time, and the majority of contracts are twelve months with certain customers signing longer term deals. In general, the Company does not offer rights of return, performance bonuses, customer loyalty programs, payments via non-cash methods, refunds, volume rebates, incentive payments, penalties, price concessions or payments or discounts contingent on future events and the Company does not grant its customers any material rights. For contracts that include leased scanners and PCPs, the Company applies the lease and non-lease component practical expedient under ASC 842 to account for non-lease components and lease components as combined components under the revenue recognition guidance in ASU 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" (Topic 606) as the subscriptions are the predominant components in the arrangements.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

Costs of shipping and handling charges associated with physical scanner appliances and other computer equipment are included in cost of revenues. Sales taxes and other taxes collected from customers to be remitted to government authorities are excluded from revenues.

Incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract, which consist of sales commissions primarily for new business and upsells, are deferred and amortized over the estimated life of the customer relationship if renewals are expected and the renewal commission is not commensurate with the initial commission. The Company elected the practical expedient to expense commissions on renewals where the specific anticipated contract term amortization period is one year or less. The Company amortizes the capitalized commission cost as a selling expense on a straight-line basis over a period of five years. The Company classifies deferred commissions as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when it expects to recognize the expense. The current and noncurrent portions of deferred commissions are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other noncurrent assets, respectively, in its condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Capitalized costs to obtain contracts, current and noncurrent are as follows (in thousands):



	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Commission asset, current	$	2,789	$	2,568
Commission asset, noncurrent	$	6,629	$	6,454

For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized $0.7 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of commission expense from amortization of its commission assets. During the same periods, there was no impairment loss related to capitalized costs.

The Company records deferred revenue when cash payments are received or due in advance of its performance offset by revenue recognized in the period. Revenue of $73.8 million and $64.2 million was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which amounts were included in the deferred revenue balances as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The Company's payment terms vary by the type and location of its customer and the products or services offered. For certain products or services and customer types, the Company requires payment before the products or services are delivered to the customer.

The following table sets forth the expected revenue from all remaining performance obligations as of March 31, 2020 (in thousands):



	Total Expected Revenue
2020 (remaining nine months)	$	61,692
2021	48,049
2022	22,146
2023	3,286
2024	456
2025 and thereafter	151
Total	$	135,780

Revenues allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenues that have not yet been recognized, which include deferred revenue and the amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenues in future periods from open contracts. Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of noncancelable orders for which service has not been performed and excludes unexercised renewals. The Company applied the short-term contract exemption to exclude the remaining performance obligations that are part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less.

From time to time, the Company enters into contracts with customers that extend beyond one year, with certain of its customers electing to pay for more than one year of services upon contract execution. For any discounts associated with these multiple year contracts, the Company concluded its contracts did not contain a financing component.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

Revenues by sales channel are as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Direct	$	50,005	$	43,039
Partner	36,258		32,304
Total	$	86,263	$	75,343

The Company utilizes partners to enable and accelerate the adoption of its cloud platform by increasing its distribution capabilities and market awareness of its cloud platform as well as by targeting geographic regions outside the reach of its direct sales force. The Company's channel partners maintain relationships with their customers throughout the territories in which they operate and provide their customers with services and third-party solutions to help meet those customers’ evolving security and compliance requirements. As such, these partners may offer the Company's IT, security and compliance solutions in conjunction with one or more of their own products or services and act as a conduit through which the Company can connect with these prospective customers to offer its solutions. For sales involving a channel partner, the channel partner engages with the prospective customer directly and involves the Company's sales team as needed to assist in developing and closing an order. When a channel partner secures a sale, the Company sells the associated subscription to the channel partner who in turn resells the subscription to the customer. Sales to channel partners are made at a discount and revenues are recorded at this discounted price over the subscription terms. The Company does not have any influence or specific knowledge of its partners' selling terms with their customers. See Note 13, "Segment Information and Information about Geographic Area" for disaggregation of revenue by geographic area.


NOTE 6.	Business Combination

On January 10, 2019, the Company acquired the assets of Adya, Inc. ("Adya"), an India-based company. The acquisition included a cloud application management platform, which enables security and compliance audits of SaaS applications.

Total purchase consideration was $1.0 million, including $0.2 million of deferred consideration due eighteen months from the closing date of the acquisition, subject to potential adjustment from possible indemnity claims. Pro forma financial information for this acquisition has not been presented because it is not material to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company accounted for this transaction as a business combination and allocated $0.9 million of the purchase price to technology-based intangible assets and $0.1 million to goodwill. The acquired intangible assets relating to Adya's developed technology are being amortized over the estimated useful lives of approximately four years. Goodwill arising from the Adya acquisition is deductible for tax purposes over 15 years.


NOTE 7.	Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible assets consist primarily of developed technology and patent licenses from business combinations. Acquired intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis over the respective estimated useful lives of the assets.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The carrying values of intangible assets are as follows (in thousands, except for years):



					March 31, 2020
	Weighted Average Life (Years)	Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)	Cost		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value
Developed technology	4.6	2.5	$	26,356	$	(11,561	)	$	14,795
Patent licenses	14.0	4.4	1,387		(947		)	440
Total intangibles subject to amortization			$	27,743	$	(12,508	)	15,235
Intangible assets not subject to amortization								40
Total intangible assets, net								$	15,275

					December 31, 2019
	Weighted Average Life (Years)	Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)	Cost		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value
Developed technology	4.6	2.7	$	26,356	$	(10,066	)	$	16,290
Patent Licenses	14.0	4.7	1,387		(922		)	465
Total intangibles subject to amortization			$	27,743	$	(10,988	)	16,755
Intangible assets not subject to amortization								40
Total intangible assets, net								$	16,795

Intangible asset amortization expense was $1.5 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

As of March 31, 2020, the Company expects amortization expense in future periods to be as follows (in thousands):



	Amortization Expense
2020 (remaining nine months)	$	4,561
2021	6,081
2022	4,427
2023	100
2024	66
Total expected future amortization expense	$	15,235


NOTE 8.	Leases

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” which requires leases with durations greater than twelve months to be recognized on the balance sheet. We adopted the standard using the current period adjustment method with an effective date of January 1, 2019. Prior year financial statements were not restated under the new standard and, therefore, those amounts are not presented below. For both operating and finance leases, we recognize a right-of-use asset, which represents our right to use the underlying asset for the lease term, and a lease liability, which represents the present value of our obligation to make payments arising over the lease term. The present value of the lease payments is calculated using the incremental borrowing rate for operating and finance leases. The incremental borrowing rate is determined using a portfolio approach based on the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over a similar term.

Where the Company is the lessee, the Company elected to account for non-lease components associated with its leases (e.g., common area maintenance costs) and lease components separately for substantially all of its asset classes. In arrangements where the Company is the lessor, the Company elected to apply the practical expedient

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

which allows the Company to account for lease components (e.g., customer premise equipment) and non-lease components (e.g., service revenue) as combined components under the revenue recognition guidance in Topic 606 as service revenues are the predominant components in the arrangements.

The Company leases property and equipment under finance and operating leases. For leases with terms greater than 12 months, the Company records the related asset and obligation at the present value of lease payments over the term. Many of its leases include rental escalation clauses, renewal options and/or termination options that are factored into our determination of lease payments when appropriate.

When available, the Company uses the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments to present value; however, most of the leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate. Therefore, the Company must estimate an incremental borrowing rate to discount the lease payments based on information available at lease commencement.

The table below presents the lease-related assets and liabilities recorded on the balance sheet.



		March 31,		December 31,
(in thousands)	Classification on the Balance Sheet	2020		2019
Assets
Operating lease assets	Operating lease - right of use asset	$	38,760	$	40,551
Finance lease assets	Property and equipment, net	1,007		1,299
Total lease assets		$	39,767	$	41,850

Liabilities
Current
Operating	Operating lease liabilities, current	$	7,968	$	7,663
Finance	Accrued liabilities	148		124
Noncurrent
Operating	Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent	41,486		44,015
Finance	Other noncurrent liabilities	—		54
Total lease liabilities		$	49,602	$	51,856

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The Company leases certain offices, computer equipment and its data center facilities under non-cancelable operating leases for varying periods through 2028. Lease expense was $4.4 million and $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	2,791
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets:
Operating leases	$	562

Operating and financing cash flows from finance leases were immaterial during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

The weighted average remaining lease term and the weighted average discount rate of the Company's leases were as follows:



	March 31, 2020
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)
Operating leases	6.3
Finance leases	0.8
Weighted average discount rates
Operating leases	5.0	%
Finance leases	5.0	%


NOTE 9.	Commitments and Contingencies

Indemnifications

The Company from time to time enters into certain types of contracts that contingently require it to indemnify various parties against claims from third parties. These contracts primarily relate to (i) the Company's by-laws, under which it must indemnify directors and executive officers, and may indemnify other officers and employees, for liabilities arising out of their relationship, (ii) contracts under which the Company must indemnify directors and certain officers for liabilities arising out of their relationship, and (iii) contracts under which the Company may be required to indemnify customers or resellers from certain liabilities arising from potential infringement of intellectual property rights, as well as potential damages caused by limited product defects. To date, the Company has not incurred and has not recorded any liability in connection with such indemnifications.

The Company maintains director and officer insurance, which may cover certain liabilities arising from its obligation to indemnify its directors.


NOTE 10.	Stockholders' Equity and Stock-based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

2012 Equity Incentive Plan

Under the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2012 Plan"), the Company is authorized to grant to eligible participants incentive stock options (“ISOs”), non-statutory stock options (“NSOs”), stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock awards ("RSAs"), restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance units and performance shares equivalent to up to 15.7 million shares of common stock as of March 31, 2020. Options may be granted with an exercise price that is at least equal to the fair market value of the Company's stock at the date of grant and are exercisable when vested. As of March 31, 2020, 7.2 million shares were available for grant under the 2012 Plan.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

2000 Equity Incentive Plan

Under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2000 Plan"), the Company was authorized to grant to eligible participants either ISOs or NSOs. The 2000 Plan was terminated in connection with the closing of the Company's initial public offering, and accordingly, no shares are currently available for grant under the 2000 Plan. The 2000 Plan continues to govern outstanding awards granted thereunder.

Stock-based Compensation

The following table shows a summary of the stock-based compensation expense included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenues	$	614	$	545
Research and development	3,437		2,340
Sales and marketing	1,560		1,068
General and administrative	4,386		4,492
Total stock-based compensation	$	9,997	$	8,445

As of March 31, 2020, the Company had $14.9 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to unvested options which was expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years, and $60.5 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to unvested RSUs which was expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years. Compensation cost is recognized over the service period. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised in subsequent periods, if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Stock Option Plan Activity

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity is as follows:



	Outstanding Options		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
						(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2019	2,866,675		$	40.54	6.0	$	125,647
Granted	82,300		$	88.57
Exercised	(144,989	)	$	32.51
Canceled	(19,235	)	$	80.57
Balance as of March 31, 2020	2,784,751		$	42.11	6.2	$	126,495
Vested and expected to vest - March 31, 2020	2,620,436		$	39.53	6.0	$	125,595
Exercisable - March 31, 2020	2,073,385		$	29.22	5.3	$	120,221

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

Restricted Stock

A summary of the Company’s RSU activity is as follows:



	Outstanding RSUs		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share

Balance as of December 31, 2019	1,214,818		$	67.99
Granted	64,397		$	87.34
Vested	(138,260	)	$	59.51
Canceled	(23,348	)	$	69.61
Balance as of March 31, 2020	1,117,607		$	70.12
Outstanding and expected to vest - March 31, 2020	826,637		$	68.49

Performance-Based Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units

On November 2, 2019, the Compensation Committee of the Company's board of directors granted the equity award for 2020, which consisted of time-based RSUs and performance-based non-statutory stock options ("NSOs"), to the Company’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Philippe Courtot. The Compensation Committee, in consultation with its independent compensation consultant, designed these awards so that greater than 50% of this compensation was based on the achievement of performance goals linked to metrics designed to drive the creation of shareholder value.

The first portion of the award consists of 48,683 time-based RSUs that will vest in quarterly installments beginning on December 1, 2019, assuming continued service through each applicable vesting date. The second portion of the award consists of 123,856 NSOs that will vest at the end of the performance period based on achievement of goals related to revenue growth and free cash flow per share growth during the three-year period from January 2020 through December 2022, generally conditioned on Mr. Courtot’s continued status as a service provider through the date that performance is certified. If Mr. Courtot’s employment (a) is terminated by reason of death or disability or (b) is terminated by the Company for reasons other than cause within 12 months following a change in control (a “double trigger” termination), then 100% of any unvested portions of the award will vest, with any vesting in connection with change in control terminations conditioned upon the effectiveness of a release of claims in favor of the Company (2019 performance-based NSOs).

On December 21, 2018, the Compensation Committee granted the equity award for 2019, which consisted of time-based and performance-based RSUs, to Mr. Courtot. The Compensation Committee, in consultation with its independent compensation consultant, designed these awards so that greater than 50% of this compensation was based on the achievement of performance goals linked to metrics designed to drive the creation of shareholder value.

The first portion of the award consists of 56,250 time-based RSUs that will vest in 16 quarterly increments beginning on January 1, 2019, assuming continued service through each applicable vesting date. The second portion of the award consists of 33,089 performance-based RSUs that will vest based on achievement of goals related to revenue growth for a three-year period from January 2019 through December 2021 and adjusted EBITDA margin for the 2021 fiscal year, generally conditioned on Mr. Courtot’s continued status as a service provider through the date that performance is certified. The third portion of the award consists of 33,088 performance-based RSUs that will vest in three increments based on the achievement of goals related to revenue growth and adjusted EBITDA margin for each of the 2019, 2020 and 2021 fiscal years, generally conditioned on Mr. Courtot’s continued status as a service provider through the date that performance is certified for the relevant increment. If Mr. Courtot’s employment (a) is terminated by reason of death or disability or (b) is terminated by the Company for reasons other than cause or good reason within 12 months following a change in control (a “double trigger” termination), then 100% of any unvested portions of the award will vest, with any vesting in connection with change in control terminations conditioned upon the effectiveness of a release of claims in favor of the Company (2018 performance-based RSUs).

During the three months ended March 31, 2020,14,864 shares, which represent 135% of the target number of 11,030 shares under the 2018 performance-based RSUs, vested as a result of the Company achieving the performance goals for fiscal 2019.

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

During each of the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, stock-based compensation costs of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, were recognized for the 2019 performance-based NSOs and the 2018 performance-based RSUs.

Share Repurchase Program

On February 5, 2018, the Company's board of directors authorized a $100.0 million two-year share repurchase program, which was announced on February 12, 2018. On October 30, 2018, October 30, 2019 and May 7, 2020, the Company announced that its board of directors had authorized an increase of $100.0 million, $100.0 million and $100.0 million, respectively, to the original share repurchase program authorization, resulting in an aggregate authorization of $400.0 million. Shares may be repurchased from time to time on the open market in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act of 1934, including pursuant to a pre-set trading plan adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act ("Rule 10b5-1"), until April 28, 2022.

Repurchased shares are retired and reclassified as authorized and unissued shares of common stock. On retirement of the repurchased shares, common stock is reduced by an amount equal to the number of shares being retired multiplied by the par value. The excess amount that is retired over its par value is first allocated as a reduction to additional paid-in capital based on the initial public offering price of the stock, with the remaining excess to retained earnings.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company repurchased 346,250 shares of its common stock for approximately $28.9 million. All share repurchases were made using cash resources. As of March 31, 2020, approximately $99.6 million remained available for share repurchases pursuant to the Company's share repurchase program.


NOTE 11.	Net Income Per Share

The computations for basic and diluted net income per share are as follows:



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Numerator:
Net income	$	18,694	$	13,266
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares used in computing net income per share:
Basic	39,112		39,109
Effect of potentially dilutive securities:
Common stock options	1,423		1,970
Restricted stock units	311		467
Diluted	40,846		41,546
Net income per share:
Basic	$	0.48	$	0.34
Diluted	$	0.46	$	0.32

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

Potentially dilutive securities not included in the calculation of diluted net income per share because doing so would be anti-dilutive are as follows:



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020	2019
	(in thousands)
Common stock options	582	343
Restricted stock units	66	38
	648	381


NOTE 12.	Income Taxes

The Company's provision for income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of its annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that arise during the period. Each quarter, the Company updates its estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if the estimated annual effective tax rate changes, the Company makes a cumulative adjustment in such period.

The Company's quarterly tax provision, and estimate of its annual effective tax rate, is subject to variation due to several factors, including variability in pre-tax income (or loss), the mix of jurisdictions to which such income relates, changes in how the Company does business, and tax law developments. The Company's estimated effective tax rate for the year differs from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to non-deductible stock-based compensation expense, state taxes, and the benefit of U.S. federal income tax credits and foreign-derived intangible income deduction.

The Company recorded an income tax provision of $3.5 million and $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, resulting in an effective tax rate of 15.9% and 16.2%, respectively. The tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2019 changed primarily due to an increase in pre-tax income in the current period.

As of March 31, 2020, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $8.1 million, of which $4.4 million, if recognized, would favorably impact the Company's effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $7.8 million, of which $4.2 million, if recognized, would favorably impact the Company's effective tax rate. The Company does not anticipate a material change in its unrecognized tax benefits in the next 12 months.


NOTE 13.	Segment Information and Information about Geographic Area

The Company operates in one segment. The Company determines its reportable operating segments in accordance with the provisions in the FASB guidance on segment reporting, which establishes standards for, and requires disclosure of, certain financial information related to reportable operating segments and geographic regions. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, who makes operating decisions, assesses performance and allocates resources on a consolidated basis. The Company’s principal operating and decision-making functions are located in the United States.

Revenue by geographic area, based on the customer's billing address, is as follows:



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
	(in thousands)
United States	$	54,963	$	48,621
Foreign	31,300		26,722
Total	$	86,263	$	75,343

Table of Contents

Qualys, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

Property and equipment, net, by geographic area, is as follows:



	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
	(in thousands)
United States	$	44,614	$	46,100
India	11,358		9,221
Foreign	5,693		5,258
Total property and equipment, net	$	61,665	$	60,579

Table of Contents

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, should be read in conjunction with (1) our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this report, and (2) the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes and section titled "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on February 21, 2020.

In addition to historical information, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, it is possible to identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “contemplates,” “continue,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “future,” “intends,” “likely,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” or “will,” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements about:


•	our financial performance, including our revenues, costs, expenditures, growth rates, operating expenses and ability to generate positive cash flow to fund our operations and sustain profitability;


•	anticipated technology trends, such as the use of cloud solutions;


•	our ability to adapt to changing market conditions;


•	the impact of the recent COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and related public health measures on our business;


•	economic and financial conditions, including volatility in foreign exchange rates;


•	our ability to diversify our sources of revenues, including selling additional solutions to our existing customers and our ability to pursue new customers;


•	the effects of increased competition in our market;


•	our ability to innovate and enhance our cloud solutions and platform and introduce new solutions;


•	our ability to effectively manage our growth;


•	our anticipated investments in sales and marketing, our infrastructure, new solutions, and research and development, and acquisitions;


•	maintaining and expanding our relationships with channel partners;


•	our ability to maintain, protect and enhance our brand and intellectual property;


•	costs associated with defending intellectual property infringement and other claims;


•	our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and key personnel, including sales and marketing personnel;


•	our ability to successfully enter new markets and manage our international expansion;


•	our expectations, assumptions and conclusions related to our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and our effective tax rate; and


•	other factors discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The results, events and circumstances reflected in these forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors including those described in Part II, Item 1A (Risk Factors) of this Quarterly Report and those discussed in other documents we file with the SEC. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements used herein. We cannot provide assurance that the results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a pioneer and leading provider of a cloud-based platform delivering information technology (IT), security and compliance solutions that enable organizations to identify security risks to their IT infrastructures, help protect their

Table of Contents

IT systems and applications from ever-evolving cyber-attacks and achieve compliance with internal policies and external regulations. Our cloud solutions address the growing security and compliance complexities and risks that are amplified by the dissolving boundaries between internal and external IT infrastructures and web environments, the rapid adoption of cloud computing, containers and serverless IT models, and the proliferation of geographically dispersed IT assets. Our integrated suite of IT, security and compliance solutions delivered on our Qualys Cloud Platform enables our customers to identify and manage their IT assets, collect and analyze large amounts of IT security data, discover and prioritize vulnerabilities, recommend remediation actions and verify the implementation of such actions. Organizations use our integrated suite of solutions delivered on our Qualys Cloud Platform to cost-effectively obtain a unified view of their IT asset inventory as well as security and compliance posture across globally distributed IT infrastructures as our solution offers a single platform for information technology, information security, application security, endpoint, developer security and cloud teams.

We were founded and incorporated in December 1999 with a vision of transforming the way organizations secure and protect their IT infrastructure and applications and initially launched our first cloud solution, Vulnerability Management (VM), in 2000. As VM gained acceptance, we introduced additional solutions to help customers manage increasing IT, security and compliance requirements. Today, the suite of solutions that we offer on our cloud platform and refer to as the Qualys Cloud Apps helps our customers protect a range of assets across on-premises, endpoints, cloud, containers, and mobile environments. These Cloud Apps address and include:


•	IT Security: Vulnerability Management (VM), Vulnerability Management, Detection, and Response (VMDR); Threat Protection (TP), Continuous Monitoring (CM), Patch Management (PM), Indication of Compromise (IOC);


•	Compliance Monitoring: Policy Compliance (PC), PCI Compliance (PCI), File Integrity Monitoring (FIM), Security Configuration Assessment (SCA), Security Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ), Out of-Band Configuration Assessment (OCA);


•	Web Application Security: Web Application Scanning (WAS), Web Application Firewall (WAF);


•	Global IT Asset Management: Asset Inventory (AI), CMDB Sync (SYN), Certificate Inventory (CRI); and,


•	Cloud/Container Security: Cloud Inventory (CI), Cloud Security Assessment (CSA), Container Security (CS).

Our VM solutions (including VM, VMDR, CM, TP, Cloud Agent for VM, allocated scanner revenue and Qualys Private Cloud Platform) have provided a substantial majority of our revenues to date, representing 72% and 73% of our revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

We provide our solutions through a software-as-a-service model, primarily with renewable annual subscriptions. These subscriptions require customers to pay a fee in order to access each of our cloud solutions. We generally invoice our customers for the entire subscription amount at the start of the subscription term, and the invoiced amounts are treated as deferred revenues and are recognized ratably over the term of each subscription. We continue to experience significant revenue growth from our existing customers as they renew and purchase additional subscriptions.

We market and sell our solutions to enterprises, government entities and small and medium-sized businesses across a broad range of industries, including education, financial services, government, healthcare, insurance, manufacturing, media, retail, technology and utilities. In the three months ended March 31, 2020 and the corresponding period of 2019, approximately 64% and 65%, respectively, of our revenues were derived from customers in the United States based on our customers' billing addresses. We sell our solutions to enterprises and government entities primarily through our field sales force and to small and medium-sized businesses through our inside sales force. We generate a significant portion of sales through our channel partners, including managed service providers, value-added resellers and consulting firms in the United States and internationally.

Impacts of COVID-19

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic. As a result of COVID-19, we have modified certain aspects of our business, including restricting employee travel, requiring employees to work from home, and canceling certain events and meetings, among other modifications. We will continue to actively monitor the situation and may take further actions that alter our business operations as may be required by federal,

Table of Contents

state or local authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, partners, suppliers and stockholders. While we have not incurred significant disruptions from the COVID-19 outbreak, we are unable to accurately predict the full impact that COVID-19 will have due to numerous uncertainties, including the duration of the outbreak, actions that may be taken by governmental authorities and the impact to the business of our customers and partners. We will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact to our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Key Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

We derive revenues from the sale of subscriptions to our security and compliance solutions, which are delivered on our cloud platform. Subscriptions to our solutions allow customers to access our cloud-based security and compliance solutions through a unified, web-based interface. Customers generally enter into one-year renewable subscriptions. The subscription fee entitles the customer to an unlimited number of scans for a specified number of devices or web applications and, if requested by a customer as part of their subscription, a specified number of physical or virtual scanner appliances. Our physical and virtual scanner appliances are requested by certain customers as part of their subscriptions in order to scan IT infrastructures within their firewalls and do not function without, and are not sold separately from, subscriptions for our solutions. In some limited cases, we also provide certain computer equipment used to extend our Qualys cloud platform into our customers' private cloud environment. Customers are required to return physical scanner appliances and computer equipment if they do not renew their subscriptions.

We typically invoice our customers for the entire subscription amount at the start of the subscription term. Invoiced amounts are reflected on our condensed consolidated balance sheets as accounts receivable or as cash when collected, and as deferred revenues until earned and recognized ratably over the subscription period. Accordingly, deferred revenues represent the amount billed to customers that has not yet been earned or recognized as revenues, pursuant to subscriptions entered into in current and prior periods.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consists primarily of personnel expenses, comprised of salaries, benefits, amortization of capitalized internal-use software, performance-based compensation and stock-based compensation, for employees who operate our data centers and provide support services to our customers. Other expenses include depreciation of data center equipment and physical scanner appliances and computer hardware provided to certain customers as part of their subscriptions, expenses related to the use of third-party data centers, amortization of third-party technology licensing fees, amortization of intangibles related to acquisitions, maintenance support, fees paid to contractors who supplement or support our operations center personnel and overhead allocations. We expect to continue to make capital investments to expand and support our data center operations, which will increase the cost of revenues in absolute dollars.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel expenses, comprised of salaries, benefits, performance-based compensation and stock-based compensation, for our research and development teams. Other expenses include third-party contractor fees, software and license fees, amortization of intangibles related to acquisitions and overhead allocations.

We capitalize certain research and development costs related to new products' internal-use software development efforts. Capitalized costs include salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation charges for employees that are directly involved in developing new products for our cloud security platform during the application development stage. Capitalized costs related to internally developed software under development are treated as construction in progress until the program, feature or functionality is ready for its intended use, at which time amortization commences. We expect to continue to devote substantial resources to research and development in an effort to continuously improve our existing solutions as well as develop new solutions and capabilities and expect that research and development expenses will increase in absolute dollars.

Table of Contents

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel expenses, comprised of salaries, benefits, sales commissions, performance-based compensation and stock-based compensation for our worldwide sales and marketing teams. Other expenses include marketing and promotional events, lead-generation marketing programs, public relations, travel, software licenses and overhead allocations. Sales commissions related to new business and upsells are capitalized as an asset. We amortize the capitalized commission cost as a selling expense on a straight-line basis over a period of five years. We expense sales commissions related to contract renewals. Our new sales personnel are typically not immediately productive, and the resulting increase in sales and marketing expenses we incur when we add new personnel may not result in increased revenues if these new sales personnel fail to become productive. The timing of our hiring of sales personnel, or the participation in new marketing events or programs, and the rate at which these generate incremental revenues, may affect our future operating results. We expect to continue to significantly invest in additional sales personnel worldwide and also in more marketing programs to support new solutions on our platform, which will increase sales and marketing expenses in absolute dollars.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel expenses, comprised of salaries, benefits, performance-based compensation and stock-based compensation for our executive, finance and accounting, information technology, legal and human resources teams, as well as professional services, fees, software licenses and overhead allocations. We expect that general and administrative expenses will increase in absolute dollars, as we continue to add personnel and incur professional services to support our growth and compliance with legal requirements.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Our other income (expense), net consists primarily of interest and investment income from our short-term and long-term marketable securities; foreign exchange gains and losses, the majority of which result from fluctuations between the U.S. Dollar and the Euro, British Pound and Indian Rupee; and gains and losses from disposal of property and equipment.

Provision for Income Taxes

We are subject to federal, state and foreign income taxes for jurisdictions in which we operate, and we use estimates in determining our provision for these income taxes and deferred tax assets. Earnings from our non-U.S. activities are subject to income taxes in the local countries at rates which were generally similar to the U.S. statutory tax rate.

Our provision for income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that arise during the period. Each quarter, we update our estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if the estimated annual effective tax rate changes, we make a cumulative adjustment in such period. Our effective tax rate differs from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to non-deductible stock-based compensation expense, state taxes, and the benefit of U.S. federal income tax credits and foreign-derived intangible income deduction.

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the tax impact of timing differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using statutory tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period when the statutory rate change is enacted into law.

We assess the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be realized, and we recognize a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be recognized. This assessment requires judgment as to the likelihood and amounts of future taxable income.

Table of Contents

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth selected condensed consolidated statements of operations data for each of the periods presented as a percentage of revenues.



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Revenues	100	%	100	%
Cost of revenues	21		24
Gross profit	79		76
Operating expenses:
Research and development	21		21
Sales and marketing	21		22
General and administrative	13		14
Total operating expenses	55		57
Income from operations	24		19
Other income, net	2		2
Income before income taxes	26		21
Provision for income taxes	4		3
Net income	22	%	18	%

Comparison of Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 and 2019

Revenues



	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2020		2019		$		%
	(in thousands, except percentages)
Revenues	$	86,263	$	75,343	$	10,920	14.5	%

Revenues increased $10.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019, due to an increase in the purchase of subscriptions from existing customers and new customer subscriptions entered into after March 31, 2019. Of the total increase of $10.9 million, $6.3 million was from customers in the United States and the remaining $4.6 million was from customers in foreign countries. We expect revenue growth from existing and new customers to continue. The growth in revenues reflects the continued demand for our solutions.

Table of Contents

Cost of Revenues



	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2020		2019		$		%
	(in thousands, except percentages)
Cost of revenues	$	18,495	$	17,709	$	786	4.4	%

Cost of revenues increased $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase was primarily due to a $0.4 million increase in data center costs, $0.4 million increase in licenses and software services, and $0.3 million increase in equipment repair and maintenance expenses due to our continued business growth. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in depreciation expenses associated with data center equipment.

Research and Development Expenses



	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2020		2019		$		%
	(in thousands, except percentages)
Research and development	$	17,983	$	15,837	$	2,146	13.6	%

Research and development expenses increased $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $1.2 million driven by additional employees hired to support the growth of our business and $0.9 million increase in allocation of overhead costs to the research and development department related to increased leasing expenses for our new office in India.

Sales and Marketing Expenses



	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2020		2019		$		%
	(in thousands, except percentages)
Sales and marketing	$	18,230	$	17,315	$	915	5.3	%

Sales and marketing expenses increased $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $0.5 million and an increase in personnel expenses of $0.4 million driven by additional employees hired to support the growth of our business.

General and Administrative Expenses



	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2020		2019		$		%
	(in thousands, except percentages)
General and administrative	$	11,124	$	10,431	$	693	6.6	%

General and administrative expenses increased $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to $0.3 million increase in legal fees and $0.3 million increase in taxes and penalties.

Total Other Income, Net



	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2020		2019		$		%
	(in thousands, except percentages)
Total other income, net	$	1,786	$	1,786	$	—	—	%

Table of Contents

Total other income, net for the three months ended March 31, 2020 remained consistent with the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Provision for Income Taxes



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2020			2019			$		%
	(in thousands, except percentages)
Provision for income taxes	$	3,523		$	2,571		$	952	37.0	%
Effective tax rate	15.9		%	16.2		%

We recorded an income tax provision of $3.5 million and $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The increase in income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019, is primarily due to an increase in pre-tax income in the current period.

Key Non-GAAP Metric

In addition to measures of financial performance presented in our condensed consolidated financial statements, we monitor the Non-GAAP key metric set forth below to help us evaluate growth trends, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts and assess operational efficiencies.

Adjusted EBITDA

We monitor adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, to analyze our financial results and believe that it is useful to investors, as a supplement to U.S. GAAP measures, in evaluating our ongoing operational performance and enhancing an overall understanding of our past financial performance. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA helps illustrate underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be masked by the effect of the income or expenses that we exclude in Adjusted EBITDA. Furthermore, we use this measure to establish budgets and operational goals for managing our business and evaluating our performance. We also believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides an additional tool for investors to use in comparing our recurring core business operating results over multiple periods with other companies in our industry.

Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We calculate Adjusted EBITDA as net income before (1) other (income) expense, net, which includes interest income, interest expense and other income and expense, (2) provision for (benefit from) income taxes, (3) depreciation of property and equipment, (4) amortization of intangible assets, (5) stock-based compensation, (6) non-recurring expenses and (7) cash acquisition-related expense that do not reflect ongoing costs of operating the business.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation from or as a substitute for the measures presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Some of these limitations are:


•	Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect certain cash and non-cash charges that are recurring;


•	Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect income tax payments that reduce cash available to us;


•	Adjusted EBITDA excludes depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and, although these are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future; and


•	Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently or not at all, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should be considered alongside other financial performance measures, including revenues, net income, cash flows from operating activities and our financial results presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Table of Contents



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020			2019
	(in thousands, except percentages)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	38,195		$	30,625
Percentage of revenues	44		%	41		%

The following unaudited table presents the reconciliation of net income to adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020			2019
	(in thousands)
Net income	$	18,694		$	13,266
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment	6,227			6,415
Amortization of intangible assets	1,520			1,520
Provision for income taxes	3,523			2,571
Stock-based compensation	9,997			8,445
Other income, net	(1,786		)	(1,786		)
Acquisition-related expense ^{(1) (2)}	20			194
Adjusted EBITDA	$	38,195		$	30,625

(1) For three months ended March 31, 2020, includes $0.02 million of compensation related to acquisitions in 2019 and 2018.

(2) For three months ended March 31, 2019, includes $0.3 million, $1.27 million and $0.01 million of compensation related to acquisitions in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, offset by $1.4 million of reversals of previous obligations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

At March 31, 2020, our principal source of liquidity was cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities of $434.7 million, including $25.0 million held outside of the United States. We do not anticipate that we will need funds generated from foreign operations to fund our domestic operations. However, if we repatriate these funds, we could be subject to foreign withholding taxes.

We generated positive cash flows from operations during each of the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. We believe our existing cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and cash from operations will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenue growth, the expansion of our sales and marketing activities, the timing, type and extent of our spending on research and development efforts, international expansion and investment in data centers. We may also seek to invest in or acquire complementary businesses or technologies.

Table of Contents

Cash Flows

The following summary of cash flows for the periods indicated has been derived from our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report:



	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020			2019
	(in thousands)
Cash provided by operating activities	$	52,435		$	44,347
Cash provided by investing activities	36,813			15,364
Cash used in financing activities	(29,242		)	(7,610		)

Operating Activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, cash flows from operating activities of $52.4 million primarily resulted from our net income of approximately $18.7 million, as adjusted for non-cash items including stock-based compensation of $10.0 million and depreciation and amortization expense of $7.7 million; and cash flows from working capital of $14.1 million mainly attributable to the continued growth in our deferred revenues and timing of collection from customers.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, cash flows from operating activities of $44.3 million primarily resulted from our net income of approximately $13.3 million, as adjusted for non-cash items including stock-based compensation of $8.4 million and depreciation and amortization expense of $7.9 million; and cash flows from working capital of $13.5 million mainly attributable to the continued growth in our deferred revenues.

Investing Activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, cash provided by investing activities of $36.8 million was attributable to $44.1 million of sales and maturities of marketable securities, net of purchases, offset by $7.3 million of cash used for capital expenditures, including computer hardware and leasehold improvements to support our growth and development.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, cash provided by investing activities of $15.4 million was attributable to $24.8 million of sales and maturities of marketable securities, net of purchases, offset by $8.6 million of cash used for capital expenditures, including computer hardware and software for our data centers to support our growth and development, and to purchase physical scanner appliances and computer hardware provided to certain customers as part of their subscriptions. Additionally, we paid $0.9 million in cash in connection with our acquisition of the assets of Adya.

Financing Activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, cash used in financing activities of $29.2 million was attributable to share repurchases of $28.9 million and the payment of employee payroll taxes related to the net share settlement of equity awards of $5.0 million, which were partially offset by the proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $4.7 million.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, cash used in financing activities of $7.6 million was attributable to share repurchases of $7.9 million, the payment of employee payroll taxes related to the net share settlement of equity awards of $3.4 million, and principal payments under finance lease obligations of $0.4 million. These decreases were offset by the proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $4.0 million.

Contractual Obligation and Commitments

We presented our contractual obligations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. Our contractual obligations consist of operating leases, purchase commitments, and other contractual obligations. There have been no material changes to these obligations outside the ordinary course of business during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the contractual obligations disclosed in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Table of Contents

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the periods presented, we did not have, nor do we currently have, any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe that of our significant accounting policies, which are described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 21, 2020, the accounting policies related to revenue recognition, leases, derivative instruments, income taxes and stock-based compensation involve the greatest degree of judgment and complexity and have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements. A critical accounting policy is one that is material to the presentation of our consolidated financial statements and requires us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments for uncertain matters that could have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Accordingly, these are the policies we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.

Table of Contents


Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We have domestic and international operations and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily include interest rate, foreign exchange and inflation risks, as well as risks relating to changes in the general economic conditions in the countries where we conduct business. To reduce certain of these risks, we monitor the financial condition of our large customers and limit credit exposure by collecting subscription fees in advance.

Foreign Currency Risk

Our results of operations and cash flows have been and will continue to be subject to fluctuations because of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the Euro, GBP, and INR, the currencies of countries where we currently have our most significant international operations. A portion of our invoicing is denominated in the Euro, GBP, Canadian Dollar and Japanese Yen. Our expenses in international locations are generally denominated in the currencies of the countries in which our operations are located.

The cash flow effects of our derivative contracts for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 were included within net cash provided by operating activities on our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. As of March 31, 2020, we had 39 open designated cash flow hedge contracts with notional amounts of €22.3 million, £9.4 million and Rs.1,560 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, we recorded unrealized foreign currency translation gains related to these contracts in AOCI of $0.4 million and $0.3 million (before taxes), respectively. As of December 31, 2019, we had 26 open designated cash flow hedge contracts with notional amounts of €24.2 million and £9.7 million.

The effect of an immediate 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates would not be material to our financial condition, operating results or cash flows.

Interest Rate Sensitivity

We had $434.7 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term marketable securities at March 31, 2020. Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in banks, highly liquid money market funds, U.S. government agency securities, commercial paper and corporate bonds. Marketable securities consist of fixed-income U.S. government agency securities, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities and commercial paper. We determine the appropriate balance sheet classification of our marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. We classify our marketable securities as either short-term or long-term based on each instrument's underlying contractual maturity date.

The primary objectives of our investment activities are the preservation of principal and support of our liquidity requirements. We do not invest for trading or speculative purposes. Our marketable securities are subject to market risk due to changes in interest rates, which may affect the interest income we earn and the fair market value. We do not believe that a 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would have a material impact on our operating results or cash flows.


Item 4.	Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2020. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2020, our Chief Executive Officer and

Table of Contents

Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Table of Contents

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.


Item 1A.	Risk Factors

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, and all other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes, before making a decision to invest in our common stock. Our business, operating results, financial condition, or prospects could be materially and adversely affected by any % of these risks and uncertainties. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you might lose all or part of your investment. In addition, the risks and uncertainties discussed below are not the only ones we face. Our business, operating results, financial performance or prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material.

The continued spread of COVID-19, or any similar widespread infectious disease outbreak, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In December 2019, an outbreak of COVID-19 originated in Wuhan, China and has since spread to countries around the world. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic. The spread of COVID-19 has resulted in authorities imposing, and businesses and individuals implementing, numerous unprecedented measures to try to contain the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place/stay-at-home and social distancing orders, and shutdowns. These measures have impacted and may further impact our workforce and operations, the operations of our customers, and those of our respective vendors, suppliers, and partners. The pandemic has significantly increased economic and demand uncertainty. It is likely that the current outbreak and continued spread of COVID-19 will cause an economic slowdown, and it is possible that it could cause a global recession, which could decrease demand for our solutions and negatively impact our operating results. There is a significant degree of uncertainty and lack of visibility as to the extent and duration of any such slowdown or recession.

The ultimate extent of the impact of COVID-19 on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time. These impacts, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Such effect may be exacerbated in the event the outbreak and the measures taken in response to it persist for an extended period of time, or if there is a resurgence of the outbreak. Under any of these circumstances, the resumption of normal business operations may be delayed or hampered by lingering effects of COVID-19 on our operations, partners, and customers.

Subscriptions to our Vulnerability Management solutions generate most of our revenues, and if we are unable to continue to renew and grow subscriptions for these solutions, our operating results would suffer.

We derived approximately 72% and 73% of our revenues from subscriptions to our VM solutions for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

We expect to continue to derive a significant majority of our revenues from subscriptions to our VM solutions. As a result, the market demand for our VM solutions is critical to our continued success. Demand for these solutions is affected by a number of factors beyond our control, including continued market acceptance of our solution for existing and new use cases, the timing of development and release of new products or services by our competitors, technological change, and growth or contraction in our market. Our inability to renew or increase subscriptions for this solution or a decline in price of this solution would harm our business and operating results more seriously than if we derived significant revenues from a variety of solutions.

Table of Contents

Our quarterly operating results may vary from period to period, which could result in our failure to meet expectations with respect to operating results and cause the trading price of our stock to decline.

Our operating results have historically varied from period to period, and we expect that they will continue to do so as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including:


•	the level of demand for our solutions;


•	publicity regarding security breaches generally and the level of perceived threats to IT security;


•	expenses associated with our existing and new products and services;


•	changes in customer renewals of our solutions;


•	the extent to which customers subscribe for additional solutions;


•	seasonal buying patterns of our customers;


•	security breaches, technical difficulties or interruptions with our service;


•	changes in the growth rate of the IT, security and compliance market;


•	the timing and success of new product or service introductions by us or our competitors or any other changes in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors;


•	the introduction or adoption of new technologies that compete with our solutions;


•	decisions by potential customers to purchase IT, security and compliance products or services from other vendors;


•	the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures related to the operations and expansion of our business;


•	the timing of sales commissions relative to the recognition of revenues;


•	the announcement or adoption of new regulations and policy mandates or changes to existing regulations and policy mandates;


•	failure of our products and services to operate as designed;


•	price competition;


•	the length of our sales cycle for our products and services;


•	insolvency or credit difficulties confronting our customers, affecting their ability to purchase or pay for our solutions;


•	timely invoicing or changes in billing terms of customers;


•	timing of deals signed within the quarter;


•	pace and cost of hiring employees;


•	changes in foreign currency exchange rates;


•	general economic conditions, both domestically and in the foreign markets in which we sell our solutions;


•	future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies;


•	our ability to integrate any products or services that we may acquire in the future into our product suite or migrate existing customers of any companies that we may acquire in the future to our products and services;


•	our effective tax rate;


•	the amount and timing of income tax benefits that we recognize resulting from excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation;


•	the timing of expenses related to the development or acquisition of technologies, services or businesses; and


•	potential goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges associated with acquired businesses.

Table of Contents

Further, the interpretation and application of international laws and regulations in many cases is uncertain, and our legal and regulatory obligations in foreign jurisdictions are subject to frequent and unexpected changes, including the potential for various regulatory or other governmental bodies to enact new or additional laws or regulations or to issue rulings that invalidate prior laws or regulations.

For example, a Data Protection Act that substantially implements the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") was implemented in the United Kingdom in May 2018, and "Brexit" could also lead to further legislative and regulatory changes. It is unclear, however, how United Kingdom data protection laws or regulations will develop in the medium to longer term, and how data transfers to and from the United Kingdom will be regulated.

Each factor above or discussed elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or the cumulative effect of some of these factors may result in fluctuations in our operating results. This variability and unpredictability could result in our failure to meet expectations with respect to operating results, or those of securities analysts or investors, for a particular period. In addition, a significant percentage of our operating expenses are fixed in nature and based on forecasted trends in revenues. Accordingly, in the event of shortfalls in revenues, we are generally unable to mitigate the negative impact on margins in the short term by reducing our operating expenses. If we fail to meet or exceed expectations for our operating results for these or any other reasons, the trading price of our common stock could fall and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class action suits.

If we do not successfully anticipate market needs and opportunities or are unable to enhance our solutions and develop new solutions that meet those needs and opportunities on a timely or cost-effective basis, we may not be able to compete effectively and our business and financial condition may be harmed.

The IT, security and compliance market is characterized by rapid technological advances, customer price sensitivity, short product and service life cycles, intense competition, changes in customer requirements, frequent new product introductions and enhancements and evolving industry standards and regulatory mandates. Any of these factors could create downward pressure on pricing and gross margins, and could adversely affect our renewal rates, as well as our ability to attract new customers. Our future success will depend on our ability to enhance existing solutions, introduce new solutions on a timely and cost-effective basis, meet changing customer needs, extend our core technology into new applications, and anticipate and respond to emerging standards and business models. We must also continually change and improve our solutions in response to changes in operating systems, application software, computer and communications hardware, networking software, data center architectures, programming tools and computer language technology.

We may not be able to anticipate future market needs and opportunities or develop enhancements or new solutions to meet such needs or opportunities in a timely manner or at all. The market for cloud solutions for IT, security and compliance continues to evolve, and it is uncertain whether our new solutions will gain market acceptance.

Our solution enhancements or new solutions could fail to attain sufficient market acceptance for many reasons, including:


•	failure to timely meet market demand for product functionality;


•	inability to identify and provide intelligence regarding the attacks or techniques used by cyber-attackers;


•	inability to inter-operate effectively with the database technologies, file systems or web applications of our prospective customers;


•	defects, errors or failures;


•	delays in releasing our enhancements or new solutions;


•	negative publicity about their performance or effectiveness;


•	introduction or anticipated introduction of products by our competitors;


•	poor business conditions, causing customers to delay IT, security and compliance purchases;


•	easing or changing of external regulations related to IT, security and compliance; and


•	reluctance of customers to purchase cloud solutions for IT, security and compliance.

Furthermore, diversifying our solutions and expanding into new IT, security and compliance markets will require significant investment and planning, require that our research and development and sales and marketing organizations develop expertise in these new markets, bring us more directly into competition with IT, security and compliance

Table of Contents

providers that may be better established or have greater resources than we do, require additional investment of time and resources in the development and training of our channel partners and entail significant risk of failure.

If we fail to anticipate market requirements or fail to develop and introduce solution enhancements or new solutions to satisfy those requirements in a timely manner, such failure could substantially decrease or delay market acceptance and sales of our present and future solutions and cause us to lose existing customers or fail to gain new customers, which would significantly harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to continue to effectively scale and adapt our platform to meet the performance and other requirements of our customers, our operating results and our business would be harmed.

Our future growth depends upon our ability to continue to meet the expanding needs of our customers as their use of our cloud platform grows. As these customers gain more experience with our solutions, the number of users and the number of locations where our solutions are being accessed may expand rapidly in the future. In order to ensure that we meet the performance and other requirements of our customers, we intend to continue to make significant investments to develop and implement new proprietary and third-party technologies at all levels of our cloud platform. These technologies, which include databases, applications and server optimizations, and network and hosting strategies, are often complex, new and unproven. We may not be successful in developing or implementing these technologies. To the extent that we do not effectively scale our platform to maintain performance as our customers expand their use of our platform, our operating results and our business may be harmed.

If we are unable to sell subscriptions to additional solutions, our future revenue growth may be harmed and our business may suffer.

We will need to increase the revenues that we derive from our current and future solutions other than VM for our business and revenues to grow as we expect. Revenues from our other solutions such as Policy Compliance, PCI Compliance, Web Application Scanning, Web Application Firewall, CMDB Sync, Security Assessment Questionnaire, File Integrity Monitoring, Indication of Compromise, Global IT Asset Inventory, Security Configuration Assessment, Cloud Security Assessment, Certificate Inventory, Container Security and Patch Management have been relatively modest compared to revenues from our VM solutions. Our future success depends in part on our ability to sell subscriptions to these additional solutions to existing and new customers. This may require more costly sales and marketing efforts and may not result in additional sales. If our efforts to sell subscriptions to additional solutions to existing and new customers are not successful, our business may suffer.

If the market for cloud solutions for IT, security and compliance does not evolve as we anticipate, our revenues may not grow and our operating results would be harmed.

Our success depends to a significant extent on the willingness of organizations to increase their use of cloud solutions for their IT, security and compliance. To date, some organizations have been reluctant to use cloud solutions because they have concerns regarding the risks associated with the reliability or security of the technology delivery model associated with these solutions. If other cloud service providers experience security incidents, loss of customer data, disruptions in service delivery or other problems, the market for cloud solutions as a whole, including our solutions, may be negatively impacted. Moreover, many organizations have invested substantial personnel and financial resources to integrate on-premise software into their businesses, and as a result may be reluctant or unwilling to migrate to a cloud solution. Organizations that use on-premise security products, such as network firewalls, security information and event management products or data loss prevention solutions, may also believe that these products sufficiently protect their IT infrastructure and deliver adequate security. Therefore, they may continue spending their IT security budgets on these products and may not adopt our IT, security and compliance solutions in addition to or as a replacement for such products.

If customers do not recognize the benefits of our cloud solutions over traditional on-premise enterprise software products, and as a result we are unable to increase sales of subscriptions to our solutions, then our revenues may not grow or may decline, and our operating results would be harmed.

Our current research and development efforts may not produce successful products or enhancements to our platform that result in significant revenue, cost savings or other benefits in the near future.

We must continue to dedicate significant financial and other resources to our research and development efforts if we are to maintain our competitive position. However, developing products and enhancements to our platform is expensive and time consuming, and there is no assurance that such activities will result in significant new marketable products or enhancements to our platform, design improvements, cost savings, revenue or other expected benefits.

Table of Contents

If we spend significant resources on research and development and are unable to generate an adequate return on our investment, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our platform, website and internal systems may be subject to intentional disruption or other security incidents that could result in liability and adversely impact our reputation and future sales.

We and our service providers face threats from a variety of sources, including attacks on our networks and systems from numerous sources, including traditional “hackers,” sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors, other sources of malicious code (such as viruses and worms), and phishing attempts. We and our service providers could be a target of cyber-attacks or other malfeasance designed to impede the performance of our solutions, penetrate our network security or the security of our cloud platform or our internal systems, misappropriate proprietary information and/or cause interruptions to our services. Our solutions, platforms, and system, and those of our service providers, may also suffer security incidents as a result of non-technical issues, including intentional or inadvertent acts or omissions by our employees or service providers. Because our operations involve providing IT security solutions to our customers, we may be targeted for cyber-attacks and other security incidents. A breach in our data security or an attack against our service availability, or that of our third-party service providers, could impact our networks or networks secured by our solutions, creating system disruptions or slowdowns and exploiting security vulnerabilities of our solutions, and the information stored on our networks or those of our third-party service providers could be accessed, publicly disclosed, altered, lost, or stolen, which could subject us to liability and cause us financial harm. If an actual or perceived disruption in the availability of our solutions or the breach of our security measures or those of our service providers occurs, it could adversely affect the market perception of our solutions, result in a loss of competitive advantage, have a negative impact on our reputation, or result in the loss of customers, channel partners and sales, and it may expose us to the loss or alteration of information, litigation, regulatory actions and investigations and possible liability. Any such actual or perceived security breach or disruption could also divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel. We also may incur significant costs and operational consequences of investigating, remediating, eliminating and putting in place additional tools and devices designed to prevent actual or perceived security incidents, as well as the costs to comply with any notification obligations resulting from any security incidents. In addition, any such actual or perceived security breach could impair our ability to operate our business and provide solutions to our customers. If this happens, our reputation could be harmed, our revenues could decline and our business could suffer.

Although we maintain insurance coverage that may be applicable to certain liabilities in the event of a security breach or other security incident, we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate for liabilities that actually are incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, operating results and reputation.

Our business depends substantially on retaining our current customers, and any reduction in our customer renewals or revenues from such customers could harm our future operating results.

We offer our Qualys Cloud Platform and integrated suite of solutions pursuant to a software-as-a-service model, and our customers purchase subscriptions from us that are generally one year in length. Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions after their subscription period expires, and they may not renew their subscriptions at the same or higher levels or at all. As a result, our ability to grow depends in part on customers renewing their existing subscriptions and purchasing additional subscriptions and solutions. Our customers may choose not to renew their subscriptions to our solutions or purchase additional solutions due to a number of factors, including their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our solutions, the prices of our solutions, the prices of products or services offered by our competitors, reductions in our customers’ spending levels due to the macroeconomic environment or other factors. If our customers do not renew their subscriptions to our solutions, renew on less favorable terms, or do not purchase additional solutions or subscriptions, our revenues may grow more slowly than expected or decline and our results of operations may be harmed.

Table of Contents

If we are unable to continue to attract new customers and grow our customer base, our growth could be slower than we expect and our business may be harmed.

We believe that our future growth depends in part upon increasing our customer base. Our ability to achieve significant growth in revenues in the future will depend, in large part, upon continually attracting new customers and obtaining subscription renewals to our solutions from those customers. If we fail to attract new customers our revenues may grow more slowly than expected and our business may be harmed.

Our sales cycle can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense. As a result, revenues may vary from period to period, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate and could harm our business.

The timing of sales of subscriptions for our solutions can be difficult to forecast because of the length and unpredictability of our sales cycle, particularly with large transactions. We sell subscriptions to our IT, security and compliance solutions primarily to IT departments that are managing a growing set of user and compliance demands, which has increased the complexity of customer requirements to be met and confirmed during the sales cycle and prolonged our sales cycle. Further, the length of time that potential customers devote to their testing and evaluation, contract negotiation and budgeting processes varies significantly, which has also made our sales cycle long and unpredictable. The length of the sales cycle for our solutions typically ranges from six to twelve months but can be more than eighteen months. In addition, we might devote substantial time and effort to a particular unsuccessful sales effort, and as a result we could lose other sales opportunities or incur expenses that are not offset by an increase in revenues, which could harm our business.

Adverse economic conditions or reduced IT spending may adversely impact our business.

Our business depends on the overall demand for IT and on the economic health of our current and prospective customers. Economic weakness, customer financial difficulties, and constrained spending on IT security may result in decreased revenue and earnings. Such factors could make it difficult to accurately forecast our sales and operating results and could negatively affect our ability to provide accurate forecasts to our contract manufacturers. In addition, continued governmental budgetary challenges in the United States and Europe and geopolitical turmoil in many parts of the world have and may continue to put pressure on global economic conditions and overall spending on IT security. General economic weakness may also lead to longer collection cycles for payments due from our customers, an increase in customer bad debt, restructuring initiatives and associated expenses, and impairment of investments. Furthermore, the continued weakness and uncertainty in worldwide credit markets, including the sovereign debt situation in certain countries in the European Union, may adversely impact our customers' available budgetary spending, which could lead to delays in planned purchases of our solutions.

Additionally, concerns regarding the effects of the "Brexit" decision, uncertainties related to changes in public policies such as domestic and international regulations, taxes or international trade agreements as well as geopolitical turmoil and other disruptions to global and regional economies and markets in many parts of the world, have and may continue to put pressure on global economic conditions and overall spending on IT security. We have operations, as well as current and potential customers, throughout most of Europe. If economic conditions in Europe and other key markets for our platform continue to remain uncertain or deteriorate further, many customers may delay or reduce their IT spending.

Uncertainty about future economic conditions also makes it difficult to forecast operating results and to make decisions about future investments. Future or continued economic weakness for us or our customers, failure of our customers and markets to recover from such weakness, customer financial difficulties, and reductions in spending on IT security could have a material adverse effect on demand for our platform and consequently on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Table of Contents

Our IT, security and compliance solutions are delivered from six data centers, and any disruption of service at these facilities would interrupt or delay our ability to deliver our solutions to our customers which could reduce our revenues and harm our operating results.

We currently host substantially all of our solutions from third-party data centers located in the United States, Canada, Switzerland, the Netherlands and India. These facilities are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, cybersecurity attacks, terrorist attacks, employee negligence, power losses, telecommunications failures and similar events. The facilities also could be subject to break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and other misconduct. The occurrence of a natural disaster, an act of terrorism or misconduct, a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems could result in interruptions in our services.

Some of our data centers are not currently redundant and we may not be able to rapidly move our customers from one data center to another, which may increase delays in the restoration of our service for our customers if an adverse event occurs. We have added data center facilities to provide additional capacity for our cloud platform and to enable disaster recovery. We continue to build out these facilities; however, these additional facilities may not be operational in the anticipated time frame and we may incur unplanned expenses.

Additionally, our existing data center facilities providers have no obligations to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew our agreements with the facilities providers on commercially reasonable terms or if in the future we add additional data center facility providers, we may experience costs or downtime in connection with the loss of an existing facility or the transfer to, or addition of, new data center facilities.

Any disruptions or other performance problems with our solutions could harm our reputation and business and may damage our customers’ businesses. Interruptions in our service delivery might reduce our revenues, cause us to issue credits to customers, subject us to potential liability and cause customers to terminate their subscriptions or not renew their subscriptions.

If we are unable to increase market awareness of our company and our new solutions, our revenues may not continue to grow, or may decline.

We have a limited operating history, particularly in certain markets and solution offerings, and we believe that we need to continue to develop market awareness in the IT, security and compliance market. Market awareness of our capabilities and solutions is essential to our continued growth and success in all of our markets, particularly for the large enterprise, service provider and government markets. If our marketing programs are not successful in creating market awareness of our company and our full suite of solutions, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected, and we may not be able to achieve our expected growth.

We face competition in our markets, and we may lack sufficient financial or other resources to maintain or improve our competitive position.

We compete with a large range of established and emerging vulnerability management vendors, compliance vendors and data security vendors in a highly fragmented and competitive environment. We face significant competition for each of our solutions from companies with broad product suites and greater name recognition and resources than we have, as well as from small companies focused on specialized security solutions.

We compete with large and small public companies, such as Belden (Tripwire), Broadcom (Symantec Enterprise Security), CrowdStrike, F5 Networks, FireEye, Forescout Technologies, International Business Machines, Micro Focus International, Rapid7, Palo Alto Networks, Tenable Holdings and VMware, as well as privately held security providers including Barracuda Networks, BeyondTrust Software, Flexera, Imperva, McAfee, Tanium, Trustwave Holdings, Venafi, and Veracode. We also seek to replace IT, security and compliance solutions that organizations have developed internally. As we continue to extend our cloud platform’s functionality by further developing IT, security and compliance solutions, such as web application scanning and firewalls, we expect to face additional competition in these new markets. Our competitors may also attempt to further expand their presence in the IT, security and compliance market and compete more directly against one or more of our solutions.

We believe that the principal competitive factors affecting our markets include product functionality, breadth of offerings, flexibility of delivery models, ease of deployment and use, total cost of ownership, scalability and performance, customer support and extensibility of platform. Many of our existing and potential competitors have competitive advantages, including:

Table of Contents


•	greater brand name recognition;


•	larger sales and marketing budgets and resources;


•	broader distribution networks and more established relationships with distributors and customers;


•	access to larger customer bases;


•	greater customer support resources;


•	greater resources to make acquisitions;


•	greater resources to develop and introduce products that compete with our solutions;


•	greater resources to meet relevant regulatory requirements; and


•	substantially greater financial, technical and other resources.

As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements. With the introduction of new technologies, the evolution of our service and new market entrants, we expect competition to intensify in the future.

In addition, some of our larger competitors have substantially broader product offerings and can bundle competing products and services with other software offerings. As a result, customers may choose a bundled product offering from our competitors, even if individual products have more limited functionality than our solutions. These competitors may also offer their products at a lower price as part of this larger sale, which could increase pricing pressure on our solutions and cause the average sales price for our solutions to decline. These larger competitors are also often in a better position to withstand any significant reduction in capital spending, and will therefore not be as susceptible to economic downturns.

Furthermore, our current and potential competitors may establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources and product and services offerings in the markets we address. In addition, current or potential competitors may be acquired by third parties with greater available resources. As a result of such relationships and acquisitions, our current or potential competitors might be able to adapt more quickly to new technologies and customer needs, devote greater resources to the promotion or sale of their products and services, initiate or withstand substantial price competition, take advantage of other opportunities more readily or develop and expand their product and service offerings more quickly than we do. For all of these reasons, we may not be able to compete successfully against our current or future competitors.

If our solutions fail to help our customers achieve and maintain compliance with regulations and industry standards, our revenues and operating results could be harmed.

We generate a portion of our revenues from solutions that help organizations achieve and maintain compliance with regulations and industry standards. For example, many of our customers subscribe to our IT, security and compliance solutions to help them comply with the security standards developed and maintained by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council, or the PCI Council, which apply to companies that store cardholder data. Industry organizations like the PCI Council may significantly change their security standards with little or no notice, including changes that could make their standards more or less onerous for businesses. Governments may also adopt new laws or regulations, or make changes to existing laws or regulations, that could impact the demand for or value of our solutions.

If we are unable to adapt our solutions to changing regulatory standards in a timely manner, or if our solutions fail to assist with or expedite our customers’ compliance initiatives, our customers may lose confidence in our solutions and could switch to products offered by our competitors. In addition, if regulations and standards related to data security, vulnerability management and other IT, security and compliance requirements are relaxed or the penalties for non-compliance are changed in a manner that makes them less onerous, our customers may view government and industry regulatory compliance as less critical to their businesses, and our customers may be less willing to purchase our solutions. In any of these cases, our revenues and operating results could be harmed.

We may not maintain profitability in the future.

We may not be able to sustain or increase our growth or maintain profitability in the future. We plan to continue to invest in our infrastructure, new solutions, research and development and sales and marketing, and as a result, we cannot assure you that we will maintain profitability. We may incur losses in the future for a number of reasons, including without limitation, the other risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Additionally, we

Table of Contents

may encounter unforeseen operating expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may result in losses in future periods. If our revenue growth does not meet our expectations in future periods, our financial performance may be harmed and we may not again achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

The sales prices of our solutions are subject to competitive pressures and may decrease, which may reduce our gross profits and adversely impact our financial results.

The sales prices for our solutions may decline for a variety of reasons, including competitive pricing pressures, discounts, a change in our mix of solutions and subscriptions, anticipation of the introduction of new solutions or subscriptions, or promotional programs. Competition continues to increase in the market segments in which we participate, and we expect competition to further increase in the future, thereby leading to increased pricing pressures. Larger competitors with more diverse product and service offerings may reduce the price of products or subscriptions that compete with ours or may bundle them with other products and subscriptions. Additionally, although we price our products and subscriptions worldwide in U.S. Dollars, Euros, GBP, Canadian Dollars, Japanese Yen and INR, currency fluctuations in certain countries and regions may negatively impact actual prices that partners and customers are willing to pay in those countries and regions, or the effective prices we realize in our reporting currency. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in developing and introducing new offerings with enhanced functionality on a timely basis, or that our new product and subscription offerings, if introduced, will enable us to maintain our prices and gross profits at levels that will allow us to maintain positive gross margins and profitability.

If our solutions fail to detect vulnerabilities or incorrectly detect vulnerabilities, our brand and reputation could be harmed, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

If our solutions fail to detect vulnerabilities in our customers’ IT infrastructures, or if our solutions fail to identify and respond to new and increasingly complex methods of attacks, our business and reputation may suffer. There is no guarantee that our solutions will detect all vulnerabilities. Additionally, our IT, security and compliance solutions may falsely detect vulnerabilities or threats that do not actually exist. For example, some of our solutions rely on information on attack sources aggregated from third-party data providers who monitor global malicious activity originating from a variety of sources, including anonymous proxies, specific IP addresses, botnets and phishing sites. If the information from these data providers is inaccurate, the potential for false indications of security vulnerabilities increases. These false positives, while typical in the industry, may impair the perceived reliability or usability of our solutions and may therefore adversely impact market acceptance of our solutions and could result in negative publicity, loss of customers and sales, increased costs to remedy any incorrect information or problem, or claims by aggrieved parties. Similar issues may be generated by the misuse of our tools to identify and exploit vulnerabilities.

Further, our solutions sometimes are tested against other security products, and may fail to perform as effectively, or to be perceived as performing as effectively, as competitive products for any number of reasons, including misconfiguration. To the extent current or potential customers, channel partners, or others believe there has been an occurrence of an actual or perceived failure of our solutions to detect a vulnerability or otherwise to function as effectively as competitive products in any particular test, or indicates our solutions do not provide significant value, our business, competitive position, and reputation could be harmed.

In addition, our solutions do not currently extend to cover mobile devices or personal devices that employees may bring into an organization. As such, our solutions would not identify or address vulnerabilities in mobile devices, such as mobile phones or tablets, or personal devices, and our customers’ IT infrastructures may be compromised by attacks that infiltrate their networks through such devices.

An actual or perceived security breach or theft of the sensitive data of one of our customers, regardless of whether the breach is attributable to the failure of our solutions, could adversely affect the market’s perception of our security solutions.

Incorrect or improper implementation or use of our solutions could result in customer dissatisfaction and harm our business and reputation.

If our customers are unable to implement our solutions successfully, customer perceptions of our platform and solutions may be impaired or our reputation and brand may suffer. Our customers have in the past inadvertently misused our solutions, which triggered downtime in their internal infrastructure until the problem was resolved. Additionally, any failure to implement and configure our solutions correctly may result in our solutions failing to detect vulnerabilities or compliance issues, or otherwise to perform effectively, and may result in disruptions to our customers’ IT environments and businesses. Any misuse of our solutions, including any failure to implement and configure them appropriately, could result in disruption to our customers’ businesses, customer dissatisfaction, negative impacts on the perceived

Table of Contents

reliability or effectiveness of our solutions, and claims and litigation, and may result in negative press coverage, negative effects on our reputation and competitive position, a loss of sales, customers, and channel partners, and harm our financial results.

Undetected software errors or flaws in our solutions could harm our reputation, decrease market acceptance of our solutions or result in liability.

Our solutions may contain undetected errors or defects when first introduced or as new versions are released. We have experienced these errors or defects in the past in connection with new solutions and solution upgrades and we expect that these errors or defects will be found from time to time in the future in new or enhanced solutions after commercial release of these solutions. Since our customers use our solutions for security and compliance reasons, any errors, defects, disruptions in service or other performance problems with our solutions, or any other failure of our solutions to detect vulnerabilities or compliance problems or otherwise to perform effectively, may result in disruptions or damage to the business of our customers, including security breaches or compliance failures. Additionally, any such issues, or the perception that they have occurred, whether or not relating to any actual or perceived error or defect in our solutions, could hurt our reputation and competitive position and we may incur significant costs, the attention of key personnel could be diverted, our customers may delay or withhold payment to us or elect not to renew, we could face a loss of sales, customers, and channel partners, and other significant problems with our relationships with customers and channel partners may arise. We may also be subject to liability claims for damages related to actual or perceived errors or defects in our solutions. A material liability claim or other occurrence that harms our reputation or decreases market acceptance of our solutions may harm our business, competitive and financial position, and operating results.

Although we maintain insurance coverage that may be applicable to certain liabilities in connection with these matters, we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate for liabilities that actually are incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, operating results and reputation.

Our solutions could be used to collect and store personal information of our customers’ employees or customers, and therefore privacy and other data handling concerns could result in additional cost and liability to us or inhibit sales of our solutions.

We collect the names and email addresses of our customers in connection with subscriptions to our solutions. Additionally, the data that our solutions collect to help secure and protect the IT infrastructure of our customers may include additional personal or confidential information of our customers’ employees and their customers. Personal privacy has become a significant issue in the United States and in many other countries where we offer our solutions. The regulatory framework for privacy issues worldwide is currently evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Many federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies have adopted or are considering adopting laws and regulations regarding the collection, use, disclosure and retention of personal information. In the United States, these include, for example, rules and regulations promulgated under the authority of the Federal Trade Commission, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, and state breach notification laws. Internationally, virtually every jurisdiction in which we operate has established its own data security and privacy legal framework with which we or our customers must comply.

These privacy, data protection and information security laws and regulations may result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions. Additionally, new laws and regulations relating to privacy and data protection continue to be proposed and enacted. For example, the European Union has adopted the GDPR. This regulation, which took effect in May 2018, causes EU data protection requirements to be more stringent and provides for greater penalties. The GDPR may be subject to new or changing interpretations by courts, and our interpretation of the law and efforts to comply with the rules and regulations of the law may be ruled invalid. Noncompliance with the GDPR can trigger fines of up to €20 million or 4% of global annual revenues, whichever is higher. Similarly, California recently enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which, among other things, requires covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers and afford such consumers new rights to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA creates a private right of action for statutory damages for certain breaches of information. The CCPA has been amended on multiple occasions and is the subject of proposed regulations of the California Attorney General that were released on February 7, 2020. Aspects of the CCPA and its interpretation remain unclear. In addition, other states have enacted or proposed legislation that regulates

Table of Contents

the collection, use, and sale of personal information, and such regimes might not be compatible with either the GDPR or the CCPA, or may require us to undertake additional practices. We cannot yet predict the impact of the CCPA or impending legislation on our business or operations, but it may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply.

The privacy, data protection, and information security laws and regulations we must comply with also are subject to change. For example, the United Kingdom enacted a Data Protection Act in May 2018 that substantially implements the GDPR, but the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union, commonly referred to as “Brexit,” could lead to further legislative and regulatory changes. It remains unclear how United Kingdom data protection laws or regulations will develop in the medium to longer term and how data transfers to and from the United Kingdom will be regulated. Additionally, U.S. and EU authorities reached a political agreement in February 2016 regarding a means for legitimizing personal data transfers from the EEA to the U.S., the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework, replacing a prior program that was invalidated. We have joined the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework and a related program, the Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework. The EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework is subject to legal challenge, however, and it or the Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework may be modified or invalidated. We may be unsuccessful in maintaining legitimate means for our transfer and receipt of personal data from the EEA or Switzerland. We may experience reluctance or refusal by current or prospective European customers to use our products, and we may find it necessary or desirable to make further changes to our handling of personal data of European residents.

In addition to laws and regulations, privacy advocacy and industry groups or other private parties may propose new and different privacy standards that either legally or contractually apply to us. Because the interpretation and application of privacy and data protection laws, regulations, standards and contractual obligations are uncertain, it is possible that they may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is, or perceived to be, inconsistent with our data management practices or the features of our solutions. If so, in addition to the possibility of regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, fines, lawsuits and other claims, other forms of injunctive or operations-limiting relief, and damage to our reputations and loss of goodwill, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our solutions and may face limitations in our ability to develop new solutions and features, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any inability to adequately address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or any actual or perceived inability to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and privacy standards, could result in cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales of subscriptions and harm our business.

Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations, and privacy standards that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may limit the use and adoption of, and reduce the overall demand for, our solutions. Privacy concerns, whether valid or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our solutions particularly in certain industries and foreign countries.

If we are unable to continue the expansion of our sales force, sales of our solutions and the growth of our business would be harmed.

We believe that our growth will depend, to a significant extent, on our success in recruiting and retaining a sufficient number of qualified sales personnel and their ability to obtain new customers, manage our existing customer base and expand the sales of our newer solutions. We plan to continue to expand our sales force and make a significant investment in our sales and marketing activities. Our recent hires and planned hires may not become as productive as quickly as we would like, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the future in the competitive markets where we do business. Competition for highly skilled personnel is frequently intense and we may not be able to compete for these employees. If we are unable to recruit and retain a sufficient number of productive sales personnel, sales of our solutions and the growth of our business may be harmed. Additionally, if our efforts do not result in increased revenues, our operating results could be negatively impacted due to the upfront operating expenses associated with expanding our sales force.

A significant portion of our customers, channel partners and employees are located outside of the United States, which subjects us to a number of risks associated with conducting international operations, and if we are unable to successfully manage these risks, our business and operating results could be harmed.

We market and sell subscriptions to our solutions throughout the world and have personnel in many parts of the world. In addition, we have sales offices and research and development facilities outside the United States and we conduct, and expect to continue to conduct, a significant amount of our business with organizations that are located outside the United States, particularly in Europe and Asia. Therefore, we are subject to risks associated with having international sales and worldwide operations, including:

Table of Contents


•	foreign currency exchange fluctuations;


•	trade and foreign exchange restrictions;


•	economic or political instability in foreign markets;


•	greater difficulty in enforcing contracts, accounts receivable collection and longer collection periods;


•	changes in regulatory requirements;


•	tax laws (including U.S. taxes on foreign subsidiaries);


•	difficulties and costs of staffing and managing foreign operations;


•	the uncertainty and limitation of protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;


•	costs of compliance with foreign laws and regulations and the risks and costs of non-compliance with such laws and regulations;


•	costs of complying with U.S. laws and regulations for foreign operations, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, import and export control laws, tariffs, trade barriers, economic sanctions and other regulatory or contractual limitations on our ability to sell our solutions in certain foreign markets, and the risks and costs of non-compliance;


•	heightened risks of unfair or corrupt business practices in certain geographies and of improper or fraudulent sales arrangements that may impact financial results and result in restatements of, and irregularities in, financial statements;


•	the potential for political unrest, acts of terrorism, hostilities or war;


•	management communication and integration problems resulting from cultural differences and geographic dispersion; and


•	multiple and possibly overlapping tax structures.

Our business, including the sales of subscriptions of our solutions, may be subject to foreign governmental regulations, which vary substantially from country to country and change from time to time. Failure to comply with these regulations could adversely affect our business. Further, in many foreign countries it is common for others to engage in business practices that are prohibited by our internal policies and procedures or U.S. regulations applicable to us. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws and policies, there can be no assurance that all of our employees, contractors, channel partners and agents have complied or will comply with these laws and policies. Violations of laws or key control policies by our employees, contractors, channel partners or agents could result in delays in revenue recognition, financial reporting misstatements, fines, penalties or the prohibition of the importation or exportation of our solutions and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. If we are unable to successfully manage the challenges of international operations, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

In addition, as of March 31, 2020, approximately 70% of our employees were located outside of the United States, and 61% of our employees were located in Pune, India. Accordingly, we are exposed to changes in laws governing our employee relationships in various U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, including laws and regulations regarding wage and hour requirements, fair labor standards, employee data privacy, unemployment tax rates, workers’ compensation rates, citizenship requirements and payroll and other taxes which may have a direct impact on our operating costs. We may continue to expand our international operations and international sales and marketing activities. Expansion in international markets has required, and will continue to require, significant management attention and resources. We may be unable to scale our infrastructure effectively or as quickly as our competitors in these markets and our revenues may not increase to offset any increased costs and operating expenses, which would cause our results to suffer.

Disruptive technologies could gain wide adoption and supplant our cloud security and compliance solutions, thereby weakening our sales and harming our results of operations.

The introduction of products and services embodying new technologies could render our existing solutions obsolete or less attractive to customers. Our business could be harmed if new security and compliance technologies are widely adopted. We may not be able to successfully anticipate or adapt to changing technology or customer requirements on a timely basis, or at all. If we fail to keep up with technological changes or to convince our customers and potential

Table of Contents

customers of the value of our solutions even in light of new technologies, our business could be harmed and our revenues may decline.

Our business and operations have experienced significant growth, and if we do not appropriately manage any future growth, or are unable to improve our systems and processes, our operating results may be negatively affected.

We have experienced significant growth over the last several years. From 2017 to 2019, our revenues grew from $230.8 million to $321.6 million and our headcount increased from 684 employees at the beginning of 2017 to 1,322 employees as of March 31, 2020. We rely on information technology systems to help manage critical functions such as order processing, revenue recognition and financial forecasts. To manage any future growth effectively we must continue to improve and expand our IT systems, financial infrastructure, and operating and administrative systems and controls, and continue to manage headcount, capital and processes in an efficient manner. We may not be able to successfully implement improvements to these systems and processes in a timely or efficient manner.

Our failure to improve our systems and processes, or their failure to operate in the intended manner, may result in our inability to manage the growth of our business and to accurately forecast our revenues, expenses and earnings, or to prevent certain losses. In addition, as we continue to grow, our productivity and the quality of our solutions may also be adversely affected if we do not integrate and train our new employees quickly and effectively. Any future growth would add complexity to our organization and require effective coordination across our organization. Failure to manage any future growth effectively could result in increased costs, harm our results of operations and lead to investors losing confidence in our internal systems and processes.

Forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the markets in which we compete achieve the forecasted growth, there can be no assurance that our business will grow at similar rates, or at all.

Growth forecasts relating to the expected growth in the market for IT, security and compliance and other markets are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates which may prove to be inaccurate. Even if these markets experience the forecasted growth, we may not grow our business at similar rates, or at all. Our growth is subject to many factors, including our success in implementing our business strategy, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forecasts of market growth should not be taken as indicative of our future growth.

We rely on third-party channel partners to generate a substantial amount of our revenues, and if we fail to expand and manage our distribution channels, our revenues could decline and our growth prospects could suffer.

Our success significantly depends upon establishing and maintaining relationships with a variety of channel partners, and we anticipate that we will continue to depend on these partners in order to grow our business. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we derived approximately 42% of our revenues from sales of subscriptions for our solutions through channel partners, and the percentage of revenues derived from channel partners may increase in future periods. Our agreements with our channel partners are generally non-exclusive and do not prohibit them from working with our competitors or offering competing solutions, and many of our channel partners have more established relationships with our competitors. If our channel partners choose to place greater emphasis on products of their own or those offered by our competitors, do not effectively market and sell our solutions, or fail to meet the needs of our customers, then our ability to grow our business and sell our solutions may be adversely affected. In addition, the loss of one or more of our larger channel partners, who may cease marketing our solutions with limited or no notice, and our possible inability to replace them, could adversely affect our sales. Moreover, our ability to expand our distribution channels depends in part on our ability to educate our channel partners about our solutions, which can be complex. Our failure to recruit additional channel partners, or any reduction or delay in their sales of our solutions or conflicts between channel sales and our direct sales and marketing activities may harm our results of operations. Even if we are successful, these relationships may not result in greater customer usage of our solutions or increased revenues.

In addition, the financial health of our channel partners and our continuing relationships with them are important to our success. Some of these channel partners may be unable to withstand adverse changes in economic conditions, which could result in insolvency and/or the inability of such distributors to obtain credit to finance purchases of our products and services. In addition, weakness in the end-user market could negatively affect the cash flows of our channel partners who could, in turn, delay paying their obligations to us, which would increase our credit risk exposure. Our business could be harmed if the financial condition of some of these channel partners substantially weakened and we were unable to timely secure replacement channel partners.

Table of Contents

Our solutions contain third-party open source software components, and our failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open source software licenses could restrict our ability to sell our solutions.

Our solutions contain software licensed to us by third-parties under so-called “open source” licenses, including the GNU General Public License, the GNU Lesser General Public License, the BSD License, the Apache License and others. From time to time, there have been claims against companies that distribute or use open source software in their products and services, asserting that such open source software infringes the claimants’ intellectual property rights. We could be subject to suits by parties claiming that what we believe to be licensed open source software infringes their intellectual property rights. Use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. In addition, certain open source licenses require that source code for software programs that are subject to the license be made available to the public and that any modifications or derivative works to such open source software continue to be licensed under the same terms. If we combine our proprietary software with open source software in certain ways, we could, in some circumstances, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software to the public. Disclosing the source code of our proprietary software could make it easier for cyber attackers and other third parties to discover vulnerabilities in or to defeat the protections of our solutions, which could result in our solutions failing to provide our customers with the security they expect from our services. This could harm our business and reputation. Disclosing our proprietary source code also could allow our competitors to create similar products with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of sales for us. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Although we monitor our use of open source software in an effort both to comply with the terms of the applicable open source licenses and to avoid subjecting our solutions to conditions we do not intend, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our solutions. In this event, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties to continue offering our solutions, to make our proprietary code generally available in source code form, to re-engineer our solutions or to discontinue the sale of our solutions if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely basis, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

We rely on software-as-a-service vendors to operate certain functions of our business and any failure of such vendors to provide services to us could adversely impact our business and operations.

We rely on third-party software-as-a-service vendors to operate certain critical functions of our business, including financial management and human resource management. If these services become unavailable due to extended outages or interruptions or because they are no longer available on commercially reasonable terms or prices, our expenses could increase, our ability to manage our finances could be interrupted and our processes for managing sales of our solutions and supporting our customers could be impaired until equivalent services, if available, are identified, obtained and integrated, all of which could harm our business.

We use third-party software and data that may be difficult to replace or cause errors or failures of our solutions that could lead to lost customers or harm to our reputation and our operating results.

We license third-party software as well as security and compliance data from various third parties to deliver our solutions. In the future, this software or data may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of this software or data could result in delays in the provisioning of our solutions until equivalent technology or data is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could harm our business. In addition, any errors or defects in or failures of this third-party software or data could result in errors or defects in our solutions or cause our solutions to fail, which could harm our business and be costly to correct. Many of these providers attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, defects or failures, and if enforceable, we may have additional liability to our customers or third-party providers that could harm our reputation and increase our operating costs.

We will need to maintain our relationships with third-party software and data providers, and to obtain software and data from such providers that do not contain any errors or defects. Any failure to do so could adversely impact our ability to deliver effective solutions to our customers and could harm our operating results.

Table of Contents

Delays or interruptions in the manufacturing and delivery of our physical scanner appliances by our sole source manufacturer may harm our business.

Upon customer request, we provide physical or virtual scanner appliances on a subscription basis as an additional capability to the customer’s subscription for use during their subscription term. Our physical scanner appliances are built by a single manufacturer. Our reliance on a sole manufacturer involves several risks, including a potential inability to obtain an adequate supply of physical scanner appliances and limited control over pricing, quality and timely deployment of such scanner appliances. In addition, replacing this manufacturer may be difficult and could result in an inability or delay in deploying our solutions to customers that request physical scanner appliances as part of their subscriptions.

Furthermore, our manufacturer’s ability to timely manufacture and ship our physical scanner appliances depends on a variety of factors, such as the availability of hardware components, supply shortages or contractual restrictions. In the event of an interruption from this manufacturer, we may not be able to develop alternate or secondary sources in a timely manner. If we are unable to purchase physical scanner appliances in quantities sufficient to meet our requirements on a timely basis, we may not be able to effectively deploy our solutions to new customers that request physical scanner appliances, which could harm our business.

We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar and we generate a majority of our revenues in U.S. dollars. However, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, we incurred approximately 25% of our expenses outside of the United States in foreign currencies, primarily Euros, GBP, and INR, principally with respect to salaries and related personnel expenses associated with our European and Indian operations. Additionally, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, approximately 21% of our revenues were generated in foreign currencies. Accordingly, changes in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. The exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies has fluctuated substantially in recent years and may continue to fluctuate substantially in the future. We expect that a majority of our revenues will continue to be generated in U.S. dollars for the foreseeable future and that a significant portion of our expenses, including personnel costs, as well as capital and operating expenditures, will continue to be denominated in the Euro, GBP and INR. The results of our operations may be adversely affected by foreign exchange fluctuations.

We use derivative financial instruments to reduce our foreign currency exchange risks. We use foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate the impact of foreign currency fluctuations of certain non-U.S. dollar denominated net asset positions, to date primarily cash, accounts receivable and operating lease liabilities (non-designated), as well as to manage foreign currency fluctuation risk related to forecasted transactions (designated). However, we may not be able to purchase derivative instruments that are adequate to insulate ourselves from foreign currency exchange risks. Additionally, our hedging activities may contribute to increased losses as a result of volatility in foreign currency markets.

Failure to protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property rights could substantially harm our business and operating results.

The success of our business depends in part on our ability to protect and enforce our trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property rights. We attempt to protect our intellectual property under copyright, trade secret, patent and trademark laws, and through a combination of confidentiality procedures, contractual provisions and other methods, all of which offer only limited protection.

We primarily rely on our unpatented proprietary technology and trade secrets. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary technology and trade secrets, unauthorized parties may attempt to misappropriate, reverse engineer or otherwise obtain and use them. The contractual provisions that we enter into with employees, consultants, partners, vendors and customers may not prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary technology or intellectual property rights and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary technology or intellectual property rights. Moreover, policing unauthorized use of our technologies, solutions and intellectual property is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States and where mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be weak. We may be unable to determine the extent of any unauthorized use or infringement of our solutions, technologies or intellectual property rights.

As of December 31, 2019, we had 18 issued patents and several pending U.S. patent applications, and we may file additional patent applications in the future. Additionally, we have an exclusive license to four third-party patents.

Table of Contents

The process of obtaining patent protection is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner, if at all. We may choose not to seek patent protection for certain innovations and may choose not to pursue patent protection in certain jurisdictions.

Furthermore, it is possible that our patent applications may not result in granted patents, that the scope of our issued patents will be limited or not provide the coverage originally sought, that our issued patents will not provide us with any competitive advantages, or that our patents and other intellectual property rights may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative processes or litigation. In addition, issuance of a patent does not guarantee that we have an absolute right to practice the patented invention. As a result, we may not be able to obtain adequate patent protection or to enforce our issued patents effectively.

From time to time, legal action by us may be necessary to enforce our patents and other intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the intellectual property rights of others or to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could negatively affect our business, operating results and financial condition. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, we may find ourselves at a competitive disadvantage to others who need not incur the additional expense, time and effort required to create the innovative solutions that have enabled us to be successful to date.

Assertions by third parties of infringement or other violations by us of their intellectual property rights could result in significant costs and harm our business and operating results.

Patent and other intellectual property disputes are common in our industry. Some companies, including some of our competitors, own large numbers of patents, copyrights and trademarks, which they may use to assert claims against us. Third parties may in the future assert claims of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights against us. They may also assert such claims against our customers or channel partners whom we typically indemnify against claims that our solutions infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of third parties. As the numbers of products and competitors in our market increase and overlaps occur, claims of infringement, misappropriation and other violations of intellectual property rights may increase. Any claim of infringement, misappropriation or other violation of intellectual property rights by a third party, even those without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim and could distract our management from our business.

The patent portfolios of our most significant competitors are larger than ours. This disparity may increase the risk that they may sue us for patent infringement and may limit our ability to counterclaim for patent infringement or settle through patent cross-licenses. In addition, future assertions of patent rights by third parties, and any resulting litigation, may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product revenues and against whom our own patents may therefore provide little or no deterrence or protection. There can be no assurance that we will not be found to infringe or otherwise violate any third-party intellectual property rights or to have done so in the past.

An adverse outcome of a dispute may require us to:


•	pay substantial damages, including treble damages, if we are found to have willfully infringed a third party’s patents or copyrights;


•	cease making, licensing or using solutions that are alleged to infringe or misappropriate the intellectual property of others;


•	expend additional development resources to attempt to redesign our solutions or otherwise develop non-infringing technology, which may not be successful;


•	enter into potentially unfavorable royalty or license agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies or intellectual property rights; and


•	indemnify our partners and other third parties.

In addition, royalty or licensing agreements, if required or desirable, may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may require significant royalty payments and other expenditures. Some licenses may also be non-exclusive, and therefore our competitors may have access to the same technology licensed to us. Any of the foregoing events could seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Table of Contents

If we are required to collect sales and use or other taxes on the solutions we sell, we may be subject to liability for past sales and our future sales may decrease.

Taxing jurisdictions, including state and local entities, have differing rules and regulations governing sales and use or other taxes, and these rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. In particular, the applicability of sales taxes to our subscription services in various jurisdictions is unclear. It is possible that we could face sales tax audits and that our liability for these taxes could exceed our estimates as tax authorities could still assert that we are obligated to collect additional amounts as taxes from our customers and remit those taxes to those authorities. We could also be subject to audits with respect to state and international jurisdictions for which we may not have accrued tax liabilities. A successful assertion that we should be collecting additional sales or other taxes on our services in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so and do not accrue for sales taxes could result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales, discourage customers from purchasing our solutions or otherwise harm our business and operating results.

We depend on the continued services and performance of our senior management and other key employees, the loss of any of whom could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our future performance depends on the continued services and continuing contributions of our senior management, particularly Philippe F. Courtot, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and other key employees, to execute on our business plan and to identify and pursue new opportunities and product innovations. We do not maintain key-man insurance for Mr. Courtot or for any other member of our senior management team. From time to time, there may be changes in our senior management team resulting from the termination or departure of executives. Our senior management and key employees are generally employed on an at-will basis, which means that they could terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of the services of our senior management, particularly Mr. Courtot, or other key employees for any reason could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our development and strategic objectives and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to hire, retain and motivate qualified personnel, our business may suffer.

Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract and retain highly skilled personnel. The loss of the services of any of our key personnel, the inability to attract or retain qualified personnel or delays in hiring required personnel, particularly in engineering and sales, may seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any of our employees may terminate their employment at any time. Competition for highly skilled personnel is frequently intense, especially in the San Francisco Bay Area and Pune, India, locations in which we have a substantial presence and need for highly skilled personnel and we may not be able to compete for these employees.

We are required under U.S. GAAP to recognize compensation expense in our operating results for employee stock-based compensation under our equity grant programs, which may negatively impact our operating results and may increase the pressure to limit stock-based compensation that we might otherwise offer to current or potential employees, thereby potentially harming our ability to attract or retain highly skilled personnel. In addition, to the extent we hire personnel from competitors, we may be subject to allegations that they have been improperly solicited or divulged proprietary or other confidential information, which could result in a diversion of management’s time and our resources.

Changes in laws or regulations related to the Internet may diminish the demand for our solutions and could have a negative impact on our business.

We deliver our solutions through the Internet. Federal, state or foreign government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws or regulations affecting data privacy and the use of the Internet. In addition, government agencies or private organizations may begin to impose taxes, fees or other charges for accessing the Internet or on commerce conducted via the Internet. These laws or charges could limit the viability of Internet-based solutions such as ours and reduce the demand for our solutions.

A portion of our revenues are generated by sales to government entities, which are subject to a number of challenges and risks.

Government entities have historically been particularly concerned about adopting cloud-based solutions for their operations, including security solutions, and increasing sales of subscriptions for our solutions to government entities may be more challenging than selling to commercial organizations. Selling to government entities can be highly competitive, expensive and time-consuming, often requiring significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that we will win a sale. We have invested in the creation of a cloud offering certified under the Federal Information

Table of Contents

Security Management Act for government usage but we cannot be sure that we will continue to sustain or renew this certification, that the government will continue to mandate such certification or that other government agencies or entities will use this cloud offering. Government demand and payment for our solutions may be impacted by public sector budgetary cycles and funding authorizations, with funding reductions or delays adversely affecting public sector demand for our solutions. Government entities may have contractual or other legal rights to terminate contracts with our channel partners for convenience or due to a default, and any such termination may adversely impact our future results of operations. Governments routinely investigate and audit government contractors’ administrative processes, and any unfavorable audit could result in the government refusing to continue buying our solutions, a reduction of revenues or fines or civil or criminal liability if the audit uncovers improper or illegal activities. Any such penalties could adversely impact our results of operations in a material way.

Governmental export or import controls could subject us to liability if we violate them or limit our ability to compete in foreign markets.

Our solutions are subject to U.S. export controls, specifically, the Export Administration Regulations and economic sanctions enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. We incorporate encryption technology into certain of our solutions. These encryption solutions and the underlying technology may be exported only with the required export authorizations, including by license, a license exception or other appropriate government authorizations. U.S. export controls may require submission of an encryption registration, product classification and/or annual or semi-annual reports. Governmental regulation of encryption technology and regulation of imports or exports of encryption products, or our failure to obtain required import or export authorization for our solutions, when applicable, could harm our international sales and adversely affect our revenues. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the export of our solutions, including with respect to new releases of our solutions, may create delays in the introduction of our solutions in international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our solutions throughout their globally-distributed systems or, in some cases, prevent the export of our solutions to some countries altogether. In addition, various countries regulate the import of our appliance-based solutions and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute solutions or could limit our customers’ ability to implement our solutions in those countries. Any new export or import restrictions, new legislation or shifting approaches in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or in the countries, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our solutions by existing customers with international operations, declining adoption of our solutions by new customers with international operations and decreased revenues. If we fail to comply with export and import regulations, we may be fined or other penalties could be imposed, including denial of certain export privileges.

Our success in acquiring and integrating other businesses, products or technologies could impact our financial position.

In order to remain competitive, we have in the past and may in the future seek to acquire additional businesses, products, services or technologies. For example, we acquired 1Mobility on April 1, 2018, Layered Insight on October 16, 2018, and Adya on January 10, 2019. The environment for acquisitions in our industry is very competitive and acquisition candidate purchase prices may exceed what we would prefer to pay. Moreover, achieving the anticipated benefits of future acquisitions will depend in part upon whether we can integrate acquired operations, products and technology in a timely and cost-effective manner, and even if we achieve benefits from acquisitions, such acquisitions may still be viewed negatively by customers, financial markets or investors. The acquisition and integration process is complex, expensive and time-consuming, and may cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, product development and sales activities and operations of both companies, as well as divert the attention of management, and we may incur substantial cost and expense. We may issue equity securities which could dilute current stockholders’ ownership, incur debt, assume contingent or other liabilities and expend cash in acquisitions, which could negatively impact our financial position, stockholder equity and stock price. We may not find suitable acquisition candidates, and acquisitions we complete may be unsuccessful. If we consummate a transaction, we may be unable to integrate and manage acquired products and businesses effectively or retain key personnel. If we are unable to effectively execute acquisitions, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected.

Our financial results are based in part on our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies. These estimates or judgments may prove to be incorrect, which could harm our operating results and result in a decline in our stock price.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and

Table of Contents

accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as provided in the section titled “Item 2 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our operating results may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our operating results to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in our stock price. Significant assumptions and estimates used in preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements include those related to revenue recognition, accounting for income taxes, stock-based compensation, and fair value measurement.

Changes in financial accounting standards may cause adverse and unexpected revenue fluctuations and impact our reported results of operations.

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These principles are subject to interpretation by the SEC and various bodies formed to interpret and create appropriate accounting principles. A change in these accounting standards or practices could harm our operating results and could have a significant effect on our reporting of transactions and reported results and may even retroactively affect previously reported transactions. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future. Changes to existing rules or the questioning of current practices may harm our operating results or require that we make significant changes to our systems, processes and controls or the way we conduct our business.

We recognize revenues from subscriptions over the term of the relevant service period, and therefore any decreases or increases in bookings are not immediately reflected in our operating results.

We recognize revenues from subscriptions over the term of the relevant service period, which is typically one year. As a result, most of our reported revenues in each quarter are derived from the recognition of deferred revenues relating to subscriptions entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a shortfall in demand for our solutions in any period may not significantly reduce our revenues for that period, but could negatively affect revenues in future periods. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in bookings may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. We may be unable to adjust our costs and expenses to compensate for such a potential shortfall in revenues. Our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenues through additional bookings in any period, as revenues are recognized ratably over the subscription period.

Changes in our provision for income taxes or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income tax returns could adversely affect our operating results. We could be subject to additional taxes.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and various foreign jurisdictions, and our domestic and international tax liabilities are subject to the allocation of expenses in differing jurisdictions. Our tax rate is affected by changes in the mix of earnings and losses in countries with differing statutory tax rates, certain non-deductible expenses arising from the requirement to expense stock options, excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation, and the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, including our ability to utilize our federal and state net operating losses, which were $5.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2019. Increases in our effective tax rate could harm our operating results.

Additionally, significant judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions and our worldwide provision for taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are many activities and transactions for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. In addition, our tax obligations and effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in the relevant tax, accounting and other laws, regulations, principles and interpretations, including those relating to income tax nexus, by recognizing tax losses or lower than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, by changes in foreign currency exchange rates, or by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities. We may be audited in various jurisdictions, and such jurisdictions may assess additional taxes, sales taxes and value-added taxes against us. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of any tax audits or litigation could be materially different from our historical tax provisions and accruals, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which a determination is made.

Table of Contents

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, power outages, floods and other catastrophic events, and to interruption by man-made problems such as terrorism.

A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or a flood, or a significant power outage could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. Our corporate headquarters and a significant portion of our operations are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity. In addition, natural disasters could affect our business partners’ ability to perform services for us on a timely basis. In the event we or our business partners are hindered by any of the events discussed above, our ability to provide our solutions to customers could be delayed, resulting in our missing financial targets, such as revenues and net income, for a particular quarter. Further, if a natural disaster occurs in a region from which we derive a significant portion of our revenues, customers in that region may delay or forego subscriptions of our solutions, which may materially and adversely impact our results of operations for a particular period. In addition, acts of terrorism could cause disruptions in our business or the business of our business partners, customers or the economy as a whole. All of the aforementioned risks may be exacerbated if the disaster recovery plans for us and our suppliers prove to be inadequate. To the extent that any of the above results in delays of customer subscriptions or commercialization of our solutions, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the rules and regulations of the NASDAQ Stock Market. To continue to comply with the requirements of being a public company, we may need to undertake various actions, such as implementing additional internal controls and procedures and hiring additional accounting or internal audit staff.

Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Any failure to maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in their improvement, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we are required to include in our periodic reports we file with the SEC under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. While we were able to assert in our Annual Report on Form 10-K that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019, we cannot predict the outcome of our testing in future periods. If we are unable to assert in any future reporting period that our internal control over financial reporting is effective (or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls), investors may lose confidence in our operating results and our stock price could decline. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market.

Market volatility may affect our stock price and the value of an investment in our common stock and could subject us to litigation.

The trading price of our common stock has been, and may continue to be, subject to significant fluctuations in response to a number of factors, most of which we cannot predict or control, including:


•	announcements of new solutions, services or technologies, commercial relationships, acquisitions or other events by us or our competitors;


•	fluctuations in stock market prices and trading volumes of securities of similar companies;


•	general market conditions and overall fluctuations in U.S. equity markets;


•	variations in our operating results, or the operating results of our competitors;


•	changes in our financial guidance or securities analysts’ estimates of our financial performance;


•	changes in accounting principles;


•	sales of large blocks of our common stock, including sales by our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders;

Table of Contents


•	additions or departures of any of our key personnel;


•	announcements related to litigation;


•	changing legal or regulatory developments in the United States and other countries; and


•	discussion of us or our stock price by the financial press and in online investor communities.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the stocks of technology companies such as ours in particular, have experienced substantial price and volume volatility that is often seemingly unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company after a period of volatility in the trading price of its common stock. We may become involved in this type of litigation in the future. Any securities litigation claims brought against us could result in substantial expenses and the diversion of our management’s attention from our business.

Our actual operating results may differ significantly from our guidance.

From time to time, we have released, and may continue to release, guidance in our quarterly earnings conference calls, quarterly earnings releases, or otherwise, regarding our future performance that represents our management's estimates as of the date of release. This guidance, which includes forward-looking statements, has been and will be based on projections prepared by our management. These projections are not prepared with a view toward compliance with published guidelines of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and neither our registered public accountants nor any other independent expert or outside party compiles or examines the projections. Accordingly, no such person expresses any opinion or any other form of assurance with respect to the projections.

Projections are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. We intend to state possible outcomes as high and low ranges which are intended to provide a sensitivity analysis as variables are changed but are not intended to imply that actual results could not fall outside of the suggested ranges. The principal reason that we release guidance is to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any such third parties.

Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions underlying the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. Accordingly, our guidance is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release. Actual results may vary from our guidance and the variations may be material. In light of the foregoing, investors are urged not to rely upon our guidance in making an investment decision regarding our common stock.

Any failure to successfully implement our operating strategy or the occurrence of any of the events or circumstances set forth in this “Risk Factors” section in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q could result in our actual operating results being different from our guidance, and the differences may be adverse and material.

Concentration of ownership among our existing executive officers, directors and holders of 10% or more of our outstanding common stock may prevent new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions.

As of March 31, 2020, our executive officers, directors and holders of 10% or more of our outstanding common stock beneficially owned, in the aggregate, approximately 30% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, such persons, acting together, have significant ability to control our management and affairs and substantially all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and approval of any significant transaction. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us, or discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our business, even if such a transaction would benefit other stockholders.

Future sales of shares by existing stockholders could cause our stock price to decline.

The market price of shares of our common stock could decline as a result of substantial sales of our common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers, employees and significant stockholders, a large number of shares of our common stock becoming available for sale, or the perception in the market that holders of a large

Table of Contents

number of shares intend to sell their shares. As of March 31, 2020, we had approximately 39.0 million shares of our common stock outstanding.

In addition, as of March 31, 2020, there were approximately 1.1 million restricted stock units and options to purchase approximately 2.8 million shares of our common stock outstanding. If such options are exercised and restricted stock units are released, these additional shares will become available for sale. As of March 31, 2020, we had an aggregate of 7.2 million shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, which can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance. If a large number of these shares are sold in the public market, the sales could reduce the trading price of our common stock.

We cannot guarantee that our stock repurchase program will be fully consummated or that it will enhance stockholder value, and any stock repurchases we make could affect the price of our common stock.

In February 2018, we announced a $100.0 million stock repurchase program. In October 2018, October 2019 and May 2020, we announced that our authorization under this program had increased by $100.0 million, $100.0 million and $100.0 million, respectively. Although our board of directors authorized this stock repurchase program, we are not obligated to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of shares. The stock repurchase program could affect the price of our common stock, increase volatility and diminish our cash reserves. In addition, it may be suspended or terminated at any time, which may result in a decrease in the price of our common stock. In the three months ended March 31, 2020, we repurchased 346,250 shares of our common stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $28.9 million. As of March 31, 2020, approximately $99.6 million remained available for share repurchases pursuant to our stock repurchase program.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock and therefore any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the value of their stock.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that may delay or prevent an acquisition of us or a change in our management. These provisions include:


•	authorizing “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by our board of directors without stockholder approval and may contain voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock, which would increase the number of outstanding shares and could thwart a takeover attempt;


•	a classified board of directors whose members can only be dismissed for cause;


•	the prohibition on actions by written consent of our stockholders;


•	the limitation on who may call a special meeting of stockholders;


•	the establishment of advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings; and


•	the requirement of at least two-thirds of the outstanding capital stock to amend any of the foregoing second through fifth provisions.

In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which limits the ability of stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock to merge or combine with us. Although we believe these provisions collectively provide for an opportunity to obtain greater value for stockholders by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors, they would apply even if an offer rejected by our board were considered beneficial by some stockholders. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management.

Table of Contents


Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

On February 5, 2018, our board of directors authorized a $100.0 million two-year share repurchase program, which was announced on February 12, 2018. On October 30, 2018, October 30, 2019 and May 7, 2020, we announced that our board of directors had authorized an increase of $100.0 million, $100.0 million and $100.0 million, respectively, to the original share repurchase program authorization, resulting in an aggregate authorization of $400.0 million. Shares may be repurchased from time to time on the open market in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act of 1934, including pursuant to a pre-set trading plan adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, until April 28, 2020.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we repurchased 346,250 shares of common stock for approximately $28.9 million. All share repurchases were made using cash resources. As of March 31, 2020, approximately $99.6 million remained available for share repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase program.

A summary of our repurchases of common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2020 is as follows:



Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased under the Plan or Program
January 1 - January 31, 2020	106,250	$	85.41	106,250	$	119,456,509
February 1 - February 29, 2020	106,000	$	88.27	106,000	$	110,100,154
March 1 - March 31, 2020	134,000	$	78.00	134,000	$	99,605,716
Total	346,250			346,250


Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities

None.


Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures

None.


Item 5.	Other Information

None.


Item 6.	Exhibits



Exhibit Number		Description

31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1^		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2^		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101 INS		XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.

101 SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101 CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101 DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101 LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.

101 PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File - formatted in Inline XBRL and included as Exhibit 101

^ Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 are being furnished and shall not be deemed to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall such exhibits be deemed to be incorporated by reference in any registration statement or other document filed under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as otherwise specifically stated in such filing.

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Foster City, State of California on May 7, 2020.



	QUALYS, INC.
	By:	/s/ PHILIPPE F. COURTOT
		Name: Philippe F. Courtot
		Title: Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
		(principal executive officer)

	By:	/s/ MELISSA B. FISHER
		Name: Melissa B. Fisher
		Title: Chief Financial Officer
		(principal financial officer)