UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark one)
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||
For the transition period from ___________ to ______________
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 1-16483
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) | |
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 847 -943-4000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x
Note: Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act from their obligations under those Sections.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
x | Accelerated filer | ¨ | ||||
Non-accelerated filer | ¨ | Smaller reporting company | ||||
Emerging growth company | ||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
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The aggregate market value of the shares of Class A Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price of such stock on June 30, 2019, was $76.7 billion. At January 31, 2020, there were 1,432,943,006 shares of the registrant’s Class A Common Stock outstanding.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with its annual meeting of shareholders expected to be held on May 13, 2020 are incorporated by reference into Part III hereof.
Mondelēz International, Inc.
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In this report, for all periods presented, “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company” and “Mondelēz International” refer to Mondelēz International, Inc. and subsidiaries. References to “Common Stock” refer to our Class A Common Stock.
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Forward-Looking Statements
This report contains a number of forward-looking statements. Words, and variations of words, such as “will,” “may,” “expect,” “would,” “could,” “might,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “likely,” “drive,” “seek,” “aim,” “potential,” “project,” “outlook” and similar expressions are intended to identify our forward-looking statements, including but not limited to statements about: our future performance, including our future revenue growth, profitability and earnings; our strategic plan and our plan to accelerate consumer-centric growth, drive operational excellence and create a winning growth culture; our leadership position in snacking; our ability to meet consumer needs and demand and identify innovation and renovation opportunities; the results of driving operational excellence; price volatility and pricing actions; the cost environment and measures to address increased costs; our tax rate, tax positions, transition tax liability and the impact of U.S. and Swiss tax reform on our future results; market share; the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union and its impact on our results, including the consequences of any trade or other cross-border operating agreements, or failure to reach agreements, following the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union; the costs of, timing of expenditures under and completion of our restructuring program; category growth; our effect on demand and our market position; consumer snacking behaviors; commodity prices and supply; investments; research, development and innovation; political and economic conditions and volatility; consumer confidence; the effect of the imposition of increased or new tariffs, quotas, trade barriers or similar restrictions on our sales or key commodities and potential changes in U.S. trade programs, trade relations, regulations, taxes or fiscal policies; currency exchange rates, controls and restrictions and volatility in foreign currencies; the application of highly inflationary accounting for our Argentinean subsidiaries and the potential for and impacts from currency devaluation in other countries; our e-commerce channel strategies; manufacturing and distribution capacity; changes in laws and regulations, regulatory compliance and related costs; our ownership interest in Keurig Dr Pepper; operating lease liability; the outcome and effects on us of legal proceedings and government investigations; the estimated value of goodwill and intangible assets; amortization expense for intangible assets; impairment of goodwill and intangible assets and our projections of operating results and other factors that may affect our impairment testing; our accounting estimates and judgments and the impact of new accounting pronouncements; pension obligations, expenses, contributions and assumptions; employee benefit plan expenses, obligations and assumptions; compensation expense; our sustainability and mindful snacking strategies, goals and initiatives and the impacts of climate change; the Brazilian indirect tax matter; our liability related to our withdrawal from the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund; the impacts of the malware incident; our ability to prevent and respond to cybersecurity breaches and disruptions; our liquidity, funding sources and uses of funding, including our use of commercial paper; the planned phase out of London Interbank Offered Rates; our risk management program, including the use of financial instruments and the impacts and effectiveness of our hedging activities; working capital; capital expenditures and funding; share repurchases; dividends; long-term value for our shareholders; guarantees; and our contractual obligations.
These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, risks from operating globally including in emerging markets; changes in currency exchange rates, controls and restrictions; continued volatility of commodity and other input costs; weakness in economic conditions; weakness in consumer spending; pricing actions; tax matters including changes in tax rates and laws, disagreements with taxing authorities and imposition of new taxes; use of information technology and third party service providers; unanticipated disruptions to our business, such as the malware incident, cyberattacks or other security breaches; competition; protection of our reputation and brand image; our ability to innovate and differentiate our products; the restructuring program and our other transformation initiatives not yielding the anticipated benefits; changes in the assumptions on which the restructuring program is based; management of our workforce; consolidation of retail customers and competition with retailer and other economy brands; changes in our relationships with suppliers or customers; legal, regulatory, tax or benefit law changes, claims or actions; the impact of climate change on our supply chain and operations; strategic transactions; significant changes in valuation factors that may adversely affect our impairment testing of goodwill and intangible assets; perceived or actual product quality issues or product recalls; failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting; volatility of and access to capital or other markets; pension costs; the expected discontinuance of London Interbank Offered Rates and transition to any other interest rate benchmark; and our ability to protect our intellectual property and intangible assets. We disclaim and do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement in this report except as required by applicable law or regulation.
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PART I
Item 1. Business.
General
We are one of the world’s largest snack companies with global net revenues of $25.9 billion and net earnings of $3.9 billion in 2019. We make and sell primarily snacks, including biscuits (cookies, crackers and salted snacks), chocolate, gum & candy, as well as various cheese & grocery and powdered beverage products. We have operations in approximately 80 countries and sell our products in over 150 countries around the world. Our portfolio includes iconic snack brands such as Cadbury, Milka and Toblerone chocolate; Oreo, belVita and LU biscuits; Halls candy; Trident gum and Tang powdered beverages.
We are proud members of the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, Standard and Poor’s 500 and Nasdaq 100. Our Common Stock trades on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “MDLZ.” Mondelēz International has been incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia since 2000.
Strategy
We aim to be the global leader in snacking by focusing on growth, execution and culture. In 2019, we began to operate under a new strategic plan that builds on our strong foundations, including our unique portfolio of iconic global and local brands, our attractive global footprint, our market leadership in developed and emerging markets, our deep innovation, marketing and distribution capabilities, and our margin expansion in recent years that allows us to make ongoing investments in our product portfolio.
Our plan to drive long-term growth includes three strategic priorities: accelerating consumer-centric growth, driving operational excellence and creating a winning growth culture.
• | Accelerate consumer-centric growth. As demands on consumers’ time increase and consumer eating habits evolve, we aim to meet consumers' snacking needs by providing the right snack, for the right moment, made the right way. We have developed innovative approaches to identify and address how consumers snack across different emotional and functional needs and occasions that we believe will allow us to meet their needs and identify new innovation and renovation opportunities. We plan to test, learn and scale new product offerings quickly to meet diverse and evolving local and global snacking demand. We believe our understanding of consumers’ behavior will continue to lead to our meeting more of their needs and the growing demand for snacks. |
• | Drive operational excellence. Our operational excellence and continuous improvement plans include a special focus on the consumer-facing areas of our business and optimizing our sales, marketing and customer service efforts. To drive productivity gains and cost improvements across our business, we also plan to continue leveraging our global shared services platform, driving greater efficiencies in our supply chain and continuing to utilize Zero-Based Budgeting across our operations. We expect the improvements and efficiencies we drive will fuel our growth and continue to expand profit dollars. At the same time, we are continuing our efforts to sustainably source key ingredients, reduce our end-to-end environmental impact and innovate our processes and packaging to reduce waste and promote recycling. |
• | Build a winning growth culture. To support the acceleration of our growth, we are becoming more agile, digital and local-consumer focused. We are giving our local teams more autonomy to drive commercial and innovation plans as they are closer to the needs and desires of consumers. We will continue to leverage the efficiency and scale of our regional operating units while empowering our local commercial operations to respond faster to changing consumer preferences and capitalize on growth opportunities. Our digital transformation program will also help to enable consumer demand and sales opportunities. We believe these operating and cultural shifts will help drive profitable top-line growth. |
We run our business with a long-term perspective, and we believe the successful delivery of our strategic plan will drive top- and bottom-line growth and enable us to create long-term value for our shareholders.
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Operating Segments
Our operations and management structure are organized into four operating segments:
• | Latin America |
• | Asia, Middle East and Africa (“AMEA”) |
• | Europe |
• | North America |
We manage our operations by region to leverage regional operating scale, manage different and changing business environments more effectively and pursue growth opportunities as they arise across our key markets. Our regional management teams have responsibility for the business, product categories and financial results in the regions.
We use segment operating income to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. We believe it is appropriate to disclose this measure to help investors analyze segment performance and trends. For a definition and reconciliation of segment operating income to consolidated pre-tax earnings as well as other information on our segments, see Note 18, Segment Reporting.
Our segment net revenues for each of the last three years were:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Net revenues: | |||||||||||
Latin America | $ | 3,018 | $ | 3,202 | $ | 3,566 | |||||
AMEA | 5,770 | 5,729 | 5,739 | ||||||||
Europe | 9,972 | 10,122 | 9,794 | ||||||||
North America | 7,108 | 6,885 | 6,797 | ||||||||
$ | 25,868 | $ | 25,938 | $ | 25,896 | ||||||
Our segment operating income for each of the last three years was:
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||
(in millions, except percentages) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Segment operating income: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Latin America | $ | 341 | 8.1 | % | $ | 410 | 11.1 | % | $ | 564 | 14.7 | % | ||||||||
AMEA | 691 | 16.4 | % | 702 | 19.0 | % | 514 | 13.4 | % | |||||||||||
Europe | 1,732 | 41.1 | % | 1,734 | 46.9 | % | 1,610 | 42.0 | % | |||||||||||
North America | 1,451 | 34.4 | % | 849 | 23.0 | % | 1,144 | 29.9 | % | |||||||||||
$ | 4,215 | 100.0 | % | $ | 3,695 | 100.0 | % | $ | 3,832 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||
Please see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for items affecting the comparability of results and a review of our operating results.
Our brands span five product categories:
• | Biscuits (including cookies, crackers and salted snacks) |
• | Chocolate |
• | Gum & candy |
• | Beverages |
• | Cheese & grocery |
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During 2019, our segments contributed to our net revenues in the following product categories:
Percentage of 2019 Net Revenues by Product Category | ||||||||||||||||||
Segment | Biscuits | Chocolate | Gum & Candy | Beverages | Cheese & Grocery | Total | ||||||||||||
Latin America | 2.7 | % | 2.7 | % | 3.2 | % | 1.7 | % | 1.3 | % | 11.6 | % | ||||||
AMEA | 7.1 | % | 8.0 | % | 3.3 | % | 2.1 | % | 1.7 | % | 22.2 | % | ||||||
Europe | 11.6 | % | 19.8 | % | 2.7 | % | 0.4 | % | 4.1 | % | 38.6 | % | ||||||
North America | 22.8 | % | 1.0 | % | 3.8 | % | — | % | — | % | 27.6 | % | ||||||
44.2 | % | 31.5 | % | 13.0 | % | 4.2 | % | 7.1 | % | 100.0 | % | |||||||
Within our product categories, classes of products that contributed 10% or more to consolidated net revenues were:
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
Biscuits - Cookies, crackers and other | 37 | % | 36 | % | 36 | % | ||
Chocolate - Tablets, bars and other | 32 | % | 32 | % | 31 | % | ||
Divestitures and Acquisitions
For information on divestitures and acquisitions that impacted our results, please refer to Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions.
Customers
No single customer accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues from continuing operations in 2019. Our five largest customers accounted for 17.0% and our ten largest customers accounted for 23.2% of net revenues from continuing operations in 2019.
Seasonality
Demand for our products is generally balanced over the second and third quarters of the year and increases in the first and fourth quarters primarily because of holidays and other seasonal events. Depending on when Easter falls, Easter holiday sales may shift between the first and second quarter. We build inventory based on expected demand and typically fill customer orders within a few days of receipt so the backlog of unfilled orders is not material. Funding for working capital items, including inventory and receivables, is normally sourced from operating cash flows and short-term commercial paper borrowings. For additional information on our liquidity, working capital management, cash flow and financing activities, see Liquidity and Capital Resources, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, appearing later in this 10-K filing.
Competition
We face competition in all aspects of our business. Competitors include large multinational as well as numerous local and regional companies. Some competitors have different profit objectives and investment time horizons than we do and therefore approach pricing and promotional decisions differently. We compete based on product quality, brand recognition and loyalty, service, product innovation, taste, convenience, nutritional value, the ability to identify and satisfy consumer preferences, effectiveness of digital and other sales and marketing, routes to market and distribution networks, promotional activity and price. Improving our market position or introducing a new product requires substantial research, development, advertising and promotional expenditures. We believe these investments lead to better products for the consumer and support our growth and market position.
Distribution and Marketing
We generally sell our products to supermarket chains, wholesalers, supercenters, club stores, mass merchandisers, distributors, convenience stores, gasoline stations, drug stores, value stores and other retail food outlets. We distribute our products through direct store delivery, company-owned and satellite warehouses, distribution centers and other facilities. We use the services of independent sales offices and agents in some of our international locations.
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Through our global e-commerce organization and capabilities, we pursue online growth with partners in key markets around the world, including both pure e-tailers and brick-and-mortar retailers. We continue to invest in both talent and digital capabilities. Our e-commerce channel strategies will play a critical role in our ambition to be the best snacking company in the world.
We conduct marketing efforts through three principal sets of activities: (i) consumer marketing and advertising including on-air, print, outdoor, digital and social media and other product promotions; (ii) consumer sales incentives such as coupons and rebates; and (iii) trade promotions to support price features, displays and other merchandising of our products by our customers.
Raw Materials and Packaging
We purchase and use large quantities of commodities, including cocoa, dairy, wheat, palm and other vegetable oils, sugar and other sweeteners, flavoring agents and nuts. In addition, we purchase and use significant quantities of packaging materials to package our products and natural gas, fuels and electricity for our factories and warehouses. We monitor worldwide supply, commodity cost and currency trends so we can sustainably and cost-effectively secure ingredients, packaging and fuel required for production.
A number of external factors such as changing weather patterns and conditions, commodity market conditions, currency fluctuations and the effects of governmental agricultural or other programs affect the cost and availability of raw materials and agricultural materials used in our products. We address higher commodity costs and currency impacts primarily through hedging, higher pricing and manufacturing and overhead cost control. We use hedging techniques to limit the impact of fluctuations in the cost of our principal raw materials; however, we may not be able to fully hedge against commodity cost changes, and our hedging strategies may not protect us from increases in specific raw material costs.
Due to factors noted above, the costs of our principal raw materials fluctuate. At this time, we believe there will continue to be an adequate supply of the raw materials we use and that they will generally remain available from numerous sources. However, we continue to monitor the long-term impacts of climate change and related factors that could affect the availability or cost of raw materials, packaging and energy. For additional information on our commodity costs, refer to the Commodity Trends section within Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. For information on our ongoing sustainability efforts and programs, refer to Sustainability and Well-Being below.
Intellectual Property
Our intellectual property rights (including trademarks, patents, copyrights, registered designs, proprietary trade secrets, technology and know-how) are material to our business.
We own numerous trademarks and patents in many countries around the world. Depending on the country, trademarks remain valid for as long as they are in use or their registration status is maintained. Trademark registrations generally are for renewable, fixed terms. We also have patents for a number of current and potential products. Our patents cover inventions ranging from packaging techniques to processes relating to specific products and to the products themselves. Our issued patents extend for varying periods according to the date of patent application filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained. The actual protection afforded by a patent, which can vary from country to country, depends upon the type of patent, the scope of its coverage as determined by the patent office or courts in the country, and the availability of legal remedies in the country. While our patent portfolio is material to our business, the loss of one patent or a group of related patents would not have a material adverse effect on our business.
From time to time, we grant third parties licenses to use one or more of our trademarks, patents and/or proprietary trade secrets in connection with the manufacture, sale or distribution of third party products. Similarly, we sell some products under brands, patents and/or proprietary trade secrets we license from third parties. In our agreement with Kraft Foods Group, Inc. (which is now part of The Kraft Heinz Company), we each granted the other party various licenses to use certain of our and their respective intellectual property rights in named jurisdictions following the spin-off of our North American grocery business.
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Research and Development
We pursue four objectives in research and development: food safety and quality, growth through new products, superior consumer satisfaction and reduced production costs. Our innovation efforts focus on anticipating consumer demands and adapting quickly to changing market trends. Well-being and sustainability are a significant focus of our current research and development initiatives. These initiatives aim to accelerate our growth and margins by addressing consumer needs and market trends and leveraging scalable innovation platforms, sustainability programs and initiatives as well as breakthrough technologies. In 2019, we completed a $65 million plan to build out and modernize our network of global research and development facilities. We modernized our technical center facilities at Suzhou, China; Jurong, Singapore and Thane, India in 2018. In 2019, we also completed the modernization of technical centers in Curitiba, Brazil and Mexico City, Mexico. In addition, we have invested in the Pasuruan Cocoa Technology Centre in Indonesia, which is scheduled to fully open in 2020. We are focusing our technical resources at twelve key locations to drive growth and innovation. Our network of technical centers enable greater effectiveness, improved efficiency and accelerated project delivery. These locations are in Curitiba, Brazil; Suzhou, China; Thane, India; Pasuruan, Indonesia; Mexico City, Mexico; East Hanover, New Jersey; Wroclaw, Poland; Jurong, Singapore; Bournville, United Kingdom; Reading, United Kingdom; Saclay, France and Munich, Germany.
At December 31, 2019, within our global research, development & quality services area, we had approximately 2,400 scientists, engineers and other personnel, of which 1,900 are primarily focused on research and development and the remainder are primarily focused on quality assurance and regulatory affairs. Our research and development expense was $351 million in 2019, $362 million in 2018 and $366 million in 2017.
Regulation
Our food products and ingredients are subject to local, national and multinational regulations related to labeling, health and nutrition claims, packaging, pricing, marketing and advertising, data privacy and related areas. In addition, various jurisdictions regulate our operations by licensing and inspecting our manufacturing plants and facilities, enforcing standards for select food products, grading food products, and regulating trade practices related to the sale and pricing of our food products. Many of the food commodities we use in our operations are subject to government agricultural policy and intervention. These policies have substantial effects on prices and supplies and are subject to periodic governmental and administrative review. In addition, increased attention to environmental issues in industry supply chains has led to developing different types of regulation in many countries. The lack of a harmonized approach can lead to uneven scrutiny or enforcement, which can impact our operations.
Examples of laws and regulations that affect our business include selective food taxes, labeling requirements such as front-of-pack labeling and nutrient profiling, media and marketing restrictions such as restrictions on advertising products with specified nutrition profiles on certain channels or platforms or during certain hours of the day, potential withdrawal of trade concessions as dispute settlement retaliation, sanctions on sales or sourcing of raw materials, and extended producer responsibility fees and packaging taxes. We will continue to monitor developments in laws and regulations. At this time, we do not expect the cost of complying with existing laws and regulations will be material. Also refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting, for additional information on government regulations and currency-related impacts on our operations in the United Kingdom, Argentina and other countries.
Environmental Regulation
Throughout the countries in which we do business, we are subject to local, national and multinational environmental laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. We have programs across our business units designed to meet applicable environmental compliance requirements. In the United States, the laws and regulations include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. We track regulatory developments in various jurisdictions relating to the use of plastic in packaging materials and taxes linked to the costs of waste so that we can comply with evolving requirements. We believe that our compliance with existing environmental laws and regulations will not have a material effect on our financial results.
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Sustainability and Well-Being
Our 2025 sustainable snacking strategy provides a clear roadmap, which we believe puts us at the forefront of sustainable ingredient sourcing and continuing to contribute to addressing climate change by reducing emissions. We are focused on making our snacks with less energy, water and waste, with ingredients consumers know and trust. We have specific goals to which we hold ourselves accountable, and we are continuing to make progress in our efforts to deliver meaningful change.
We are proud of the progress we achieved to date and excited about where we are going. By living our purpose to empower people to snack right, we believe we can continue to have a positive impact on the lives of our consumers and the world around us. We have been focused on sustainability for many years and we continue to enhance and evolve our sustainability goals and reporting. We will issue our 2019 Snacking Made Right report, which will include our progress toward our sustainability goals, later this year.
Our 2025 sustainability and mindful snacking goals include:
• | Minimizing food waste, end-to-end CO2 emissions and priority water usage by 2025 |
• | Making all packaging recyclable by 2025 to further reduce our environmental footprint |
• | Scaling our Cocoa Life sustainability program even further so that by 2025, Cocoa Life will produce 100% of the cocoa volume we require for our chocolate brands |
• | Growing portion control products to 20 percent of snacks net revenue by 2025 |
• | Including portion amounts and mindful snacking information on all packages globally by 2025 |
Our 2025 sustainability goals are designed to make a meaningful impact on how we address climate change and are based on an end-to-end, science-based approach to reducing our carbon footprint, including reducing our absolute CO2 emissions from manufacturing and addressing deforestation in key raw material supply chains. We are also working to cut our absolute water footprint in manufacturing, focusing on priority sites where water is most scarce. We continue to work on reducing waste in manufacturing and packaging.
In ingredient sourcing, we continue to leverage our global operating scale to secure sustainable raw materials and work with suppliers to drive meaningful social and environmental changes, focusing where we can make the greatest impact. For example, we launched our Cocoa Life program in 2012 and are investing up to $400 million through 2022 to build a sustainable cocoa supply. We are also improving sustainability in our wheat supply by working with farmers in North America and through our Harmony program in Europe.
We are focused on consumer well-being. Our mindful snacking strategy aligns with our purpose to empower people to snack right. Continuing to evolve our portfolio so that we are offering a broad range of high-quality snacks to meet consumers' expanding needs is central to our strategy of accelerating our growth. At the same time, we are working to empower and encourage consumers to snack mindfully with portion control offerings and labeling. Expanding our portion control options – snacks that are 200 calories or less and are individually wrapped – enables people to enjoy the treats they love, become more mindful about what they eat and manage their daily calorie intake.
The Governance, Membership and Public Affairs Committee of our Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing our sustainable snacking and mindful snacking strategies. Our goals are part of our strategic planning process, and therefore, progress and key activities are regularly reported to the Board of Directors and the business leadership teams. Climate change, CO2 emissions, energy, well-being and other sustainability matters are key focus areas in our strategy.
We have a robust Enterprise Risk Management ("ERM") process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and managing risks, with oversight by the Risk and Compliance Committee ("MRCC"), which reports annually to the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. The purpose of the MRCC is to oversee how we identify and assess the most significant inherent risks to our business so we may adequately mitigate them or monitor them across the Company. All identified risks are vetted by the MRCC and remain under the MRCC’s governance. Ownership of specific risks is assigned at the Mondelēz Leadership Team ("MLT") level (MLT members report directly to the CEO). As owners of each specific risk, MLT members are responsible for verifying that appropriate mitigation controls and monitoring systems are in place. The risk universe considered during this process is wide and varied. Climate change is included in this risk universe as well as other sustainability and well-being issues.
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Our ERM methodology is governed by the MRCC and includes annual reviews with our four operating regions, considering Company-level risks by using information gathered at the asset level (regions, countries, individual facilities and separate business units). The following key risk drivers for climate change, sustainability and well-being risks are captured in the ERM framework: a sustainability mindset within the organization and suppliers, governance and monitoring of the sustainability agenda, monitoring climate change impact, assessing reputation and brand image, the well-being portfolio and marketing strategy, changes in regulations and changes in consumer preferences.
In addition, we work with internal and external experts to review the impact of major societal issues on our business and to shape our strategic responses to them. Materials and processes that guide our assessment include our ERM process; analysis of stakeholder and regulatory issues; our total greenhouse gas, land and water footprint; proprietary consumer insight data; and publicly available data on societal issues, including statistics and reports from authorities, non-governmental organizations and peer companies.
We have been recognized for our ongoing economic, environmental and social contributions. Each year since we created Mondelēz International in 2012 we have been listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (“DJSI”) – World and North American Indices. The DJSI selects the top 10% of global companies and top 20% of North American companies based on an extensive review of financial and sustainability programs within each industry. We are at the 95th percentile of our industry and achieved perfect scores in the areas of health & nutrition and addressing water-related risks.
We also participate in CDP Climate and Water disclosures and continue to work to reduce our carbon and water footprints. We are committed to continue this and other related work in the areas of sustainable resources and agriculture, well-being snacks, community partnerships and safety of our products and people.
Employees
In our consolidated subsidiaries worldwide, we employed approximately 80,000 people at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Employees represented by labor unions or workers’ councils represent approximately 63% of our 68,000 employees outside the United States and approximately 27% of our 12,000 U.S. employees. Our business units are subject to various local, national and multinational laws and regulations relating to their relationships with their employees. In accordance with European Union requirements, we also have established a European Workers Council composed of management and elected members of our workforce. We or our subsidiaries are a party to numerous collective bargaining agreements and we work to renegotiate these collective bargaining agreements on satisfactory terms when they expire.
International Operations
Based on where we sell our products, we generated 74.4% of our 2019 net revenues, 75.3% of our 2018 net revenues and 75.8% of our 2017 net revenues from continuing operations outside the United States. We sell our products to consumers in over 150 countries. At December 31, 2019, we had operations in approximately 80 countries and made our products at approximately 126 manufacturing and processing facilities in 44 countries. Refer to Note 18, Segment Reporting, for additional information on our U.S. and non-U.S. operations. Refer to Item 2, Properties, for more information on our manufacturing and other facilities. Also, for a discussion of risks related to our operations outside the United States, see Item 1A, Risk Factors.
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Information about our Executive Officers
The following are our executive officers as of February 7, 2020:
Name | Age | Title | ||
Dirk Van de Put | 59 | Chief Executive Officer | ||
Luca Zaramella | 50 | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | ||
Paulette Alviti | 49 | Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer | ||
Maurizio Brusadelli | 51 | Executive Vice President and President, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa | ||
Vinzenz P. Gruber | 54 | Executive Vice President and President, Europe | ||
Robin S. Hargrove | 54 | Executive Vice President, Research, Development and Quality | ||
Sandra MacQuillan | 53 | Executive Vice President and Chief Supply Chain Officer | ||
Gerhard W. Pleuhs | 63 | Executive Vice President, Corporate & Legal Affairs and General Counsel | ||
Gustavo C. Valle | 55 | Executive Vice President and President, Latin America | ||
Henry Glendon (Glen) Walter IV | 51 | Executive Vice President and President, North America | ||
Mr. Van de Put became Chief Executive Officer and a director in November 2017 and became Chairman of the Board of Directors in April 2018. He formerly served as President and Chief Executive Officer of McCain Foods Limited, a multinational frozen food provider, from July 2011 to November 2017 and as its Chief Operating Officer from May 2010 to July 2011. Mr. Van de Put served as President and Chief Executive Officer, Global Over-the-Counter, Consumer Health Division of Novartis AG, a global healthcare company, from 2009 to 2010. Prior to that, he worked for 24 years in a variety of leadership positions for several global food and beverage providers, including Danone SA, The Coca-Cola Company and Mars, Incorporated.
Mr. Zaramella became Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in August 2018. He previously served as Senior Vice President Corporate Finance, CFO Commercial and Treasurer from June 2016 to July 2018. He also served as Interim Lead Finance North America from April to November 2017. Prior to that, he served as Senior Vice President and Corporate Controller from December 2014 to August 2016 and Senior Vice President, Finance of Mondelēz Europe from October 2011 to November 2014. Mr. Zaramella joined Mondelēz International in 1996.
Ms. Alviti became Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer (now Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer) in June 2018. Before joining Mondelēz International, Ms. Alviti served as Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer of Foot Locker, Inc., a leading global retailer of athletically inspired shoes and apparel, from June 2013 to May 2018. Prior to that, Ms. Alviti spent 17 years at PepsiCo, Inc., a global snack and beverage company, in various leadership roles, including Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer Asia, Middle East, Africa from March 2010 to May 2013.
Mr. Brusadelli became Executive Vice President and President, Asia Pacific in January 2016 and Executive Vice President and President, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa in October 2016. He previously served as President Biscuits Business, South East Asia, Japan and Sales Asia Pacific from September 2015 to December 2015, President Markets and Sales Asia Pacific from September 2014 to September 2015 and President United Kingdom, Ireland and Nordics from September 2012 to August 2014. Prior to that, Mr. Brusadelli held various positions of increasing responsibility. Mr. Brusadelli joined Mondelēz International in 1993.
Mr. Gruber became Executive Vice President and President, Europe on January 1, 2019. He previously served as President, Western Europe from October 2016 to December 2018 and President, Chocolate, Europe from August 2011 to September 2016. Mr. Gruber was formerly employed by Mondelēz International, in various capacities, from 1989 until 2000 and resumed his employment in September 2007.
Mr. Hargrove became Executive Vice President, Research, Development, Quality and Innovation in April 2015 and as of January 2019 serves as Executive Vice President, Research, Development and Quality. Prior to that, he served as Senior Vice President, Research, Development & Quality for Mondelēz Europe from January 2013 to March 2015. Before joining Mondelēz International, Mr. Hargrove worked at PepsiCo, Inc., a global snack and
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beverage company, for 19 years in a variety of leadership positions, most recently as Senior Vice President, Research and Development, Europe from December 2006 to December 2012.
Ms. MacQuillan became Executive Vice President, Integrated Supply Chain (now Executive Vice President and Chief Supply Chain Officer) in June 2019. Before joining Mondelēz International, Ms. MacQuillan served as Chief Supply Chain Officer and Senior Vice President, Supply Chain, at Kimberly-Clark Corporation, a global manufacturer of personal care consumer products, from April 2015 to June 2019. Prior to that, Ms. MacQuillan spent more than 20 years at Mars, Incorporated, a global manufacturer of confectionery, pet food and other food products, in various leadership roles, including Global Vice President, Supply for Mars Global Petcare.
Mr. Pleuhs became Executive Vice President and General Counsel in April 2012 and as of May 2019 serves as Executive Vice President, Corporate & Legal Affairs and General Counsel. In this role, Mr. Pleuhs oversees the legal, compliance, security, corporate and governance affairs functions within Mondelēz International. He has served in various positions of increasing responsibility since joining Mondelēz International in 1990. Mr. Pleuhs has a law degree from the University of Kiel, Germany and is licensed to practice law in Germany and admitted as house counsel in Illinois.
Mr. Valle became Executive Vice President and President, Latin America in February 2020. Before joining Mondelēz International, Mr. Valle served as Chief Executive Officer of Axia Plus, LLC, a management consulting firm, from February 2018 to January 2020. Prior to that he spent more than 20 years at Groupe Danone SA, a multinational provider of packaged water, dairy and baby food products, in a variety of leadership positions, most recently as Executive Vice President, Dairy Division Worldwide, from January 2015 to January 2018, and Vice President Dairy Division Europe, from January 2014 until December 2014.
Mr. Walter became Executive Vice President and President, North America in November 2017. Before joining Mondelēz International, Mr. Walter worked at The Coca-Cola Company, a global beverage company, in a variety of leadership positions, most recently as Chief Executive Officer of Coca-Cola Industries China from February 2014 to October 2017 and President and Chief Operating Officer of Cola-Cola Refreshments in North America from January 2013 to February 2014.
Ethics and Governance
We adopted the Mondelēz International Code of Conduct, which qualifies as a code of ethics under Item 406 of Regulation S-K. The code applies to all of our employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, and persons performing similar functions. Our code of ethics is available free of charge on our web site at www.mondelezinternational.com/investors/corporate-governance and will be provided free of charge to any shareholder submitting a written request to: Corporate Secretary, Mondelēz International, Inc., Three Parkway North, Deerfield, IL 60015. We will disclose any waiver we grant to an executive officer or director under our code of ethics, or certain amendments to the code of ethics, on our web site at www.mondelezinternational.com/investors/corporate-governance.
In addition, we adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines, charters for each of the Board’s four standing committees and the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Non-Employee Directors. All of these materials are available on our web site at www.mondelezinternational.com/investors/corporate-governance and will be provided free of charge to any shareholder requesting a copy by writing to: Corporate Secretary, Mondelēz International, Inc., Three Parkway North, Deerfield, IL 60015.
Available Information
Our Internet address is www.mondelezinternational.com. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are available free of charge as soon as possible after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). You can access our filings with the SEC by visiting ir.mondelezinternational.com/sec-filings. The information on our web site is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors.
You should carefully read the following discussion of significant factors, events and uncertainties when evaluating our business and the forward-looking information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The events and consequences discussed in these risk factors could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, liquidity and financial condition. While we believe we have identified and discussed below the key risk factors affecting our business, these risk factors do not identify all the risks we face, and there may be additional risks and uncertainties that we do not presently know or that we do not currently believe to be significant that may have a material adverse effect on our business, performance or financial condition in the future.
We operate in a highly competitive industry and we face risks related to the execution of our strategy and our timely response to pricing and other competitive pressures.
The food and snacking industry is highly competitive. Our principal competitors include food, snack and beverage companies that operate in multiple geographic areas and numerous local and regional companies. Failure to effectively respond to challenges from our competitors could adversely affect our business.
Competitor and customer pressures require that we timely and effectively respond to new distribution channels and technological developments and may require that we reduce our prices. These pressures also affect our ability to increase prices in response to commodity and other cost increases. Failure to effectively and timely assess new or developing trends, technological advancements or changes in distribution methods and set proper pricing or effective trade incentives will negatively impact our operating results, achievement of our strategic and financial goals and our ability to capitalize on new revenue or value-producing opportunities. The rapid evolution of new distribution channels, in particular in e-commerce, may disrupt our current operations or strategies more quickly than we planned for, create consumer price deflation, alter the buying behavior of consumers or disrupt our retail customer relationships. We may need to increase or reallocate spending on existing and new distribution channels and technologies, marketing, advertising and new product innovation to protect or increase revenues, market share and brand significance. These expenditures may not be successful, including those related to our e-commerce and other technology-focused efforts, and might not result in trade and consumer acceptance of our efforts, which could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations. These new distribution channels as well as growing opportunities to utilize external manufacturers allow smaller competitors to more effectively gain market share. Additionally, if we reduce prices but cannot increase sales volumes, or our labor or other costs increase but we cannot increase prices to offset those changes, our financial condition and results of operations will suffer.
During 2019, we operated under our new strategy, which focuses on accelerating consumer-centric and volume-driven growth, operational excellence driven by cost discipline and continuous operational improvement including in areas like sales execution, and building a winning growth culture with a “local first” commercial approach. Failure to achieve these objectives or effectively operate under our strategy in a way that minimizes disruptions to our business could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Promoting and protecting our reputation and brand image and health is essential to our business success.
Our success depends on our ability to maintain and enhance our brands, expand to new geographies and new distribution platforms, including e-commerce, and evolve our portfolio with new product offerings that meet consumer expectations.
We seek to strengthen our brands through investments in our product quality, product renovation, innovation and marketing investments, including consumer-relevant advertising, digital transformation and consumer promotions. Failure to effectively address the continuing global focus on consumer-centric well-being, including changing consumer acceptance of certain ingredients, nutritional expectations of our products, and the sustainability of our ingredients, our supply chain and our packaging could adversely affect our brands. Increased attention from the media, governments, shareholders and other stakeholders in these areas as well as on the role of food marketing could adversely affect our brand image. Undue caution or inaction on our part in addressing these challenges and trends could weaken our competitive position. Such pressures could also lead to stricter regulations, industry self-regulation that is unevenly adopted among companies, and increased focus on food and snacking marketing practices. Increased legal or regulatory restrictions on our labeling, advertising and consumer promotions, or our response to those restrictions, could limit our efforts to maintain, extend and expand our brands. Moreover, adverse publicity, regulatory developments or legal action against us, our employees or our licensees related to product quality and safety, where and how we manufacture our products, environmental risks, human and workplace rights
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across our supply chain, or antitrust, anti-bribery and anti-corruption compliance could damage our reputation and brand health. Such actions could undermine our customers’ and shareholders’ confidence and reduce demand for our products, even if the regulatory or legal action is unfounded or these matters are immaterial to our operations. Our product sponsorship relationships, including those with celebrity spokespersons, influencers or group affiliations, could also subject us to negative publicity.
In addition, our success in maintaining and enhancing our brand image depends on our ability to anticipate change and adapt to a rapidly changing marketing and media environment, including our increasing reliance on established and emerging social media and online platforms, digital and mobile dissemination of marketing and advertising campaigns, targeted marketing and the increasing accessibility and speed of dissemination of information. A variety of legal and regulatory restrictions limit how and to whom we market our products. These restrictions may limit our brand renovation, innovation, marketing and promotion plans, particularly as social media and the communications environment continue to evolve. Negative posts or comments about Mondelēz International, our brands or our employees on social media or web sites (whether factual or not) or security breaches related to use of our social media accounts and failure to respond effectively to these posts, comments or activities could damage our reputation and brand image across the various regions in which we operate. Our brands may be associated with or appear alongside harmful content before these platforms or our own social media monitoring can detect this risk to our brand health. In addition, we might fail to invest sufficiently in maintaining, extending and expanding our brands, our marketing efforts might not achieve desired results and we might be required to recognize impairment charges on our brands or related intangible assets or goodwill. Furthermore, third parties may sell counterfeit or imitation versions of our products that are inferior or pose safety risks. When consumers confuse these counterfeit products for our products or have a bad experience with the counterfeit brand, they might refrain from purchasing our brands in the future, which could harm our brand image and sales. Failure to successfully maintain and enhance our reputation and brand health could materially and adversely affect our company and product brands as well as our product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
We must correctly predict, identify and interpret changes in consumer preferences and demand and offer new and improved products that meet those changes.
Consumer preferences for food and snacking products change continually. Our success depends on our ability to predict, identify and interpret the tastes, dietary habits, packaging, sales channel and other preferences of consumers around the world and to offer products that appeal to these preferences in the places and ways consumers want to shop. There may be further shifts in the relative size of shopping channels in addition to the increasing role of e-commerce for consumers. Our success relies upon managing this complexity to promote and bring our products to consumers effectively. Moreover, weak economic conditions, recession, equity market volatility or other factors, such as severe or unusual weather events, can affect consumer preferences and demand. Failure to offer products that appeal to consumers or to correctly judge consumer demand for our products will impact our ability to meet our growth targets, and our sales and market share could decrease and our profitability could suffer.
We must distinguish between short-term fads and trends and long-term changes in consumer preferences. When we do not accurately predict which shifts in consumer preferences or category trends will be long-term or fail to introduce new and improved products to satisfy changing preferences, our sales can be adversely affected. In addition, because of our varied and geographically diverse consumer base, we must be responsive to local consumer needs, including with respect to when and how consumers snack and their desire for premium or value offerings, provide an array of products that satisfy the broad spectrum of consumer preferences and use data-driven marketing and advertising to reach consumers at the right time with the right message. Failure to expand our product offerings successfully across product categories, rapidly develop products in faster growing and more profitable categories or reach consumers in efficient and effective ways leveraging data and analytics could cause demand for our products to decrease and our profitability to suffer.
Prolonged negative perceptions concerning the health, environmental and social implications of certain food products, ingredients, packaging materials, sourcing or production methods could influence consumer preferences and acceptance of some of our products and marketing programs. For example, consumers have increasingly focused on well-being, including reducing sodium and added sugar consumption, as well as the source and authenticity of the foods they consume. Continuing to expand our well-being offerings and refining the ingredient and nutrition profiles of existing products is important to our growth, as is maintaining focus on ethical sourcing and supply chain management opportunities to address evolving consumer preferences. In addition, consumer preferences differ by region, and we must monitor and adjust our use of ingredients to respond to these regional preferences. We might be unsuccessful in our efforts to effectively respond to changing consumer preferences and
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social expectations. Continued negative perceptions and failure to satisfy consumer preferences could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brands, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to risks from operating globally.
We are a global company and generated 74.4% of our 2019 net revenues, 75.3% of our 2018 net revenues and 75.8% of our 2017 net revenues outside the United States. We manufacture and market our products in over 150 countries and have operations in approximately 80 countries. Therefore, we are subject to risks inherent in global operations. Those risks include:
• | compliance with U.S. laws affecting operations outside of the United States, including anti-bribery laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”); |
• | the imposition of increased or new tariffs, sanctions, quotas, trade barriers, price floors or similar restrictions on our sales or key commodities like cocoa, potential changes in U.S. trade programs and trade relations with other countries, or regulations, taxes or policies that might negatively affect our sales or profitability; |
• | compliance with antitrust and competition laws, trade laws, data privacy laws, anti-bribery laws, human rights laws and a variety of other local, national and multinational regulations and laws in multiple regimes; |
• | currency devaluations or fluctuations in currency values, including in developing markets such as Argentina, Brazil, China, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa and Pakistan as well as in developed markets such as the United Kingdom and other countries within the European Union. This includes events like applying highly inflationary accounting as we did for our Argentinean subsidiaries beginning in July 2018; |
• | changes in capital controls, including currency exchange controls, government currency policies or other limits on our ability to import raw materials or finished product into various countries or repatriate cash from outside the United States; |
• | increased sovereign risk, such as default by or deterioration in the economies and credit ratings of governments, particularly in our Latin America and AMEA regions; |
• | changes in local regulations and laws, the uncertainty of enforcement of remedies in non-U.S. jurisdictions, and foreign ownership restrictions and the potential for nationalization or expropriation of property or other resources; |
• | varying abilities to enforce intellectual property and contractual rights; |
• | discriminatory or conflicting fiscal policies; |
• | greater risk of uncollectible accounts and longer collection cycles; and |
• | design, implementation and use of effective control environment processes across our diverse operations and employee base. |
In addition, political and economic changes or volatility, geopolitical regional conflicts, terrorist activity, political unrest, civil strife, acts of war, government shutdowns, travel or immigration restrictions, public health risks or pandemics, public corruption, expropriation and other economic or political uncertainties, including inaccuracies in our assumptions about these factors, could interrupt and negatively affect our business operations or customer demand. High unemployment or the slowdown in economic growth in some markets could constrain consumer spending. Declining consumer purchasing power could result in loss of market share and adversely impact our profitability. Continued instability in the banking and governmental sectors of certain countries or the dynamics and uncertainties associated with the United Kingdom’s planned exit from the European Union (“Brexit”) could have a negative effect on our business. (See below and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Financial Outlook for more information on Brexit.)
All of these factors could result in increased costs or decreased revenues and could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, results of operations, and our relationships with customers, suppliers and employees in the short or long term.
We face risks related to tax matters, including changes in tax laws and rates, disagreements with taxing authorities and imposition of new taxes.
In December 2017, the United States enacted tax reform legislation (“U.S. tax reform”). The legislation implements many new U.S. domestic and international tax provisions. While additional guidance has been issued by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and the U.S. Treasury Department during 2018 and 2019, there are still some areas that need to be clarified. Also, a number of U.S. states have not updated their laws to take into account the new federal legislation. As a result, there may be further impact of the new laws on our future results of operations and financial condition. Changes in U.S. tax law, including further interpretations of the 2017 U.S. tax reform, could have a material adverse effect on us.
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In addition, tax legislation enacted by foreign jurisdictions could significantly affect our ongoing operations. For example, during the third quarter of 2019, Swiss Federal and Zurich Cantonal events took place that resulted in enacted tax law changes under U.S. GAAP (“Swiss tax reform”). The new legislation is intended to replace certain preferential tax regimes with a new set of internationally accepted measures. We will continue to monitor Swiss tax reform for any additional interpretative guidance that could result in changes to the amounts we have recorded. Further, foreign tax authorities could impose rate changes along with additional corporate tax provisions that would disallow or tax perceived base erosion or profit shifting payments or subject us to new types of taxes such as digital taxes. Aspects of U.S. tax reform may lead foreign jurisdictions to respond by enacting additional tax legislation that is unfavorable to us.
Adverse changes in the underlying profitability or financial outlook of our operations in several jurisdictions could lead to changes in the realizability of our deferred tax assets and result in a charge to our income tax provision. Additionally, changes in tax laws in the U.S. or in other countries where we have significant operations could materially affect deferred tax assets and liabilities and our income tax provision.
We are also subject to tax audits by governmental authorities. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, if a taxing authority disagrees with the positions we have taken, we could face additional tax liabilities, including interest and penalties. Unexpected results from one or more such tax audits could significantly adversely affect our income tax provision and our results of operations.
Our operations in certain emerging markets expose us to political, economic and regulatory risks.
Our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to expand our operations in emerging markets, including among others Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Russia, Argentina, the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia and Ukraine. However, some emerging markets have greater political, economic and currency volatility and greater vulnerability to infrastructure and labor disruptions than more established markets. In many countries, particularly those with emerging economies, engaging in business practices prohibited by laws and regulations with extraterritorial reach, such as the FCPA and the U.K. Bribery Act, or local anti-bribery laws may be more common. These laws generally prohibit companies and their employees, contractors or agents from making improper payments to government officials, including in connection with obtaining permits or engaging in other actions necessary to do business. Failure to comply with these laws could subject us to civil and criminal penalties that could materially and adversely affect our reputation, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, competition in emerging markets is increasing as our competitors grow their global operations and low-cost local manufacturers improve and expand their production capacities. Our success in emerging markets is critical to achieving our growth strategy. Failure to successfully increase our business in emerging markets and manage associated political, economic and regulatory risks could adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
Our use of information technology and third-party service providers exposes us to cybersecurity breaches and other business disruptions.
We use information technology and third-party service providers to support our global business processes and activities, including supporting critical business operations such as manufacturing and distribution; communicating with our suppliers, customers and employees; maintaining effective accounting processes and financial and disclosure controls; executing mergers and acquisitions and other corporate transactions; conducting research and development activities; meeting regulatory, legal and tax requirements; and executing various digital marketing and consumer promotion activities. Global shared service centers managed by third parties provide an increasing amount of services important to conducting our business, including a number of accounting, internal control, human resources and computing functions.
Continuity of business applications and services has been, and may in the future be, disrupted by events such as infection by viruses or malware, including the June 2017 malware incident that affected a significant portion of our global sales, distribution and financial networks (the “malware incident”) (see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Developments and Significant Items Affecting Comparability – Malware Incident and – Financial Outlook – Cybersecurity Risks); other cybersecurity attacks; issues with or errors in systems’ maintenance or security; power outages; hardware or software failures; denial of service attacks; telecommunication failures; natural disasters; terrorist attacks; and other catastrophic occurrences. Our use of new and emerging technologies such as cloud-based services and mobile applications continues to
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evolve, presenting new and additional risks in managing access to our data, relying on third-parties to manage and safeguard data, ensuring access to our systems and availability of third-party systems.
Cybersecurity breaches of our or third-party systems, whether from circumvention of security systems, denial-of-service attacks or other cyberattacks such as hacking, phishing attacks, computer viruses, ransomware or malware, employee or insider error, malfeasance, social engineering, physical breaches or other actions may cause confidential information belonging to us or our employees, customers, consumers, partners, suppliers, or governmental or regulatory authorities to be misused or breached. When risks such as these materialize, the need for us to coordinate with various third-party service providers and for third-party service providers to coordinate amongst themselves might increase challenges and costs to resolve related issues. Additionally, new initiatives, such as those related to e-commerce and direct sales, that increase the amount of confidential information that we process and maintain increase our potential exposure from a cybersecurity breach. If our controls, disaster recovery and business continuity plans or those of our third-party providers do not effectively respond to or resolve the issues related to any such disruptions in a timely manner, our product sales, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we might experience delays in reporting our financial results, loss of intellectual property and damage to our reputation or brands.
We continue to devote focused resources to network security, backup and disaster recovery, enhanced training and other security measures to protect our systems and data, such as advanced email protection to reduce the likelihood of credential thefts and electronic fraud attempts. We also focus on enhancing the monitoring and detection of threats in our environment, including but not limited to the manufacturing environment and operational technologies, as well as adjusting information security controls based on the updated threat. However, security measures cannot provide absolute security or guarantee that we will be successful in preventing or responding to every breach or disruption on a timely basis. Due to the constantly evolving and complex nature of security threats, we cannot predict the form and impact of any future incident, and the cost and operational expense of implementing, maintaining and enhancing protective measures to guard against increasingly complex and sophisticated cyber threats could increase significantly.
We regularly transfer data across national borders to conduct our operations, and we are subject to a variety of continuously evolving and developing laws and regulations in numerous jurisdictions regarding privacy, data protection and data security, including those related to the collection, storage, handling, use, disclosure, transfer and security of personal data. Privacy and data protection laws may be interpreted and applied differently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and may create inconsistent or conflicting requirements. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which has greatly increased the jurisdictional reach of European Union law and became effective in May 2018, adds a broad array of requirements for handling personal data including the public disclosure of significant data breaches, and imposes substantial penalties for non-compliance of up to 4% of global annual revenue for the preceding financial year. The California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which became effective on January 1, 2020, imposes new responsibilities on us for the handling, disclosure and deletion of personal information for consumers who reside in California. The CCPA permits California to assess potentially significant fines for violating CCPA and creates a right for individuals to bring class action suits seeking damages for violations. Our efforts to comply with GDPR, CCPA and other privacy and data protection laws may impose significant costs and challenges that are likely to increase over time, and we could incur substantial penalties or be subject to litigation related to violation of existing or future data privacy laws and regulations.
We are subject to risks from unanticipated business disruptions.
We manufacture and source products and materials on a global scale. We utilize an integrated supply chain - a complex network of suppliers and material needs, owned and leased manufacturing locations, co-manufacturing locations, distribution networks, shared service delivery centers and information systems that support our ability to provide our products to our customers consistently. Factors that are hard to predict or beyond our control, like weather (including any potential effects of climate change), natural disasters, water availability, supply and commodity shortages, terrorism, political unrest, cybersecurity breaches, generalized labor unrest, government shutdowns or health pandemics could damage or disrupt our operations or those of our suppliers, their suppliers, or our co-manufacturers or distributors. Failure to effectively plan for and respond to disruptions in our operations, for example, by not finding alternative suppliers or replacing capacity at key or sole manufacturing or distribution locations or by not quickly repairing damage to our information, production or supply systems, can cause delays in delivering or the inability to deliver products to our customers as we experienced in connection with the malware incident (see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Developments and Significant Items Affecting Comparability – Malware Incident and – Financial Outlook – Cybersecurity Risks), and the quality and safety of our products might be negatively affected. The occurrence of a
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material or extended disruption may cause us to lose our customers’ or business partners’ confidence or suffer damage to our reputation, and long-term consumer demand for our products could decline. In addition, we are subject to risk related to our own execution. This includes risk of disruption caused by operational error including fire, explosion or accidental contamination as well as our inability to achieve our strategic objectives due to capability or technology deficiencies related to our ongoing reconfiguration of our supply chain to drive efficiencies and fuel growth. Further, our ability to supply multiple markets with a streamlined manufacturing footprint may be negatively impacted by portfolio complexity, significant changes in trade policies, changes in volume produced and changes to regulatory restrictions or labor-related or other constraints on our ability to adjust production capacity in the markets in which we operate. These events could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations.
At December 31, 2019, we sold our products in over 150 countries and had operations in approximately 80 countries. Consequently, a significant portion of our business is exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuations. Our financial results and capital ratios are sensitive to movements in currency exchange rates because a large portion of our assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses must be translated into U.S. dollars for reporting purposes or converted into U.S. dollars to service obligations such as our U.S. dollar-denominated indebtedness and to pay dividends to our shareholders. In addition, movements in currency exchange rates affect transaction costs because we source product ingredients from various countries. Our efforts to mitigate our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations, primarily on cross-currency transactions, may not be successful. We hedge a number of risks including exposures to foreign exchange rate movements and volatility of interest rates that could impact our future borrowing costs. Hedging of these risks could potentially subject us to counter-party credit risk. In addition, local economies, monetary policies and currency hedging availability affect our ability to hedge against currency-related economic losses. We might not be able to successfully mitigate our exposure to currency risks due to factors such as continued global and local market volatility, actions by foreign governments, political uncertainty, inflation and limited hedging opportunities. Accordingly, changes in the currency exchange rates that we use to translate our results into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes or for transactions involving multiple currencies could materially and adversely affect future demand for our products, our financial condition and results of operations, and our relationships with customers, suppliers and employees in the short or long-term.
Commodity and other input prices are volatile and may increase or decrease significantly or availability of commodities may become constrained.
We purchase and use large quantities of commodities, including cocoa, dairy, wheat, palm and other vegetable oils, sugar and other sweeteners, flavoring agents and nuts. In addition, we purchase and use significant quantities of product packaging materials, natural gas, fuel and electricity for our factories and warehouses, and we also incur expenses in connection with the transportation and delivery of our products. Costs of raw materials, other supplies and services and energy are volatile and fluctuate due to conditions that are difficult to predict. These conditions include global competition for resources, currency fluctuations, geopolitical conditions or conflicts, tariffs or other trade barriers, government intervention to introduce living income premiums or similar requirements such as those announced in 2019 in two cocoa-growing countries, severe weather, the potential longer-term consequences of climate change on agricultural productivity, crop disease or pests, water risk, health pandemics, forest fires, consumer or industrial demand, and changes in governmental trade policy and regulations, alternative energy and agricultural programs. Increased government intervention and consumer or activist responses caused by increased focus on climate change, deforestation, water, plastic waste, animal welfare and human rights concerns and other risks associated with the global food system could adversely affect our or our suppliers’ reputation and business and our ability to procure the materials we need to operate our business. Some commodities are grown by smallholder farmers who might not be able to invest to increase productivity or adapt to changing conditions. Although we monitor our exposure to commodity prices and hedge against input price increases, we cannot fully hedge against changes in commodity costs, and our hedging strategies may not protect us from increases in specific raw material costs. Continued volatility in the prices of commodities and other supplies we purchase or changes in the types of commodities we purchase as we continue to evolve our product and packaging portfolio could increase or decrease the costs of our products, and our profitability could suffer as a result. Moreover, increases in the price of our products, including increases to cover higher input, packaging and transportation costs, may result in lower sales volumes, while decreases in input costs could require us to lower our prices and thereby affect our revenues, profits or margins. Likewise, constraints in the supply or availability of key commodities, including necessary services such as transportation, may limit our ability to grow our net revenues and earnings. If our mitigation activities are not effective, if we are unable to price to cover increased costs or must reduce our
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prices, or if we are limited by supply or distribution constraints, our financial condition and results of operations can be materially adversely affected.
We face risks related to complying with changes in and inconsistencies among laws and regulations in many countries in which we operate.
Our activities around the world are highly regulated and subject to government oversight. Various laws and regulations govern food production, packaging and waste management, storage, distribution, sales, advertising, labeling and marketing, as well as intellectual property, competition, antitrust, trade, labor, tax and environmental matters, privacy, data protection, and health and safety practices. Government authorities regularly change laws and regulations as well as their interpretations of existing laws and regulations. Our failure to comply with existing laws and regulations, or to make changes necessary to comply with new or revised laws and regulations or evolving interpretations and application of existing laws and regulations, could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations. For instance, our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected by the regulatory and economic impact of changes in taxation and trade relations among the United States and other countries, including a new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement when ratified, developments in U.S. trade relations with China or changes with or in the European Union such as Brexit.
We continue to monitor Brexit and its potential impacts on our results of operations and financial condition. In 2019, we generated 8.6% of our net revenues in the United Kingdom, and our supply chain in this market relies on imports of raw and packaging materials as well as finished goods. Volatility in foreign currencies and other markets is expected to continue as the United Kingdom executes its exit from the European Union. If the U.K.'s membership in the European Union terminates without trade and other cross-border operating agreements, there could be increased costs from re-imposition of tariffs on trade between the United Kingdom and other countries, including those in the European Union, shipping delays because of the need for customs inspections and procedures and shortages of certain goods. The United Kingdom will also need to negotiate its own tax and trade treaties with countries all over the world, which could take years to complete. If the ultimate terms of the U.K.’s separation from the European Union negatively impact the U.K. economy or result in disruptions to sales or our supply chain, the imposition of tariffs or currency devaluation in the United Kingdom, the impact to our consolidated revenue, earnings and cash flow could be material. (See Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Financial Outlook – Brexit for more information.)
We may be unable to hire or retain and develop key personnel or a highly skilled and diverse global workforce or manage changes in our workforce.
We must hire, retain and develop effective leaders and a highly skilled and diverse global workforce. We compete to hire new personnel with a variety of capabilities in the many countries in which we manufacture and market our products and then to develop and retain their skills and competencies. Unplanned or increased turnover of employees with key capabilities, failure to attract and develop personnel with key emerging capabilities such as e-commerce and digital marketing skills, or failure to develop adequate succession plans for leadership positions or to hire and retain a workforce with the skills and in the locations we need to operate and grow our business could deplete our institutional knowledge base and erode our competitiveness. Changes in our operating model and business processes, including building a winning growth culture, implementing our “local first” commercial approach, utilizing our global shared services capability and reconfiguring our supply chain, could lead to operational challenges and changes in the skills we require to achieve our business goals. Failure to achieve a more diverse workforce and leadership team, compensate our employees competitively and fairly or maintain a safe and inclusive environment could affect our reputation and also result in lower performance and an inability to retain valuable employees.
We might be unable to manage appropriately changes in, or that affect, our workforce or satisfy the legal requirements associated with how we manage and compensate our employees. This includes our management of employees represented by labor unions or workers’ councils, who represent approximately 63% of our 68,000 employees outside the United States and approximately 27% of our 12,000 U.S. employees. Strikes, work stoppages or other forms of labor unrest by our employees or those of our suppliers or distributors, or situations like the renegotiation of collective bargaining agreements that expired in February 2016 and that cover eight U.S. facilities, could cause disruptions to our supply chain, manufacturing or distribution processes. Changes in immigration laws and policies, including in connection with Brexit, could also make it more difficult for us to recruit or relocate skilled employees.
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These risks could materially and adversely affect our reputation, ability to meet the needs of our customers, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
Our retail customers are consolidating, and we must leverage our value proposition in order to compete against retailer and other economy brands.
Retail customers, such as supermarkets, discounters, e-commerce merchants, warehouse clubs and food distributors in the European Union, the United States and other major markets, continue to consolidate, form buying alliances or be acquired by new entrants in the food retail market, resulting in fewer, larger customers. Large retail customers and customer alliances can delist our products or reduce the shelf space allotted to our products and demand lower pricing, increased promotional programs or longer payment terms. Retail customers might also adopt these tactics in their dealings with us in response to the significant growth in online retailing for consumer products, which is outpacing the growth of traditional retail channels. The emergence of alternative online retail channels, such as direct to consumer and e-business to business, may adversely affect our relationships with our large retail and wholesale customers.
In addition, larger retail customers have the scale to develop supply chains that permit them to operate with reduced inventories or to develop and market their own retailer and other economy brands that compete with some of our products. Our products must provide higher quality or value to our consumers than the less expensive alternatives, particularly during periods of economic uncertainty. Consumers may not buy our products when they perceive little difference between the quality or value of our products and those of retailer or other economy brands. When consumers prefer or otherwise choose to purchase the retailer or other economy brands, we can lose market share or sales volumes, or we may need to shift our product mix to lower margin offerings.
Retail consolidation also increases the risk that adverse changes in our customers’ business operations or financial performance will have a corresponding material adverse effect on us. For example, if our customers cannot access sufficient funds or financing, then they may delay, decrease or cancel purchases of our products, or delay or fail to pay us for previous purchases.
Failure to effectively respond to retail consolidation, increasing retail power and competition from retailer and other economy brands could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brands, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to changes in our relationships with significant customers, suppliers and distributors.
During 2019, our five largest customers accounted for 17.0% of our net revenues. There can be no assurance that our customers will continue to purchase our products in the same mix or quantities or on the same terms as in the past, particularly as increasingly powerful retailers continue to demand lower pricing and develop their own brands. The loss of or disruptions related to significant customers could result in a material reduction in sales or change in the mix of products we sell to a significant customer. This could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
Disputes with significant suppliers or distributors, including disputes related to pricing or performance, could adversely affect our ability to supply or deliver products to our customers or operate our business and could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the financial condition of our significant customers, suppliers and distributors are affected by events that are largely beyond our control. Deterioration in the financial condition of significant customers, suppliers or distributors could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
We may decide or be required to recall products or be subjected to product liability claims.
We could decide, or laws or regulations could require us, to recall products due to suspected or confirmed deliberate or unintentional product contamination, including contamination of ingredients we use in our products that third parties supply, spoilage or other adulteration, product mislabeling or product tampering. In addition, if another company recalls or experiences negative publicity related to a product in a category in which we compete, consumers might reduce their overall consumption of products in this category. Any of these events could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brands, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
We may also suffer losses when our products or operations or those of our suppliers violate applicable laws or regulations, or when our or our suppliers’ products cause injury, illness or death. In addition, our marketing could
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face claims of false or deceptive advertising or other criticism. A significant product liability or other legal judgment against us, a related regulatory enforcement action, a widespread product recall or attempts to manipulate us based on threats related to the safety of our products could materially and adversely affect our reputation and profitability. Moreover, even if a product liability, consumer fraud or other claim is unsuccessful, has no merit or is not pursued, the negative publicity surrounding assertions against our products or processes could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brands, product sales, product inventory, financial condition and results of operations.
We face risks related to legal or tax claims or other regulatory enforcement actions.
We are a large snack food company operating in highly regulated environments and constantly evolving legal, tax and regulatory frameworks around the world. Consequently, we are subject to greater risk of litigation, legal or tax claims or other regulatory enforcement actions. We have implemented policies and procedures designed to promote compliance with existing laws and regulations; however, there can be no assurance that we maintain effective control environment processes, including in connection with our global shared services capability. Actions by our employees, contractors or agents in violation of our policies and procedures could lead to violations, unintentional or otherwise, of laws and regulations. When litigation, legal or tax claims or regulatory enforcement actions arise out of our failure or alleged failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or controls, we could be subject to civil and criminal penalties that could materially and adversely affect our reputation, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
Climate change might adversely impact our supply chain or our operations.
Scientific evidence collected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change demonstrates that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have caused and will in the future cause changes in weather patterns around the globe. These changes are expected to increase the frequency of extreme weather events and natural disasters and affect water availability and quality. These impacts increase risks for the global food production and distribution system. Decreased agricultural productivity caused by climate change might limit the availability of the commodities we purchase and use. These include cocoa, which is a critical raw material for our chocolate and biscuit portfolios that is particularly sensitive to changes in climate, as well as other raw materials such as wheat, vegetable oils, sugar, nuts and dairy. Localized weather events such as floods, severe storms or water shortages that are partially caused or exacerbated by climate change might disrupt our business operations or those of our suppliers, their suppliers, or our co-manufacturers or distributors.
Concern about climate change might result in new legal and regulatory requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of climate change. These changes could increase our operating costs for things like energy through taxes or regulations. Concern about climate change might cause consumer preferences to switch away from products or ingredients considered to have high climate change impact. Furthermore, we might fail to effectively address increased attention from the media, shareholders, activists and other stakeholders on climate change and related environmental sustainability matters, including deforestation, land use, water use and packaging, including plastic. Finally, the fact that consumers are exposed to rising temperatures could affect demand for our products, such as decreased demand we have experienced for chocolate during periods when temperatures are warmer.
Taken together these risks could materially and adversely affect our ability to meet the needs of our customers, reputation, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
We may not successfully identify, complete or manage strategic transactions.
We regularly evaluate a variety of potential strategic transactions, including acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures, equity method investments and other strategic alliances that could further our strategic business objectives. We may not successfully identify, complete or manage the risks presented by these strategic transactions. Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to identify suitable transactions; negotiate favorable contractual terms; comply with applicable regulations and receive necessary consents, clearances and approvals (including regulatory and antitrust clearances and approvals); integrate or separate businesses; realize the full extent of the benefits, cost savings or synergies presented by strategic transactions; effectively implement control environment processes with employees joining us as a result of a transaction; minimize adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers; achieve accurate estimates of fair value; minimize potential loss of customers or key employees; and minimize indemnities and potential disputes with buyers, sellers and strategic partners. In addition, execution or oversight of strategic transactions may result in the diversion of management attention from our existing business and may present financial, managerial and operational risks.
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With respect to acquisitions and joint ventures in particular, we are also exposed to potential risks based on our ability to conform standards, controls, policies and procedures, and business cultures; consolidate and streamline operations and infrastructures; identify and eliminate, as appropriate, redundant and underperforming operations and assets; manage inefficiencies associated with the integration of operations; and coordinate timely and ongoing compliance with antitrust and competition laws in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions. Joint ventures and similar strategic alliances pose additional risks, as we share ownership in both public and private companies and in some cases management responsibilities with one or more other parties whose objectives for the alliance may diverge from ours over time, who may not have the same priorities, strategies or resources as we do, or whose interpretation of applicable policies may differ from our own. Strategic alliances we have entered into include our investments in Jacobs Douwe Egberts and Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. Transactions or ventures into which we enter might not meet our financial and non-financial control and compliance expectations or yield the anticipated benefits. Depending on the nature of the business ventures, including whether they operate globally, these ventures could also be subject to many of the same risks we are, including political, economic, regulatory and compliance risks, currency exchange rate fluctuations, and volatility of commodity and other input prices. Either partner might fail to recognize an alliance relationship that could expose the business to higher risk or make the venture not as productive as expected.
Furthermore, we may not be able to complete, on terms favorable to us, desired or proposed divestitures of businesses that do not meet our strategic objectives or our growth or profitability targets. Our divestiture activities, or related activities such as reorganizations, restructuring programs and transformation initiatives, may require us to recognize impairment charges or to take action to reduce costs that remain after we complete a divestiture. Gains or losses on the sales of, or lost operating income from, those businesses may also affect our profitability.
Any of these risks could materially and adversely affect our business, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
We could fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting.
The accuracy of our financial reporting depends on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements and may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations. These limitations include, among others, the possibility of human error, inadequacy or circumvention of controls and fraud. If we do not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or design and implement controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of our financial statements, including in connection with controls executed for us by third parties, we might fail to timely detect any misappropriation of corporate assets or inappropriate allocation or use of funds and could be unable to file accurate financial reports on a timely basis. As a result, our reputation, results of operations and stock price could be materially adversely affected.
Weak financial performance, downgrades in our credit ratings, illiquid global capital markets and volatile global economic conditions could limit our access to the global capital markets, reduce our liquidity and increase our borrowing costs.
We access the long-term and short-term global capital markets to obtain financing. Our financial performance, our short-and long-term debt credit ratings, interest rates, the stability of financial institutions with which we partner, the liquidity of the overall global capital markets and the state of the global economy, including the food industry, could affect our access to, and the availability or cost of, financing on acceptable terms and conditions and our ability to pay dividends in the future. There can be no assurance that we will have access to the global capital markets on terms we find acceptable.
We regularly access the commercial paper markets in the United States and Europe for ongoing funding requirements. A downgrade in our credit ratings by a credit rating agency could increase our borrowing costs and adversely affect our ability to issue commercial paper. Disruptions in the global commercial paper market or other effects of volatile economic conditions on the global credit markets also could reduce the amount of commercial paper that we could issue and raise our borrowing costs for both short- and long-term debt offerings.
Limitations on our ability to access the global capital markets, a reduction in our liquidity or an increase in our borrowing costs could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
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Volatility in the equity markets, interest rates, our participation in multiemployer pension plans and other factors could increase our costs relating to our employees’ pensions.
We sponsor defined benefit pension plans for a number of our employees throughout the world and also contribute to other employees’ pensions under defined benefit plans that we do not sponsor. At the end of 2019, the projected benefit obligation of the defined benefit pension plans we sponsor was $12.2 billion and plan assets were $11.5 billion.
For defined benefit pension plans that we maintain, the difference between plan obligations and assets, or the funded status of the plans, significantly affects the net periodic benefit costs of our pension plans and the ongoing funding requirements of those plans. Our largest funded defined benefit pension plans are funded with trust assets invested in a globally diversified portfolio of investments, including equities and corporate and government debt. Among other factors, changes in interest rates, mortality rates, early retirement rates, investment returns, funding requirements in the jurisdictions in which the plans operate and the market value of plan assets affect the level of plan funding, cause volatility in the net periodic pension cost and impact our future funding requirements. Legislative and other governmental regulatory actions may also increase funding requirements for our pension plans’ benefits obligation. Volatility in the global capital markets may increase the risk that we will be required to make additional cash contributions to these company-sponsored pension plans and recognize further increases in our net periodic pension cost.
We also participate in multiemployer pension plans for certain U.S. union-represented employees. As a participating employer under multiemployer pension plans, we may owe more than the contributions we are required to make under the applicable collective bargaining agreements. For example, if we partially or completely withdraw from a multiemployer pension plan, we may be required to pay a partial or complete withdrawal liability. This withdrawal liability will generally increase if there is also a mass withdrawal of other participating employers or if the plan terminates. In 2018, we executed a complete withdrawal from the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund (the "Fund") and recorded a $429 million estimated withdrawal liability. On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Fund totaling $526 million requiring pro-rata monthly payments over 20 years and we recorded a $35 million final adjustment to reduce our withdrawal liability as of June 30, 2019. We began making monthly payments during the third quarter of 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the remaining discounted withdrawal liability was $391 million, with $14 million recorded in other current liabilities and $377 million recorded in long-term other liabilities. See Note 11, Benefit Plans, to the consolidated financial statements for more information on our multiemployer pension plans.
A significant increase in our pension benefit obligations or funding requirements could curtail our ability to invest in the business and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We face risks related to adequately protecting our valuable intellectual property rights.
We consider our intellectual property rights, particularly and most notably our trademarks, but also our patents, trade secrets, copyrights and licensing agreements, to be a significant and valuable part of our business. We attempt to protect our intellectual property rights by taking advantage of a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws in various countries, as well as licensing agreements, third-party nondisclosure and assignment agreements and policing of third-party misuses and infringement of our intellectual property. Our failure to obtain or adequately protect our intellectual property rights, or any change in law or other changes that serve to lessen or remove the current legal protections of our intellectual property, may diminish our competitiveness and could materially harm our business and financial condition.
We may be unaware of potential third-party claims of intellectual property infringement relating to our technology, brands or products. Any litigation regarding patents or other intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and could divert management’s and other key personnel’s attention from our business operations. Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement might require us to pay monetary damages or enter into costly license agreements. We also may be subject to injunctions against development and sale of certain of our products, which could include removal of existing products from sale. Any of these occurrences could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brand health, ability to introduce new products or improve the quality of existing products, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.
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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2. Properties.
On December 31, 2019, we had approximately 126 manufacturing and processing facilities in 44 countries and 110 distribution centers and depots worldwide that we owned or leased. During 2019, the number of manufacturing facilities decreased by 6 mainly due to divestitures and the number of distribution facilities decreased by 13 primarily due to the expiration of lease agreements and consolidation of facilities. In addition to our owned or leased properties, we also utilize a highly distributed network of warehouses and distribution centers that are owned or leased by third party logistics partners, contract manufacturers, co-packers or other strategic partners. We believe we have or will add sufficient capacity to meet our planned operating needs. It is our practice to maintain all of our plants and other facilities in good condition.
As of December 31, 2019 | |||||
Number of Manufacturing Facilities | Number of Distribution Facilities | ||||
Latin America (1) | 13 | 13 | |||
AMEA | 43 | 21 | |||
Europe | 55 | 23 | |||
North America | 15 | 53 | |||
Total | 126 | 110 | |||
Owned | 118 | 13 | |||
Leased | 8 | 97 | |||
Total | 126 | 110 | |||
(1) | Excludes our deconsolidated Venezuela operations. Refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for more information. |
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
Information regarding legal proceedings is available in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements in this report.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
We have listed our Common Stock on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “MDLZ.” At January 31, 2020, there were 44,764 holders of record of our Common Stock.
Comparison of Five-Year Cumulative Total Return
The following graph compares the cumulative total return on our Common Stock with the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Index and the Mondelēz International performance peer group index. The graph assumes, in each case, that an initial investment of $100 is made at the beginning of the five-year period. The cumulative total return reflects market prices at the end of each year and the reinvestment of dividends each year.
As of December 31, | Mondelēz International | S&P 500 | Performance Peer Group | |||||||||
2014 | $ | 100.00 | $ | 100.00 | $ | 100.00 | ||||||
2015 | 125.39 | 101.38 | 102.59 | |||||||||
2016 | 126.10 | 113.51 | 102.96 | |||||||||
2017 | 124.11 | 138.29 | 120.31 | |||||||||
2018 | 118.82 | 132.23 | 113.19 | |||||||||
2019 | 166.85 | 173.86 | 143.50 | |||||||||
The Mondelēz International performance peer group consists of the following companies considered our market competitors or that have been selected on the basis of industry, global focus or industry leadership: Campbell Soup Company, The Coca-Cola Company, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Danone S.A., General Mills, Inc., The Hershey Company, Kellogg Company, The Kraft Heinz Company, Nestlé S.A., PepsiCo, Inc., The Procter & Gamble Company and Unilever PLC. The Kraft Heinz Company performance history is included for 2016 through 2019 only as the company was formed in 2015.
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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our stock repurchase activity for each of the three months in the quarter ended December 31, 2019 was:
Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) | Average Price Paid per Share (1) | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2) | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2) | ||||||||||
October 1-31, 2019 | 1,295,595 | $ | 53.76 | 1,281,313 | $ | 3,433 | ||||||||
November 1-30, 2019 | 2,946,093 | 52.18 | 2,831,683 | 3,286 | ||||||||||
December 1-31, 2019 | 2,472,223 | 54.42 | 2,467,098 | 3,151 | ||||||||||
For the Quarter Ended December 31, 2019 | 6,713,911 | 53.31 | 6,580,094 | |||||||||||
(1) | The total number of shares purchased (and the average price paid per share) reflects: (i) shares purchased pursuant to the repurchase program described in (2) below; and (ii) shares tendered to us by employees who used shares to exercise options and to pay the related taxes for grants of deferred stock units that vested, totaling 14,282 shares, 114,410 shares and 5,125 shares for the fiscal months of October, November and December 2019, respectively. |
(2) | Dollar values stated in millions. Our Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of $19.7 billion of our Common Stock through December 31, 2020. Specifically, on March 12, 2013, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to the lesser of 40 million shares or $1.2 billion of our Common Stock through March 12, 2016. On August 6, 2013, our Audit Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, increased the repurchase program capacity to $6.0 billion of Common Stock repurchases and extended the expiration date to December 31, 2016. On December 3, 2013, our Board of Directors approved an increase of $1.7 billion to the program related to a new accelerated share repurchase program, which concluded in May 2014. On July 29, 2015, our Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, approved a $6.0 billion increase that raised the repurchase program capacity to $13.7 billion and extended the program through December 31, 2018. On January 31, 2018, our Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, approved an increase of $6.0 billion in the share repurchase program, raising the authorization to $19.7 billion of Common Stock repurchases, and extended the program through December 31, 2020. See related information in Note 13, Capital Stock. |
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Item 6. Selected Financial Data
Mondelēz International, Inc.
Selected Financial Data – Five Year Review (1)
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||
(in millions, except per share and employee data) | |||||||||||||||||||
Continuing Operations (2) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 25,868 | $ | 25,938 | $ | 25,896 | $ | 25,923 | $ | 29,636 | |||||||||
Earnings from continuing operations, net of taxes | 3,885 | 3,395 | 2,842 | 1,645 | 7,291 | ||||||||||||||
Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International | 3,870 | 3,381 | 2,828 | 1,635 | 7,267 | ||||||||||||||
Per share, basic | 2.68 | 2.30 | 1.87 | 1.05 | 4.49 | ||||||||||||||
Per share, diluted | 2.65 | 2.28 | 1.85 | 1.04 | 4.44 | ||||||||||||||
Cash Flow and Financial Position (3) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | 3,965 | 3,948 | 2,593 | 2,838 | 3,728 | ||||||||||||||
Capital expenditures | 925 | 1,095 | 1,014 | 1,224 | 1,514 | ||||||||||||||
Property, plant and equipment, net | 8,733 | 8,482 | 8,677 | 8,229 | 8,362 | ||||||||||||||
Total assets | 64,549 | 62,729 | 62,957 | 61,506 | 62,843 | ||||||||||||||
Long-term debt | 14,207 | 12,532 | 12,972 | 13,217 | 14,557 | ||||||||||||||
Total Mondelēz International shareholders’ equity | $ | 27,275 | $ | 25,637 | $ | 25,994 | $ | 25,141 | $ | 28,012 | |||||||||
Shares outstanding at year end (4) | 1,435 | 1,451 | 1,488 | 1,528 | 1,580 | ||||||||||||||
Per Share and Other Data | |||||||||||||||||||
Book value per shares outstanding | $ | 19.01 | $ | 17.67 | $ | 17.47 | $ | 16.45 | $ | 17.73 | |||||||||
Dividends declared per share (5) | $ | 1.09 | $ | 0.96 | $ | 0.82 | $ | 0.72 | $ | 0.64 | |||||||||
Common Stock closing price at year end | $ | 55.08 | $ | 40.03 | $ | 42.80 | $ | 44.33 | $ | 44.84 | |||||||||
Number of employees | 80,000 | 80,000 | 83,000 | 90,000 | 99,000 | ||||||||||||||
(1) | The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and Annual Reports on Form 10-K for earlier periods. During 2018, we moved to a quarter lag for recording Keurig Green Mountain, Inc. ("Keurig") and Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. ("KDP") results and we recast all prior periods since the inception of our investment in Keurig in 2016 on the same quarter lag basis. Please see Note 7, Equity Method Investments, for more information. During 2018, we adopted the new revenue recognition accounting standard update, and it did not have a material impact on any reported periods. See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for more information. During 2019, we adopted the new lease accounting standard and related updates, and we disclose the impacts to our 2019 financial statements in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. A significant portion of our business is exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuation as a large portion of our assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses must be translated into U.S. dollars for reporting purposes. Refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for a discussion of operating results on a constant currency basis where noted. |
(2) | Significant items impacting the comparability of our results from continuing operations include: the Simplify to Grow Program; the contribution of our global coffee businesses and investment in Jacobs Douwe Egberts ("JDE") and related gain in 2015; gain on equity method investment transactions in 2016-2018; other divestitures and sales of property in 2015-2019; acquisitions in 2015-2016 and 2018-2019; losses on debt extinguishment in 2015-2018; unrealized gains on the coffee business transaction currency hedges in 2015; debt tender offers completed in 2015-2016 and 2018; loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela in 2015; the remeasurement of net monetary assets in Venezuela in 2015 and Argentina in 2018-2019; accounting calendar changes in 2015; impairment charges related to intangible assets in 2015-2019; losses or gains related to interest rate swaps in 2015-2016 and 2018-2019; impacts from the resolution of tax matters in 2017-2018; impacts from pension participation changes in 2018-2019; CEO transition remuneration in 2017-2019; malware incident incremental expenses in 2017; and our provision for income taxes in all years, including the U.S. tax reform discrete net tax benefits or expenses in primarily 2017-2018 and Swiss tax reform net impacts in 2019. Please refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies; Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions; Note 5, Leases; Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets; Note 7, Equity Method Investments; Note 8, Restructuring Program; Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements; Note 10, Financial Instruments; Note 11, Benefit Plans; Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies; Note 16, Income Taxes; |
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and Note 18, Segment Reporting, and our Annual Reports on Form 10-K for earlier periods for additional information regarding items affecting comparability of our results from continuing operations.
(3) | Items impacting comparability primarily relate to the Keurig and JDE coffee business transactions in 2015-2016 and the loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela in 2015. Please also refer to our previously filed Annual Reports on Form 10-K for additional information. |
(4) | Refer to Note 13, Capital Stock, for additional information on our share repurchase program activity. |
(5) | Refer to the Equity and Dividends section within Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for information on our dividends. |
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements. It should be read in conjunction with the other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Forward-Looking Statements and Item 1A, Risk Factors.
Overview of Business and Strategy
We make and sell primarily snacks, including biscuits (cookies, crackers and salted snacks), chocolate, gum & candy, as well as various cheese & grocery and powdered beverage products. We have operations in approximately 80 countries and sell our products in over 150 countries.
We aim to be the global leader in snacking. Our strategy is to drive long-term growth by focusing on three strategic priorities: accelerating consumer-centric growth, driving operational excellence and creating a winning growth culture. We believe the successful implementation of our strategic priorities and the leveraging of our strong foundation of iconic global and local brands, an attractive global footprint, our market leadership in developed and emerging markets, our deep innovation, marketing and distribution capabilities, and our efficiency and sustainability efforts, will drive top- and bottom-line growth, enabling us to continue to create long-term value for our shareholders.
For more detailed information on our business and strategy, refer to Item 1, Business.
Recent Developments and Significant Items Affecting Comparability
Swiss and U.S. Tax Reform
On August 6, 2019, Switzerland published changes to its Federal tax law in the Official Federal Collection of Laws. On September 27, 2019, the Zurich Canton published their decision on the September 1, 2019 Zurich Canton public vote regarding the Cantonal changes associated with the Swiss Federal tax law change. The intent of these tax law changes was to replace certain preferential tax regimes with a new set of internationally accepted measures that are hereafter referred to as “Swiss tax reform”. Based on these Federal / Cantonal events, our position is the enactment of Swiss tax reform for U.S. GAAP purposes was met as of September 30, 2019, and we recorded the impacts in the third quarter 2019. The net impact was a benefit of $767 million, which consisted of a $769 million reduction in deferred tax expense from an allowed step-up of intangible assets for tax purposes and remeasurement of our deferred tax balances, partially offset by a $2 million indirect tax impact in selling, general and administrative expenses. The future rate impacts of these Swiss tax reform law changes are effective starting January 1, 2020. We will continue to monitor Swiss tax reform for any additional interpretative guidance that could result in changes to the amounts we have recorded.
On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted tax reform legislation ("U.S. tax reform") that included a broad range of business tax provisions, including but not limited to a reduction in the U.S. federal tax rate from 35% to 21%, as well as provisions that limit or eliminate various deductions or credits. The legislation causes certain U.S. allocated expenses (e.g. interest and general administrative expenses) to be taxed and imposes a tax on U.S. cross-border payments. Furthermore, the legislation included a one-time transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings and profits. While clarifying guidance was issued by the U.S. Treasury Department and Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") during 2018 and 2019, we continue to evaluate the impacts as additional guidance on implementing the legislation becomes available. The impact of adopting the new provisions was a discrete net tax expense of $5 million in 2019 and $19 million in 2018 and a discrete net tax benefit of $44 million in 2017.
Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on our annual effective tax rates and Swiss and U.S. tax reform.
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Multiemployer Pension Plan Withdrawal
In the United States, we contribute to multiemployer pension plans based on obligations arising from our collective
bargaining agreements. The most individually significant multiemployer plan we participated in prior to the second quarter of 2018 was the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund (the "Fund"). Our obligation to contribute to the Fund arose with respect to 8 collective bargaining agreements covering most of our employees represented by the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco and Grain Millers Union ("BCTGM"). All of those collective bargaining agreements expired in 2016 and we continued to contribute to the Fund through 2018.
In 2018, we executed a complete withdrawal from the Fund and recorded a $429 million estimated withdrawal liability. On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Fund totaling $526 million requiring pro-rata monthly payments over 20 years and we recorded a $35 million final adjustment to reduce our withdrawal liability as of June 30, 2019. We began making monthly payments during the third quarter of 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the remaining discounted withdrawal liability was $391 million, with $14 million recorded in other current liabilities and $377 million recorded in long-term other liabilities.
Adoption of New Lease Accounting Standard
As further described in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, we adopted the new lease accounting standard on January 1, 2019. The impact of adopting the standard included the initial recognition as of January 1, 2019, of $710 million of lease-related assets and $730 million of lease-related liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. The transition method we elected for adoption required a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2019, which was not material. For additional information on leases, refer to Note 5, Leases.
Keurig Dr Pepper Transaction
On July 9, 2018, Keurig Green Mountain, Inc. ("Keurig") closed on its definitive merger agreement with Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., and formed Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. (NYSE: "KDP"), a publicly traded company. Following the close of the transaction, our 24.2% investment in Keurig together with our shareholder loan receivable became a 13.8% investment in KDP. During 2018, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $778 million (or $586 million after-tax). Also, during the first quarter of 2019, we recognized a $23 million pre-tax gain related to the impact of a KDP acquisition that decreased our ownership interest from 13.8% to 13.6%. In connection with the KDP transaction, in the third quarter of 2018, we changed our accounting principle to reflect our share of Keurig's historical and KDP's ongoing earnings on a one-quarter lag basis for all periods presented while we continue to record dividends when cash is received. Refer to Note 7, Equity Method Investments, for additional information on KDP and the transaction.
Malware Incident
On June 27, 2017, a global malware incident impacted our business. The malware affected a significant portion of our global sales, distribution and financial networks. Following the incident, we executed business continuity and contingency plans to contain the impact, minimize damages and restore our systems environment. We also restored our main operating systems and processes and enhanced our system security. To date, we have not found, nor do we expect to find, any instances of Company or personal data released externally.
During 2017, we estimated the malware incident had a negative impact of 0.4% on our net revenue and Organic Net Revenue growth as we recognized the majority of delayed second quarter shipments in our third quarter 2017 results and we also permanently lost some revenue. We incurred total incremental expenses of $84 million predominantly during the second half of 2017 as part of the recovery effort. The recovery from the incident was largely resolved by the end of 2017 and we continued efforts to strengthen our security measures and enhance general information technology, business process and disclosure controls.
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Summary of Results
• | Net revenues were approximately $25.9 billion in both 2019 and 2018, a decrease of 0.3% in 2019 and an increase of 0.2% in 2018. In 2019, net revenues declined due to the impact of unfavorable currency translation and the impact of the divestiture of most of our cheese business in the Middle East and Africa. Net revenues were positively affected by higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix, as well as the acquisitions of a majority interest in Perfect Snacks in 2019 and a U.S. premium biscuit company, Tate's Bake Shop, in 2018. In 2018, net revenues grew due to higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix. Net revenues were also positively affected by the acquisition of Tate's Bake Shop. Net revenue growth was negatively affected by the impact of unfavorable currency translation and the impact of several business divestitures that occurred in 2017 which reduced net revenues in 2018 as compared to the prior year. |
• | Organic Net Revenue increased 4.1% to $26.9 billion in 2019 and increased 2.4% to $26.1 billion in 2018. In both 2019 and 2018, Organic Net Revenue increased as a result of higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix. Organic Net Revenue is on a constant currency basis and excludes revenue from divestitures and acquisitions. We use Organic Net Revenue as it provides improved year-over-year comparability of our underlying operating results (see the definition of Organic Net Revenue and our reconciliation with net revenues within Non-GAAP Financial Measures appearing later in this section). |
• | Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International increased 16.2% to $2.65 in 2019 and increased 23.2% to $2.28 in 2018. Diluted EPS increased in 2019 primarily driven by the benefit from Swiss tax reform, lapping the prior-year impact from pension participation changes, operating gains, lower Simplify to Grow program costs, lapping the prior-year loss on debt extinguishment, fewer shares outstanding, a gain on divestiture, an increase in equity method investment earnings, lower interest expense and a benefit from current-year pension participation changes, partially offset by lapping the prior-year gain on equity method investment transactions, unfavorable currency translation, a loss related to interest rate swaps, the expense from the resolution of tax matters in 2019 and an unfavorable year-over-year change in mark-to-market impacts from currency and commodity derivatives. Diluted EPS increased in 2018 primarily driven by the after-tax gain on the KDP transaction, a favorable year-over-year change in mark-to-market impacts from currency and commodity derivatives, operating gains, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, fewer shares outstanding, lower taxes and increased equity method investment earnings, partially offset by the impact from pension participation changes, lapping the benefit from the resolution of tax matters and lapping a prior-year net gain on divestitures. See our Discussion and Analysis of Historical Results appearing later in this section for further details. |
• | Adjusted EPS increased 2.1% to $2.47 in 2019 and increased 14.2% to $2.42 in 2018. On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EPS increased 8.3% to $2.62 in 2019 and increased 15.6% to $2.45 in 2018. For 2019, operating gains, fewer shares outstanding, increased equity method investment earnings, lower interest expense and lower taxes drove the Adjusted EPS growth. For 2018, operating gains, fewer shares outstanding, lower taxes, increased equity method investment earnings and lower interest expense drove the Adjusted EPS growth. Adjusted EPS and Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis are non-GAAP financial measures. We use these measures as they provide improved year-over-year comparability of our underlying results (see the definition of Adjusted EPS and our reconciliation with diluted EPS within Non-GAAP Financial Measures appearing later in this section). |
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Financial Outlook
We seek to achieve profitable, long-term growth and manage our business to attain this goal using our key operating metrics: Organic Net Revenue, Adjusted Operating Income and Adjusted EPS. We use these non-GAAP financial metrics and related computations, particularly growth in profit dollars, to evaluate and manage our business and to plan and make near-and long-term operating and strategic decisions. As such, we believe these metrics are useful to investors as they provide supplemental information in addition to our U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”) financial results. We believe it is useful to provide investors with the same financial information that we use internally to make comparisons of our historical operating results, identify trends in our underlying operating results and evaluate our business. We believe our non-GAAP financial measures should always be considered in relation to our GAAP results. We have provided reconciliations between our GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures in Non-GAAP Financial Measures, which appears later in this section.
In addition to monitoring our key operating metrics, we monitor a number of developments and trends that could impact our revenue and profitability objectives.
Long-Term Demographics and Consumer Trends – Snack food consumption is highly correlated to GDP growth, urbanization of populations and rising discretionary income levels associated with a growing middle class, particularly in emerging markets. Snacking behavior is on the rise around the world according to the first annual “State of Snacking” report, commissioned by Mondelēz International and issued in November 2019, which summarizes the findings from interviews with thousands of consumers across 12 countries. A majority of adults, and an even higher percentage of Millennial consumers, indicated they prefer to eat small bites throughout the day as opposed to larger meals. The report concludes that consumer needs are evolving in response to busy modern lifestyles, the desire for community connections and a more holistic sense of well-being. Also, the way consumers snack and buy snacks around the world is diverse, with consumers purchasing snacks across evolving retail and digital landscapes. We expect these trends to continue and, in order to position ourselves for long-term growth, we are investing in our well-being and other snack offerings, product and marketing innovation and new routes to market including e-commerce.
Demand – We monitor consumer spending and our market share within the food and beverage categories in which we sell our products. Over the last three years, we have been seeing improvements in regional economic growth, consumer confidence and growth in our categories. However, geopolitical and economic uncertainties from time to time may continue to affect economic growth, consumer confidence and category growth. As part of our new strategic plan, we seek to drive category growth by offering snack innovations, leveraging our local and consumer-focused commercial approach, making investments in our brand and snacks portfolio, building strong routes to market in both emerging and developed markets and improving our position across multiple channels. We believe these actions will help drive demand in our categories and strengthen our positions across markets.
Volatility of Global Markets – Our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to expand our operations, including in emerging markets. Some emerging markets have greater political, economic and currency volatility and greater vulnerability to infrastructure and labor disruptions. Volatility in these markets affects demand for and the costs of our products and requires frequent changes in how we operate our business. See below for a discussion of Brexit as well as Argentina, which was designated a highly inflationary economy in 2018. In addition, the imposition of increased or new tariffs, quotas, trade barriers or similar restrictions on our sales or key commodities and potential changes in U.S. trade programs, trade relations, regulations, taxes or fiscal policies might negatively affect our sales or profitability. To help mitigate adverse effects of ongoing volatility across markets, we aim to protect profitability through the management of costs (including hedging) and pricing as well as targeted investments in our brands and new routes to market.
Coronavirus – We have been monitoring the outbreak of a new coronavirus that originated in China. We believe it could have a negative impact on our results in the short term and we are taking steps to protect our employees, consumers and business.
Competition – We operate in highly competitive markets that include global, regional and local competitors. Our advantaged geographic footprint, operating scale and portfolio of brands have all significantly contributed to building our market-leading positions across most of the product categories in which we sell. To grow and maintain our market positions, we focus on meeting consumer needs and preferences through a local-first commercial focus, new digital and other sales and marketing initiatives, product innovation and high standards of product quality. We
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also continue to optimize our manufacturing and other operations and invest in our brands through ongoing research and development, advertising, marketing and consumer promotions.
Pricing – Our net revenue growth and profitability may be affected as we adjust prices to address new conditions. We adjust our product prices based on a number of variables including demand, the competitive environment and changes in our product input costs. We generally have increased prices in response to higher commodity costs, currency and other market factors. In 2020, we anticipate changing market conditions to continue to impact pricing. Price changes may affect net revenues or market share in the near term as the market adjusts to changes in input costs and other market conditions.
Operating Costs – Our operating costs include raw materials, labor, selling, general and administrative expenses, taxes, currency impacts and financing costs. We manage these costs through cost saving and productivity initiatives, sourcing and hedging programs, pricing actions, refinancing and tax planning. To remain competitive on our operating structure, we continue to work on programs to expand our profitability, such as our Simplify to Grow Program, which is designed to bring about significant reductions in our operating cost structure in both our supply chain and overhead costs.
Multiemployer pension plan – In 2018, we executed a complete withdrawal from the Fund and recorded a $429 million estimated withdrawal liability. On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Fund totaling $526 million and we recorded a $35 million final adjustment to reduce our withdrawal liability at that time. During the third quarter of 2019, we began making monthly pro-rata payments on the 20-year obligation. As of December 31, 2019, the remaining discounted withdrawal liability was $391 million.
Taxes – During the third quarter of 2019, Swiss Federal and Zurich Cantonal tax events drove our recognition of a $767 million Swiss tax reform net benefit to our results of operations. The future tax rate impacts of the Swiss tax reform law changes became effective on January 1, 2020 and are not expected to have a material impact on our overall results of operations. We will continue to monitor Swiss tax reform for any additional interpretative guidance that could result in changes to the amounts we have recorded. In the United States, while the 2017 U.S. tax reform reduced the U.S. corporate tax rate and included some beneficial provisions, other provisions have, and in the future will have, an adverse effect on our results. We continue to evaluate the impacts as additional guidance on implementing the legislation becomes available. While additional guidance has been issued by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department, there are still some areas that may not be clarified for some time. Also, a number of U.S. states have not updated their laws to take into account the new federal legislation. As a result, there may be additional impacts of the new laws on our future results of operations and financial condition. It is possible that U.S. tax reform or related interpretations could change and have an adverse effect on us that could be material.
Currency – As a global company with 74.4% of our net revenues generated outside the United States, we are continually exposed to changes in global economic conditions and currency movements. While we hedge significant forecasted currency exchange transactions as well as currency translation impacts from certain net assets of our non-U.S. operations, including the United Kingdom, we cannot fully predict or eliminate all adverse impacts arising from changes in currency exchange rates on our consolidated financial results. To partially offset currency translation impacts arising from our overseas operations, we enter into net investment hedges primarily in the form of local currency-denominated debt, cross-currency swaps and other financial instruments. While we work to mitigate our exposure to currency risks, factors such as continued global and local market volatility, actions by foreign governments, political uncertainty, limited hedging opportunities and other factors could lead to unfavorable currency impacts in the future and could adversely affect our results of operations or financial position. See additional discussion of Brexit and Argentina below and refer also to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting, and Note 10, Financial Instruments, for additional information on how we manage currency and related risks. As currency movements can make comparison of year-over-year operating performance challenging, we isolate the impact of currency and also report growth on a constant currency basis, holding prior-year currency exchange rates constant, so that prior-year and current-year results can be compared on a consistent basis.
Brexit – On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom began the withdrawal process from the European Union under the European and U.K. Parliament approved Withdrawal Agreement. During a transition period currently scheduled to end on December 31, 2020, the United Kingdom will effectively remain in the E.U.’s customs union and single market while a trade deal with the European Union is negotiated. The deadline for extending the transition period ends on June 30, 2020. If the transition period is not extended, on December 31, 2020, the United Kingdom will either exit the European Union without a trade deal or will begin a new trade relationship with the European Union.
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During the transition period, we continue to take protective measures in response to the potential impacts on our results of operations and financial condition. Our exposure to disruptions to our supply chain, the imposition of tariffs and currency devaluation in the United Kingdom could result in a material impact to our consolidated revenue, earnings and cash flow. In 2019, we generated 8.6% of our net revenues in the United Kingdom and our supply chain in this market relies on imports of raw and packaging materials as well as finished goods. Following the Brexit vote in June 2016, there was significant volatility in the global stock markets and currency exchange rates. The value of the British pound sterling relative to the U.S. dollar declined significantly and negatively affected our translated results reported in U.S. dollars. The volatility in foreign currencies and other markets is expected to continue as the United Kingdom executes its exit from the European Union. If the U.K.'s membership in the European Union terminates without trade and other cross-border operating agreements, there could be increased costs from re-imposition of tariffs on trade between the United Kingdom and other countries, including those in the European Union, shipping delays because of the need for customs inspections and procedures and shortages of certain goods. The United Kingdom will also need to negotiate its own tax and trade treaties with countries all over the world, which could take years to complete. If the ultimate terms of the U.K.’s separation from the European Union negatively impact the U.K. economy or result in disruptions to sales or our supply chain, the impact to our results of operations and financial condition could be material. We have taken measures to increase our resources in customer service & logistics together with increasing our inventory levels of imported raw materials, packaging and finished goods in the United Kingdom to help us manage through the Brexit transition and the inherent risks. Resulting impacts and market volatility can vary significantly depending on the final terms of the U.K.’s exit from the European Union.
Argentina – as further discussed in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting, on July 1, 2018, we began to apply highly inflationary accounting for our Argentinean subsidiaries. As a result, we recorded a remeasurement gain of $4 million in 2019 and a remeasurement loss of $11 million in 2018 within selling, general and administrative expenses related to the revaluation of the Argentinean peso denominated net monetary position over these periods. The mix of monetary assets and liabilities and the exchange rate to convert Argentinean pesos to U.S. dollars could change over time, so it is difficult to predict the overall impact of the Argentina highly inflationary accounting on future net earnings.
Financing Costs – We regularly evaluate our variable and fixed-rate debt. We continue to use low-cost, short- and long-term debt to finance our ongoing working capital, capital expenditures and other investments, dividends and share repurchases. Our weighted-average interest rate on our total debt as of December 31, 2019 was 2.2%, down from 2.3% as of December 31, 2018 and up from 2.1% as of December 31, 2017, primarily reflecting changes in our interest rates on commercial paper borrowings over these periods. We continue to use interest rate swaps and other financial instruments to manage our exposure to interest rate and cash flow variability, protect the value of our existing currency assets and liabilities and protect the value of our debt. We also enter into cross-currency interest rate swaps and forwards to hedge our non-U.S. net investments against adverse movements in exchange rates. Our net investment hedge derivative contracts have had and are expected to have a favorable impact and reduce some of the financing costs and related currency impacts within our interest costs. Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, and Note 10, Financial Instruments, for additional information on our debt and derivative activity.
Cybersecurity Risks – In 2017, the malware incident impacted our operating systems and results. We continue to devote focused resources to network security, backup and disaster recovery, enhanced training and other security measures to protect our systems and data. We also focus on enhancing the monitoring and detection of threats in our environment, including but not limited to the manufacturing environment and operational technologies, as well as adjusting information security controls based on updated threats. While we have taken a number of security measures to protect our systems and data, security measures cannot provide absolute certainty or guarantee that we will be successful in preventing or responding to every breach or disruption on a timely basis.
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Discussion and Analysis of Historical Results
Items Affecting Comparability of Financial Results
The following table includes significant income or (expense) items that affected the comparability of our results of operations and our effective tax rates. Please refer to the notes to the consolidated financial statements indicated below for more information. Refer also to the Consolidated Results of Operations – Net Earnings and Earnings per Share Attributable to Mondelēz International table for the after-tax per share impacts of these items.
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||
See Note | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
(in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||
Simplify to Grow Program | Note 8 | ||||||||||||
Restructuring Charges | $ | (176 | ) | $ | (316 | ) | $ | (535 | ) | ||||
Implementation Charges | (272 | ) | (315 | ) | (257 | ) | |||||||
Intangible asset impairment charges | Note 6 | (57 | ) | (68 | ) | (109 | ) | ||||||
Mark-to-market gains/(losses) from derivatives (1) | Note 10 | 90 | 142 | (96 | ) | ||||||||
Malware incident incremental expenses | — | — | (84 | ) | |||||||||
Acquisition and divestiture-related costs | Note 2 | ||||||||||||
Acquisition integration costs | — | (3 | ) | (3 | ) | ||||||||
Acquisition-related costs | (3 | ) | (13 | ) | — | ||||||||
Divestiture-related costs | (6 | ) | 1 | (34 | ) | ||||||||
Net gain on divestitures | 44 | — | 186 | ||||||||||
Remeasurement of net monetary position | 4 | (11 | ) | — | |||||||||
Impact from pension participation changes (1) | Note 11 | 29 | (429 | ) | — | ||||||||
Impact from resolution of tax matters | Note 14 | (85 | ) | 11 | 281 | ||||||||
CEO transition remuneration (2) | (9 | ) | (22 | ) | (14 | ) | |||||||
(Loss)/gain related to interest rate swaps | Note 9 & 10 | (111 | ) | 10 | — | ||||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment | Note 9 | — | (140 | ) | (11 | ) | |||||||
Swiss tax reform net impacts | Note 16 | 767 | — | — | |||||||||
U.S. tax reform discrete net tax impacts | Note 16 | (5 | ) | (19 | ) | 44 | |||||||
Net (loss)/gain on equity method investment transactions (3) | Note 7 | (2 | ) | 778 | 40 | ||||||||
Equity method investee acquisition-related and other (charges)/benefits (4) | (61 | ) | 54 | (69 | ) | ||||||||
Effective tax rate | Note 16 | 0.1 | % | 27.2 | % | 21.3 | % | ||||||
(1) | Includes impacts recorded in operating income and interest expense and other, net. |
(2) | Please see the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item for additional information. |
(3) | The net gain/(loss) on equity method investment transactions is recorded outside pre-tax operating results on the consolidated statement of earnings. |
(4) | Amount for 2018 primarily relates to a deferred tax benefit Keurig recorded as a result of U.S. tax reform. |
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Consolidated Results of Operations
The following discussion compares our consolidated results of operations for 2019 with 2018 and 2018 with 2017.
2019 compared with 2018
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | $ change | % change | |||||||||||
(in millions, except per share data) | ||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 25,868 | $ | 25,938 | $ | (70 | ) | (0.3 | )% | |||||
Operating income | 3,843 | 3,312 | 531 | 16.0 | % | |||||||||
Earnings from continuing operations | 3,885 | 3,395 | 490 | 14.4 | % | |||||||||
Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International | 3,870 | 3,381 | 489 | 14.5 | % | |||||||||
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Mondelēz International | 2.65 | 2.28 | 0.37 | 16.2 | % | |||||||||
Net Revenues – Net revenues decreased $70 million (0.3%) to $25,868 million in 2019, and Organic Net Revenue (1) increased $1,067 million (4.1%) to $26,879 million. Emerging markets net revenues increased 0.2%, including an unfavorable currency impact, and emerging markets Organic Net Revenue increased 7.7%. The underlying changes in net revenues and Organic Net Revenue are detailed below:
2019 | ||
Change in net revenues (by percentage point) | ||
Total change in net revenues | (0.3 | )% |
Add back the following items affecting comparability: | ||
Unfavorable currency | 4.5 | pp |
Impact of divestiture | 0.3 | pp |
Impact of acquisitions | (0.4 | )pp |
Total change in Organic Net Revenue (1) | 4.1 | % |
Higher net pricing | 2.2 | pp |
Favorable volume/mix | 1.9 | pp |
(1) | Please see the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item. |
Net revenue decrease of 0.3% was driven by unfavorable currency and the impact of a divestiture, partially offset by our underlying Organic Net Revenue growth of 4.1% and the impact of acquisitions. Unfavorable currency impacts decreased net revenues by $1,154 million, due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies, including the Argentinean peso, euro, Brazilian real, British pound sterling, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, Turkish lira and South African rand. The impact of the divestiture of most of our cheese business in the Middle East and Africa on May 28, 2019 resulted in a year-over-year decline in net revenues of $71 million. Our underlying Organic Net Revenue growth was driven by higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix. Net pricing was up, which includes the benefit of carryover pricing from 2018 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2019. Higher net pricing was reflected in Latin America, North America and AMEA as net pricing in Europe was flat. Favorable volume/mix was reflected in Europe and AMEA, partially offset by unfavorable volume/mix in Latin America and North America. The July 16, 2019 acquisition of a majority interest in Perfect Snacks added net revenues of $53 million and the June 7, 2018 acquisition of Tate’s Bake Shop added incremental net revenues of $35 million in 2019. Refer to Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information.
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Operating Income – Operating income increased $531 million (16.0%) to $3,843 million in 2019, Adjusted Operating Income (1) decreased $38 million (0.9%) to $4,264 million and Adjusted Operating Income on a constant currency basis (1) increased $189 million (4.4%) to $4,491 million due to the following:
Operating Income | Change | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Operating Income for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | $ | 3,312 | |||||
Simplify to Grow Program (2) | 626 | ||||||
Intangible asset impairment charges (3) | 68 | ||||||
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (4) | (141 | ) | |||||
Acquisition integration costs (5) | 3 | ||||||
Acquisition-related costs (6) | 13 | ||||||
Divestiture-related costs (6) | (1 | ) | |||||
Operating income from divestitures (6) | (19 | ) | |||||
Remeasurement of net monetary position (7) | 11 | ||||||
Impact from pension participation changes (8) | 423 | ||||||
Impact from resolution of tax matters (9) | (15 | ) | |||||
CEO transition remuneration (1) | 22 | ||||||
Adjusted Operating Income (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | $ | 4,302 | |||||
Higher net pricing | 576 | ||||||
Higher input costs | (340 | ) | |||||
Favorable volume/mix | 140 | ||||||
Higher selling, general and administrative expenses | (173 | ) | |||||
VAT-related settlements | (32 | ) | |||||
Impact from acquisitions (6) | 6 | ||||||
Other | 12 | ||||||
Total change in Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency) (1) | 189 | 4.4 | % | ||||
Unfavorable currency translation | (227 | ) | |||||
Total change in Adjusted Operating Income (1) | (38 | ) | (0.9 | )% | |||
Adjusted Operating Income (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 | $ | 4,264 | |||||
Simplify to Grow Program (2) | (442 | ) | |||||
Intangible asset impairment charges (3) | (57 | ) | |||||
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (4) | 91 | ||||||
Acquisition-related costs (6) | (3 | ) | |||||
Divestiture-related costs (6) | (6 | ) | |||||
Operating income from divestiture (6) | 9 | ||||||
Net gain on divestiture (6) | 44 | ||||||
Remeasurement of net monetary position (7) | 4 | ||||||
Impact from pension participation changes (8) | 35 | ||||||
Impact from resolution of tax matters (9) | (85 | ) | |||||
CEO transition remuneration (1) | (9 | ) | |||||
Swiss tax reform impact (10) | (2 | ) | |||||
Operating Income for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 | $ | 3,843 | 16.0 | % | |||
(1) | Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item. |
(2) | Refer to Note 8, Restructuring Program, for more information. |
(3) | Refer to Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for more information on intangible asset impairments. |
(4) | Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments, Note 18, Segment Reporting, and Non-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item for more information on the unrealized gains/losses on commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives. |
(5) | Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 for more information on the acquisition of a biscuit business in Vietnam. |
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(6) Refer to Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the July 16, 2019 acquisition of a majority interest in Perfect Snacks, the May 28, 2019 divestiture of most of our cheese business in the Middle East and Africa and the June 7, 2018 acquisition of Tate's Bake Shop.
(7) | Refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting, for information on our application of highly inflationary accounting for Argentina. |
(8) | Refer to Note 11, Benefit Plans, for more information. |
(9) | Refer to Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies – Tax Matters, for more information. |
(10) Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on Swiss tax reform.
During 2019, we realized higher net pricing, which was partially offset by increased input costs. Higher net pricing, which included the carryover impact of pricing actions taken in 2018 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2019, was reflected in Latin America, North America and AMEA as net pricing in Europe was flat. The increase in input costs was driven by higher raw material costs, partially offset by lower manufacturing costs due to productivity efforts. Higher raw material costs were in part due to higher currency exchange transaction costs on imported materials, as well as higher packaging, energy, dairy, grains, cocoa and oils costs, partially offset by lower costs for sugar and nuts. Favorable volume/mix was driven by Europe and AMEA, which was partially offset by unfavorable volume/mix in Latin America and North America.
Total selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $339 million from 2018, due to a number of factors noted in the table above, including in part, the lapping of the prior-year impact from pension participation changes, favorable currency impact, the benefit from current-year pension participation changes, favorable change in remeasurement on net monetary position in Argentina (remeasurement gain in 2019 as compared to a remeasurement loss in 2018), the lapping of a prior-year expense from the resolution of a tax matter, lower CEO transition remuneration and lower acquisition-related costs. These decreases were partially offset by the expenses from the resolution of tax matters in 2019, higher implementation costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow program, the impact of acquisitions, the lapping of a benefit from a prior-year value-added tax (“VAT”) related settlement, a VAT cost settlement in 2019 and higher divestiture-related costs. Excluding these factors, selling, general and administrative expenses increased $173 million from 2018. The increase was driven primarily by higher overheads reflecting route-to-market investments and higher advertising and consumer promotion costs.
We recorded an expense of $11 million from a VAT-related settlement in Latin America in 2019 and a benefit of $21 million from a VAT-related settlement in Latin America in 2018. Unfavorable currency changes decreased operating income by $227 million due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies, including the euro, Argentinean peso, British pound sterling, Brazilian real, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan and Indian rupee.
Operating income margin increased from 12.8% in 2018 to 14.9% in 2019. The increase in operating income margin was driven primarily by the lapping of the prior-year impact from pension participation changes, lower Simplify to Grow Program costs, a gain on divestiture, the benefit from current-year pension participation changes, the lapping of a prior-year expense from the resolution of a tax matter and lower CEO transition remuneration, partially offset by the expenses from the resolution of tax matters in 2019 and the year-over-year unfavorable change in mark-to-market gains/(losses) from currency and commodity hedging activities. Adjusted Operating Income margin decreased from 16.7% in 2018 to 16.5% in 2019. The decrease in Adjusted Operating Income margin was driven primarily by higher raw material costs, mostly offset by higher pricing and lower manufacturing costs.
36
Net Earnings and Earnings per Share Attributable to Mondelēz International – Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International of $3,870 million increased by $489 million (14.5%) in 2019. Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International was $2.65 in 2019, up $0.37 (16.2%) from 2018. Adjusted EPS (1) was $2.47 in 2019, up $0.05 (2.1%) from 2018. Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis (1) was $2.62 in 2019, up $0.20 (8.3%) from 2018.
Diluted EPS | |||
Diluted EPS Attributable to Mondelēz International for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | $ | 2.28 | |
Simplify to Grow Program (2) | 0.32 | ||
Intangible asset impairment charges (2) | 0.03 | ||
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (2) | (0.09 | ) | |
Acquisition integration costs (2) | — | ||
Acquisition-related costs (2) | 0.01 | ||
Divestiture-related costs (2) | — | ||
Net earnings from divestitures (2) | (0.01 | ) | |
Remeasurement of net monetary position (2) | 0.01 | ||
Impact from pension participation changes (2) | 0.22 | ||
Impact from resolution of tax matters (2) | (0.01 | ) | |
CEO transition remuneration (2) | 0.01 | ||
Net gain related to interest rate swaps (3) | (0.01 | ) | |
Loss on debt extinguishment (4) | 0.07 | ||
U.S. tax reform discrete net tax expense (5) | 0.01 | ||
Gain on equity method investment transaction (6) | (0.39 | ) | |
Equity method investee acquisition-related and other charges/(benefits) (7) | (0.03 | ) | |
Adjusted EPS (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | $ | 2.42 | |
Increase in operations | 0.11 | ||
Increase in equity method investment net earnings | 0.02 | ||
VAT-related settlements | (0.01 | ) | |
Changes in interest and other expense, net (8) | 0.02 | ||
Changes in income taxes (9) | 0.01 | ||
Changes in shares outstanding (10) | 0.05 | ||
Adjusted EPS (constant currency) (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 | $ | 2.62 | |
Unfavorable currency translation | (0.15 | ) | |
Adjusted EPS (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 | $ | 2.47 | |
Simplify to Grow Program (2) | (0.24 | ) | |
Intangible asset impairment charges (2) | (0.03 | ) | |
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (2) | 0.05 | ||
Divestiture-related costs (2) | (0.01 | ) | |
Net earnings from divestiture (2) | 0.01 | ||
Net gain on divestiture (2) | 0.03 | ||
Impact from pension participation changes (2) | 0.02 | ||
Impact from resolution of tax matters (2) | (0.05 | ) | |
CEO transition remuneration (2) | (0.01 | ) | |
Loss related to interest rate swaps (3) | (0.08 | ) | |
Swiss tax reform net impacts (5) | 0.53 | ||
U.S. tax reform discrete net tax expense (5) | — | ||
Net loss on equity method investment transactions (6) | (0.01 | ) | |
Equity method investee acquisition-related and other (charges)/benefits (7) | (0.03 | ) | |
Diluted EPS Attributable to Mondelēz International for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 | $ | 2.65 | |
(1) | Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section appearing later in this section. |
(2) | See the Operating Income table above and the related footnotes for more information. |
37
(3) | Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments, for information on interest rate swaps no longer designated as cash flow hedges. |
(4) | Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on losses on debt extinguishment. |
(5) | Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on the impacts of U.S. and Swiss tax reform. |
(6) | Refer to Note 7, Equity Method Investments, for more information on the gain and net loss on equity method investment transactions. |
(7) | Includes our proportionate share of unusual or infrequent items, such as acquisition and divestiture-related costs, restructuring program costs and discrete U.S. tax reform impacts recorded by our JDE and Keurig equity method investees. |
(8) | Excludes the currency impact on interest expense related to our non-U.S. dollar-denominated debt which is included in currency translation. |
(9) | Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on the items affecting income taxes. |
(10) Refer to Note 12, Stock Plans, for more information on our equity compensation programs and share repurchase program and Note 17, Earnings per Share, for earnings per share weighted-average share information.
38
2018 compared with 2017
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2018 | 2017 | $ change | % change | |||||||||||
(in millions, except per share data) | ||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 25,938 | $ | 25,896 | $ | 42 | 0.2 | % | ||||||
Operating income | 3,312 | 3,462 | (150 | ) | (4.3 | )% | ||||||||
Earnings from continuing operations | 3,395 | 2,842 | 553 | 19.5 | % | |||||||||
Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International | 3,381 | 2,828 | 553 | 19.6 | % | |||||||||
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Mondelēz International | 2.28 | 1.85 | 0.43 | 23.2 | % | |||||||||
Net Revenues – Net revenues increased $42 million (0.2%) to $25,938 million in 2018, and Organic Net Revenue (1) increased $609 million (2.4%) to $26,103 million. Emerging markets net revenues decreased 0.5%, including an unfavorable currency impact, and emerging markets Organic Net Revenue increased 5.9%. The underlying changes in net revenues and Organic Net Revenue are detailed below:
2018 | ||
Change in net revenues (by percentage point) | ||
Total change in net revenues | 0.2 | % |
Add back the following items affecting comparability: | ||
Unfavorable currency | 1.4 | pp |
Impact of acquisition | (0.2 | )pp |
Impact of divestitures | 1.0 | pp |
Total change in Organic Net Revenue (1) | 2.4 | % |
Higher net pricing | 1.3 | pp |
Favorable volume/mix | 1.1 | pp |
(1) | Please see the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item. |
Net revenue increase of 0.2% was driven by our underlying Organic Net Revenue growth of 2.4% and the impact of an acquisition, mostly offset by unfavorable currency and the impact of divestitures. Our underlying Organic Net Revenue growth was driven by higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix. Net pricing was up, which includes the benefit of carryover pricing from 2017 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2018. Higher net pricing was reflected in Latin America, AMEA and North America, partially offset by lower net pricing in Europe. Favorable volume/mix was reflected in Europe and AMEA, partially offset by unfavorable volume/mix in Latin America and North America. The June 7, 2018 acquisition of a U.S. premium biscuit company, Tate’s Bake Shop, added net revenues of $52 million in 2018. Unfavorable currency impacts decreased net revenues by $343 million, due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several other currencies, including the Argentinean peso, Brazilian real, Russian ruble, Indian rupee and Turkish lira, partially offset by the strength of several currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, including the euro, British pound sterling and Chinese yuan. Businesses divested in 2019 and 2017 resulted in a decline in net revenues of $276 million. Refer to Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information.
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Operating Income – Operating income decreased $150 million (4.3%) to $3,312 million in 2018, Adjusted Operating Income (1) increased $214 million (5.2%) to $4,302 million and Adjusted Operating Income on a constant currency basis (1) increased $269 million (6.6%) to $4,357 million due to the following:
Operating Income | Change | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Operating Income for the Year Ended December 31, 2017 | $ | 3,462 | |||||
Simplify to Grow Program (2) | 777 | ||||||
Intangible asset impairment charges (3) | 109 | ||||||
Mark-to-market losses from derivatives (4) | 96 | ||||||
Malware incident incremental expenses | 84 | ||||||
Acquisition integration costs (5) | 3 | ||||||
Divestiture-related costs (6) | 31 | ||||||
Operating income from divestitures (6) | (92 | ) | |||||
Net gain on divestitures (6) | (186 | ) | |||||
Impact from resolution of tax matters (7) | (209 | ) | |||||
CEO transition remuneration (1) | 14 | ||||||
Other/rounding | (1 | ) | |||||
Adjusted Operating Income (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2017 | $ | 4,088 | |||||
Higher net pricing | 322 | ||||||
Higher input costs | (26 | ) | |||||
Favorable volume/mix | 48 | ||||||
Higher selling, general and administrative expenses | (75 | ) | |||||
VAT-related settlement in 2018 | 21 | ||||||
Property insurance recovery in 2017 | (27 | ) | |||||
Impact from acquisition (6) | 7 | ||||||
Other | (1 | ) | |||||
Total change in Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency) (1) | 269 | 6.6 | % | ||||
Unfavorable currency translation | (55 | ) | |||||
Total change in Adjusted Operating Income (1) | 214 | 5.2 | % | ||||
Adjusted Operating Income (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | $ | 4,302 | |||||
Simplify to Grow Program (2) | (626 | ) | |||||
Intangible asset impairment charges (3) | (68 | ) | |||||
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (4) | 141 | ||||||
Acquisition integration costs (5) | (3 | ) | |||||
Acquisition-related costs (6) | (13 | ) | |||||
Divestiture-related costs (6) | 1 | ||||||
Operating income from divestitures (6) | 19 | ||||||
Remeasurement of net monetary position (8) | (11 | ) | |||||
Impact from pension participation changes (9) | (423 | ) | |||||
Impact from resolution of tax matters (7) | 15 | ||||||
CEO transition remuneration (1) | (22 | ) | |||||
Operating Income for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | $ | 3,312 | (4.3 | )% | |||
(1) | Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item. |
(2) | Refer to Note 8, Restructuring Program, for more information. |
(3) | Refer to Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for more information on intangible asset impairments. |
(4) | Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments, Note 18, Segment Reporting, and Non-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item for more information on the unrealized gains/losses on commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives. |
(5) | Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 for more information on the acquisition of a biscuit business in Vietnam. |
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(6) | Refer to Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the June 7, 2018 acquisition of Tate's Bake Shop and 2019 and 2017 divestitures. |
(7) | Refer to Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies – Tax Matters, for more information. |
(8) | Refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting, for information on our application of highly inflationary accounting for Argentina. |
(9) | Refer to Note 11, Benefit Plans, for more information. |
During 2018, we realized higher net pricing, which was partially offset by increased input costs. Higher net pricing, which included the carryover impact of pricing actions taken in 2017 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2018, was reflected across all regions except Europe. The increase in input costs was driven by higher raw material costs, mostly offset by lower manufacturing costs due to productivity efforts. Higher raw material costs were primarily due to higher currency exchange transaction costs on imported materials, as well as higher packaging, dairy and energy, partially offset primarily by lower cocoa costs. Favorable volume/mix was driven by Europe and AMEA, which was partially offset by unfavorable volume/mix in North America and Latin America.
Total selling, general and administrative expenses increased $537 million from 2017, due to a number of factors noted in the table above, including in part, the impact from pension participation changes, lapping of prior-year benefits from the resolution of tax matters, lapping of a prior-year property insurance recovery, acquisition-related costs, remeasurement of net monetary position in Argentina, the impact of an acquisition and higher CEO transition remuneration. The increases were partially offset by favorable currency impact, lower implementation costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, lower divestiture-related costs, the lapping of prior-year malware incident incremental costs, a VAT related settlement in 2018, the impact of divestitures and the net benefit from the resolution of tax matters in 2018. Excluding these factors, selling, general and administrative expenses increased $75 million from 2017. The increase was driven by the year-over year net unfavorable change in miscellaneous other income and expense items within selling, general and administrative expenses and higher overhead costs, which more than offset lower advertising and consumer promotion costs.
We recorded a benefit of $21 million from a VAT-related settlement in Latin America in 2018. We recorded a benefit of $27 million from an insurance recovery in AMEA in 2017. Unfavorable currency changes decreased operating income by $55 million due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several currencies, including the Brazilian real, Argentinean peso, Russian ruble and Turkish lira, partially offset by the strength of several currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, including the euro and British pound sterling.
Operating income margin decreased from 13.4% in 2017 to 12.8% in 2018. The decrease in operating income margin was driven by the impact from pension participation changes, the lapping of prior-year benefits from the resolution of tax matters, the lapping of a prior-year gain on divestiture and higher CEO transition remuneration. These unfavorable items were partially offset by the year-over-year favorable change in mark-to-market gains/(losses) from currency and commodity hedging activities, lower Simplify to Grow Program costs, an increase in our Adjusted Operating Income margin, the lapping of prior-year malware incident incremental costs, lower divestiture-related costs and lower intangible asset impairment charges. Adjusted Operating Income margin increased from 16.0% in 2017 to 16.7% in 2018. The increase in Adjusted Operating Income margin was driven primarily by higher net pricing, lower manufacturing costs due to continued cost reduction efforts and lower advertising and consumer promotion costs, partially offset by higher raw material costs.
41
Net Earnings and Earnings per Share Attributable to Mondelēz International – Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International of $3,381 million increased by $553 million (19.6%) in 2018. Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International was $2.28 in 2018, up $0.43 (23.2%) from 2017. Adjusted EPS (1) was $2.42 in 2018, up $0.30 (14.2%) from 2017. Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis (1) was $2.45 in 2018, up $0.33 (15.6%) from 2017.
Diluted EPS | |||
Diluted EPS Attributable to Mondelēz International for the Year Ended December 31, 2017 | $ | 1.85 | |
Simplify to Grow Program (2) | 0.39 | ||
Intangible asset impairment charges (2) | 0.05 | ||
Mark-to-market losses from derivatives (2) | 0.06 | ||
Malware incident incremental expenses | 0.04 | ||
Acquisition integration costs (2) | — | ||
Divestiture-related costs (2) | 0.02 | ||
Net earnings from divestitures (2) | (0.05 | ) | |
Net gain on divestitures (2) | (0.11 | ) | |
Impact from resolution of tax matters (2) | (0.13 | ) | |
CEO transition remuneration (2) | 0.01 | ||
U.S. tax reform discrete net tax benefit (3) | (0.03 | ) | |
Gain on equity method investment transaction (4) | (0.02 | ) | |
Equity method investee acquisition-related and other charges/(benefits) (5) | 0.04 | ||
Adjusted EPS (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2017 | $ | 2.12 | |
Increase in operations | 0.13 | ||
Increase in equity method investment net earnings | 0.05 | ||
VAT-related settlements in 2018 | 0.01 | ||
Property insurance recovery in 2017 | (0.01 | ) | |
Impact from acquisition (2) | — | ||
Changes in interest and other expense, net (6) | 0.02 | ||
Changes in income taxes (7) | 0.06 | ||
Changes in shares outstanding (8) | 0.07 | ||
Adjusted EPS (constant currency) (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | $ | 2.45 | |
Unfavorable currency translation | (0.03 | ) | |
Adjusted EPS (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | $ | 2.42 | |
Simplify to Grow Program (2) | (0.32 | ) | |
Intangible asset impairment charges (2) | (0.03 | ) | |
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (2) | 0.09 | ||
Acquisition integration costs (2) | — | ||
Acquisition-related costs (2) | (0.01 | ) | |
Divestiture-related costs (2) | — | ||
Net earnings from divestitures (2) | 0.01 | ||
Remeasurement of net monetary position (2) | (0.01 | ) | |
Impact from pension participation changes (2) | (0.22 | ) | |
Impact from resolution of tax matters (2) | 0.01 | ||
CEO transition remuneration (2) | (0.01 | ) | |
Net gain related to interest rate swaps (9) | 0.01 | ||
Loss on debt extinguishment (10) | (0.07 | ) | |
U.S. tax reform discrete net tax expense (3) | (0.01 | ) | |
Gain on equity method investment transaction (4) | 0.39 | ||
Equity method investee acquisition-related and other (charges)/benefits (5) | 0.03 | ||
Diluted EPS Attributable to Mondelēz International for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | $ | 2.28 | |
42
(1) | Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section appearing later in this section. |
(2) | See the Operating Income table above and the related footnotes for more information. |
(3) | Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on the impact of the U.S. tax reform. |
(4) | Refer to Note 7, Equity Method Investments, for more information on the KDP transaction in 2018 and the 2017 sale of an interest in one of our equity method investments. |
(5) | Includes our proportionate share of unusual or infrequent items, such as acquisition and divestiture-related costs, restructuring program costs and discrete U.S. tax reform impacts recorded by our JDE and Keurig equity method investees. |
(6) | Excludes the currency impact on interest expense related to our non-U.S. dollar-denominated debt which is included in currency translation. |
(7) | Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on the items affecting income taxes. |
(8) | Refer to Note 12, Stock Plans, for more information on our equity compensation programs and share repurchase program and Note 17, Earnings per Share, for earnings per share weighted-average share information. |
(9) | Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments, for information on interest rate swaps no longer designated as cash flow hedges. |
(10) Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on losses on debt extinguishment.
43
Results of Operations by Operating Segment
Our operations and management structure are organized into four operating segments:
• | Latin America |
• | AMEA |
• | Europe |
• | North America |
We manage our operations by region to leverage regional operating scale, manage different and changing business environments more effectively and pursue growth opportunities as they arise across our key markets. Our regional management teams have responsibility for the business, product categories and financial results in the regions.
We use segment operating income to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. We believe it is appropriate to disclose this measure to help investors analyze segment performance and trends. See Note 18, Segment Reporting, for additional information on our segments and Items Affecting Comparability of Financial Results earlier in this section for items affecting our segment operating results.
Our segment net revenues and earnings were:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Net revenues: | |||||||||||
Latin America | $ | 3,018 | $ | 3,202 | $ | 3,566 | |||||
AMEA | 5,770 | 5,729 | 5,739 | ||||||||
Europe | 9,972 | 10,122 | 9,794 | ||||||||
North America | 7,108 | 6,885 | 6,797 | ||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 25,868 | $ | 25,938 | $ | 25,896 | |||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Earnings before income taxes: | |||||||||||
Operating income: | |||||||||||
Latin America | $ | 341 | $ | 410 | $ | 564 | |||||
AMEA | 691 | 702 | 514 | ||||||||
Europe | 1,732 | 1,734 | 1,610 | ||||||||
North America | 1,451 | 849 | 1,144 | ||||||||
Unrealized gains/(losses) on hedging activities (mark-to-market impacts) | 91 | 141 | (96 | ) | |||||||
General corporate expenses | (330 | ) | (335 | ) | (282 | ) | |||||
Amortization of intangibles | (174 | ) | (176 | ) | (178 | ) | |||||
Net gains on divestitures | 44 | — | 186 | ||||||||
Acquisition-related costs | (3 | ) | (13 | ) | — | ||||||
Operating income | 3,843 | 3,312 | 3,462 | ||||||||
Benefit plan non-service income | 60 | 50 | 44 | ||||||||
Interest and other expense, net | (456 | ) | (520 | ) | (382 | ) | |||||
Earnings before income taxes | $ | 3,447 | $ | 2,842 | $ | 3,124 | |||||
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Latin America
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | $ change | % change | |||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 3,018 | $ | 3,202 | $ | (184 | ) | (5.7 | )% | |||||
Segment operating income | 341 | 410 | (69 | ) | (16.8 | )% | ||||||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2018 | 2017 | $ change | % change | |||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 3,202 | $ | 3,566 | $ | (364 | ) | (10.2 | )% | |||||
Segment operating income | 410 | 564 | (154 | ) | (27.3 | )% | ||||||||
2019 compared with 2018:
Net revenues decreased $184 million (5.7%), due to unfavorable currency (13.5 pp) and unfavorable volume/mix (2.1 pp), partially offset by higher net pricing (9.9 pp). Unfavorable currency impacts were due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies in the region including the Argentinean peso and Brazilian real. Unfavorable volume/mix was due to the impact of pricing-related elasticity, and was driven by declines in refreshment beverages, candy, cheese & grocery and chocolate, partially offset by gains in biscuits and gum. Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories, driven primarily by Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.
Segment operating income decreased $69 million (16.8%), primarily due to higher raw material costs, unfavorable currency, unfavorable volume/mix, the lapping of the 2018 benefit from the resolution of a Brazilian indirect tax matter of $26 million, higher manufacturing costs and higher other selling, general and administrative expenses (including lapping the benefit from a VAT-related settlement in 2018 and the expense of a VAT-related settlement in 2019). These unfavorable items were partially offset by higher net pricing, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, favorable change in remeasurement on net monetary position in Argentina (remeasurement gain in 2019 as compared to a remeasurement loss in 2018) and lower advertising and consumer promotion costs.
2018 compared with 2017:
Net revenues decreased $364 million (10.2%), due to unfavorable currency (13.8 pp) and unfavorable volume/mix (2.6 pp), partially offset by higher net pricing (6.2 pp). Unfavorable currency impacts were due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies in the region including the Argentinean peso, Brazilian real and Mexican peso. Unfavorable volume/mix was due primarily to the impact of pricing-related elasticity, as well as in part due to the negative impact of the Brazil trucking strike that occurred in the second quarter. Unfavorable volume/mix was driven by declines in all categories except biscuits. Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories, driven primarily by Argentina, Mexico and Brazil.
Segment operating income decreased $154 million (27.3%), primarily due to lapping last year's benefit from the resolution of a Brazilian indirect tax matter of $153 million, higher raw material costs, unfavorable currency, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses (net of the benefit from a VAT-related settlement in 2018), unfavorable volume/mix and a loss from the remeasurement of the net monetary position in Argentina. These unfavorable items were partially offset by higher net pricing, lower manufacturing costs, the 2018 benefit from the resolution of a Brazilian tax matter of $26 million, lower advertising and consumer promotion costs, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program and the lapping of the 2017 intangible asset impairment charges.
45
AMEA
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | $ change | % change | |||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 5,770 | $ | 5,729 | $ | 41 | 0.7 | % | ||||||
Segment operating income | 691 | 702 | (11 | ) | (1.6 | )% | ||||||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2018 | 2017 | $ change | % change | |||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 5,729 | $ | 5,739 | $ | (10 | ) | (0.2 | )% | |||||
Segment operating income | 702 | 514 | 188 | 36.6 | % | |||||||||
2019 compared with 2018:
Net revenues increased $41 million (0.7%), due to favorable volume/mix (3.6 pp) and higher net pricing (1.7 pp), mostly offset by unfavorable currency (3.3 pp) and the impact of a divestiture (1.3 pp). Favorable volume/mix was driven by gains across all categories except refreshment beverages and candy. Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories. Unfavorable currency impacts were due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several currencies in the region, including the Australian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee and South African rand. The divestiture of most of our cheese business in the Middle East and Africa on May 28, 2019, resulted in a year-over-year decline in net revenues of $71 million.
Segment operating income decreased $11 million (1.6%), primarily due to higher raw material costs, expenses from the resolution of tax matters in India totaling $87 million, higher advertising and consumer promotion costs, unfavorable currency, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses, the impact of the divestiture and higher intangible asset impairment charges. These unfavorable items were partially offset by lower manufacturing costs, higher net pricing, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program and favorable volume/mix.
2018 compared with 2017:
Net revenues decreased $10 million (0.2%), due to the impact of divestitures (2.6 pp) and unfavorable currency (1.3 pp), partially offset by favorable volume/mix (2.2 pp) and higher net pricing (1.5 pp). The impact of divestitures related to most of our cheese business in the Middle East and Africa on May 28, 2019, the grocery & cheese business in Australia and New Zealand that was divested on July 4, 2017 and the confectionery business in Japan that was divested on December 28, 2017, and resulted in a year-over-year decline in net revenues of $139 million for 2018. Unfavorable currency impacts were due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several currencies in the region, including the Indian rupee, Australian dollar and Philippine peso, partially offset by the strength of several currencies in the region relative to the U.S. dollar, including the Chinese yuan and Japanese yen. Favorable volume/mix was driven by gains in chocolate and biscuits, including the shift of volume into the first quarter of 2018 due to the timing of Chinese New Year, partially offset by declines in refreshment beverages, cheese & grocery, gum and candy. Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories except gum and candy.
Segment operating income increased $188 million (36.6%), primarily due to higher net pricing, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, lower manufacturing costs, lower intangible asset impairment charges, lower advertising and consumer promotion costs and favorable volume/mix. These favorable items were partially offset by higher raw material costs, the impact of divestitures, unfavorable currency and higher other selling, general and administrative expenses (net of prior-year property insurance recovery).
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Europe
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | $ change | % change | |||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 9,972 | $ | 10,122 | $ | (150 | ) | (1.5 | )% | |||||
Segment operating income | 1,732 | 1,734 | (2 | ) | (0.1 | )% | ||||||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2018 | 2017 | $ change | % change | |||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 10,122 | $ | 9,794 | $ | 328 | 3.3 | % | ||||||
Segment operating income | 1,734 | 1,610 | 124 | 7.7 | % | |||||||||
2019 compared with 2018:
Net revenues decreased $150 million (1.5%), due to unfavorable currency (5.2 pp), partially offset by favorable volume/mix (3.7 pp), as net pricing was flat. Unfavorable currency impacts reflected the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies in the region, primarily the euro, British pound sterling, Turkish lira and Swedish krona. Favorable volume/mix was driven by gains across all categories except gum. Net pricing was flat as higher net pricing in gum and candy was offset by lower net pricing in all other categories.
Segment operating income decreased $2 million (0.1%), primarily due to unfavorable currency, higher raw material costs and higher advertising and consumer promotion costs. These unfavorable items were mostly offset by favorable volume/mix, lower manufacturing costs and lower intangible asset impairment charges.
2018 compared with 2017:
Net revenues increased $328 million (3.3%), due to favorable volume/mix (3.1 pp) and favorable currency (2.3 pp), partially offset by the impact of divestitures (1.5 pp) and lower net pricing (0.6 pp). Favorable volume/mix was driven by chocolate, biscuits and candy, partially offset by declines in cheese & grocery, gum and refreshment beverages. Favorable currency impacts reflected the strength of several currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, primarily the euro, British pound sterling, Polish zloty and Czech koruna, partially offset by the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several currencies, primarily the Russian ruble and Turkish lira. The impact of divestitures, due to the sale of a confectionery business in France and the termination of certain Kraft Heinz Company-owned grocery brand licenses, resulted in a year-over-year decline in net revenues of $137 million for 2018. Lower net pricing was driven by chocolate and biscuits, partially offset by higher net pricing in cheese & grocery, candy and gum.
Segment operating income increased $124 million (7.7%), primarily due to favorable volume/mix, lower manufacturing costs, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, favorable currency, lower raw material costs, lower divestiture-related costs and the lapping of prior-year malware incident incremental costs. These favorable items were partially offset by higher advertising and consumer promotion costs, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses, lower net pricing, lapping the prior-year benefit from the settlement of a Cadbury tax matter, higher intangible asset impairment charges and the impact from divestitures.
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North America
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | $ change | % change | |||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 7,108 | $ | 6,885 | $ | 223 | 3.2 | % | ||||||
Segment operating income | 1,451 | 849 | 602 | 70.9 | % | |||||||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2018 | 2017 | $ change | % change | |||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 6,885 | $ | 6,797 | $ | 88 | 1.3 | % | ||||||
Segment operating income | 849 | 1,144 | (295 | ) | (25.8 | )% | ||||||||
2019 compared with 2018:
Net revenues increased $223 million (3.2%), due to higher net pricing (2.3 pp) and the impact of acquisitions (1.3 pp), partially offset by unfavorable currency (0.3 pp) and unfavorable volume/mix (0.1 pp). Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories except chocolate. The July 16, 2019 acquisition of a majority interest in Perfect Snacks added net revenues of $53 million and the June 7, 2018 acquisition of Tate’s Bake Shop added incremental net revenues of $35 million in 2019. Unfavorable currency impact was due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar. Unfavorable volume/mix was driven by declines in gum, chocolate and candy, mostly offset by favorable volume/mix in biscuits.
Segment operating income increased $602 million (70.9%), primarily due to lapping prior-year pension participation changes, higher net pricing, lower manufacturing costs, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, benefit from current-year pension participation changes, lapping prior-year intangible asset impairment charges and the impact from the acquisitions of Perfect Snacks and Tate's Bake Shop. These favorable items were partially offset by higher raw material costs, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses and unfavorable volume/mix.
2018 compared with 2017:
Net revenues increased $88 million (1.3%), due to higher net pricing (1.1 pp) and the impact of an acquisition (0.8 pp), partially offset by unfavorable volume/mix (0.5 pp) and unfavorable currency (0.1 pp). Higher net pricing was reflected in biscuits and gum, partially offset by lower net pricing in chocolate and candy. The June 7, 2018 acquisition of a U.S. premium biscuit company, Tate’s Bake Shop, added net revenues of $52 million in 2018. Unfavorable volume/mix, which was net of the benefit from lapping last year's negative impact from the 2017 malware incident, reflected declines in gum and chocolate, partially offset by gains in biscuits and candy. Unfavorable currency impact was due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar.
Segment operating income decreased $295 million (25.8%), primarily due to the impact from pension participation changes, higher manufacturing costs, unfavorable volume/mix, higher raw material costs and higher other selling, general and administrative expenses. These unfavorable items were partially offset by lower advertising and consumer promotion costs, higher net pricing, the lapping of prior-year malware incident incremental costs, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, lower intangible asset impairment charges and the impact from the acquisition of Tate's Bake Shop.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements includes a summary of the significant accounting policies we used to prepare our consolidated financial statements. We have discussed the selection and disclosure of our critical accounting policies and estimates with our Audit Committee. The following is a review of our most significant assumptions and estimates.
Goodwill and Non-Amortizable Intangible Assets:
We test goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis on July 1. We assess goodwill impairment risk throughout the year by performing a qualitative review of entity-specific, industry, market and general economic factors affecting our goodwill reporting units. We review our operating segment and reporting unit structure for goodwill testing annually or as significant changes in the organization occur. Annually, we may perform qualitative testing, or depending on factors such as prior-year test results, current year developments, current risk evaluations and other practical considerations, we may elect to do quantitative testing instead. In our quantitative testing, we compare a reporting unit’s estimated fair value with its carrying value. We estimate a reporting unit’s fair value using a discounted cash flow method which incorporates planned growth rates, market-based discount rates and estimates of residual value. This year, for our Europe and North America reporting units, we used a market-based, weighted-average cost of capital of 5.9% to discount the projected cash flows of those operations. For our Latin America and AMEA reporting units, we used a risk-rated discount rate of 8.9%. Estimating the fair value of individual reporting units requires us to make assumptions and estimates regarding our future plans and industry and economic conditions, and our actual results and conditions may differ over time. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s net assets exceeds its fair value, we would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit fair value.
In 2019, 2018 and 2017, there were no impairments of goodwill. In connection with our 2019 annual impairment testing, each of our reporting units had sufficient fair value in excess of carrying value. While all reporting units passed our annual impairment testing, if planned business performance expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then the estimated fair values of a reporting unit or reporting units might decline and lead to a goodwill impairment in the future.
Annually, we assess non-amortizable intangible assets for impairment by performing a qualitative review and assessing events and circumstances that could affect the fair value or carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets. If significant potential impairment risk exists for a specific asset, we quantitatively test it for impairment by comparing its estimated fair value with its carrying value. We determine estimated fair value using planned growth rates, market-based discount rates and estimates of royalty rates. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds its estimated fair value, the asset is impaired and its carrying value is reduced to the estimated fair value.
During our 2019 annual testing of non-amortizable intangible assets, we recorded $57 million of impairment charges in the third quarter of 2019 related to nine brands. The impairments arose due to lower than expected brand earnings growth. We recorded charges related to gum, chocolate, biscuits and candy brands of $39 million in Europe, $15 million in AMEA and $3 million in Latin America. The impairment charges were calculated as the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value of the intangible assets on a global basis and were recorded within asset impairment and exit costs. We use several accepted valuation methods, including relief of royalty, excess earnings and excess margin, that utilize estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates in determining a brand's global fair value. We also identified fourteen brands, including the nine impaired brands, with $635 million of aggregate book value as of December 31, 2019 that each had a fair value in excess of book value of 10% or less. We believe our current plans for each of these brands will allow them to not be impaired, but if the brand earnings expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then a brand or brands could become impaired in the future. In 2018, we recorded charges related to gum, chocolate, biscuits and candy brands of $45 million in Europe, $14 million in North America and $9 million in AMEA. In 2017, we recorded charges related to candy and gum brands of $52 million in AMEA, $11 million in Europe, $5 million in Latin America and $2 million in North America.
Refer to Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for additional information.
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Trade and marketing programs:
We promote our products with trade and sales incentives as well as marketing and advertising programs. These programs include, but are not limited to, new product introduction fees, discounts, coupons, rebates and volume-based incentives as well as cooperative advertising, in-store displays and consumer marketing promotions. Trade and sales incentives are recorded as a reduction to revenues based on amounts estimated due to customers and consumers at the end of a period. We base these estimates principally on historical utilization and redemption rates. For interim reporting purposes, advertising and consumer promotion expenses are charged to operations as a percentage of volume, based on estimated sales volume and estimated program spending. We do not defer costs on our year-end consolidated balance sheet and all marketing and advertising costs are recorded as an expense in the year incurred.
Employee Benefit Plans:
We sponsor various employee benefit plans throughout the world. These include primarily pension plans and postretirement healthcare benefits. For accounting purposes, we estimate the pension and postretirement healthcare benefit obligations utilizing assumptions and estimates for discount rates; expected returns on plan assets; expected compensation increases; employee-related factors such as turnover, retirement age and mortality; and health care cost trends. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when appropriate. Our assumptions also reflect our historical experiences and management’s best judgment regarding future expectations. These and other assumptions affect the annual expense and obligations recognized for the underlying plans.
As permitted by U.S. GAAP, we generally amortize the effect of changes in the assumptions over future periods. The cost or benefit of plan changes, such as increasing or decreasing benefits for prior employee service (prior service cost), is deferred and included in expense on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of the employees expected to receive benefits.
Since pension and postretirement liabilities are measured on a discounted basis, the discount rate significantly affects our plan obligations and expenses. For plans that have assets held in trust, the expected return on plan assets assumption affects our pension plan expenses. The assumptions for discount rates and expected rates of return and our process for setting these assumptions are described in Note 11, Benefit Plans, to the consolidated financial statements.
While we do not anticipate further changes in the 2020 assumptions for our U.S. and non-U.S. pension and postretirement health care plans, as a sensitivity measure, a fifty-basis point change in our discount rates or the expected rate of return on plan assets would have the following effects, increase/(decrease), on our annual benefit plan costs:
As of December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||
U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | ||||||||||||||
Fifty-Basis-Point | Fifty-Basis-Point | ||||||||||||||
Increase | Decrease | Increase | Decrease | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Effect of change in discount rate on pension costs | $ | (14 | ) | $ | 15 | $ | (30 | ) | $ | 62 | |||||
Effect of change in expected rate of return on plan assets on pension costs | (8 | ) | 8 | (48 | ) | 48 | |||||||||
Effect of change in discount rate on postretirement health care costs | (3 | ) | 3 | — | — | ||||||||||
In accordance with obligations we have under collective bargaining agreements, we participate in multiemployer pension plans. In 2017, the only individually significant multiemployer plan we contributed to was the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund. Our obligation to contribute to the Fund arose with respect to 8 collective bargaining agreements covering most of our employees represented by the BCTGM. All of those collective bargaining agreements expired in 2016. In 2018, we executed a complete withdrawal from the Fund and recorded a $429 million estimated withdrawal liability. On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Fund totaling $526 million requiring pro-rata monthly payments over 20 years and we recorded a $35 million final adjustment to reduce our withdrawal liability as of June 30, 2019. We
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began making monthly payments during the third quarter of 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the remaining discounted withdrawal liability was $391 million.
See additional information on our employee benefit plans in Note 11, Benefit Plans.
Income Taxes:
As a global company, we calculate and provide for income taxes in each tax jurisdiction in which we operate. The provision for income taxes includes the amounts payable or refundable for the current year, the effect of deferred taxes and impacts from uncertain tax positions. Our provision for income taxes is significantly affected by shifts in the geographic mix of our pre-tax earnings across tax jurisdictions, changes in tax laws and regulations, tax planning opportunities available in each tax jurisdiction and the ultimate outcome of various tax audits.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of our assets and liabilities and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates that will apply to taxable income in the years in which those differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are established for deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.
We believe our tax positions comply with applicable tax laws and that we have properly accounted for uncertain tax positions. We recognize tax benefits in our financial statements from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The amount we recognize is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon resolution. We evaluate uncertain tax positions on an ongoing basis and adjust the amount recognized in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit or expiration of a statute of limitations. We believe the estimates and assumptions used to support our evaluation of uncertain tax positions are reasonable. However, final determination of historical tax liabilities, whether by settlement with tax authorities, judicial or administrative ruling or due to expiration of statutes of limitations, could be materially different from estimates reflected on our consolidated balance sheet and historical income tax provisions. The outcome of these final determinations could have a material effect on our provision for income taxes, net earnings or cash flows in the period in which the determination is made.
As a result of Swiss and U.S. tax reform and the related SEC guidance, we finalized our accounting for the legislation based on guidance issued prior to 2019 year end. See Note 16, Income Taxes, for further discussion of the amounts recorded related to Swiss and U.S. tax reform in our financial statements, as well as additional information on our effective tax rate, current and deferred taxes, valuation allowances and unrecognized tax benefits.
Contingencies:
See Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements.
New Accounting Guidance:
See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of new accounting standards.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
We believe that cash from operations, our revolving credit facilities, short-term borrowings and our authorized long-term financing will provide sufficient liquidity for our working capital needs, planned capital expenditures and future payments of our U.S. tax reform transition tax liability, contractual and benefit plan obligations, share repurchases and quarterly dividends. We continue to utilize our commercial paper program, international credit lines and long-term debt issuances for our funding requirements. We also use intercompany loans with our international subsidiaries to improve financial flexibility. Overall, we do not expect any negative effects to our funding sources that would have a material effect on our liquidity.
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities:
Operating activities provided net cash of $3,965 million in 2019, $3,948 million in 2018 and $2,593 million in 2017. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities in 2019 relative to 2018 was due primarily to higher earnings, increased distributions from equity method investments and lower pension contributions, partially offset by increased working capital requirements including higher tax payments. Cash flows from operating activities were higher in 2018 than 2017 primarily due to higher cash flow from working capital, higher net earnings as well as lower pension contributions.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities:
Net cash used in investing activities was $960 million in 2019, $1,224 million in 2018 and $301 million in 2017. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities in 2019 relative to 2018 was primarily due to less cash expended for acquisitions in 2019 than in 2018, lower capital expenditures and the 2019 cash proceeds from the divestiture of primarily our cheese business in the Middle East and Africa, partially offset by lower cash received as a result of the settlement and replacement of several net investment hedge derivative contracts and cash paid to settle our forward-starting interest rate swaps. The increase in net cash used in investing activities in 2018 relative to 2017 was primarily due to cash received in 2017 from proceeds from divestitures, cash expenditures in 2018 for an acquisition and higher capital expenditures in 2018, partially offset by cash received as a result of the settlement and replacement of several net investment hedge derivative contracts.
Capital expenditures were $925 million in 2019, $1,095 million in 2018 and $1,014 million in 2017. We continue to make capital expenditures primarily to modernize manufacturing facilities and support new product and productivity initiatives. We expect 2020 capital expenditures to be up to $0.9 billion, including capital expenditures in connection with our Simplify to Grow Program. We expect to continue to fund these expenditures from operations.
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities:
Net cash used in financing activities was $2,787 million in 2019, $2,329 million in 2018 and $3,361 million in 2017. The increase in net cash used in financing activities in 2019 relative to 2018 was primarily due to lower net debt issuances and higher dividends paid in 2019, partially offset by lower share repurchases. The decrease in net cash used in financing activities in 2018 relative to 2017 was primarily due to higher net debt issuances and lower share repurchases partially offset by higher dividends paid.
Debt:
From time to time we refinance long-term and short-term debt. Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for details of our recent tender offers, debt issuances and maturities. The nature and amount of our long-term and short-term debt and the proportionate amount of each varies as a result of current and expected business requirements, market conditions and other factors. Due to seasonality, in the first and second quarters of the year, our working capital requirements grow, increasing the need for short-term financing. The second half of the year typically generates higher cash flows. As such, we may issue commercial paper or secure other forms of financing throughout the year to meet short-term working capital or other financing needs.
One of our subsidiaries, Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V. (“MIHN”), has outstanding debt. Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements. The operations held by MIHN generated approximately 73.0% (or $18.9 billion) of the $25.9 billion of consolidated net revenue during fiscal year 2019 and represented approximately 87.2% (or $23.9 billion) of the $27.4 billion of net assets as of December 31, 2019.
On February 7, 2019, our Board of Directors approved a new $5.0 billion long-term financing authority to replace the prior $5.0 billion authority. As of December 31, 2019, we had $1.8 billion of long-term financing authority remaining.
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In the next 12 months, we expect approximately $1.5 billion of long-term debt will mature as follows: $427 million in February 2020, $233 million in March 2020, $750 million in May 2020 and $140 million in October 2020. We expect to fund these repayments with a combination of cash from operations, short-term debt, including issuance of commercial paper and long-term debt.
Our total debt was $18.4 billion at December 31, 2019 and $18.4 billion at December 31, 2018. Our debt-to-capitalization ratio was 0.40 at December 31, 2019 and 0.42 at December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2019, the weighted-average term of our outstanding long-term debt was 5.8 years. Our average daily commercial borrowings were $4.1 billion in 2019, $4.5 billion in 2018 and $4.4 billion in 2017. We had $2.6 billion of commercial paper borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2019 and $3.1 billion outstanding as of December 31, 2018. We expect to continue to use commercial paper to finance various short-term financing needs. We continue to comply with our debt covenants. Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on our debt and debt covenants.
Commodity Trends
We regularly monitor worldwide supply, commodity cost and currency trends so we can cost-effectively secure ingredients, packaging and fuel required for production. During 2019, the primary drivers of the increase in our aggregate commodity costs were higher currency exchange transaction costs on imported materials, as well as increased costs for packaging, energy, dairy, grains, cocoa and oils, partially offset by lower costs for sugar and nuts.
A number of external factors such as weather conditions, commodity market conditions, currency fluctuations and the effects of governmental agricultural or other programs affect the cost and availability of raw materials and agricultural materials used in our products. We address higher commodity costs and currency impacts primarily through hedging, higher pricing and manufacturing and overhead cost control. We use hedging techniques to limit the impact of fluctuations in the cost of our principal raw materials; however, we may not be able to fully hedge against commodity cost changes, such as dairy, where there is a limited ability to hedge, and our hedging strategies may not protect us from increases in specific raw material costs. Due to competitive or market conditions, planned trade or promotional incentives, fluctuations in currency exchange rates or other factors, our pricing actions may also lag commodity cost changes temporarily.
We expect price volatility and a higher aggregate cost environment to continue in 2020. While the costs of our principal raw materials fluctuate, we believe there will continue to be an adequate supply of the raw materials we use and that they will generally remain available from numerous sources.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations
We have no significant off-balance sheet arrangements other than the contractual obligations discussed below.
Guarantees:
As discussed in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, we enter into third-party guarantees primarily to cover the long-term obligations of our vendors. As part of these transactions, we guarantee that third parties will make contractual payments or achieve performance measures. At December 31, 2019, we had no material third-party guarantees recorded on our consolidated balance sheet.
Guarantees do not have, and we do not expect them to have, a material effect on our liquidity.
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Aggregate Contractual Obligations:
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations at December 31, 2019.
Payments Due | |||||||||||||||||||
Total | 2020 | 2021-22 | 2023-24 | 2025 and Thereafter | |||||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||
Debt (1) | $ | 15,741 | $ | 1,549 | $ | 5,038 | $ | 3,634 | $ | 5,520 | |||||||||
Interest expense (2) | 3,253 | 390 | 658 | 476 | 1,729 | ||||||||||||||
Finance leases (3) | 134 | 38 | 57 | 24 | 15 | ||||||||||||||
Operating leases | 652 | 197 | 248 | 110 | 97 | ||||||||||||||
Purchase obligations: (4) | |||||||||||||||||||
Inventory and production costs | 4,613 | 3,412 | 652 | 207 | 342 | ||||||||||||||
Other | 1,151 | 801 | 221 | 118 | 11 | ||||||||||||||
25,544 | 6,387 | 6,874 | 4,569 | 7,714 | |||||||||||||||
U.S. tax reform transition liability (5) | 1,008 | 93 | 187 | 362 | 366 | ||||||||||||||
Multiemployer pension plan withdrawal liability (6) | 515 | 26 | 53 | 53 | 383 | ||||||||||||||
Other long-term liabilities (7) | 222 | 16 | 36 | 41 | 129 | ||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 27,289 | $ | 6,522 | $ | 7,150 | $ | 5,025 | $ | 8,592 | |||||||||
(1) | Amounts include the expected cash payments of our long-term debt, including the current portion and excluding finance leases, which are presented separately in the table above. The amounts also exclude $76 million of net unamortized non-cash bond premiums, discounts, bank fees and mark-to-market adjustments related to our interest rate swaps recorded in total debt. |
(2) | Amounts represent the expected cash payments of our interest expense on our long-term debt. Interest calculated on our non-U.S. dollar denominated debt was forecasted using currency exchange rates as of December 31, 2019. |
(3) | Amounts exclude imputed interest on finance leases of $11 million. |
(4) | Purchase obligations for inventory and production costs (such as raw materials, indirect materials and supplies, packaging, co-manufacturing arrangements, storage and distribution) are commitments for projected needs to be utilized in the normal course of business. Other purchase obligations include commitments for marketing, advertising, capital expenditures, information technology and professional services. Arrangements are considered purchase obligations if a contract specifies all significant terms, including fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased, a pricing structure and approximate timing of the transaction. Most arrangements are cancelable without a significant penalty and with short notice (usually 30 days). Any amounts reflected on the consolidated balance sheet as accounts payable and accrued liabilities are excluded from the table above. |
(5) | In connection with U.S. tax reform, we estimate paying a total $1.3 billion transition tax liability through 2026. As of December 31, 2019, the amount outstanding was $1.0 billion. The amounts and timing of our tax payments may change as a result of additional guidance issued. See Note 16, Income Taxes, for additional information on U.S. tax reform and its impact on our financial statements. |
(6) | During 2018, we executed a complete withdrawal liability from our most individually significant multiemployer pension plan. On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Fund totaling $526 million requiring pro-rata monthly payments over 20 years through 2039. See Note 11, Benefit Plans, for additional information on our multiemployer pension plan withdrawal liability. |
(7) | Other long-term liabilities in the table above include the long-term liabilities and any current portion of these obligations. We have included the estimated future benefit payments for our postretirement health care plans through December 31, 2029 of $198 million. We are unable to reliably estimate the timing of the payments beyond 2029; as such, they are excluded from the above table. There are also another $1 million of various other long-term liabilities that are expected to be paid over the next 5 years. In addition, the following long-term liabilities included on the consolidated balance sheet are excluded from the table above: accrued pension costs, unrecognized tax benefits, insurance accruals and other accruals. As of December 31, 2019, our unrecognized tax benefit, including associated interest and penalties, classified as a long-term payable is $507 million. We currently expect to make approximately $246 million in contributions to our pension plans in 2020. |
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Equity and Dividends
Stock Plans:
See Note 12, Stock Plans, to the consolidated financial statements for more information on our stock plans and grant activity during 2017-2019.
Share Repurchases:
See Note 13, Capital Stock, to the consolidated financial statements for more information on our share repurchase program.
Between 2013 and 2017, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of a total of $13.7 billion of our Common Stock through December 31, 2018. On January 31, 2018, our Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, approved an increase of $6.0 billion in the share repurchase program, raising the authorization to $19.7 billion of Common Stock repurchases, and extended the program through December 31, 2020. Through December 31, 2019, we repurchased approximately $16.5 billion of shares ($1.5 billion in 2019, $2.0 billion in 2018, $2.2 billion in 2017, $2.6 billion in 2016, $3.6 billion in 2015, $1.9 billion in 2014 and $2.7 billion in 2013), at a weighted-average cost of $39.65 per share. The number of shares that we ultimately repurchase under our share repurchase program may vary depending on numerous factors, including share price and other market conditions, our ongoing capital allocation planning, levels of cash and debt balances, other demands for cash, such as acquisition activity, general economic or business conditions and board and management discretion. Additionally, our share repurchase activity during any particular period may fluctuate. We may accelerate, suspend, delay or discontinue our share repurchase program at any time, without notice.
Dividends:
We paid dividends of $1,542 million in 2019, $1,359 million in 2018 and $1,198 million in 2017. On July 30, 2019, the Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.285 per share of Class A Common Stock, an increase of 10 percent, which would be $1.14 per common share on an annualized basis. On July 25, 2018, the Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.26 per share of Class A Common Stock, an increase of 18 percent, which would be $1.04 per common share on an annualized basis. On August 2, 2017, the Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, approved a 16% increase in the quarterly dividend to $0.22 per common share or $0.88 per common share on an annualized basis. The declaration of dividends is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and depends on various factors, including our net earnings, financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects and other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant to its analysis and decision making.
For U.S. income tax purposes only, the Company has determined that 100% of the distributions paid to its shareholders in 2019 are characterized as a qualified dividend paid from U.S. earnings and profits. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors for a full understanding of the tax consequences of the receipt of dividends.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We use non-GAAP financial information and believe it is useful to investors as it provides additional information to facilitate comparisons of historical operating results, identify trends in our underlying operating results and provide additional insight and transparency on how we evaluate our business. We use non-GAAP financial measures to budget, make operating and strategic decisions and evaluate our performance. We have detailed the non-GAAP adjustments that we make in our non-GAAP definitions below. The adjustments generally fall within the following categories: acquisition & divestiture activities, gains and losses on intangible asset sales and non-cash impairments, major program restructuring activities, constant currency and related adjustments, major program financing and hedging activities and other major items affecting comparability of operating results. We believe the non-GAAP measures should always be considered along with the related U.S. GAAP financial measures. We have provided the reconciliations between the GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures below, and we also discuss our underlying GAAP results throughout our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in this Form 10-K.
Our primary non-GAAP financial measures are listed below and reflect how we evaluate our current and prior-year operating results. As new events or circumstances arise, these definitions could change. When our definitions change, we provide the updated definitions and present the related non-GAAP historical results on a comparable basis (1).
• | “Organic Net Revenue” is defined as net revenues excluding the impacts of acquisitions, divestitures (2) and currency rate fluctuations (3). We also evaluate Organic Net Revenue growth from emerging and developed markets. |
• | Our emerging markets include our Latin America region in its entirety; the AMEA region, excluding Australia, New Zealand and Japan; and the following countries from the Europe region: Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Georgia, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, the Baltics and the East Adriatic countries. Our developed markets include the entire North America region, the Europe region excluding the countries included in the emerging markets definition, and Australia, New Zealand and Japan from the AMEA region. |
• | “Adjusted Operating Income” is defined as operating income excluding the impacts of the Simplify to Grow Program (4); gains or losses (including non-cash impairment charges) on goodwill and intangible assets; divestiture (2) or acquisition gains or losses and related divestiture (2), acquisition and integration costs (2); the operating results of divestitures (2); remeasurement of net monetary position (5); mark-to-market impacts from commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivative contracts (6); impact from resolution of tax matters (7); CEO transition remuneration (8); impact from pension participation changes (9); Swiss tax reform impacts (10); and incremental expenses related to the 2017 malware incident. We also present “Adjusted Operating Income margin,” which is subject to the same adjustments as Adjusted Operating Income. We also evaluate growth in our Adjusted Operating Income on a constant currency basis (3). |
• | “Adjusted EPS” is defined as diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International from continuing operations excluding the impacts of the items listed in the Adjusted Operating Income definition as well as losses on debt extinguishment and related expenses; gain on equity method investment transactions; net earnings from divestitures (2); gains or losses on interest rate swaps no longer designated as accounting cash flow hedges due to changed financing and hedging plans and U.S. and Swiss tax reform impacts (10). Similarly, within Adjusted EPS, our equity method investment net earnings exclude our proportionate share of our investees’ unusual or infrequent items (11). We also evaluate growth in our Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis (3). |
(1) | When items no longer impact our current or future presentation of non-GAAP operating results, we remove these items from our non-GAAP definitions. During 2019, we added to the non-GAAP definitions the exclusion of the impact from Swiss tax reform as described in footnote (10) below. During 2018, we added to the non-GAAP definitions the exclusion of: remeasurement gains or losses related to remeasuring net monetary assets or liabilities in Argentina (see footnote (5) below) and the impact from pension participation changes (see footnote (9) below). |
(2) | Divestitures include completed sales of businesses and exits of major product lines upon completion of a sale or licensing agreement. See Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for information on divestitures and acquisitions impacting the comparability of our results. |
(3) | Constant currency operating results are calculated by dividing or multiplying, as appropriate, the current-period local currency operating results by the currency exchange rates used to translate the financial statements in the comparable prior-year period to determine what the current-period U.S. dollar operating results would have been if the currency exchange rate had not changed from the comparable prior-year period. |
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(4) | Non-GAAP adjustments related to the Simplify to Grow Program reflect costs incurred that relate to the objectives of our program to transform our supply chain network and organizational structure. Costs that do not meet the program objectives are not reflected in the non-GAAP adjustments. |
(5) | During the third quarter of 2018, as we began to apply highly inflationary accounting for Argentina (refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies), we excluded the remeasurement gains or losses related to remeasuring net monetary assets or liabilities in Argentina to be consistent with our prior accounting for these remeasurement gains/losses for Venezuela when it was subject to highly inflationary accounting prior to 2016. |
(6) | During the third quarter of 2016, we began to exclude unrealized gains and losses (mark-to-market impacts) from outstanding commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives from our non-GAAP earnings measures until such time that the related exposures impact our operating results. Since we purchase commodity and forecasted currency transaction contracts to mitigate price volatility primarily for inventory requirements in future periods, we made this adjustment to remove the volatility of these future inventory purchases on current operating results to facilitate comparisons of our underlying operating performance across periods. We also discontinued designating commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives for hedge accounting treatment. To facilitate comparisons of our underlying operating results, we have recast all historical non-GAAP earnings measures to exclude the mark-to-market impacts. |
(7) | See Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies – Tax Matters, for additional information. |
(8) | On November 20, 2017, Dirk Van de Put succeeded Irene Rosenfeld as CEO of Mondelēz International in advance of her retirement at the end of March 2018. In order to incent Mr. Van de Put to join us, we provided him compensation with a total combined target value of $42.5 million to make him whole for incentive awards he forfeited or grants that were not made to him when he left his former employer. The compensation we granted took the form of cash, deferred stock units, performance share units and stock options. In connection with Irene Rosenfeld’s retirement, we made her outstanding grants of performance share units for the 2016-2018 and 2017-2019 performance cycles eligible for continued vesting and approved a $0.5 million salary for her service as Chairman from January through March 2018. We refer to these elements of Mr. Van de Put’s and Ms. Rosenfeld’s compensation arrangements together as “CEO transition remuneration.” We are excluding amounts we expense as CEO transition remuneration from our non-GAAP results because those amounts are not part of our regular compensation program and are incremental to amounts we would have incurred as ongoing CEO compensation. As a result, in 2017, we excluded amounts expensed for the cash payment to Mr. Van de Put and partial vesting of his equity grants. In 2018, we excluded amounts paid for Ms. Rosenfeld’s service as Chairman and partial vesting of Mr. Van de Put’s and Ms. Rosenfeld’s equity grants. In 2019, we excluded amounts related to the partial vesting of Mr. Van de Put’s equity grants. |
(9) | The impact from pension participation changes represents the charges incurred when employee groups are withdrawn from multiemployer pension plans and other changes in employee group pension plan participation. We exclude these charges from our non–GAAP results because those amounts do not reflect our ongoing pension obligations. See Note 11, Benefit Plans, for more information on the multiemployer pension plan withdrawal. |
(10) We exclude the impact of the 2019 Swiss tax reform and 2017 U.S. tax reform. During the third quarter of 2019, Swiss Federal and Zurich Cantonal tax events drove our recognition of a Swiss tax reform net benefit to our results of operations. On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted tax reform legislation that included a broad range of business tax provisions. We exclude these tax reform impacts from our Adjusted EPS as they do not reflect our ongoing tax obligations under the new tax reforms. Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on our current year estimated annual effective tax rate and U.S. and Swiss tax reform.
(11) We have excluded our proportionate share of our equity method investees’ unusual or infrequent items such as acquisition and divestiture related costs, restructuring program costs and discrete U.S. tax reform impacts, in order to provide investors with a comparable view of our performance across periods. Although we have shareholder rights and board representation commensurate with our ownership interests in our equity method investees and review the underlying operating results and unusual or infrequent items with them each reporting period, we do not have direct control over their operations or resulting revenue and expenses. Our use of equity method investment net earnings on an adjusted basis is not intended to imply that we have any such control. Our GAAP “diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International from continuing operations” includes all of the investees’ unusual and infrequent items.
We believe that the presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures, when considered together with our U.S. GAAP financial measures and the reconciliations to the corresponding U.S. GAAP financial measures, provides you with a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business than could be obtained absent these disclosures. Because non-GAAP financial measures vary among companies, the non-GAAP financial measures presented in this report may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Our use of these non-GAAP financial measures is not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for any U.S. GAAP financial measure. A limitation of these non-GAAP financial measures is they exclude items detailed below that have an impact on our U.S. GAAP reported results. The best way this limitation can be addressed is by evaluating our non-GAAP financial measures in combination with our U.S. GAAP reported results and carefully evaluating the following tables that reconcile U.S. GAAP reported figures to the non-GAAP financial measures in this Form 10-K.
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Organic Net Revenue:
Applying the definition of “Organic Net Revenue”, the adjustments made to “net revenues” (the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure) were to exclude the impact of currency, acquisitions and divestitures. We believe that Organic Net Revenue reflects the underlying growth from the ongoing activities of our business and provides improved comparability of results. We also evaluate our Organic Net Revenue growth from emerging markets, and these underlying measures are also reconciled to U.S. GAAP below.
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 | For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Emerging Markets | Developed Markets | Total | Emerging Markets | Developed Markets | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Revenue | $ | 9,675 | $ | 16,193 | $ | 25,868 | $ | 9,659 | $ | 16,279 | $ | 25,938 | |||||||||||
Impact of currency | 651 | 503 | 1,154 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Impact of acquisitions | — | (88 | ) | (88 | ) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Impact of divestitures | (55 | ) | — | (55 | ) | (126 | ) | — | (126 | ) | |||||||||||||
Organic Net Revenue | $ | 10,271 | $ | 16,608 | $ | 26,879 | $ | 9,533 | $ | 16,279 | $ | 25,812 | |||||||||||
For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Emerging Markets | Developed Markets | Total | Emerging Markets | Developed Markets | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Revenue | $ | 9,659 | $ | 16,279 | $ | 25,938 | $ | 9,707 | $ | 16,189 | $ | 25,896 | |||||||||||
Impact of currency | 604 | (261 | ) | 343 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
Impact of acquisitions | — | (52 | ) | (52 | ) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Impact of divestitures | (126 | ) | — | (126 | ) | (132 | ) | (270 | ) | (402 | ) | ||||||||||||
Organic Net Revenue | $ | 10,137 | $ | 15,966 | $ | 26,103 | $ | 9,575 | $ | 15,919 | $ | 25,494 | |||||||||||
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Adjusted Operating Income:
Applying the definition of “Adjusted Operating Income”, the adjustments made to “operating income” (the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure) were to exclude Simplify to Grow Program; intangible asset impairment charges; mark-to-market impacts from commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivative contracts; malware incident incremental expenses, acquisition integration costs; acquisition and divestiture-related costs; operating income from divestitures; net gains from divestitures; the remeasurement of net monetary position; impact from pension participation changes; impact from the resolution of tax matters; CEO transition remuneration and Swiss tax reform impact. We also evaluate Adjusted Operating Income on a constant currency basis. We believe these measures provide improved comparability of underlying operating results.
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Operating Income | $ | 3,843 | $ | 3,312 | $ | 531 | 16.0 | % | ||||||
Simplify to Grow Program (1) | 442 | 626 | (184 | ) | ||||||||||
Intangible asset impairment charges (2) | 57 | 68 | (11 | ) | ||||||||||
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (3) | (91 | ) | (141 | ) | 50 | |||||||||
Acquisition integration costs (4) | — | 3 | (3 | ) | ||||||||||
Acquisition-related costs (5) | 3 | 13 | (10 | ) | ||||||||||
Divestiture-related costs (5) | 6 | (1 | ) | 7 | ||||||||||
Operating income from divestiture (5) | (9 | ) | (19 | ) | 10 | |||||||||
Net gain on divestiture (5) | (44 | ) | — | (44 | ) | |||||||||
Remeasurement of net monetary position (6) | (4 | ) | 11 | (15 | ) | |||||||||
Impact from pension participation changes (7) | (35 | ) | 423 | (458 | ) | |||||||||
Impact from resolution of tax matters (8) | 85 | (15 | ) | 100 | ||||||||||
CEO transition remuneration (9) | 9 | 22 | (13 | ) | ||||||||||
Swiss tax reform impact (10) | 2 | — | 2 | |||||||||||
Adjusted Operating Income | $ | 4,264 | $ | 4,302 | $ | (38 | ) | (0.9 | )% | |||||
Unfavorable currency translation | 227 | — | 227 | |||||||||||
Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency) | $ | 4,491 | $ | 4,302 | $ | 189 | 4.4 | % | ||||||
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For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2018 | 2017 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Operating Income | $ | 3,312 | $ | 3,462 | $ | (150 | ) | (4.3 | )% | |||||
Simplify to Grow Program (1) | 626 | 777 | (151 | ) | ||||||||||
Intangible asset impairment charges (2) | 68 | 109 | (41 | ) | ||||||||||
Mark-to-market (gains)/losses from derivatives (3) | (141 | ) | 96 | (237 | ) | |||||||||
Malware incident incremental expenses | — | 84 | (84 | ) | ||||||||||
Acquisition integration costs (4) | 3 | 3 | — | |||||||||||
Acquisition-related costs (5) | 13 | — | 13 | |||||||||||
Divestiture-related costs (5) | (1 | ) | 31 | (32 | ) | |||||||||
Operating income from divestitures (5) | (19 | ) | (92 | ) | 73 | |||||||||
Net gain on divestitures (5) | — | (186 | ) | 186 | ||||||||||
Remeasurement of net monetary position (6) | 11 | — | 11 | |||||||||||
Impact from pension participation changes (7) | 423 | — | 423 | |||||||||||
Impact from resolution of tax matters (8) | (15 | ) | (209 | ) | 194 | |||||||||
CEO transition remuneration (9) | 22 | 14 | 8 | |||||||||||
Other/rounding | — | (1 | ) | 1 | ||||||||||
Adjusted Operating Income | $ | 4,302 | $ | 4,088 | $ | 214 | 5.2 | % | ||||||
Unfavorable currency translation | 55 | — | 55 | |||||||||||
Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency) | $ | 4,357 | $ | 4,088 | $ | 269 | 6.6 | % | ||||||
(1) | Refer to Note 8, Restructuring Program, for more information. |
(2) | Refer to Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for more information on trademark impairments. |
(3) | Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments, Note 18, Segment Reporting, and Non-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item for more information on the unrealized gains/losses on commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives. |
(4) | Refer to Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the acquisition of a biscuit business in Vietnam. |
(5) | Refer to Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on prior-year divestitures, intangible asset sales and the June 7, 2018 acquisition of Tate's Bake Shop. |
(6) | Refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting, for information on our application of highly inflationary accounting for Argentina. |
(7) | Refer to Note 11, Benefit Plans, for more information. |
(8) | Refer to Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies – Tax Matters, for more information. |
(9) Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures definition and related table notes.
(10) Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on Swiss tax reform.
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Adjusted EPS:
Applying the definition of “Adjusted EPS” (1), the adjustments made to “diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International” (the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure) were to exclude the impacts of the items listed in the Adjusted Operating Income tables above as well as gains/(losses) related to interest rate swaps; loss on debt extinguishment; U.S. tax reform discrete net tax impact; net gains/(losses) on equity method investment transactions; and our proportionate share of unusual or infrequent items recorded by our JDE and Keurig equity method investees. We also evaluate Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis. We believe Adjusted EPS provides improved comparability of underlying operating results.
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||
Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International | $ | 2.65 | $ | 2.28 | $ | 0.37 | 16.2 | % | ||||||
Simplify to Grow Program (2) | 0.24 | 0.32 | (0.08 | ) | ||||||||||
Intangible asset impairment charges (2) | 0.03 | 0.03 | — | |||||||||||
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (2) | (0.05 | ) | (0.09 | ) | 0.04 | |||||||||
Acquisition-related costs (2) | — | 0.01 | (0.01 | ) | ||||||||||
Divestiture-related costs (2) | 0.01 | — | 0.01 | |||||||||||
Net earnings from divestiture (2) | (0.01 | ) | (0.01 | ) | — | |||||||||
Net gain on divestiture (2) | (0.03 | ) | — | (0.03 | ) | |||||||||
Remeasurement of net monetary position (2) | — | 0.01 | (0.01 | ) | ||||||||||
Impact from pension participation changes (2) | (0.02 | ) | 0.22 | (0.24 | ) | |||||||||
Impact from resolution of tax matters (2) | 0.05 | (0.01 | ) | 0.06 | ||||||||||
CEO transition remuneration (2) | 0.01 | 0.01 | — | |||||||||||
Net loss/(gain) related to interest rate swaps (3) | 0.08 | (0.01 | ) | 0.09 | ||||||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment (4) | — | 0.07 | (0.07 | ) | ||||||||||
Swiss tax reform net impacts (2) | (0.53 | ) | — | (0.53 | ) | |||||||||
U.S. tax reform discrete net tax expense (5) | — | 0.01 | (0.01 | ) | ||||||||||
Net loss/(gain) on equity method investment transactions (6) | 0.01 | (0.39 | ) | 0.40 | ||||||||||
Equity method investee acquisition-related and other charges/(benefits) (7) | 0.03 | (0.03 | ) | 0.06 | ||||||||||
Adjusted EPS | $ | 2.47 | $ | 2.42 | $ | 0.05 | 2.1 | % | ||||||
Unfavorable currency translation | 0.15 | — | 0.15 | |||||||||||
Adjusted EPS (constant currency) | $ | 2.62 | $ | 2.42 | $ | 0.20 | 8.3 | % | ||||||
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For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2018 | 2017 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||
Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International | $ | 2.28 | $ | 1.85 | $ | 0.43 | 23.2 | % | ||||||
Simplify to Grow Program (2) | 0.32 | 0.39 | (0.07 | ) | ||||||||||
Intangible asset impairment charges (2) | 0.03 | 0.05 | (0.02 | ) | ||||||||||
Mark-to-market (gains)/losses from derivatives (2) | (0.09 | ) | 0.06 | (0.15 | ) | |||||||||
Malware incident incremental expenses | — | 0.04 | (0.04 | ) | ||||||||||
Acquisition integration costs (2) | — | — | — | |||||||||||
Acquisition-related costs (2) | 0.01 | — | 0.01 | |||||||||||
Divestiture-related costs (2) | — | 0.02 | (0.02 | ) | ||||||||||
Net earnings from divestitures (2) | (0.01 | ) | (0.05 | ) | 0.04 | |||||||||
Net gain on divestitures (2) | — | (0.11 | ) | 0.11 | ||||||||||
Remeasurement of net monetary position (2) | 0.01 | — | 0.01 | |||||||||||
Impact from pension participation changes (2) | 0.22 | — | 0.22 | |||||||||||
Impact from resolution of tax matters (2) | (0.01 | ) | (0.13 | ) | 0.12 | |||||||||
CEO transition remuneration (2) | 0.01 | 0.01 | — | |||||||||||
Net gain related to interest rate swaps (3) | (0.01 | ) | — | (0.01 | ) | |||||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment (4) | 0.07 | — | 0.07 | |||||||||||
U.S. tax reform discrete net tax expense/(benefit) (5) | 0.01 | (0.03 | ) | 0.04 | ||||||||||
Gains on equity method investment transactions (6) | (0.39 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.37 | ) | ||||||||
Equity method investee acquisition-related and other charges/(benefits) (7) | (0.03 | ) | 0.04 | (0.07 | ) | |||||||||
Adjusted EPS | $ | 2.42 | $ | 2.12 | $ | 0.30 | 14.2 | % | ||||||
Unfavorable currency translation | 0.03 | — | 0.03 | |||||||||||
Adjusted EPS (constant currency) | $ | 2.45 | $ | 2.12 | $ | 0.33 | 15.6 | % | ||||||
(1) | The tax expense/(benefit) of each of the pre-tax items excluded from our GAAP results was computed based on the facts and tax assumptions associated with each item, and such impacts have also been excluded from Adjusted EPS. |
• | 2019 taxes for the: Simplify to Grow Program were $(103) million, intangible asset impairment charges were $(14) million, mark-to-market gains from derivatives were $19 million, divestiture-related costs were zero, net earnings from divestiture were zero, net gain on divestiture were $3 million, impact from pension participation changes were $8 million, impact from resolution of tax matters were $(21) million, CEO transition remuneration were zero, net loss related to interest rate swaps were zero, Swiss tax reform were $(769) million, net loss on equity method investment transactions were $6 million and equity method investee and other charges/benefits were $(12) million. |
• | 2018 taxes for the: Simplify to Grow Program were $(156) million, intangible asset impairment charges were $(16) million, mark-to-market gains from derivatives were $10 million, acquisition-related costs were $(3) million, net earnings from divestiture were zero, impact from pension participation changes were $(108) million, impact from resolution of tax matters were $(6) million, CEO transition remuneration were $(5) million, net gain related to interest rate swaps were $2 million, loss on debt extinguishment were $(35) million, U.S. tax reform were $19 million, gain on equity method investment transaction were $192 million and equity method investee and other charges/benefits were $16 million. |
• | 2017 taxes for the: Simplify to Grow Program were $(190) million, intangible asset impairment charges were $(30) million, mark-to-market losses from derivatives were $(6) million, malware incident incremental costs were $(27) million, divestiture-related costs were $8 million, net earnings from divestitures were $16 million, net gain on divestitures were $7 million, impact from resolution of tax matters were $75 million, CEO transition remuneration were $(5) million, U.S. tax reform were $(44) million, gain on equity method investment transactions were $15 million and equity method investee and other charges/benefits were $(10) million. |
(2) | See the Adjusted Operating Income table above and the related footnotes for more information. |
(3) | Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments, for information on interest rate swaps no longer designated as cash flow hedges. |
(4) | Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on losses on debt extinguishment. |
(5) | Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on the impact of U.S. tax reform. |
(6) | Refer to Note 7, Equity Method Investments, for more information on the KDP transaction in 2018, the 2017 sale of an interest in one of our equity method investments and the 2016 acquisition of an interest in Keurig. |
(7) | Includes our proportionate share of unusual or infrequent items, such as acquisition and divestiture-related costs, restructuring program costs and discrete U.S. tax reform impacts recorded by our JDE and Keurig equity method investees. |
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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
As we operate globally, we are primarily exposed to currency exchange rate, commodity price and interest rate market risks. We monitor and manage these exposures as part of our overall risk management program. Our risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to reduce the potentially adverse effects that the volatility of these markets may have on our operating results. We principally utilize derivative instruments to reduce significant, unanticipated earnings fluctuations that may arise from volatility in currency exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates. For additional information on our derivative activity and the types of derivative instruments we use to hedge our currency exchange, commodity price and interest rate exposures, see Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 10, Financial Instruments.
Many of our non-U.S. subsidiaries operate in functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates create volatility in our reported results as we translate the balance sheets, operating results and cash flows of these subsidiaries into the U.S. dollar for consolidated reporting purposes. The translation of non-U.S. dollar denominated balance sheets and statements of earnings of our subsidiaries into the U.S. dollar for consolidated reporting generally results in a cumulative translation adjustment to other comprehensive income within equity. A stronger U.S. dollar relative to other functional currencies adversely affects our consolidated earnings and net assets while a weaker U.S. dollar benefits our consolidated earnings and net assets. While we hedge significant forecasted currency exchange transactions as well as certain net assets of non-U.S. operations and other currency impacts, we cannot fully predict or eliminate volatility arising from changes in currency exchange rates on our consolidated financial results. See Consolidated Results of Operations and Results of Operations by Reportable Segment under Discussion and Analysis of Historical Results for currency exchange effects on our financial results. For additional information on the impact of currency policies, recent currency devaluations and highly inflationary accounting on our financial condition and results of operations, also see Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting.
We also continually monitor the market for commodities that we use in our products. Input costs may fluctuate widely due to international demand, weather conditions, government policy and regulation and unforeseen conditions. To manage input cost volatility, we enter into forward purchase agreements and other derivative financial instruments. We also pursue productivity and cost saving measures and take pricing actions when necessary to mitigate the impact of higher input costs on earnings.
We regularly evaluate our variable and fixed-rate debt as well as current and expected interest rates in the markets in which we raise capital. Our primary exposures include movements in U.S. Treasury rates, corporate credit spreads, commercial paper rates as well as limited debt tied to London Interbank Offered Rates (“LIBOR”). The Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom plans to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021. We do not anticipate a significant impact to our financial position from the planned phase out of LIBOR given our current mix of variable and fixed-rate debt. We periodically use interest rate swaps and forward interest rate contracts to achieve a desired proportion of variable versus fixed-rate debt based on current and projected market conditions. Our weighted-average interest rate on our total debt was 2.2% as of December 31, 2019, down from 2.3% as of December 31, 2018, primarily due to lower interest rates on commercial paper borrowings.
Beginning in 2018, we entered into new investment hedge derivative contracts, specifically, cross-currency interest rate swaps and forwards, to hedge certain investments in our non-U.S. operations against movements in exchange rates. See Note 10, Financial Instruments, for more information on our derivative activity.
Value at Risk:
We use a value at risk (“VAR”) computation to estimate: 1) the potential one-day loss in the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive financial instruments; and 2) the potential one-day loss in pre-tax earnings of our currency and commodity price-sensitive derivative financial instruments. The VAR analysis was done separately for our currency exchange, fixed income and commodity risk portfolios as of each quarter end during the periods presented below. The instruments included in the VAR computation were currency exchange forwards and options for currency exchange risk, debt and swaps for interest rate risk, and commodity forwards, futures and options for commodity risk. Excluded from the computation were anticipated transactions, currency trade payables and receivables, and net investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries, which the above-mentioned instruments are intended to hedge.
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The VAR model assumes normal market conditions, a 95% confidence interval and a one-day holding period. A parametric delta-gamma approximation technique was used to determine the expected return distribution in interest rates, currencies and commodity prices for the purpose of calculating the fixed income, currency exchange and commodity VAR, respectively. The parameters used for estimating the expected return distributions were determined by observing interest rate, currency exchange and commodity price movements over the prior quarter for the calculation of VAR amounts at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and over each of the four prior quarters for the calculation of average VAR amounts during each year. The values of currency and commodity options do not change on a one-to-one basis with the underlying currency or commodity and were valued accordingly in the VAR computation.
As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the estimated potential one-day loss in fair value of our interest rate-sensitive instruments, primarily debt, and the estimated potential one-day loss in pre-tax earnings from our currency and commodity instruments, as calculated in the VAR model, were:
Pre-Tax Earnings Impact | Fair Value Impact | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
At 12/31/19 | Average | High | Low | At 12/31/19 | Average | High | Low | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Instruments sensitive to: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rates | $ | 86 | $ | 70 | $ | 97 | $ | 49 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency rates | $ | 15 | $ | 19 | $ | 25 | $ | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity prices | 11 | 13 | 14 | 11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pre-Tax Earnings Impact | Fair Value Impact | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
At 12/31/18 | Average | High | Low | At 12/31/18 | Average | High | Low | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Instruments sensitive to: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rates | $ | 35 | $ | 33 | $ | 36 | $ | 27 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency rates | $ | 19 | $ | 30 | $ | 39 | $ | 19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity prices | 15 | 16 | 17 | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This VAR computation is a risk analysis tool designed to statistically estimate the maximum expected daily loss, under the specified confidence interval and assuming normal market conditions, from adverse movements in interest rates, currency exchange rates and commodity prices. The computation does not represent actual losses in fair value or earnings we will incur, nor does it consider the effect of favorable changes in market rates. We cannot predict actual future movements in market rates and do not present these VAR results to be indicative of future movements in market rates or to be representative of any actual impact that future changes in market rates may have on our future financial results.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Mondelēz International, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Mondelēz International, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive earnings, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, including the related notes and financial statement schedule for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Non-Amortizable Intangible Assets Impairment Assessment
As described in Notes 1 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated non-amortizable intangible assets balance was $17.3 billion as of December 31, 2019, and an impairment charge of $57 million was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2019. Annually, management assesses non-amortizable intangible assets, which principally consist of brand names, for impairment by performing a qualitative review and assessing events and circumstances that could affect the fair value or carrying value of the non-amortizable intangible assets. If significant potential impairment risk exists for a specific asset, management quantitatively tests the asset for impairment by comparing its estimated fair value with its carrying value. Management estimates fair value for each asset using several accepted valuation methods, including relief of royalty, excess earnings and excess margin, that utilize estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the non-amortizable intangible assets impairment assessment is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management when developing the fair value measurement of the non-amortizable intangible assets. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures to evaluate management’s fair value estimates and significant assumptions, including estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates, and discount rates. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the non-amortizable intangible assets impairment assessment, including controls over the determination of the fair values of the Company’s non-amortizable intangible assets as part of the annual impairment assessment. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate; evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation methods; testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the valuation methods; and evaluating the significant assumptions used by management, including the estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates, and discount rates. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to estimates of future sales and earnings growth rates involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the
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current and past performance of the non-amortizable intangible assets, (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data, and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the Company’s valuation methods and certain significant assumptions, including the royalty rates and discount rates.
/s/ PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP
Chicago, Illinois
February 7, 2020
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2001.
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Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Earnings
For the Years Ended December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
Net revenues | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Cost of sales | |||||||||||
Gross profit | |||||||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | |||||||||||
Asset impairment and exit costs | |||||||||||
Net gains on divestitures | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Amortization of intangibles | |||||||||||
Operating income | |||||||||||
Benefit plan non-service income | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Interest and other expense, net | |||||||||||
Earnings before income taxes | |||||||||||
Provision for income taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Net (loss)/gain on equity method investment transactions | ( | ) | |||||||||
Equity method investment net earnings | |||||||||||
Net earnings | |||||||||||
Noncontrolling interest earnings | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Per share data: | |||||||||||
Basic earnings per share attributable to Mondelēz International | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Mondelēz International | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings
For the Years Ended December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
Net earnings | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Other comprehensive earnings/(losses), net of tax: | |||||||||||
Currency translation adjustment | ( | ) | |||||||||
Pension and other benefit plans | ( | ) | |||||||||
Derivative cash flow hedges | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Total other comprehensive earnings/(losses) | ( | ) | |||||||||
Comprehensive earnings | |||||||||||
less: Comprehensive earnings/(losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests | |||||||||||
Comprehensive earnings attributable to Mondelēz International | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets, as of December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data)
2019 | 2018 | ||||||
ASSETS | |||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||
Trade receivables (net of allowances of $35 at December 31, 2019 and $40 at December 31, 2018) | |||||||
Other receivables (net of allowances of $44 at December 31, 2019 and $47 at December 31, 2018) | |||||||
Inventories, net | |||||||
Other current assets | |||||||
Total current assets | |||||||
Property, plant and equipment, net | |||||||
Operating lease right of use assets | |||||||
Goodwill | |||||||
Intangible assets, net | |||||||
Prepaid pension assets | |||||||
Deferred income taxes | |||||||
Equity method investments | |||||||
Other assets | |||||||
TOTAL ASSETS | $ | $ | |||||
LIABILITIES | |||||||
Short-term borrowings | $ | $ | |||||
Current portion of long-term debt | |||||||
Accounts payable | |||||||
Accrued marketing | |||||||
Accrued employment costs | |||||||
Other current liabilities | |||||||
Total current liabilities | |||||||
Long-term debt | |||||||
Long-term operating lease liabilities | |||||||
Deferred income taxes | |||||||
Accrued pension costs | |||||||
Accrued postretirement health care costs | |||||||
Other liabilities | |||||||
TOTAL LIABILITIES | |||||||
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 14) | |||||||
EQUITY | |||||||
Common Stock, no par value (5,000,000,000 shares authorized and 1,996,537,778 shares issued at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018) | |||||||
Additional paid-in capital | |||||||
Retained earnings | |||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive losses | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Treasury stock, at cost (561,531,524 shares at December 31, 2019 and 545,537,923 shares at December 31, 2018) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Total Mondelēz International Shareholders’ Equity | |||||||
Noncontrolling interest | |||||||
TOTAL EQUITY | |||||||
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | $ | $ | |||||
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Equity
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)
Mondelēz International Shareholders’ Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Earnings/ (Losses) | Treasury Stock | Non-controlling Interest | Total Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||
Balances at January 1, 2017 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Comprehensive earnings/(losses): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net earnings | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive earnings/ (losses), net of income taxes | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Exercise of stock options and issuance of other stock awards | — | ( | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Common Stock repurchased | — | — | — | — | ( | ) | — | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Cash dividends declared ($0.82 per share) | — | — | ( | ) | — | — | — | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Dividends paid on noncontrolling interest and other activities | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Balances at December 31, 2017 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Comprehensive earnings/(losses): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net earnings | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive earnings/ (losses), net of income taxes | — | — | — | ( | ) | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Exercise of stock options and issuance of other stock awards | — | ( | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Common Stock repurchased | — | — | — | — | ( | ) | — | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Cash dividends declared ($0.96 per share) | — | — | ( | ) | — | — | — | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Dividends paid on noncontrolling interest and other activities | — | — | — | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Balances at December 31, 2018 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Comprehensive earnings/(losses): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net earnings | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive earnings/ (losses), net of income taxes | — | — | — | — | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Exercise of stock options and issuance of other stock awards | — | ( | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Common Stock repurchased | — | — | — | — | ( | ) | — | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Cash dividends declared ($1.09 per share) | — | — | ( | ) | — | — | — | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Dividends paid on noncontrolling interest and other activities | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Balances at December 31, 2019 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For the Years Ended December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
CASH PROVIDED BY/(USED IN) OPERATING ACTIVITIES | |||||||||||
Net earnings | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to operating cash flows: | |||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | |||||||||||
U.S. tax reform transition tax/(benefit) | ( | ) | |||||||||
Deferred income tax (benefit)/provision | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Asset impairments and accelerated depreciation | |||||||||||
Loss on early extinguishment of debt | |||||||||||
Net gain on divestitures | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Net loss/(gain) on equity method investment transactions | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Equity method investment net earnings | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Distributions from equity method investments | |||||||||||
Other non-cash items, net | ( | ) | |||||||||
Change in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures: | |||||||||||
Receivables, net | ( | ) | |||||||||
Inventories, net | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Accounts payable | |||||||||||
Other current assets | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Other current liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Change in pension and postretirement assets and liabilities, net | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | |||||||||||
CASH PROVIDED BY/(USED IN) INVESTING ACTIVITIES | |||||||||||
Capital expenditures | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Acquisitions, net of cash received | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Proceeds from divestitures, net of disbursements | |||||||||||
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment and other | |||||||||||
Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
CASH PROVIDED BY/(USED IN) FINANCING ACTIVITIES | |||||||||||
Issuances of commercial paper, maturities greater than 90 days | |||||||||||
Repayments of commercial paper, maturities greater than 90 days | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Net issuances/(repayments) of other short-term borrowings | ( | ) | |||||||||
Long-term debt proceeds | |||||||||||
Long-term debt repayments | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Repurchases of Common Stock | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Dividends paid | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Other | |||||||||||
Net cash used in financing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ( | ) | |||||||||
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: | |||||||||||
Increase/(decrease) | ( | ) | |||||||||
Balance at beginning of period | |||||||||||
Balance at end of period | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Cash paid: | |||||||||||
Interest | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Income taxes | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business:
Mondelēz International, Inc. was incorporated in 2000 in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Mondelēz International, Inc., through its subsidiaries (collectively “Mondelēz International,” “we,” “us” and “our”), sells food and beverage products to consumers in over 150 countries.
Principles of Consolidation:
The consolidated financial statements include Mondelēz International, Inc. as well as our wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries, except our Venezuelan subsidiaries which were deconsolidated in 2015. All intercompany transactions are eliminated. The noncontrolling interest represents the noncontrolling investors’ interests in the results of subsidiaries that we control and consolidate. We account for investments over which we exercise significant influence under the equity method of accounting. Investments over which we do not have significant influence or control are not material and are carried at cost as there is no readily determinable fair value for the equity interests. Under the cost method of accounting, earnings are recognized to the extent cash is received.
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), which require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect a number of amounts in our consolidated financial statements. Significant accounting policy elections, estimates and assumptions include, among others, pension and benefit plan assumptions, valuation assumptions of goodwill and intangible assets, useful lives of long-lived assets, restructuring program liabilities, marketing program accruals, insurance and self-insurance reserves and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable. If actual amounts differ from estimates, we include the revisions in our consolidated results of operations in the period the actual amounts become known. Historically, the aggregate differences, if any, between our estimates and actual amounts in any year have not had a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Our operations and management structure are organized into four operating segments:
• | Latin America |
• | AMEA |
• | Europe |
• | North America |
See Note 18, Segment Reporting, for additional information on our segments.
Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting:
We translate the results of operations of our subsidiaries from multiple currencies using average exchange rates during each period and translate balance sheet accounts using exchange rates at the end of each period. We record currency translation adjustments as a component of equity (except for highly inflationary currencies) and realized exchange gains and losses on transactions in earnings.
Highly inflationary accounting is triggered when a country’s three-year cumulative inflation rate exceeds 100%. It requires the remeasurement of financial statements of subsidiaries in the country, from the functional currency of the subsidiary to our U.S. dollar reporting currency, with currency remeasurement gains or losses recorded in earnings. As discussed below, beginning on July 1, 2018, we began to apply highly inflationary accounting for our operations in Argentina.
Argentina. During the second quarter of 2018, primarily based on published estimates which indicated that Argentina's three-year cumulative inflation rate exceeded 100%, we concluded that Argentina became a highly inflationary economy for accounting purposes. As of July 1, 2018, we began to apply highly inflationary accounting for our Argentinean subsidiaries and changed their functional currency from the Argentinean peso to the U.S. dollar. On July 1, 2018, both monetary and non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in Argentinean pesos were remeasured into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date, with remeasurement and other transaction gains and losses recorded in net earnings. As of December 31, 2019, our Argentinean operations had less than $1 million of Argentinean peso denominated net monetary liabilities. Our Argentinean operations contributed $382 million, or 1.5 % of consolidated net revenues in 2019. We recorded a remeasurement gain of
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$4 million in 2019 and a remeasurement loss of $11 million in 2018 within selling, general and administrative expenses related to the revaluation of the Argentinean peso denominated net monetary position over these periods.
Brexit. In 2019, we generated 8.6 % of our net revenues in the United Kingdom. On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom began the withdrawal process from the European Union under the European and U.K. Parliament approved Withdrawal Agreement. During a transition period currently scheduled to end on December 31, 2020, the United Kingdom will effectively remain in the E.U.’s customs union and single market while a trade deal with the European Union is negotiated. The deadline for extending the transition period ends on June 30, 2020. If the transition period is not extended, on December 31, 2020, the United Kingdom will either exit the European Union without a trade deal or will begin a new trade relationship with the European Union. During the transition period, we continue to take protective measures in response to the potential impacts on our results of operations and financial condition. Following the Brexit vote in June 2016, there was significant volatility in the global stock markets and currency exchange rates. The value of the British pound sterling relative to the U.S. dollar declined significantly and negatively affected our translated results reported in U.S. dollars. If the ultimate terms of the United Kingdom’s separation from the European Union negatively impact the U.K. economy or result in disruptions to sales or our supply chain, the impact to our results of operations and financial condition could be material. We have taken measures to increase our resources in customer service & logistics together with increasing our inventory levels of imported raw materials, packaging and finished goods in the United Kingdom to help us manage through the Brexit transition and the inherent risks.
Other Countries. Since we sell our products in over 150 countries and have operations in approximately 80 countries, we monitor economic and currency-related risks and seek to take protective measures in response to these exposures. Some of the countries in which we do business have recently experienced periods of significant economic uncertainty and exchange rate volatility, including Brazil, China, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa and Pakistan. We continue to monitor operations, currencies and net monetary exposures in these countries. At this time, we do not anticipate that these countries are at risk of becoming highly inflationary economies.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash:
Transfers of Financial Assets:
We account for transfers of financial assets, such as uncommitted revolving non-recourse accounts receivable factoring arrangements, when we have surrendered control over the related assets. Determining whether control has transferred requires an evaluation of relevant legal considerations, an assessment of the nature and extent of our continuing involvement with the assets transferred and any other relevant considerations. We use receivable factoring arrangements periodically when circumstances are favorable to manage liquidity. We have nonrecourse factoring arrangements in which we sell eligible trade receivables primarily to banks in exchange for cash. We may then continue to collect the receivables sold, acting solely as a collecting agent on behalf of the banks. The outstanding principal amount of receivables under these arrangements amounted to $760 million as of December 31, 2019, $819 million as of December 31, 2018 and $843 million as of December 31, 2017. The incremental costs of factoring receivables under this arrangement were approximately $10 million or less in each of the years presented. The proceeds from the sales of receivables are included in cash from operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Inventories:
We record our inventory using the average cost method and record inventory allowances for overstock and obsolete inventory.
Long-Lived Assets:
Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost and depreciated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Machinery and equipment are depreciated over periods ranging from 3 to 20 years and buildings and building improvements over periods up to 40 years.
We review long-lived assets, including amortizable intangible assets, for realizability on an ongoing basis. Changes in depreciation, generally accelerated depreciation, are determined and recorded when estimates of the remaining
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useful lives or residual values of long-term assets change. We also review for impairment when conditions exist that indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. In those circumstances, we perform undiscounted operating cash flow analyses to determine if an impairment exists. When testing for asset impairment, we group assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which cash flows are separately identifiable. Any impairment loss is calculated as the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its estimated fair value. Fair value is estimated based on the discounted cash flows for the asset group over the remaining useful life or based on the expected cash proceeds for the asset less costs of disposal. Any significant impairment losses would be recorded within asset impairment and exit costs in the consolidated statements of earnings.
Leases:
We determine whether a contract is or contains a lease at contract inception. On January 1, 2019, we began to record operating leases on our consolidated balance sheet. We elected not to recognize right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities for short-term operating leases with terms of 12 months or less. Long-term operating lease ROU assets and long-term operating lease liabilities are presented separately and operating lease liabilities payable in the next twelve months are recorded in other current liabilities. Finance lease ROU assets continue to be presented in property, plant and equipment and the related finance lease liabilities continue to be presented in the current portion of long-term debt and long-term debt.
Lease ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets are recognized at commencement date at the value of the lease liability, adjusted for any prepayments, lease incentives received and initial direct costs incurred. Lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. The non-recurring fair value measurement is classified as Level 3 as no fair value inputs are observable. As the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable in most of our leases, we use our country-specific incremental borrowing rate based on the lease term using information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Many of our leases contain non-lease components (e.g. product costs, common-area or other maintenance costs) that relate to the lease components of the agreement. Non-lease components and the lease components to which they relate are accounted for as a single lease component as we have elected to combine lease and non-lease components for all classes of underlying assets.
Amortization of ROU lease assets is calculated on a straight-line basis over the lease term with the expense recorded in cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses depending on the nature of the leased item. Interest expense is recorded over the lease term and is recorded in interest expense (based on a front-loaded interest expense pattern) for finance leases and is recorded in cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses (on a straight-line basis) for operating leases. All operating lease cash payments and interest on finance leases are recorded within cash flows from operating activities and all finance lease principal payments are recorded within cash flows from financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Software Costs:
We capitalize certain computer software and software development costs incurred in connection with developing or obtaining computer software for internal use. Capitalized software costs are included in property, plant and equipment and amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the software, which do not exceed seven years .
Goodwill and Non-Amortizable Intangible Assets:
We test goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis on July 1. We assess goodwill impairment risk throughout the year by performing a qualitative review of entity-specific, industry, market and general economic factors affecting our goodwill reporting units. We review our operating segment and reporting unit structure for goodwill testing annually or as significant changes in the organization occur. Annually, we may perform qualitative testing, or depending on factors such as prior-year test results, current year developments, current risk evaluations and other practical considerations, we may elect to do quantitative testing instead. In our quantitative testing, we compare a reporting unit’s estimated fair value with its carrying value. We estimate a reporting unit’s fair value using a discounted cash flow method that incorporates planned growth rates, market-based discount rates and estimates of residual value. This year, for our Europe and North America reporting units, we used a market-based, weighted-average cost of capital of 5.9 % to discount the projected cash flows of those operations. For our Latin America and AMEA reporting units, we used a risk-rated discount rate of 8.9 %. Estimating the fair value of individual reporting units requires us to make assumptions and estimates regarding our future
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plans, industry and economic conditions, and our actual results and conditions may differ over time. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s net assets exceeds its fair value, we would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value.
Annually we assess non-amortizable intangible assets for impairment by performing a qualitative review and assessing events and circumstances that could affect the fair value or carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets. If significant potential impairment risk exists for a specific asset, we quantitatively test it for impairment by comparing its estimated fair value with its carrying value. We determine estimated fair value using estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value, we consider the asset impaired and reduce its carrying value to the estimated fair value. We amortize definite-lived intangible assets over their estimated useful lives and evaluate them for impairment as we do other long-lived assets.
Insurance and Self-Insurance:
We use a combination of insurance and self-insurance for a number of risks, including workers’ compensation, general liability, automobile liability, product liability and our obligation for employee healthcare benefits. We estimate the liabilities associated with these risks on an undiscounted basis by evaluating and making judgments about historical claims experience and other actuarial assumptions and the estimated impact on future results.
Revenue Recognition:
We predominantly sell food and beverage products across several product categories and in all regions as disclosed in Note 18, Segment Reporting. We recognize revenue when control over the products transfers to our customers, which generally occurs upon delivery or shipment of the products. A small percentage of our net revenues relates to the licensing of our intellectual property, predominantly brand and trade names, and we record these revenues when earned within the period of the license term. We account for product shipping, handling and insurance as fulfillment activities with revenues for these activities recorded within net revenue and costs recorded within cost of sales. Any taxes collected on behalf of government authorities are excluded from net revenues.
Revenues are recorded net of trade and sales incentives and estimated product returns. Known or expected pricing or revenue adjustments, such as trade discounts, rebates or returns, are estimated at the time of sale. We base these estimates of expected amounts principally on historical utilization and redemption rates. Estimates that affect revenue, such as trade incentives and product returns, are monitored and adjusted each period until the incentives or product returns are realized.
Key sales terms, such as pricing and quantities ordered, are established on a frequent basis such that most customer arrangements and related incentives have a one year or shorter duration. As such, we do not capitalize contract inception costs and we capitalize product fulfillment costs in accordance with U.S. GAAP and our inventory policies. We generally do not have any unbilled receivables at the end of a period. Deferred revenues are not material and primarily include customer advance payments typically collected a few days before product delivery, at which time deferred revenues are reclassified and recorded as net revenues. We generally do not receive noncash consideration for the sale of goods nor do we grant payment financing terms greater than one year.
Marketing, Advertising and Research and Development:
We promote our products with marketing and advertising programs. These programs include, but are not limited to, cooperative advertising, in-store displays and consumer marketing promotions. For interim reporting purposes, advertising, consumer promotion and marketing research expenses are charged to operations as a percentage of volume, based on estimated sales volume and estimated program spending. We do not defer costs on our year-end consolidated balance sheet and all marketing and advertising costs are recorded as an expense in the year incurred. Advertising expense was $1,208 million in 2019, $1,173 million in 2018 and $1,248 million in 2017. We expense product research and development costs as incurred. Research and development expense was $351 million in 2019, $362 million in 2018 and $366 million in 2017. We record marketing and advertising as well as research and development expenses within selling, general and administrative expenses.
Stock-based Compensation:
Stock-based compensation awarded to employees and non-employee directors is valued at fair value on the grant date. We record stock-based compensation expense over the vesting period, generally three years. Forfeitures are estimated on the grant date for all of our stock-based compensation awards.
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Employee Benefit Plans:
We provide a range of benefits to our current and retired employees including pension benefits, defined contribution plan benefits, postretirement health care benefits and postemployment primarily severance-related benefits depending upon local statutory requirements, employee tenure and service requirements as well as other factors. The cost for these plans is recognized in earnings primarily over the working life of the covered employee.
Financial Instruments:
We use financial instruments to manage our currency exchange rate, commodity price and interest rate risks. We monitor and manage these exposures as part of our overall risk management program, which focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to reduce the potentially adverse effects that the volatility of these markets may have on our operating results. A principal objective of our risk management strategies is to reduce significant, unanticipated earnings fluctuations that may arise from volatility in currency exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates, principally through the use of derivative instruments.
We use a combination of primarily currency forward contracts, futures, options and swaps; commodity forward contracts, futures and options; and interest rate swaps to manage our exposure to cash flow variability, protect the value of our existing currency assets and liabilities and protect the value of our debt. See Note 10, Financial Instruments, for more information on the types of derivative instruments we use.
We record derivative financial instruments on a gross basis and at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets within other current assets or other current liabilities due to their relatively short-term duration. Cash flows related to the settlement of derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges of foreign operations are classified in the consolidated statements of cash flows within investing activities. All other cash flows related to derivative instruments that are designated, and those that are economic hedges, are classified in the same line item as the cash flows of the related hedged item, which is generally within operating activities. Cash flows related to the settlement of all other free-standing derivative instruments are classified within investing activities. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as a cash flow hedge, to the extent that the hedge is effective, are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) and reclassified to earnings when the hedged item affects earnings. Changes in fair value of economic hedges and the ineffective portion of all hedges are recognized in current period earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as a fair value hedge, along with the changes in the fair value of the related hedged asset or liability, are recorded in earnings in the same period. We use non-U.S. dollar denominated debt to hedge a portion of our net investment in non-U.S. operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. Currency movements related to our non-U.S. debt and our net investments in non-U.S. operations, as well as the related deferred taxes, are recorded within currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses).
In order to qualify for hedge accounting, a specified level of hedging effectiveness between the derivative instrument and the item being hedged must exist at inception and throughout the hedged period. We must also formally document the nature of and relationship between the derivative and the hedged item, as well as our risk management objectives, strategies for undertaking the hedge transaction and method of assessing hedge effectiveness. Additionally, for a hedge of a forecasted transaction, the significant characteristics and expected term of the forecasted transaction must be specifically identified, and it must be probable that the forecasted transaction will occur. If it is no longer probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will occur, we would recognize the gain or loss related to the derivative in earnings.
When we use derivatives, we are exposed to credit and market risks. Credit risk exists when a counterparty to a derivative contract might fail to fulfill its performance obligations under the contract. We reduce our credit risk by entering into transactions with counterparties with high quality, investment grade credit ratings, limiting the amount of exposure with each counterparty and monitoring the financial condition of our counterparties. We also maintain a policy of requiring that all significant, non-exchange traded derivative contracts with a duration of one year or longer are governed by an International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreement. Market risk exists when the value of a derivative or other financial instrument might be adversely affected by changes in market conditions and commodity prices, currency exchange rates or interest rates. We manage derivative market risk by limiting the types of derivative instruments and derivative strategies we use and the degree of market risk that we plan to hedge through the use of derivative instruments.
Commodity derivatives. We are exposed to price risk related to forecasted purchases of certain commodities that we primarily use as raw materials. We enter into commodity forward contracts primarily for wheat, sugar and other sweeteners, soybean and vegetable oils and cocoa. Commodity forward contracts generally are not subject to the
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accounting requirements for derivative instruments and hedging activities under the normal purchases exception. We also use commodity futures and options to hedge the price of certain input costs, including cocoa, energy costs, sugar and other sweeteners, wheat, packaging, dairy, corn, and soybean and vegetable oils. We also sell commodity futures to unprice future purchase commitments, and we occasionally use related futures to cross-hedge a commodity exposure. We are not a party to leveraged derivatives and, by policy, do not use financial instruments for speculative purposes.
Currency exchange derivatives. We use various financial instruments to mitigate our exposure to changes in exchange rates from third-party and intercompany current and forecasted transactions. These instruments may include currency exchange forward contracts, futures, options and swaps. Based on the size and location of our businesses, we use these instruments to hedge our exposure to certain currencies, including the euro, pound sterling, Swiss franc, Canadian dollar and Mexican peso. Any unrealized gains or losses (mark-to-market impacts) and realized gains or losses are recorded in earnings (see Note 10, Financial Instruments, for additional information).
Interest rate cash flow and fair value hedges. We manage interest rate volatility by modifying the pricing or maturity characteristics of certain liabilities so that the net impact on expense is not, on a material basis, adversely affected by movements in interest rates. As a result of interest rate fluctuations, hedged fixed-rate liabilities appreciate or depreciate in market value. We expect the effect of this unrealized appreciation or depreciation to be substantially offset by our gains or losses on the derivative instruments that are linked to these hedged liabilities. We use derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps that have indices related to the pricing of specific liabilities as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. As a matter of policy, we do not use highly leveraged derivative instruments for interest rate risk management. We use interest rate swaps to economically convert a portion of our fixed-rate debt into variable-rate debt. Under the interest rate swap contracts, we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed-rate and floating-rate interest amounts, which is calculated based on an agreed-upon notional amount. We use interest rate swaps to hedge the variability of interest payment cash flows on a portion of our future debt obligations. We also execute cross-currency interest rate swaps to hedge interest payments on newly issued debt denominated in a different currency than the functional currency of the borrowing entity. Substantially all of these derivative instruments are highly effective and qualify for hedge accounting treatment.
Hedges of net investments in non-U.S. operations. We have numerous investments outside the United States. The net assets of these subsidiaries are exposed to changes and volatility in currency exchange rates. We use local currency denominated debt to hedge our non-U.S. net investments against adverse movements in exchange rates. We designated our euro, pound sterling, Swiss franc and Canadian dollar-denominated borrowings as a net investment hedge of a portion of our overall international operations. The gains and losses on our net investment in these designated international operations are economically offset by losses and gains on our euro, pound sterling, Swiss franc and Canadian dollar-denominated borrowings. The change in the debt’s value, net of deferred taxes, is recorded in the currency translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses).
Additionally, beginning in the first quarter of 2018, we entered into cross-currency interest rate swaps and forwards to hedge certain investments in our non-U.S. operations against movements in exchange rates. The after-tax gain/(loss) on these net investment hedge contracts is recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income and the pre-tax impacts of the cash flows from these contracts are reported as other investing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.
Income Taxes:
Our provision for income taxes includes amounts payable or refundable for the current year, the effects of deferred taxes and impacts from uncertain tax positions. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of our assets and liabilities, operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the years in which those differences are expected to reverse.
The realization of certain deferred tax assets is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income in the appropriate jurisdiction prior to the expiration of the carryforward periods. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. When assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider any carryback potential, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences (including liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits), future taxable income and tax planning strategies.
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We recognize tax benefits in our financial statements from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. The amount we recognize is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon resolution. Future changes related to the expected resolution of uncertain tax positions could affect tax expense in the period when the change occurs.
We monitor for changes in tax laws and reflect the impacts of tax law changes in the period of enactment. When there is refinement to tax law changes in subsequent periods, we account for the new guidance in the period when it becomes known.
In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued an Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") that removes certain exceptions in accounting for income taxes, improves consistency in application and clarifies existing guidance. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In October 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that permits the use of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") Overnight Index Swap ("OIS") Rate as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes. We adopted the new standard on January 1, 2019 and there was no material impact to our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.
In August 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs for internal-use software. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt this ASU as of January 1, 2020 and we do not expect this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The ASU is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt this ASU as of December 31, 2020. The new standard will impact our year-end disclosures only and is not expected to have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt this ASU as of January 1, 2020. The new standard will impact our disclosures and is not expected to have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In June 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that requires entities to record share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from non-employees at fair value as of adoption date. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the standard as of January 1, 2019 and there was no material impact to our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.
In February 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that permits entities to elect a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 enactment of U.S. tax reform legislation. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We did not elect to reclassify these stranded tax effects from U.S. tax reform when we adopted this ASU in the first quarter of 2019. As such, this ASU did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Our policy is to release stranded tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income under the portfolio method rather than on an individual item by item basis.
In July 2017, the FASB issued an ASU on financial instruments that allows for the exclusion of a down round feature when evaluating whether or not the instrument or embedded feature requires derivative classification. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the standard as of January 1, 2019 and there was no material impact to our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.
In June 2016, the FASB issued an ASU on the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. This ASU requires entities to measure the impairment of certain financial instruments, including trade receivables, based on
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expected losses rather than incurred losses. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for financial statement periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We will adopt this ASU as of January 1, 2020 and we do not expect this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Note 2. Divestitures and Acquisitions
On July 16, 2019, we acquired a majority interest in a U.S. refrigerated nutrition bar company, Perfect Snacks, within our North America segment for $284 million cash paid, net of cash received, and expanded our position in broader snacking. We are working to complete the valuation work and have recorded a preliminary purchase price allocation of $31 million to definite-lived intangible assets, $107 million to indefinite-lived intangible assets, $150 million to goodwill, $1 million to property, plant and equipment, $12 million to inventory, $8 million to accounts receivable, $13 million to current liabilities, $3 million to deferred tax liabilities and $9 million to other liabilities. The acquisition added incremental net revenues of $53 million and an immaterial amount of incremental operating income in 2019.
On May 28, 2019, we completed the sale of most of our cheese business in the Middle East and Africa to Arla Foods of Denmark. In 2019, we received cash proceeds of $161 million and divested $19 million of current assets and $96 million of non-current assets. We also paid $2 million of transaction costs and recorded a net pre-tax gain of $44 million on the sale.
On June 7, 2018, we acquired a U.S. premium biscuit company, Tate’s Bake Shop, within our North America segment and extended our premium biscuit offering. During the second quarter of 2018, we paid $528 million, net of cash received, and during the second quarter of 2019, we finalized the purchase price at $527 million. The purchase price allocation included $45 million to definite-lived intangible assets, $205 million to indefinite-lived intangible assets, $297 million to goodwill, $16 million to property, plant and equipment, $5 million to inventory, $9 million to accounts receivable, $7 million to current liabilities and $43 million to deferred tax liabilities. Through the one-year anniversary of the acquisition, Tate's added incremental net revenues of $35 million and an immaterial amount of incremental operating income.
On December 28, 2017, we completed the sale of a confectionery business in Japan. We received cash proceeds of ¥2.8 billion ($24 million as of December 28, 2017) and recorded an immaterial pre-tax loss on the divestiture within our AMEA segment.
In connection with the 2012 spin-off of Kraft Foods Group, Inc. (now a part of The Kraft Heinz Company (“KHC”)), Kraft Foods Group and we each granted the other various licenses to use certain trademarks in connection with particular product categories in specified jurisdictions. On August 17, 2017, we entered into two agreements with KHC to terminate the licenses of certain KHC-owned brands used in our grocery business within our Europe region and to transfer to KHC inventory and certain other assets. On August 17, 2017, the first transaction closed and we received cash proceeds of €9 million ($11 million as of August 17, 2017) and on October 23, 2017, the second transaction closed and we received cash proceeds of €2 million ($3 million as of October 23, 2017). The gain on both transactions combined was immaterial.
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On July 4, 2017, we completed the sale of most of our grocery business in Australia and New Zealand to Bega Cheese Limited for $456 million Australian dollars ($347 million as of July 4, 2017). We divested $27 million of current assets, $135 million of non-current assets and $4 million of current liabilities based on the July 4, 2017 exchange rate. We recorded a pre-tax gain of $247 million Australian dollars ($187 million as of July 4, 2017) on the sale. We also recorded divestiture-related costs of $2 million and a foreign currency hedge loss of $3 million during 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a $3 million inventory-related working capital adjustment, increasing the pre-tax gain to $190 million in 2017.
On April 28, 2017, we completed the sale of several manufacturing facilities in France and the sale or license of several local confectionery brands. We received cash of approximately €157 million ($169 million as of April 28, 2017), net of cash divested with the businesses. On April 28, 2017, we divested $44 million of current assets, $155 million of non-current assets, $8 million of current liabilities and $22 million of non-current liabilities based on the April 28, 2017 exchange rate. We recorded a $3 million loss on the sale and divestiture-related costs of $27 million in 2017 and $84 million in 2016. These divestiture-related costs were recorded within cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses primarily within our Europe segment. In prior periods, we recorded a $5 million impairment charge in May 2016 for a candy trademark to reduce the overall net assets to the estimated net sales proceeds after transaction costs. On March 31, 2016, we recorded a $14 million impairment charge for another gum & candy trademark as a portion of its carrying value would not be recoverable based on future cash flows expected under a planned license agreement with the buyer.
Note 3. Inventories
Inventories consisted of the following:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Raw materials | $ | $ | |||||
Finished product | |||||||
Inventory reserves | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Inventories, net | $ | $ | |||||
Note 4. Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Land and land improvements | $ | $ | |||||
Buildings and building improvements | |||||||
Machinery and equipment | |||||||
Construction in progress | |||||||
Accumulated depreciation | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | $ | |||||
Capital expenditures as presented on the statement of cash flow were $0.9 billion, $1.1 billion and $1.0 billion for the years ending December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 and excluded $334 million, $331 million and $357 million for accrued capital expenditures not yet paid.
In connection with our restructuring program, we recorded non-cash property, plant and equipment write-downs (including accelerated depreciation and asset impairments) of $50 million in 2019, $59 million in 2018 and $206 million in 2017 (see Note 8, Restructuring Program). These charges related to property, plant and equipment
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were recorded in the consolidated statements of earnings within asset impairment and exit costs and in the segment results as follows:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Latin America | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
AMEA | ( | ) | |||||||||
Europe | |||||||||||
North America | |||||||||||
Corporate | |||||||||||
Non-cash property, plant and equipment write-downs | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Note 5. Leases
We have operating and finance leases for manufacturing and distribution facilities, vehicles, equipment and office space. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 to 10 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 6 years. We assume the majority of our termination options will not be exercised when determining the lease term of our leases. We do not include significant restrictions or covenants in our lease agreements, and residual value guarantees are generally not included within our operating leases, with the exception of some fleet leases. Some of our leasing arrangements require variable payments that are dependent on usage or output or may vary for other reasons, such as product costs, insurance and tax payments. These variable payment leases are not included in our recorded lease assets and liabilities and are expensed as incurred. Certain leases are tied to a variable index or rate and are included in our lease assets and liabilities based on the indices or rates as of lease commencement.
The components of lease costs were as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 | |||
(in millions) | |||
Operating lease cost | $ | ||
Finance lease cost: | |||
Amortization of right-of-use assets | |||
Interest on lease liabilities | |||
Short-term lease cost | |||
Variable lease cost | |||
Sublease income | ( | ) | |
Total lease cost | $ | ||
Rent expenses under prior lease accounting rules (ASC 840) recorded in continuing operations were $260 million in 2018 and $284 million in 2017.
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Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 | |||
(in millions) | |||
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | |||
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | ( | ) |
Operating cash flows from finance leases | ( | ) | |
Financing cash flows from finance leases | ( | ) | |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: | |||
Operating leases | $ | ||
Finance leases | |||
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:
As of December 31, 2019 | |||
(in millions) | |||
Operating Leases: | |||
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net of amortization | $ | ||
Other current liabilities | $ | ||
Long-term operating lease liabilities | |||
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | ||
Finance Leases: | |||
Finance leases, net of amortization (within property, plant & equipment) | $ | ||
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | ||
Long-term debt | |||
Total finance lease liabilities | $ | ||
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term | |||
Operating leases | |||
Finance leases | |||
Weighted Average Discount Rate | |||
Operating leases | % | ||
Finance leases | % | ||
In 2020, we expect to record a $45 million operating lease liability for a 15 year lease that has not yet commenced.
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Future lease payments under non-cancelable leases under the new lease accounting rules (ASC 842) that went into effect on January 1, 2019 were as follows:
As of December 31, 2019 | |||||||
Operating Leases | Finance Leases | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Year Ending December 31: | |||||||
2020 | $ | $ | |||||
2021 | |||||||
2022 | |||||||
2023 | |||||||
2024 | |||||||
Thereafter | |||||||
Total future undiscounted lease payments | $ | $ | |||||
Less imputed interest | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Total reported lease liability | $ | $ | |||||
As of December 31, 2018, minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable operating leases under prior lease accounting rules (ASC 840) were (in millions):
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | Thereafter | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
$ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Note 6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill by operating segment was:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Latin America | $ | $ | |||||
AMEA | |||||||
Europe | |||||||
North America | |||||||
Goodwill | $ | $ | |||||
Intangible assets consisted of the following:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Non-amortizable intangible assets | $ | $ | |||||
Amortizable intangible assets | |||||||
Accumulated amortization | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Intangible assets, net | $ | $ | |||||
Non-amortizable intangible assets consist principally of brand names purchased through our acquisitions of Nabisco Holdings Corp., the Spanish and Portuguese operations of United Biscuits, the global LU biscuit business of Groupe Danone S.A. and Cadbury Limited. Amortizable intangible assets consist primarily of trademarks, customer-related intangibles, process technology, licenses and non-compete agreements.
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Amortization expense for intangible assets was $174 million in 2019, $176 million in 2018 and $178 million in 2017. For the next five years, we estimate annual amortization expense of approximately $175 million next year, approximately $90 million in year two and approximately $85 million in years three to five, reflecting December 31, 2019 exchange rates.
Changes in goodwill and intangible assets consisted of:
2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||
Goodwill | Intangible Assets, at cost | Goodwill | Intangible Assets, at cost | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Balance at January 1 | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Changes due to: | |||||||||||||||
Currency | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||
Divestitures | ( | ) | |||||||||||||
Acquisitions | |||||||||||||||
Asset impairments | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||
Balance at December 31 | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Changes to goodwill and intangibles were:
• | Divestitures – During the second quarter of 2019, we divested the net assets of most of our cheese business in the Middle East and Africa to Arla Foods of Denmark resulting in a goodwill decrease of $ |
• | Acquisitions – In connection with the acquisition of a majority interest in Perfect Snacks during the third quarter of 2019, we recorded a preliminary purchase price allocation of $ |
• | Asset impairments – As further discussed below, we recorded $ |
In 2019, 2018 and 2017, there were no goodwill impairments and each of our reporting units had sufficient fair value in excess of its carrying value. While all reporting units passed our annual impairment testing, if planned business performance expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then the estimated fair values of a reporting unit or reporting units might decline and lead to a goodwill impairment in the future.
During our 2019 annual testing of non-amortizable intangible assets, we recorded $57 million of impairment charges in the third quarter related to nine brands. We recorded charges related to gum, chocolate, biscuits and candy brands of $39 million in Europe, $15 million in AMEA and $3 million in Latin America. We also identified fourteen brands, including the nine impaired trademarks, with $635 million of aggregate book value as of December 31, 2019 that each had a fair value in excess of book value of 10% or less. We believe our current plans for each of these brands will allow them to not be impaired, but if the brand earnings expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then a brand or brands could become impaired in the future. In 2018, we recorded $68 million of impairment charges for gum, chocolate, biscuits and candy brands of $45 million in Europe, $14 million in North America and $9 million in AMEA. In 2017, we recorded $109 million of impairment charges, of which $70 million related to annual testing impairment charges for candy and gum brands of $52 million in AMEA, $11 million in Europe, $5 million in Latin America and $2 million in North America. During 2017, we also recorded a $38 million intangible asset impairment charge resulting from a category decline and lower than expected product growth related to a gum brand in our North America segment and a $1 million intangible asset impairment charge related to a transaction.
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Note 7. Equity Method Investments
Our investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting totaled $7,212 million as of December 31, 2019 and $7,123 million as of December 31, 2018. In both years, our largest equity method investments were in Jacobs Douwe Egberts (“JDE”) and Keurig Green Mountain, Inc. ("Keurig") prior to July 9, 2018 and Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. (NYSE: "KDP”) subsequent to July 9, 2018.
JDE:
As of December 31, 2019, we held a 26.5 % voting interest, a 26.4 % ownership interest and a 26.3 % profit and dividend sharing interest in JDE. We recorded JDE equity earnings of $195 million in 2019, $230 million in 2018 (which includes a deferred tax benefit from a Dutch tax rate reduction) and $129 million in 2017. We also recorded $73 million of cash dividends received in both 2019 and 2018 and $49 million of cash dividends received in 2017.
JDE / Keurig Exchange:
On March 7, 2016, we exchanged a portion of our JDE equity interest for a new equity interest in Keurig. As a result of the exchange, we recorded the difference between the $2.0 billion fair value of Keurig and our basis in the exchanged JDE shares as a gain of $43 million. In the second quarter of 2019, we determined an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive losses related to our JDE investment was required, which reduced our previously reported gain by $29 million. We recorded the adjustment as a loss on equity method transactions.
Keurig Dr Pepper Transaction:
On July 9, 2018, Keurig closed on its definitive merger agreement with Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., and formed KDP, a publicly traded company. Following the close of the transaction, our 24.2 % investment in Keurig together with our shareholder loan receivable became a 13.8 % investment in KDP. During 2018, we recorded a net pre-tax gain of $778 million (or $586 million after-tax).
We hold two director positions on the KDP board as well as additional governance rights. As we continue to have significant influence, we continue to account for our investment in KDP under the equity method, resulting in recognizing our share of their earnings within our earnings and our share of their dividends within our cash flows.
In connection with this transaction, we changed our accounting principle during the third quarter of 2018 to reflect our share of Keurig's historical and KDP's ongoing earnings on a one-quarter lag basis while we continue to record dividends when cash is received. We determined a lag was preferable as it enables us to continue to report our quarterly and annual results on a timely basis and to record our share of KDP’s ongoing results once KDP has publicly reported its results. The change was retrospectively applied to all prior periods presented.
As of December 31, 2019, we held a 13.6 % ownership interest in KDP valued at approximately $5.5 billion (based on KDP's closing stock price), which exceeded the carrying value of our KDP investment. Our KDP ownership interest could change over time due to stock-based compensation arrangements or other KDP transactions. During the first quarter of 2019, due to the impact of a KDP acquisition that decreased our ownership interest from 13.8 % to 13.6 %, we recognized a $23 million pre-tax gain.
Keurig and KDP equity earnings, as adjusted for the one-quarter lag basis, totaled $160 million in 2019, $213 million in 2018 (includes a deferred tax benefit Keurig recorded as a result of U.S. tax reform) and $92 million in 2017. Within equity method investment net earnings, we also recorded shareholder loan interest income of $12 million in 2018 and $24 million in 2017. We received shareholder loan interest payments of $12 million in 2018 and $30 million in 2017 and dividends of $115 million in 2019, $34 million in 2018 and $14 million in 2017.
Other Equity Method Investment transactions:
On October 2, 2017, we completed the sale of one of our equity method investments and received cash proceeds of $65 million. We recorded a pre-tax gain of $40 million within the gain on equity method investment transactions and $15 million of tax expense. During the second quarter of 2019, we recorded an additional pre-tax gain of $4 million related to the sale and release of indemnity-related funds previously held in escrow that were released.
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Summary Financial Information for Equity Method Investments:
Summarized financial information related to our equity method investments is reflected below.
As of December 31, | |||||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||
Current assets | $ | $ | |||||||
Noncurrent assets | |||||||||
Total assets | $ | $ | |||||||
Current liabilities | $ | $ | |||||||
Noncurrent liabilities | |||||||||
Total liabilities | $ | $ | |||||||
Equity attributable to shareowners of investees | $ | $ | |||||||
Equity attributable to noncontrolling interests | |||||||||
Total net equity of investees | $ | $ | |||||||
Mondelēz International ownership interests | 13-50% | 13-50% | |||||||
Equity method investments (1) | $ | $ | |||||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Gross profit | |||||||||||
Income from continuing operations | |||||||||||
Net income | |||||||||||
Net income attributable to investees | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Mondelēz International ownership interests | 13-50% | 13-50% | 24-50% | ||||||||
Mondelēz International share of investee net income | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Keurig shareholder loan interest income | |||||||||||
Equity method investment net earnings | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
(1) | Includes a basis difference of approximately $ |
Note 8. Restructuring Program
On May 6, 2014, our Board of Directors approved a $3.5 billion 2014-2018 restructuring program and up to $2.2 billion of capital expenditures. On August 31, 2016, our Board of Directors approved a $600 million reallocation between restructuring program cash costs and capital expenditures so the $5.7 billion program consisted of approximately $4.1 billion of restructuring program costs ($3.1 billion cash costs and $1.0 billion non-cash costs) and up to $1.6 billion of capital expenditures. On September 6, 2018, our Board of Directors approved an extension of the restructuring program through 2022, an increase of $1.3 billion in the program charges and an increase of $700 million in capital expenditures. The total $7.7 billion program now consists of $5.4 billion of program charges ($4.1 billion of cash costs and $1.3 billion of non-cash costs) and total capital expenditures of $2.3 billion to be incurred over the life of the program. The current restructuring program, as increased and extended by these actions, is now called the Simplify to Grow Program.
The primary objective of the Simplify to Grow Program is to reduce our operating cost structure in both our supply chain and overhead costs. The program covers severance as well as asset disposals and other manufacturing and procurement-related one-time costs. Since inception, we have incurred total restructuring and related implementation charges of $4.3 billion related to the Simplify to Grow Program. We expect to incur the program charges by year-end 2022.
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Restructuring Costs:
The Simplify to Grow Program liability activity for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was:
Severance and related costs | Asset Write-downs | Total | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Liability Balance, January 1, 2018 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Charges (1) | |||||||||||
Cash spent | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Non-cash settlements/adjustments | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Currency | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Liability Balance, December 31, 2018 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Charges (1) | |||||||||||
Cash spent | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Non-cash settlements/adjustments (2) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Currency | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Liability Balance, December 31, 2019 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
(1) | Includes settlement losses of $ |
(2) | We adopted the new lease accounting ASU as of January 1, 2019. The ASU requires recording onerous lease liabilities netted with right of use assets. Therefore, during the first quarter of 2019, we reclassified onerous lease liabilities that totaled $ |
We recorded restructuring charges of $176 million in 2019, $316 million in 2018 and $535 million in 2017 within asset impairment and exit costs and benefit plan non-service income. We spent $162 million in 2019 and $310 million in 2018 in cash severance and related costs. We also recognized non-cash pension settlement losses (See Note 11, Benefit Plans), non-cash asset write-downs (including accelerated depreciation and asset impairments) and other non-cash adjustments (including a transfer of onerous lease liabilities to operating lease ROU assets during the first quarter of 2019) totaling $82 million in 2019 and $67 million in 2018. At December 31, 2019, $275 million of our net restructuring liability was recorded within other current liabilities and $26 million was recorded within other long-term liabilities.
Implementation Costs:
Implementation costs are directly attributable to restructuring activities; however, they do not qualify for special accounting treatment as exit or disposal activities. We believe the disclosure of implementation costs provides readers of our financial statements with more information on the total costs of our Simplify to Grow Program. Implementation costs primarily relate to reorganizing our operations and facilities in connection with our supply chain reinvention program and other identified productivity and cost saving initiatives. The costs include incremental expenses related to the closure of facilities, costs to terminate certain contracts and the simplification of our information systems. Within our continuing results of operations, we recorded implementation costs of $272 million in 2019, $315 million in 2018 and $257 million in 2017. We recorded these costs within cost of sales and general corporate expense within selling, general and administrative expenses.
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Restructuring and Implementation Costs in Operating Income:
During 2019, 2018 and 2017, and since inception of the Simplify to Grow Program, we recorded the following restructuring and implementation costs within segment operating income and earnings before income taxes:
Latin America | AMEA | Europe | North America (1) | Corporate (2) | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring Costs | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
Implementation Costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring Costs | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
Implementation Costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring Costs | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
Implementation Costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
Total Project (3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring Costs | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
Implementation Costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
(1) | During 2017-2019, our North America region implementation costs included incremental costs that we incurred related to renegotiating collective bargaining agreements that expired in February 2016 for eight U.S. facilities and related to executing business continuity plans for the North America business. |
(2) | Benefit plan non-service income amounts associated with restructuring program activities that are no longer recorded in segment operating income are included in the Corporate column in the table above for all periods presented. The Corporate column also includes minor adjustments for pension settlement losses and rounding. |
(3) | Includes all charges recorded since program inception on May 6, 2014 through December 31, 2019. |
Note 9. Debt and Borrowing Arrangements
Short-Term Borrowings:
Our short-term borrowings and related weighted-average interest rates consisted of:
As of December 31, | |||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||
Amount Outstanding | Weighted- Average Rate | Amount Outstanding | Weighted- Average Rate | ||||||||||
(in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Commercial paper | $ | % | $ | % | |||||||||
Bank loans | % | % | |||||||||||
Total short-term borrowings | $ | $ | |||||||||||
As of December 31, 2019, commercial paper issued and outstanding had between 2 and 52 days remaining to maturity. Commercial paper borrowings decreased since the 2018 year-end primarily as a result of repayments from operating cash flow and proceeds from long-term debt issuances net of repayments, partially offset by increased borrowings for shareholder dividends and share repurchases.
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Some of our international subsidiaries maintain primarily uncommitted credit lines to meet short-term working capital needs. Collectively, these credit lines amounted to $1.7 billion at December 31, 2019 and at December 31, 2018. Borrowings on these lines were $57 million at December 31, 2019 and $138 million at December 31, 2018.
Borrowing Arrangements:
On September 13, 2019, Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V. ("MIHN"), a wholly owned Dutch subsidiary of Mondelēz International, Inc., entered into a term loan agreement pursuant to which MIHN may incur up to $500 million of term loans with a three-year term and $500 million of term loans with a five-year term. Proceeds from the term loan may be used for general corporate purposes, including repayment of debt. On October 25, 2019, we fully drew on the term loans and received proceeds of $1.0 billion. We also entered into cross-currency swaps, serving as cash flow hedges, so that the U.S. dollar-denominated debt payments will effectively be paid in euros over the life of the debt.
On February 27, 2019, to supplement our commercial paper program, we entered into a $1.5 billion revolving credit agreement for a 364 -day senior unsecured credit facility that is scheduled to expire on February 26, 2020. The agreement replaces our previous credit agreement that matured on February 27, 2019 and includes the same terms and conditions as our existing $4.5 billion multi-year credit facility discussed below. As of December 31, 2019, no amounts were drawn on the facility.
On February 27, 2019, we entered into a $4.5 billion multi-year senior unsecured revolving credit facility for general corporate purposes, including working capital needs, and to support our commercial paper program. This agreement replaced our $4.5 billion amended and restated five-year revolving credit agreement, dated as of October 14, 2016. The revolving credit agreement is scheduled to expire on February 27, 2024. The revolving credit agreement includes a covenant that we maintain a minimum shareholders' equity of at least $24.6 billion, excluding accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses), the cumulative effects of any changes in accounting principles and earnings/(losses) recognized in connection with the ongoing application of any mark-to-market accounting for pensions and other retirement plans. At December 31, 2019, we complied with this covenant as our shareholders' equity, as defined by the covenant, was $37.5 billion. The revolving credit facility also contains customary representations, covenants and events of default. There are no credit rating triggers, provisions or other financial covenants that could require us to post collateral as security. As of December 31, 2019, no amounts were drawn on the facility.
On April 2, 2018, in connection with the tender offer described below, we entered into a $2.0 billion revolving credit agreement for a 364 -day senior unsecured credit facility that was due to expire on April 1, 2019. The agreement included the same terms and conditions as our existing $4.5 billion multi-year credit facility discussed above. On April 17, 2018, we borrowed $714 million on this facility to fund the debt tender described below and availability under the facility was reduced to match the borrowed amount. On May 7, 2018, we repaid the $714 million from the net proceeds received from the May 2018 $2.5 billion long-term debt issuance and terminated this credit facility.
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Long-Term Debt:
Our long-term debt consisted of (interest rates are as of December 31, 2019):
As of December 31, | |||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
U.S. dollar notes, 0.163% to 7.000% (weighted-average effective rate 3.107%), due through 2048 | $ | $ | |||||
Euro notes, 0.875% to 2.375% (weighted-average effective rate 1.696%), due through 2035 | |||||||
Pound sterling notes, 3.875% to 4.500% (weighted-average effective rate 4.151%), due through 2045 | |||||||
Swiss franc notes, 0.050% to 1.125% (weighted-average effective rate 0.703%), due through 2025 | |||||||
Canadian dollar notes, 3.250% (effective rate 3.320%), due through 2025 | |||||||
Finance leases and other obligations | |||||||
Total | |||||||
Less current portion of long-term debt | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Long-term debt | $ | $ | |||||
Deferred debt issuance costs of $33 million as of December 31, 2019 and $32 million as of December 31, 2018 are netted against the related debt in the table above. Deferred financing costs related to our revolving credit facility are classified in long-term other assets and were immaterial for all periods presented.
As of December 31, 2019, aggregate maturities of our debt and finance leases based on stated contractual maturities, excluding unamortized non-cash bond premiums, discounts, bank fees and mark-to-market adjustments of $(76 ) million and imputed interest on finance leases of $(11 ) million, were (in millions):
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | Thereafter | Total | ||||||
$ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||
On October 28, 2019, $1.75 billion of our 1.625 % MIHN notes and $500 million of floating rate MIHN notes matured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with the term loans drawn on October 25, 2019 and U.S. dollar-denominated notes issued by MIHN on September 19, 2019.
On October 2, 2019, MIHN issued €500 million of 0.875 % euro-denominated notes guaranteed by Mondelēz International, Inc. that mature on October 1, 2031. We received €491 million (or $538 million) of proceeds, net of discounts and associated financing costs of $11 million, which will be amortized into interest expense over the life of the loans. The proceeds were earmarked for general corporate purposes, including repayment of debt.
On September 19, 2019, MIHN issued $1.0 billion of U.S. dollar-denominated notes guaranteed by Mondelēz International, Inc. and consisting of $500 million 2.125 % notes that mature on September 19, 2022 and $500 million 2.25 % notes that mature on September 19, 2024. We received $997 million of proceeds, net of discounts and associated financing costs. The proceeds were earmarked for general corporate purposes, including repayment of debt. We recorded approximately $4 million of deferred financing costs and discounts, which will be amortized into interest expense over the life of the notes. In connection with this debt issuance, we entered into cross-currency swaps, serving as cash flow hedges, so that the U.S. dollar-denominated debt payments will effectively be paid in euros over the life of the debt.
On February 13, 2019, we issued $600 million of 3.625 % U.S. dollar-denominated notes that are scheduled to mature February 13, 2026. We received $595 million of net proceeds that were used to repay outstanding commercial paper borrowings and other debt. We recorded approximately $5 million of discounts and deferred financing costs, which will be amortized into interest expense over the life of the notes.
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On February 1, 2019, $400 million of our U.S. dollar variable rate notes matured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with the issuance of commercial paper and cash on hand.
On August 23, 2018, $280 million of our 6.125 % U.S. dollar notes matured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with the issuance of commercial paper and cash on hand.
On July 18, 2018, £76 million (or $99 million) of our 7.25 % pound sterling notes matured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with the issuance of commercial paper and cash on hand.
On May 3, 2018, we issued $2.5 billion of U.S. dollar-denominated, fixed-rate notes consisting of:
• | $ |
• | $ |
• | $ |
• | $ |
On May 7, 2018, we received net proceeds of $2.48 billion that were used to repay amounts outstanding under our revolving credit agreement facility and for other general corporate purposes, including the repayment of outstanding commercial paper borrowings and other debt. We recorded approximately $22 million of discounts and deferred financing costs net of various fees associated for the bond transaction and underwriter fee reimbursement, which will be amortized into interest expense over the life of the notes.
On April 17, 2018, we completed a cash tender offer and retired $570 million of the long-term U.S. dollar debt consisting of:
• | $ |
• | $ |
• | $ |
• | $ |
• | $ |
• | $ |
• | $ |
We financed the repurchase of the notes, including the payment of accrued interest and other costs incurred, from the $2.0 billion revolving credit agreement entered into on April 2, 2018. We recorded a loss on debt extinguishment of $140 million within interest and other expense, net related to the amount we paid to retire the debt in excess of its carrying value and from recognizing unamortized discounts, deferred financing and other cash costs in earnings at the time of the debt extinguishment. Cash costs related to tendering the debt are included in long-term debt repayments in the consolidated statement of cash flows for 2018.
On March 2, 2018, we launched an offering of C$600 million of 3.250 % Canadian-dollar denominated notes that mature on March 7, 2025. On March 7, 2018, we received C$595 million (or $461 million) of proceeds, net of discounts and underwriting fees, to be used for general corporate purposes. We recorded approximately $4 million of discounts and deferred financing costs, which will be amortized into interest expense over the life of the notes.
On February 1, 2018, $478 million of our 6.125 % U.S. dollar notes matured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with the issuance of commercial paper and cash on hand.
On January 26, 2018, fr.250 million (or $260 million) of our 0.080 % Swiss franc notes matured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with the issuance of commercial paper and cash on hand.
Our weighted-average interest rate on our total debt was 2.2 % as of December 31, 2019, 2.3 % as of December 31, 2018 and 2.1 % as of December 31, 2017.
Fair Value of Our Debt:
The fair value of our short-term borrowings at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 reflects current market interest rates and approximates the amounts we have recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of our long-term debt was determined using quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 valuation data) for the publicly traded debt obligations. At December 31, 2019, the aggregate fair value of our total debt was $19,388 million and its carrying value was $18,426 million. At December 31, 2018, the aggregate fair value of our total debt was $18,650 million and its carrying value was $18,372 million.
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Interest and Other Expense, net:
Interest and other expense, net within our results of continuing operations consisted of:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Interest expense, debt | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses | |||||||||||
Loss/(gain) related to interest rate swaps | ( | ) | |||||||||
Other (income)/expense, net | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Interest and other expense, net | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
See Note 10, Financial Instruments, for information on the gain/loss related to U.S. dollar interest rate swaps no longer designated as accounting cash flow hedges during 2019 and 2018 and for information on amounts in other income related to our net investment hedge derivative contracts and the amounts excluded from hedge effectiveness of $133 million in 2019 and $120 million in 2018. See Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, for information on the $59 million of other income recorded in 2017 in connection with the resolution of a Brazilian indirect tax matter and the reversal of related accrued interest.
Note 10. Financial Instruments
Fair Value of Derivative Instruments:
Derivative instruments were recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets as follows:
As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||
Asset Derivatives | Liability Derivatives | Asset Derivatives | Liability Derivatives | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Derivatives designated as accounting hedges: | |||||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Net investment hedge derivative contracts (1) | |||||||||||||||
$ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges: | |||||||||||||||
Currency exchange contracts | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Commodity contracts | |||||||||||||||
$ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
Total fair value | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
(1) | Net investment hedge contracts consist of cross-currency interest rate swaps and forward contracts. We also designate some of our non-U.S. dollar denominated debt to hedge a portion of our net investments in our non-U.S. operations. This debt is not reflected in the table above, but is included in long-term debt discussed in Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements. Both net investment hedge derivative contracts and non-U.S. dollar denominated debt acting as net investment hedges are also disclosed in the Derivative Volume table and the Hedges of Net Investments in International Operations section appearing later in this footnote. |
Derivatives designated as accounting hedges above include cash flow and net investment hedge derivative contracts. Our currency exchange and commodity derivative contracts are economic hedges that are not designated as accounting hedges. We record derivative assets and liabilities on a gross basis on our consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of our asset derivatives is recorded within other current assets and the fair value of our liability derivatives is recorded within other current liabilities.
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The fair values (asset/(liability)) of our derivative instruments were determined using:
As of December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||
Total Fair Value of Net Asset/(Liability) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Currency exchange contracts | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Commodity contracts | |||||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||
Net investment hedge contracts | |||||||||||||||
Total derivatives | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
As of December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||
Total Fair Value of Net Asset/(Liability) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Currency exchange contracts | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Commodity contracts | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||
Interest rate contracts | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||
Net investment hedge contracts | |||||||||||||||
Total derivatives | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||
Level 1 financial assets and liabilities consist of exchange-traded commodity futures and listed options. The fair value of these instruments is determined based on quoted market prices on commodity exchanges.
Level 2 financial assets and liabilities consist primarily of over-the-counter (“OTC”) currency exchange forwards, options and swaps; commodity forwards and options; and interest rate swaps. Our currency exchange contracts are valued using an income approach based on observable market forward rates less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount. Commodity derivatives are valued using an income approach based on the observable market commodity index prices less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount or based on pricing models that rely on market observable inputs such as commodity prices. Our calculation of the fair value of interest rate swaps is derived from a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contract and the observable market interest rate curve. Our calculation of the fair value of financial instruments takes into consideration the risk of nonperformance, including counterparty credit risk. Our OTC derivative transactions are governed by International Swap Dealers Association agreements and other standard industry contracts. Under these agreements, we do not post nor require collateral from our counterparties. The majority of our derivative contracts do not have a legal right of set-off. We manage the credit risk in connection with these and all our derivatives by entering into transactions with counterparties with investment grade credit ratings, limiting the amount of exposure with each counterparty and monitoring the financial condition of our counterparties.
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Derivative Volume:
The gross notional values of our derivative instruments were:
Notional Amount | |||||||
As of December 31, | |||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Currency exchange contracts: | |||||||
Intercompany loans and forecasted interest payments | $ | $ | |||||
Forecasted transactions | |||||||
Commodity contracts(1) | |||||||
Interest rate contracts | |||||||
Net investment hedges: | |||||||
Net investment hedge derivative contracts | |||||||
Non-U.S. dollar debt designated as net investment hedges | |||||||
Euro notes | |||||||
British pound sterling notes | |||||||
Swiss franc notes | |||||||
Canadian dollar notes | |||||||
(1) | During the fourth quarter of 2019, we changed how we report our commodity contract notional values from a net to a gross basis in line with how we report our other instruments. We have recast 2018 to be consistent with current year presentation. |
Cash Flow Hedges:
Cash flow hedge activity, net of taxes, within accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) included:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Accumulated (loss)/gain at beginning of period | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
Transfer of realized (gains)/losses in fair value to earnings | ( | ) | |||||||||
Unrealized gain/(loss) in fair value | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Accumulated (loss)/gain at end of period | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
After-tax gains/(losses) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into net earnings were:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Currency exchange contracts – forecasted transactions | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||||
Commodity contracts | ( | ) | |||||||||
Interest rate contracts | ( | ) | |||||||||
Total | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||
Within interest and other expense, net, we recognized a loss of $111 million in 2019 and a gain of $10 million in 2018 related to certain forward-starting interest rate swaps for which the planned timing and currency of the related forecasted debt was changed. During the second quarter of 2019, we also recognized a loss of $12 million related to the net loss on equity method investment transactions noted in Note 7, Equity Method Investments - JDE / Keurig Exchange.
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After-tax gains/(losses) recognized in other comprehensive earnings/(losses) were:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Currency exchange contracts – forecasted transactions | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||||
Commodity contracts | |||||||||||
Interest rate contracts | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Total | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
Cash flow hedge ineffectiveness was not material for all periods presented.
We record pre-tax (i) gains or losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into earnings, (ii) gains or losses on ineffectiveness and (iii) gains or losses on amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in:
• | cost of sales for currency exchange contracts related to forecasted transactions; |
• | cost of sales for commodity contracts; and |
• | interest and other expense, net for interest rate contracts and currency exchange contracts related to intercompany loans. |
Based on current market conditions, we would expect to transfer losses of $15 million (net of taxes) for interest rate cash flow hedges to earnings during the next 12 months.
Cash Flow Hedge Coverage:
As of December 31, 2019, our longest dated cash flow hedges were interest rate swaps that hedge forecasted interest rate payments over the next 4 years and 9 months.
Hedges of Net Investments in International Operations:
Net investment hedge ("NIH") derivative contracts:
We enter into cross-currency interest rate swaps and forwards to hedge certain investments in our non-U.S. operations against movements in exchange rates. As of December 31, 2019, the aggregate notional value of these NIH derivative contracts was $6.9 billion and their impact on other comprehensive earnings and net earnings during the years presented below were as follows:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
After-tax gain/(loss) on NIH contracts(1) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ||||||
(1) | Amounts recorded for unsettled and settled NIH derivative contracts are recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment within other comprehensive earnings. The cash flows from the settled contracts are reported within other investing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows. |
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Amounts excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness(1) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
(1) | We elected to record changes in the fair value of amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness in net earnings within interest and other expense, net. |
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Non-U.S. dollar debt designated as net investment hedges:
After-tax gains/(losses) related to hedges of net investments in international operations in the form of euro, British pound sterling, Swiss franc and Canadian dollar-denominated debt were recorded within the cumulative translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income and were:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Euro notes | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||||
British pound sterling notes | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Swiss franc notes | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Canadian notes | ( | ) | |||||||||
Economic Hedges:
Pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded in net earnings for economic hedges were:
For the Years Ended December 31, | Recognized in Earnings | ||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||
Currency exchange contracts: | |||||||||||||
Intercompany loans and forecasted interest payments | $ | $ | $ | Interest and other expense, net | |||||||||
Forecasted transactions | ( | ) | Cost of sales | ||||||||||
Forecasted transactions | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | Interest and other expense, net | ||||||
Forecasted transactions | ( | ) | ( | ) | Selling, general and administrative expenses | ||||||||
Commodity contracts | ( | ) | Cost of sales | ||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||||||
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Note 11. Benefit Plans
Pension Plans
Obligations and Funded Status:
The projected benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of our pension plans were:
U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | ||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Projected benefit obligation at January 1 | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Service cost | |||||||||||||||
Interest cost | |||||||||||||||
Benefits paid | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Settlements paid | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Actuarial (gains)/losses | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||
Currency | ( | ) | |||||||||||||
Other | |||||||||||||||
Projected benefit obligation at December 31 | |||||||||||||||
Fair value of plan assets at January 1 | |||||||||||||||
Actual return on plan assets | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||
Contributions | |||||||||||||||
Benefits paid | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Settlements paid | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Currency | ( | ) | |||||||||||||
Fair value of plan assets at December 31 | |||||||||||||||
Net pension (liabilities)/assets at December 31 | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
The accumulated benefit obligation, which represents benefits earned to the measurement date, for U.S. pension plans was $1,741 million at December 31, 2019 and $1,488 million at December 31, 2018. The accumulated benefit obligation for non-U.S. pension plans was $10,236 million at December 31, 2019 and $9,374 million at December 31, 2018.
Salaried and non-union hourly employees hired after January 1, 2009 in the U.S. and after January 1, 2011 in Canada (or earlier for certain legacy Cadbury employees) are no longer eligible to participate in the defined benefit pension plans. Benefit accruals for salaried and non-union hourly employee participants in the U.S. and Canada defined benefit pension plans ceased on December 31, 2019. These employees instead receive Company contributions to the employee defined contribution plans.
The combined U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans resulted in a net pension liability of $709 million at December 31, 2019 and $1,114 million at December 31, 2018. We recognized these amounts in our consolidated balance sheets as follows:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Prepaid pension assets | $ | $ | |||||
Other current liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Accrued pension costs | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
$ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
98
Certain of our U.S. and non-U.S. plans are underfunded with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets. For these plans, the projected benefit obligations, accumulated benefit obligations and the fair value of plan assets were:
U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | ||||||||||||||
As of December 31, | As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Projected benefit obligation | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Accumulated benefit obligation | |||||||||||||||
Fair value of plan assets | |||||||||||||||
We used the following weighted-average assumptions to determine our benefit obligations under the pension plans:
U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | ||||||||||
As of December 31, | As of December 31, | ||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||
Discount rate | % | % | % | % | |||||||
Expected rate of return on plan assets | % | % | % | % | |||||||
Rate of compensation increase | % | % | % | % | |||||||
Year-end discount rates for our U.S., Canadian, Eurozone and U.K. plans were developed from a model portfolio of high quality, fixed-income debt instruments with durations that match the expected future cash flows of the benefit obligations. Year-end discount rates for our remaining non-U.S. plans were developed from local bond indices that match local benefit obligations as closely as possible. Changes in our discount rates were primarily the result of changes in bond yields year-over-year. We determine our expected rate of return on plan assets from the plan assets’ historical long-term investment performance, current asset allocation and estimates of future long-term returns by asset class.
For the periods presented, we measure service and interest costs by applying the specific spot rates along a yield curve used to measure plan obligations to the plans’ liability cash flows. We believe this approach provides a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by aligning the timing of the plans’ liability cash flows to the corresponding spot rates on the yield curve.
Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost:
Net periodic pension cost consisted of the following:
U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | ||||||||||||||||||||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Service cost | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
Interest cost | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Expected return on plan assets | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||
Amortization: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net loss from experience differences | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Prior service cost/(benefit) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Settlement losses and other expenses (1) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net periodic pension cost | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
(1) | Settlement losses of $ |
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For the U.S. plans, we determine the expected return on plan assets component of net periodic benefit cost using a calculated market return value that recognizes the cost over a four year period. For our non-U.S. plans, we utilize a similar approach with varying cost recognition periods for some plans, and with others, we determine the expected return on plan assets based on asset fair values as of the measurement date.
As of December 31, 2019, for the combined U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans, we expected to amortize from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into net periodic pension cost during 2020:
• | an estimated $ |
• | an estimated $ |
We used the following weighted-average assumptions to determine our net periodic pension cost:
U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | ||||||||||||||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||
Discount rate | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||||||||||
Expected rate of return on plan assets | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||||||||||
Rate of compensation increase | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||||||||||
Plan Assets:
The fair value of pension plan assets was determined using the following fair value measurements:
As of December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||
Asset Category | Total Fair Value | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||||
U.S. equity securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
Non-U.S. equity securities | ||||||||||||||||
Pooled funds - equity securities | ||||||||||||||||
Total equity securities | ||||||||||||||||
Government bonds | ||||||||||||||||
Pooled funds - fixed-income securities | ||||||||||||||||
Corporate bonds and other fixed-income securities | ||||||||||||||||
Total fixed-income securities | ||||||||||||||||
Real estate | ||||||||||||||||
Private equity | ||||||||||||||||
Cash | ||||||||||||||||
Other | ||||||||||||||||
Total assets in the fair value hierarchy | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
Investments measured at net asset value | ||||||||||||||||
Total investments at fair value | $ | |||||||||||||||
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As of December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
Asset Category | Total Fair Value | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||||
U.S. equity securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
Non-U.S. equity securities | ||||||||||||||||
Pooled funds - equity securities | ||||||||||||||||
Total equity securities | ||||||||||||||||
Government bonds | ||||||||||||||||
Pooled funds - fixed-income securities | ||||||||||||||||
Corporate bonds and other fixed-income securities | ||||||||||||||||
Total fixed-income securities | ||||||||||||||||
Real estate | ||||||||||||||||
Private equity | ||||||||||||||||
Cash | ||||||||||||||||
Other | ||||||||||||||||
Total assets in the fair value hierarchy | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
Investments measured at net asset value | ||||||||||||||||
Total investments at fair value | $ | |||||||||||||||
We excluded plan assets of $67 million at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 from the above tables related to certain insurance contracts as they are reported at contract value, in accordance with authoritative guidance.
Fair value measurements:
• | Level 1 – includes primarily U.S and non-U.S. equity securities and government bonds valued using quoted prices in active markets. |
• | Level 2 – includes primarily pooled funds, including assets in real estate pooled funds, valued using net asset values of participation units held in common collective trusts, as reported by the managers of the trusts and as supported by the unit prices of actual purchase and sale transactions. Level 2 plan assets also include corporate bonds and other fixed-income securities, valued using independent observable market inputs, such as matrix pricing, yield curves and indices. |
• | Level 3 – includes investments valued using unobservable inputs that reflect the plans’ assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets, based on the best information available. |
• | Fair value estimates for pooled funds are calculated by the investment advisor when reliable quotations or pricing services are not readily available for certain underlying securities. The estimated value is based on either cost or last sale price for most of the securities valued in this fashion. |
• | Fair value estimates for private equity investments are calculated by the general partners using the market approach to estimate the fair value of private investments. The market approach utilizes prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions, type of security, degree of liquidity, restrictions on the disposition, latest round of financing data, company financial statements, relevant valuation multiples and discounted cash flow analyses. |
• | Fair value estimates for private debt placements are calculated using standardized valuation methods, including but not limited to income-based techniques such as discounted cash flow projections or market-based techniques utilizing public and private transaction multiples as comparables. |
• | Fair value estimates for real estate investments are calculated by investment managers using the present value of future cash flows expected to be received from the investments, based on valuation methodologies such as appraisals, local market conditions, and current and projected operating performance. |
• | Fair value estimates for fixed-income securities that are buy-in annuity policies are calculated on a replacement policy value basis by discounting the projected cash flows of the plan members using a discount rate based on risk-free rates and adjustments for estimated levels of insurer pricing. |
• | Net asset value – primarily includes equity funds, fixed income funds, real estate funds, hedge funds and private equity investments for which net asset values are normally used. |
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Changes in our Level 3 plan assets, which are recorded in other comprehensive earnings/(losses), included:
Asset Category | January 1, 2019 Balance | Net Realized and Unrealized Gains/ (Losses) | Net Purchases, Issuances and Settlements | Net Transfers Into/(Out of) Level 3 | Currency Impact | December 31, 2019 Balance | ||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate bond and other fixed-income securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
Real estate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Private equity and other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Level 3 investments | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
Asset Category | January 1, 2018 Balance | Net Realized and Unrealized Gains/ (Losses) | Net Purchases, Issuances and Settlements | Net Transfers Into/(Out of) Level 3 | Currency Impact | December 31, 2018 Balance | ||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate bond and other fixed-income securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Real estate | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Private equity and other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Level 3 investments | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||
The increase in Level 3 pension plan investments during 2019 was primarily due to additional purchases of a buy-in annuity and other fixed income securities, and the increase in 2018 was primarily due to additional purchases of corporate bond and other fixed income securities, which includes private debt placements.
The percentage of fair value of pension plan assets was:
U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | |||||||||||
As of December 31, | As of December 31, | |||||||||||
Asset Category | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||
Equity securities | % | % | % | % | ||||||||
Fixed-income securities | % | % | % | % | ||||||||
Real estate | % | % | ||||||||||
Hedge funds | % | % | ||||||||||
Buy-in annuity policies | % | % | ||||||||||
Cash | % | % | ||||||||||
Total | % | % | % | % | ||||||||
For our U.S. plans, our investment strategy is to reduce the risk of underfunded plans in part through appropriate asset allocation within our plan assets. We attempt to maintain our target asset allocation by rebalancing between asset classes as we make contributions and monthly benefit payments. The strategy involves using indexed U.S. equity and international equity securities and actively managed U.S. investment grade fixed-income securities (which constitute 95 % or more of fixed-income securities) with smaller allocations to high yield fixed-income securities.
For our non-U.S. plans, the investment strategy is subject to local regulations and the asset/liability profiles of the plans in each individual country. In aggregate, the asset allocation targets of our non-U.S. plans are broadly characterized as a mix of approximately 25 % equity securities, 57 % fixed-income securities, 12 % buy-in annuity policies and 6 % real estate.
Employer Contributions:
In 2019, we contributed $8 million to our U.S. pension plans and $248 million to our non-U.S. pension plans. In addition, employees contributed $13 million to our non-U.S. plans. We make contributions to our pension plans in accordance with local funding arrangements and statutory minimum funding requirements. Discretionary contributions are made to the extent that they are tax deductible and do not generate an excise tax liability.
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In 2020, we estimate that our pension contributions will be $16 million to our U.S. plans and $230 million to our non-U.S. plans based on current tax laws. Our actual contributions may be different due to many factors, including changes in tax and other benefit laws, significant differences between expected and actual pension asset performance or interest rates.
Future Benefit Payments:
The estimated future benefit payments from our pension plans at December 31, 2019 were (in millions):
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025-2029 | ||||||||||||||||||
U.S. Plans | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. Plans | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Multiemployer Pension Plans:
In accordance with obligations we have under collective bargaining agreements, we made contributions to multiemployer pension plans of $5 million in 2019, $17 million in 2018 and $26 million in 2017. In 2017, the only individually significant multiemployer plan we contributed to was the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund (the “Fund;” Employer Identification Number 52-6118572). Our obligation to contribute to the Fund arose with respect to 8 collective bargaining agreements covering most of our employees represented by the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco and Grain Millers Union. All of those collective bargaining agreements expired in 2016 and we continued to contribute to the Fund through December 2018. Our contributions to the Fund were $12 million in 2018 and $22 million in 2017. Our contributions to other multiemployer pension plans that were not individually significant were $5 million in 2019, $5 million in 2018 and $4 million in 2017. Our contributions are based on our contribution rates under our collective bargaining agreements, the number of our eligible employees and Fund surcharges.
In 2018, we executed a complete withdrawal from the Fund and recorded a $429 million estimated withdrawal liability. On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Fund totaling $526 million requiring pro-rata monthly payments over 20 years and we recorded a $35 million final adjustment to reduce our withdrawal liability as of June 30, 2019. We began making monthly payments during the third quarter of 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the remaining discounted withdrawal liability was $391 million, with $14 million recorded in other current liabilities and $377 million recorded in long-term other liabilities.
Other Costs:
We sponsor and contribute to employee defined contribution plans. These plans cover eligible salaried, non-union and union employees. Our contributions and costs are determined by the matching of employee contributions, as defined by the plans. Amounts charged to expense in continuing operations for defined contribution plans totaled $72 million in 2019, $57 million in 2018 and $43 million in 2017.
Postretirement Benefit Plans
Obligations:
Our postretirement health care plans are not funded. The changes in and the amount of the accrued benefit obligation were:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Accrued benefit obligation at January 1 | $ | $ | |||||
Service cost | |||||||
Interest cost | |||||||
Benefits paid | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Currency | ( | ) | |||||
Assumption changes | ( | ) | |||||
Actuarial losses/(gains) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Accrued benefit obligation at December 31 | $ | $ | |||||
The current portion of our accrued postretirement benefit obligation of $16 million at December 31, 2019 and $15 million at December 31, 2018 was included in other current liabilities.
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We used the following weighted-average assumptions to determine our postretirement benefit obligations:
U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | ||||||||||
As of December 31, | As of December 31, | ||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||
Discount rate | % | % | % | % | |||||||
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year | % | % | % | % | |||||||
Ultimate trend rate | % | % | % | % | |||||||
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate | |||||||||||
Year-end discount rates for our U.S., Canadian and U.K. plans were developed from a model portfolio of high quality, fixed-income debt instruments with durations that match the expected future cash flows of the benefit obligations. Year-end discount rates for our remaining non-U.S. plans were developed from local bond indices that match local benefit obligations as closely as possible. Changes in our discount rates were primarily the result of changes in bond yields year-over-year. Our expected health care cost trend rate is based on historical costs.
For the periods presented, we measure service and interest costs for other postretirement benefits by applying the specific spot rates along a yield curve used to measure plan obligations to the plans’ liability cash flows. We believe this approach provides a good measurement of service and interest costs by aligning the timing of the plans’ liability cash flows to the corresponding spot rates on the yield curve.
Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant impact on the amounts reported for the health care plans. A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects:
As of December 31, 2019 | |||||||
One-Percentage-Point | |||||||
Increase | Decrease | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Effect on postretirement benefit obligation | $ | $ | ( | ) | |||
Effect on annual service and interest cost | ( | ) | |||||
Components of Net Periodic Postretirement Health Care Costs:
Net periodic postretirement health care costs consisted of the following:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Service cost | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Interest cost | |||||||||||
Amortization: | |||||||||||
Net loss from experience differences | |||||||||||
Prior service credit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Net periodic postretirement health care costs/(benefit) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
As of December 31, 2019, we expected to amortize from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into pre-tax net periodic postretirement health care costs during 2020:
• | an estimated $ |
• | an estimated $ |
104
We used the following weighted-average assumptions to determine our net periodic postretirement health care cost:
U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | ||||||||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
Discount rate | |||||||||||
Health care cost trend rate | |||||||||||
Future Benefit Payments:
Our estimated future benefit payments for our postretirement health care plans at December 31, 2019 were (in millions):
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025-2029 | ||||||||||||||||||
U.S. Plans | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. Plans | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other Costs:
We made contributions to multiemployer medical plans totaling $20 million in 2019, $19 million in 2018 and $18 million in 2017. These plans provide medical benefits to active employees and retirees under certain collective bargaining agreements.
Postemployment Benefit Plans
Obligations:
Our postemployment plans are not funded. The changes in and the amount of the accrued benefit obligation at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Accrued benefit obligation at January 1 | $ | $ | |||||
Service cost | |||||||
Interest cost | |||||||
Benefits paid | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Assumption changes | ( | ) | |||||
Actuarial losses/(gains) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Accrued benefit obligation at December 31 | $ | $ | |||||
The accrued benefit obligation was determined using a weighted-average discount rate of 5.3 % in 2019 and 6.7 % in 2018, an assumed weighted-average ultimate annual turnover rate of 0.3 % in 2019 and 2018, assumed compensation cost increases of 4.0 % in 2019 and 2018 and assumed benefits as defined in the respective plans.
Postemployment costs arising from actions that offer employees benefits in excess of those specified in the respective plans are charged to expense when incurred.
105
Components of Net Periodic Postemployment Costs:
Net periodic postemployment costs consisted of the following:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Service cost | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Interest cost | |||||||||||
Amortization of net gains | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Net periodic postemployment costs | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
As of December 31, 2019, the estimated net gain for the postemployment benefit plans that we expect to amortize from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into net periodic postemployment costs during 2020 is approximately $4 million.
Note 12. Stock Plans
Under our Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), we are authorized through May 21, 2024 to issue a maximum of 243.7 million shares of our Common Stock to employees and non-employee directors. As of December 31, 2019, there were 56.2 million shares available to be granted under the Plan.
Stock Options:
Stock options (including stock appreciation rights) are granted at an exercise price equal to the market value of the underlying stock on the grant date, generally become exercisable in three annual installments beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date and have a maximum term of ten years .
We account for our employee stock options under the fair value method of accounting using a Black-Scholes methodology or a Lattice Model to measure stock option expense at the date of grant. The fair value of the stock options at the date of grant is amortized to expense over the vesting period. We recorded compensation expense related to stock options held by our employees of $38 million in 2019, $43 million in 2018 and $50 million in 2017 in our results from continuing operations. The deferred tax benefit recorded related to this compensation expense was $8 million in 2019, $7 million in 2018 and $12 million in 2017. The unamortized compensation expense related to our employee stock options was $35 million at December 31, 2019 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.2 years.
Our weighted-average Black-Scholes and Lattice Model fair value assumptions were:
Risk-Free Interest Rate | Expected Life | Expected Volatility | Expected Dividend Yield | Fair Value at Grant Date | ||||||||||
2019 | % | % | % | $ | ||||||||||
2018 | % | % | % | $ | ||||||||||
2017 | % | % | % | $ | ||||||||||
The risk-free interest rate represents the constant maturity U.S. government treasuries rate with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the options. The expected life is the period over which our employees are expected to hold their options. Volatility reflects historical movements in our stock price for a period commensurate with the expected life of the options. The dividend yield reflects the dividend yield in place at the time of the historical grants.
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Stock option activity is reflected below:
Shares Subject to Option | Weighted- Average Exercise or Grant Price Per Share | Average Remaining Contractual Term | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | |||||||||
Balance at January 1, 2017 | $ | $ | million | |||||||||
Annual grant to eligible employees | ||||||||||||
Additional options issued | ||||||||||||
Total options granted | ||||||||||||
Options exercised (1) | ( | ) | $ | million | ||||||||
Options cancelled | ( | ) | ||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | million | ||||||||||
Annual grant to eligible employees | ||||||||||||
Additional options issued | ||||||||||||
Total options granted | ||||||||||||
Options exercised (1) | ( | ) | $ | million | ||||||||
Options cancelled | ( | ) | ||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | million | ||||||||||
Annual grant to eligible employees | ||||||||||||
Additional options issued | ||||||||||||
Total options granted | ||||||||||||
Options exercised (1) | ( | ) | $ | million | ||||||||
Options cancelled | ( | ) | ||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | million | ||||||||||
Exercisable at December 31, 2019 | $ | million | ||||||||||
(1) | Cash received from options exercised was $ |
Deferred Stock Units, Performance Share Units and Restricted Stock:
Historically we have made grants of deferred stock units, performance share units and restricted stock. Beginning in 2016, we only grant deferred stock units and performance share units and no longer grant restricted stock. Deferred stock units granted to eligible employees have most shareholder rights, except that they may not sell, assign, pledge or otherwise encumber the shares and our deferred stock units do not have voting rights until vested. Shares of deferred stock units are subject to forfeiture if certain employment conditions are not met. Deferred stock units generally vest on the third anniversary of the grant date. Performance share units granted under our 2005 Plan vest based on varying performance, market and service conditions. The unvested performance share units have no voting rights and do not pay dividends. Dividend equivalents accumulated over the vesting period are paid only after the performance share units vest.
The fair value of the deferred stock units, performance share units and restricted stock at the date of grant is amortized to earnings over the vesting period. The fair value of our deferred stock units and restricted stock is measured at the market price of our Common Stock on the grant date. Performance share unit awards generally have targets tied to both performance and market-based conditions. For market condition components, market volatility and other factors are taken into consideration in determining the grant date fair value and the related compensation expense is recognized regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied, provided that the requisite service has been provided. For performance condition components, we estimate the probability that the performance conditions will be achieved each quarter and adjust compensation expenses accordingly. The grant date fair value of performance share units is determined based on the Monte Carlo simulation model for the market-based total shareholder return component and the market price of our Common Stock on the grant date for performance-based components. The number of performance share units that ultimately vest ranges from 0 -200 percent of the number granted, based on the achievement of the performance and market-based components.
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We recorded compensation expense related to deferred stock units, performance share units and restricted stock of $97 million in 2019, $85 million in 2018 and $87 million in 2017 in our results from continuing operations. The deferred tax benefit recorded related to this compensation expense was $16 million in 2019, $12 million in 2018 and $23 million in 2017. The unamortized compensation expense related to our deferred stock units, performance share units and restricted stock was $106 million at December 31, 2019 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years.
Our performance share unit, deferred stock unit and restricted stock activity is reflected below:
Number of Shares | Grant Date | Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share (4) | Weighted-Average Aggregate Fair Value (3) | |||||||||
Balance at January 1, 2017 | $ | |||||||||||
Annual grant to eligible employees: | Feb. 16, 2017 | |||||||||||
Performance share units | ||||||||||||
Deferred stock units | ||||||||||||
Additional shares granted (1) | Various | |||||||||||
Total shares granted | $ | million | ||||||||||
Vested (2) (3) | ( | ) | $ | million | ||||||||
Forfeited (2) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||
Annual grant to eligible employees: | Feb. 22, 2018 | |||||||||||
Performance share units | ||||||||||||
Deferred stock units | ||||||||||||
Additional shares granted (1) | Various | |||||||||||
Total shares granted | $ | million | ||||||||||
Vested (2) (3) | ( | ) | $ | million | ||||||||
Forfeited (2) | ( | ) | ||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||
Annual grant to eligible employees: | Feb. 22, 2019 | |||||||||||
Performance share units | ||||||||||||
Deferred stock units | ||||||||||||
Additional shares granted (1) | Various | |||||||||||
Total shares granted | $ | million | ||||||||||
Vested (3) | ( | ) | $ | million | ||||||||
Forfeited | ( | ) | ||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||
(1) | Includes performance share units and deferred stock units. |
(2) |
(3) | The actual tax benefit/(expense) realized and recorded in the provision for income taxes for the tax deductions from the shares vested totaled $ |
(4) | The grant date fair value of performance share units is determined based on the Monte Carlo simulation model for the market-based total shareholder return component and the closing market price of the Company’s stock on the grant date for performance-based components. The Monte Carlo simulation model incorporates the probability of achieving the total shareholder return market condition. Compensation expense is recognized using the grant date fair values regardless of whether the market condition is achieved, so long as the requisite service has been provided. |
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Note 13. Capital Stock
Our amended and restated articles of incorporation authorize 5.0 billion shares of Class A common stock (“Common Stock”) and 500 million shares of preferred stock. There were no preferred shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Shares of Common Stock issued, in treasury and outstanding were:
Shares Issued | Treasury Shares | Shares Outstanding | |||||||
Balance at January 1, 2017 | ( | ) | |||||||
Shares repurchased | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
Exercise of stock options and issuance of other stock awards | |||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2017 | ( | ) | |||||||
Shares repurchased | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
Exercise of stock options and issuance of other stock awards | |||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2018 | ( | ) | |||||||
Shares repurchased | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
Exercise of stock options and issuance of other stock awards | |||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2019 | ( | ) | |||||||
Stock plan awards to employees and non-employee directors are issued from treasury shares. At December 31, 2019, 96 million shares of Common Stock held in treasury were reserved for stock options and other stock awards.
Share Repurchase Program:
Between 2013 and 2017, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of a total of $13.7 billion of our Common Stock through December 31, 2018. On January 31, 2018, our Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, approved an increase of $6.0 billion in the share repurchase program, raising the authorization to $19.7 billion of Common Stock repurchases, and extended the program through December 31, 2020 . Repurchases under the program are determined by management and are wholly discretionary. Prior to January 1, 2019, we had repurchased approximately $15.0 billion of Common Stock pursuant to this authorization. During 2019, we repurchased approximately 30.9 million shares of Common Stock at an average cost of $48.51 per share, or an aggregate cost of approximately $1.5 billion, all of which was paid during the period except for approximately $19 million settled in January 2020. All share repurchases were funded through available cash and commercial paper issuances. As of December 31, 2019, we have approximately $3.2 billion in remaining share repurchase capacity.
Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Proceedings:
We routinely are involved in legal proceedings, claims and governmental inspections or investigations ("Legal Matters") arising in the ordinary course of our business.
In February 2013 and March 2014, Cadbury India Limited (now known as Mondelez India Foods Private Limited), a subsidiary of Mondelēz International, and other parties received show cause notices from the Indian Central Excise Authority (the “Excise Authority”) calling upon the parties to demonstrate why the Excise Authority should not collect a total of 3.7 billion Indian rupees ($52 million as of December 31, 2019) ("Period 1") of unpaid excise tax and an equivalent amount of penalties, as well as interest, related to production at the same Indian facility. We contested these demands and on March 27, 2015, the Commissioner of the Excise Authority (the "Commissioner") issued an order denying the excise exemption that we claimed for Period 1. We appealed this order in June 2015. The Excise Authority issued additional show cause notices in February 2015, December 2015 and October 2017 on the same issue covering additional periods through June 2017 ("Period 2"). These three notices added a total of 4.9 billion Indian rupees ($68 million as of December 31, 2019) of allegedly unpaid excise taxes subject to penalties up to an equivalent amount plus accrued interest. We contested these demands, and on May 25, 2019, the Commissioner issued an order denying the excise exemption that we claimed for Period 2. We appealed this order in August 2019. With the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax ("GST") in India in July 2017, we stopped receiving show
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cause notices for additional amounts on this issue. Beginning in the fall of 2019, the government of India made available an amnesty to resolve legacy tax issues following the GST implementation. Under the amnesty, upon payment of 50 % of the principal demand for cases pending adjudication or appeal as of June 30, 2019 and 60 % of the principal demand for cases where the appeal was filed after June 30, 2019, the government would waive the remainder of the principal demand as well as any penalties imposed and interest, and it would also grant immunity from prosecution. Although we continue to believe that our decision to claim the excise tax benefit was valid, in December 2019, we filed for the amnesty and accrued a total of 4.6 billion Indian rupees ($65 million as of December 31, 2019) in selling, general and administrative expenses for this matter. In January 2020, we made the related payments under the amnesty. This matter is now resolved, and the resolution was not material to our business or financial condition.
On April 1, 2015 , the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission ("CFTC") filed a complaint against Kraft Foods Group and Mondelēz Global LLC (“Mondelēz Global”) in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (the "District Court"), Eastern Division (the “CFTC action”) following its investigation of activities related to the trading of December 2011 wheat futures contracts that occurred prior to the spin-off of Kraft Foods Group. The complaint alleges that Kraft Foods Group and Mondelēz Global (1) manipulated or attempted to manipulate the wheat markets during the fall of 2011; (2) violated position limit levels for wheat futures and (3) engaged in non-competitive trades by trading both sides of exchange-for-physical Chicago Board of Trade wheat contracts. The CFTC seeks civil monetary penalties of either triple the monetary gain for each violation of the Commodity Exchange Act (the “Act”) or $1 million for each violation of Section 6(c)(1), 6(c)(3) or 9(a)(2) of the Act and $140,000 for each additional violation of the Act, plus post-judgment interest; an order of permanent injunction prohibiting Kraft Foods Group and Mondelēz Global from violating specified provisions of the Act; disgorgement of profits; and costs and fees. On August 15, 2019, the District Court approved a settlement agreement between the CFTC and Mondelēz Global. The terms of the settlement, which are available in the District Court’s docket, had an immaterial impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. On October 23, 2019, following a ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (the "Seventh Circuit") regarding Mondelēz Global's allegations that the CFTC and its Commissioners violated certain terms of the settlement agreement and the CFTC's argument that the Commissioners were not bound by the terms of the settlement agreement, the District Court vacated the settlement agreement and reinstated all pending motions that the District Court had previously mooted as a result of the settlement. Additionally, several class action complaints were filed against Kraft Foods Group and Mondelēz Global in the District Court by investors in wheat futures and options on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated. The complaints make similar allegations as those made in the CFTC action, and the plaintiffs are seeking class action certification; monetary damages, interest and unjust enrichment; costs and fees; and injunctive, declaratory and other unspecified relief. In June 2015, these suits were consolidated in the District Court. On January 3, 2020, the District Court granted plaintiffs' request to certify a class. On January 17, 2020, we filed a petition for an interlocutory appeal of the District Court's class certification decision to the Seventh Circuit. It is not possible to predict the outcome of these matters; however, based on our Separation and Distribution Agreement with Kraft Foods Group dated as of September 27, 2012, we expect to bear any monetary penalties or other payments in connection with the CFTC action. Although the CFTC action and the class action complaints involve the same alleged conduct, a resolution or decision with respect to one of the matters may not be dispositive as to the outcome of the other matter.
In November 2019, the European Commission informed us that it has initiated an investigation into our alleged infringement of European Union competition law through certain practices restricting cross-border trade within the European Economic Area. We are cooperating with the investigation. The fact that an investigation has been initiated does not mean that the European Commission has concluded that there is an infringement. It is not possible to predict how long the investigation will take or the ultimate outcome of this matter.
On August 21, 2018, the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (“VDEQ”) issued a Notice of Violation (“NOV”) to Mondelēz Global. In the NOV, the VDEQ alleges that in our Richmond bakery, one operating line did not have the proper minimum temperature on its pollution control equipment and that the bakery failed to provide certain observation and training records. The VDEQ indicated that the alleged violations may lead to a fine and/or injunctive relief. We are working with the VDEQ to reach a resolution of this matter, and we do not expect this matter to have a material effect on our financial results.
We are a party to various legal proceedings, including disputes, litigation and regulatory matters, incidental to our business, including those noted above in this section. We record provisions in the consolidated financial statements for pending litigation when we determine that an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. For matters that are reasonably possible to result in an unfavorable outcome,
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management is unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss or such amounts have been determined to be immaterial. At present we believe that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings, individually and in the aggregate, will not materially harm our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, legal proceedings and government investigations are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings or other events could occur. Unfavorable resolutions could involve substantial monetary damages. In addition, in matters for which conduct remedies are sought, unfavorable resolutions could include an injunction or other order prohibiting us from selling one or more products at all or in particular ways, precluding particular business practices or requiring other remedies. An unfavorable outcome might result in a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations or financial position.
Third-Party Guarantees:
We enter into third-party guarantees primarily to cover long-term obligations of our vendors. As part of these transactions, we guarantee that third parties will make contractual payments or achieve performance measures. At December 31, 2019, we had no material third-party guarantees recorded on our consolidated balance sheet.
Tax Matters:
We are a party to various tax matter proceedings incidental to our business. These proceedings are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable outcomes could subject us to additional tax liabilities and could materially adversely impact our business, results of operations or financial position.
During the fourth quarter of 2019, we resolved several indirect tax matters and recorded $85 million of net indirect tax expenses within selling, general and administrative expenses. These amounts primarily include the matter resolved under the tax amnesty described above under “Legal Proceedings.”
A tax indemnification matter related to our 2007 acquisition of the LU biscuit business was closed during the quarter ended June 30, 2018. The closure had no impact on net earnings, however, it did result in a $15 million tax benefit that was fully offset by an $11 million expense in selling, general and administrative expenses and a $4 million expense in interest and other expense, net.
During the first quarter of 2017, the Brazilian Supreme Court (the “Court”) ruled against the Brazilian tax authorities in a leading case related to the computation of certain indirect taxes. The Court ruled that the indirect tax base should not include a value-added tax known as “ICMS”. By removing the ICMS from the tax base, the Court effectively eliminated a “tax on a tax.” In lower courts, our Brazilian subsidiaries filed lawsuits to recover amounts paid and to discontinue subsequent payments related to the “tax on a tax.” Our Brazilian subsidiaries received injunctions against making payments for the “tax on a tax” in 2008 and since that time until December 2016, had accrued this portion of the tax each quarter in the event that the tax was reaffirmed by the Brazilian courts. On September 30, 2017, based on legal advice and the publication of the Court’s decision related to this case, we determined that the likelihood that the increased tax base would be reinstated and assessed against us was remote. Accordingly, we reversed our accrual of 667 million Brazilian reais, or $212 million as of September 30, 2017, of which $153 million was recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses and $59 million was recorded within interest and other expense, net. In connection with the Court's 2017 decision, the Brazilian tax authority filed a motion seeking clarification and adjustment of the terms of enforcement and that motion is still to be decided. We continue to monitor developments in this matter and currently do not expect a material future impact on our financial statements. During the fourth quarter of 2018, in one of our lower court cases, the Brazilian Federal Court of Appeals ruled in our favor against the Brazilian tax authority, allowing one of our Brazil subsidiaries to recover amounts previously paid. As a result, we recorded a net benefit in selling, general and administrative expenses of $26 million.
As part of our 2010 Cadbury acquisition, we became the responsible party for tax matters under a February 2, 2006 dated Deed of Tax Covenant between the Cadbury Schweppes PLC and related entities (“Schweppes”) and Black Lion Beverages and related entities. The tax matters included an ongoing transfer pricing case with the Spanish tax authorities related to the Schweppes businesses Cadbury divested prior to our acquisition of Cadbury. During the first quarter of 2017, the Spanish Supreme Court decided the case in our favor. As a result of the final ruling, during the first quarter of 2017, we recorded a favorable earnings impact of $46 million in selling, general and administrative expenses and $12 million in interest and other expense, net, for a total pre-tax impact of $58 million due to the non-cash reversal of Cadbury-related accrued liabilities related to this matter. We recorded a total of $4 million of income over the third and fourth quarters of 2017 in connection with the related bank guarantee releases.
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Note 15. Reclassifications from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The following table summarizes the changes in the accumulated balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) attributable to Mondelēz International. Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) to net earnings (net of tax) were net losses of $279 million in 2019, $169 million in 2018 and $174 million in 2017.
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Currency Translation Adjustments: | |||||||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
Currency translation adjustments | ( | ) | |||||||||
Reclassification to earnings related to: | |||||||||||
Equity method investment transactions | |||||||||||
Tax (expense)/benefit | ( | ) | |||||||||
Other comprehensive earnings/(losses) | ( | ) | |||||||||
Less: other comprehensive (earnings)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | ( | ) | |||||||||
Balance at end of period | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Pension and Other Benefit Plans: | |||||||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
Net actuarial gain/(loss) arising during period | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Tax (expense)/benefit on net actuarial gain/(loss) | ( | ) | |||||||||
Losses/(gains) reclassified into net earnings: | |||||||||||
Amortization of experience losses and prior service costs (1) | |||||||||||
Settlement losses and other expenses (1) | |||||||||||
Tax expense/(benefit) on reclassifications (2) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Currency impact | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Other comprehensive earnings/(losses) | ( | ) | |||||||||
Balance at end of period | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Derivative Cash Flow Hedges: | |||||||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
Net derivative gains/(losses) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Tax (expense)/benefit on net derivative gain/(loss) | |||||||||||
Losses/(gains) reclassified into net earnings: | |||||||||||
Currency exchange contracts - forecasted transactions (3) | |||||||||||
Commodity contracts (3) | |||||||||||
Interest rate contracts (4) | ( | ) | |||||||||
Tax expense/(benefit) on reclassifications (2) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Currency impact | ( | ) | |||||||||
Other comprehensive earnings/(losses) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Balance at end of period | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to Mondelēz International: | |||||||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
Total other comprehensive earnings/(losses) | ( | ) | |||||||||
Less: other comprehensive (earnings)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | ( | ) | |||||||||
Other comprehensive earnings/(losses) attributable to Mondelēz International | ( | ) | |||||||||
Balance at end of period | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
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(1) | These reclassified losses are included in net periodic benefit costs disclosed in Note 11, Benefit Plans, and net loss on equity method investment transactions. |
(2) | Taxes reclassified to earnings are recorded within the provision for income taxes. |
(3) | These reclassified gains or losses are recorded within cost of sales. |
(4) | These reclassified losses are recorded within interest and other expense, net and net loss on equity method investment transactions. |
Note 16. Income Taxes
On August 6, 2019, Switzerland published changes to its Federal tax law in the Official Federal Collection of Laws. On September 27, 2019, the Zurich Canton published their decision on the September 1, 2019 Zurich Canton public vote regarding the Cantonal changes associated with the Swiss Federal tax law change. The intent of these tax law changes was to replace certain preferential tax regimes with a new set of internationally accepted measures that are hereafter referred to as "Swiss tax reform". Based on these Federal/Cantonal events, our position is the enactment of Swiss tax reform for U.S. GAAP purposes was met as of September 30, 2019, and we recorded the impacts in the third quarter 2019. The net impact was a benefit of $767 million, which consisted of a $769 million reduction in deferred tax expense from an allowed step-up of intangible assets for tax purposes (recorded net of valuation allowance) and remeasurement of our deferred tax balances, partially offset by a $2 million indirect tax impact in selling, general and administrative expenses. The future rate impacts of these Swiss tax reform law changes are effective starting January 1, 2020. We will continue to monitor Swiss tax reform for any additional interpretative guidance that could result in changes to the amounts we have recorded.
On December 22, 2017, new U.S. tax reform legislation ("U.S. tax reform") was enacted that included a broad range of complex provisions impacting the taxation of businesses. Certain impacts of the new legislation would have generally required accounting to be completed and incorporated into our 2017 year-end financial statements, however in response to the complexities of this new legislation, the SEC issued guidance to provide companies with relief. The SEC provided up to a one-year window for companies to finalize the accounting for the impacts of this new legislation. We finalized our accounting for the new provisions during the fourth quarter of 2018. U.S. tax reform resulted in a total transition tax liability of $1,284 million ($1,279 million as of December 31, 2018 and $5 million of 2019 related updates) based on the deemed repatriation of our accumulated foreign earnings and profits, which will be paid in installments through 2026, and a related change in our indefinite reinvestment assertion for most companies owned directly by our U.S. subsidiaries. In addition, the legislation reduced the U.S. federal tax rate from 35% to 21% and established various new provisions, including a new provision that taxes U.S. allocated expenses (e.g. interest and general administrative expenses) as well as currently taxes certain income from foreign operations (Global Intangible Low-Tax Income, or “GILTI”).
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Earnings/(losses) from continuing operations before income taxes and the provision for income taxes consisted of:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Earnings/(losses) from continuing operations before income taxes: | |||||||||||
United States | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||
Outside United States | |||||||||||
$ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Provision for income taxes: | |||||||||||
United States federal: | |||||||||||
Current | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||
Deferred | ( | ) | |||||||||
State and local: | |||||||||||
Current | |||||||||||
Deferred | |||||||||||
Total United States | |||||||||||
Outside United States: | |||||||||||
Current | |||||||||||
Deferred | ( | ) | |||||||||
Total outside United States | ( | ) | |||||||||
Total provision for income taxes | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
The effective income tax rate on pre-tax earnings differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate as follows:
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
U.S. federal statutory rate | % | % | % | |||||
Increase/(decrease) resulting from: | ||||||||
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefit | % | % | % | |||||
Foreign rate differences | % | ( | )% | ( | )% | |||
Changes in judgment on realizability of deferred tax assets | ( | )% | ( | )% | % | |||
Reversal of other tax accruals no longer required | ( | )% | ( | )% | ( | )% | ||
Tax accrual on investment in Keurig (including tax impact of the gain from the KDP transaction) | % | % | % | |||||
Excess tax benefits from equity compensation | ( | )% | ( | )% | ( | )% | ||
Tax legislation (non-U.S. and non-Swiss tax reform) | % | % | ( | )% | ||||
Swiss tax reform | ( | )% | % | |||||
U.S. tax reform - deferred benefit from tax rate change | ( | )% | ||||||
U.S. tax reform - transition tax | % | ( | )% | % | ||||
U.S. tax reform - changes in indefinite reinvestment assertion | % | ( | )% | |||||
Foreign tax provisions under TCJA (GILTI, FDII and BEAT)(1) | % | % | ||||||
Other | % | % | ( | )% | ||||
Effective tax rate | % | % | % | |||||
(1) | The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("TCJA") established the Global Intangible Low-Tax Income ("GILTI") provision, which taxes U.S. allocated expenses and certain income from foreign operations; the Foreign-Derived Intangible Income ("FDII") |
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provision, which allows a deduction against certain types of US taxable income resulting in a lower effective US tax rate on such income; and the Base Erosion Anti-abuse Tax ("BEAT"), which is a new minimum tax based on cross-border service payments by U.S. entities.
Our 2019 effective tax rate of 0.1 % was significantly impacted by the $769 million net deferred tax benefit related to Swiss tax reform in the third quarter of 2019. Excluding this impact, our 2019 effective tax rate was 22.4 %, which reflects unfavorable provisions from U.S. tax reform and taxes on earnings from equity method investments (these earnings are reported separately on our consolidated statements of earnings and not within earnings before income taxes), largely offset by favorable impacts from the mix of pre-tax income in various non-U.S. jurisdictions and discrete net tax benefits of $176 million. The discrete net tax benefits were primarily driven by a $128 million net benefit from the release of liabilities for uncertain tax positions due to expirations of statutes of limitations and audit settlements in several jurisdictions.
Our 2018 effective tax rate of 27.2 % was unfavorably impacted by net tax expenses from $128 million of discrete one-time events as well as unfavorable provisions within the new U.S. tax reform legislation and taxes on earnings from equity method investments (these earnings are reported separately on our consolidated statements of earnings and not within earnings before income taxes), partially offset by the favorable mix of pre-tax income in various non-U.S. tax jurisdictions as well as the reduction in the U.S. federal tax rate. The discrete net tax expenses included a $192 million deferred tax expense related to a $778 million gain on the KDP transaction reported as a gain on equity method investment as well as $19 million expense from the final updates to the provisional impacts from U.S. tax reform reported as of 2017 year-end, partially offset by an $81 million benefit from favorable audit settlements and statutes of limitations in various jurisdictions.
Our 2017 effective tax rate of 21.3 % was favorably impacted by the mix of pre-tax income in various non-U.S. tax jurisdictions and net tax benefits from $97 million of discrete one-time events, partially offset by domestic earnings taxed at the higher pre-U.S. tax reform rate of 35% as well as taxes on earnings from equity method investments (these earnings are reported separately on our consolidated statements of earnings and not within earnings before income taxes). The discrete net tax benefits included the provisional net impact from U.S. tax reform discussed previously, favorable audit settlements and statutes of limitations in various jurisdictions, and the net reduction of our French and Belgian deferred tax liabilities resulting from tax legislation enacted during 2017 that reduced the corporate income tax rates in each country, partially offset by the addition of a valuation allowance in one of our Chinese entities.
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Tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities consisted of:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2019 | 2018 | ||||||
(in millions) | |||||||
Deferred income tax assets: | |||||||
Accrued postretirement and postemployment benefits | $ | $ | |||||
Accrued pension costs | |||||||
Other employee benefits | |||||||
Accrued expenses | |||||||
Loss carryforwards | |||||||
Tax credit carryforwards | |||||||
Other | |||||||
Total deferred income tax assets | |||||||
Valuation allowance | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Net deferred income tax assets | $ | $ | |||||
Deferred income tax liabilities: | |||||||
Intangible assets, including impact from Swiss tax reform | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |
Property, plant and equipment | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Other | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Total deferred income tax liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
Net deferred income tax liabilities | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |
Our significant valuation allowances are in the U.S., Switzerland and China. The U.S. valuation allowance relates to excess foreign tax credits generated by the deemed repatriation under U.S. tax reform while the Swiss valuation allowance brings the allowed step-up of intangible assets recorded under Swiss tax reform to the amount more likely than not to be realized. The valuation allowance in China relates to character-specific deferred tax assets of one of our Chinese entities.
At December 31, 2019, the Company has pre-tax loss carryforwards of $3,491 million, of which $691 million will expire at various dates between 2020 and 2039 and the remaining $2,800 million can be carried forward indefinitely.
The unremitted earnings as of December 31, 2019 in those subsidiaries where we continue to be indefinitely reinvested is approximately $1.6 billion. We currently have not recognized approximately $75 million of deferred tax liabilities related to those unremitted earnings. Future tax law changes or changes in the needs of our non-U.S. subsidiaries could require us to recognize deferred tax liabilities on a portion, or all, of our accumulated earnings that are currently indefinitely reinvested.
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The changes in our unrecognized tax benefits were:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
January 1 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Increases from positions taken during prior periods | |||||||||||
Decreases from positions taken during prior periods | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Increases from positions taken during the current period | |||||||||||
Decreases relating to settlements with taxing authorities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Reductions resulting from the lapse of the applicable statute of limitations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Currency/other | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
December 31 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
As of January 1, 2019, our unrecognized tax benefits were $516 million. If we had recognized all of these benefits, the net impact on our income tax provision would have been $463 million. Our unrecognized tax benefits were $426 million at December 31, 2019, and if we had recognized all of these benefits, the net impact on our income tax provision would have been $364 million. Within the next 12 months, our unrecognized tax benefits could increase by approximately $30 million due to unfavorable audit developments or decrease by approximately $140 million due to audit settlements and the expiration of statutes of limitations in various jurisdictions. We include accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in our tax provision. We had accrued interest and penalties of $180 million as of January 1, 2019 and $170 million as of December 31, 2019. Our 2019 provision for income taxes included $5 million benefit for interest and penalties.
Our income tax filings are regularly examined by federal, state and non-U.S. tax authorities. U.S. federal, state and non-U.S. jurisdictions have statutes of limitations generally ranging from three to five years; however, these statutes are often extended by mutual agreement with the tax authorities. The earliest year still open to examination by U.S. federal and state tax authorities is 2016 and years still open to examination by non-U.S. tax authorities in major jurisdictions include (earliest open tax year in parentheses): Brazil (2014), China (2009), France (2015), India (2005), Russia (2013) and Switzerland (2014).
Note 17. Earnings per Share
Basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) were calculated as follows:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions, except per share data) | |||||||||||
Net earnings | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Noncontrolling interest earnings | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Weighted-average shares for basic EPS | |||||||||||
Plus incremental shares from assumed conversions of stock options and long-term incentive plan shares | |||||||||||
Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS | |||||||||||
Basic earnings per share attributable to Mondelēz International | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Mondelēz International | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
We exclude antidilutive Mondelēz International stock options from our calculation of weighted-average shares for diluted EPS. We excluded antidilutive stock options and long-term incentive plan shares of 5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, 11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.
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Note 18. Segment Reporting
We manufacture and market primarily snack food products, including biscuits (cookies, crackers and salted snacks), chocolate, gum & candy and various cheese & grocery products, as well as powdered beverage products.
We manage our global business and report operating results through geographic units. We manage our operations by region to leverage regional operating scale, manage different and changing business environments more effectively and pursue growth opportunities as they arise across our key markets. Our regional management teams have responsibility for the business, product categories and financial results in the regions.
Our operations and management structure are organized into four operating segments:
• | Latin America |
• | AMEA |
• | Europe |
• | North America |
We use segment operating income to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. We believe it is appropriate to disclose this measure to help investors analyze segment performance and trends. Segment operating income excludes unrealized gains and losses on hedging activities (which are a component of cost of sales), general corporate expenses (which are a component of selling, general and administrative expenses), amortization of intangibles, gains and losses on divestitures and acquisition-related costs (which are a component of selling, general and administrative expenses) in all periods presented. We exclude these items from segment operating income in order to provide better transparency of our segment operating results. Furthermore, we centrally manage benefit plan non-service income and interest and other expense, net. Accordingly, we do not present these items by segment because they are excluded from the segment profitability measure that management reviews.
Our segment net revenues and earnings, reflecting our current segment structure for all periods presented, were:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Net revenues: | |||||||||||
Latin America | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
AMEA | |||||||||||
Europe | |||||||||||
North America | |||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Earnings before income taxes: | |||||||||||
Operating income: | |||||||||||
Latin America | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
AMEA | |||||||||||
Europe | |||||||||||
North America | |||||||||||
Unrealized gains/(losses) on hedging activities (mark-to-market impacts) | ( | ) | |||||||||
General corporate expenses | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Amortization of intangibles | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Net gains on divestitures | |||||||||||
Acquisition-related costs | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Operating income | |||||||||||
Benefit plan non-service income (1) | |||||||||||
Interest and other expense, net | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
Earnings before income taxes | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
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(1) | During the first quarter of 2018, in connection with adopting a new pension cost classification accounting standard, we reclassified certain of our benefit plan component costs other than service costs out of operating income into a new line item, benefit plan non-service income, on our consolidated statements of earnings. As such, we have recast our historical operating income and segment operating income to reflect this reclassification, which had no impact to earnings before income taxes or net earnings. |
Items impacting our segment operating results are discussed in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, Note 4, Property, Plant and Equipment, Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Note 8, Restructuring Program, and Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies. Also see Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, and Note 10, Financial Instruments, for more information on our interest and other expense, net for each period.
Total assets, depreciation expense and capital expenditures by segment, reflecting our current segment structure for all periods presented, were:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Total assets: | |||||||||||
Latin America (1) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
AMEA (1) | |||||||||||
Europe (1) | |||||||||||
North America (1) | |||||||||||
Equity method investments | |||||||||||
Unallocated assets and adjustments (2) | ( | ) | |||||||||
Total assets | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
(1) | Segment assets do not reflect outstanding intercompany asset balances as intercompany accounts have been eliminated at a segment level. |
(2) | Unallocated assets consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, deferred income taxes, centrally held property, plant and equipment, prepaid pension assets and derivative financial instrument balances. Final adjustments for jurisdictional netting of deferred tax assets and liabilities is done at a consolidated level. |
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Depreciation expense (1): | |||||||||||
Latin America | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
AMEA | |||||||||||
Europe | |||||||||||
North America | |||||||||||
Total depreciation expense | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
(1) | Includes depreciation expense related to owned property, plant and equipment. Does not include amortization of intangible assets or leased assets. Refer to the consolidated statement of cash flows for 2019 for total depreciation and amortization expenses. |
119
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Capital expenditures: | |||||||||||
Latin America | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
AMEA | |||||||||||
Europe | |||||||||||
North America | |||||||||||
Total capital expenditures | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Geographic data for net revenues (recognized in the countries where products are sold) and long-lived assets, excluding deferred tax, goodwill, intangible assets and equity method investments, were:
For the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Net revenues: | |||||||||||
United States | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Other | |||||||||||
Total net revenues | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
As of December 31, | |||||||||||
2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
Long-lived assets: | |||||||||||
United States | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
Other | |||||||||||
Total long-lived assets | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
No individual country within Other exceeded 10% of our net revenues or long-lived assets for all periods presented.
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Net revenues by product category, reflecting our current segment structure for all periods presented, were:
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||
Latin America | AMEA | Europe | North America | Total | |||||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||
Biscuits | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Chocolate | |||||||||||||||||||
Gum & Candy | |||||||||||||||||||
Beverages | |||||||||||||||||||
Cheese & Grocery | |||||||||||||||||||
Total net revenues | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||
Latin America | AMEA | Europe | North America | Total | |||||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||
Biscuits | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Chocolate | |||||||||||||||||||
Gum & Candy | |||||||||||||||||||
Beverages | |||||||||||||||||||
Cheese & Grocery | |||||||||||||||||||
Total net revenues | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||
Latin America | AMEA | Europe | North America | Total | |||||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||
Biscuits | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Chocolate | |||||||||||||||||||
Gum & Candy | |||||||||||||||||||
Beverages | |||||||||||||||||||
Cheese & Grocery | |||||||||||||||||||
Total net revenues | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
121
Note 19. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
Our summarized operating results by quarter are detailed below.
2019 Quarters | |||||||||||||||
First | Second | Third | Fourth | ||||||||||||
(in millions, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Gross profit | |||||||||||||||
(Provision)/benefit for income taxes (1) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||
Gain/(loss) on equity method investment transactions | ( | ) | |||||||||||||
Equity method investment net earnings | |||||||||||||||
Net earnings | |||||||||||||||
Noncontrolling interest | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Weighted-average shares for basic EPS | |||||||||||||||
Plus incremental shares from assumed conversions of stock options and long-term incentive plan shares | |||||||||||||||
Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS | |||||||||||||||
Per share data: | |||||||||||||||
Basic EPS attributable to Mondelēz International: | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International: | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Dividends declared | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
2018 Quarters | |||||||||||||||
First | Second | Third | Fourth | ||||||||||||
(in millions, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Gross profit | |||||||||||||||
Provision for income taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Gain on equity method investment transactions | |||||||||||||||
Equity method investment net earnings | |||||||||||||||
Net earnings | |||||||||||||||
Noncontrolling interest | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Weighted-average shares for basic EPS | |||||||||||||||
Plus incremental shares from assumed conversions of stock options and long-term incentive plan shares | |||||||||||||||
Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS | |||||||||||||||
Per share data: | |||||||||||||||
Basic EPS attributable to Mondelēz International: | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International: | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
Dividends declared | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
(1) | The third quarter of 2019 was significantly impacted by the $ |
Basic and diluted EPS are computed independently for each of the periods presented. Accordingly, the sum of the quarterly EPS amounts may not equal the total for the year.
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During 2019 and 2018, we recorded the following pre-tax (charges)/benefits in earnings from continuing operations:
2019 Quarters | |||||||||||||||
First | Second | Third | Fourth | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Asset impairment and exit costs | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
Divestiture-related costs | ( | ) | |||||||||||||
Net gain on divestiture | |||||||||||||||
Impact from pension participation changes | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||
Impact from the resolution of tax matters | ( | ) | |||||||||||||
Loss related to interest rate swaps | ( | ) | |||||||||||||
Net gain/(loss) on equity method investment transactions | ( | ) | |||||||||||||
$ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||||||||
2018 Quarters | |||||||||||||||
First | Second | Third | Fourth | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Asset impairment and exit costs | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
Divestiture-related costs | ( | ) | |||||||||||||
Impact from pension participation changes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||
Impact from the resolution of tax matters | ( | ) | |||||||||||||
Gain/(loss) related to interest rate swaps | ( | ) | |||||||||||||
Loss on early extinguishment of debt and related expenses | ( | ) | |||||||||||||
Gain on equity method investment transaction | |||||||||||||||
$ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||||
Items impacting our operating results are discussed in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Note 7, Equity Method Investments, Note 8, Restructuring Program, Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, Note 10, Financial Instruments, Note 11, Benefit Plans and Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies – Tax Matters.
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We have established disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management, together with our CEO and CFO, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2019. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2019.
Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our CEO and CFO, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the Company’s Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those written policies and procedures that:
• | pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets; |
• | provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
• | provide reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with management and director authorization; and |
• | provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. |
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. Management based this assessment on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in Internal Control Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”).
Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2019, based on the criteria in Internal Control Integrated Framework issued by the COSO.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, as stated in their report that appears under Item 8.
February 7, 2020
124
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management, together with our CEO and CFO, evaluated the changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2019. We continued to refine information technology security measures and business process controls. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2019, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Information required by this Item 10 is included under the heading “Information about our Executive Officers” in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-K, as well as under the headings “Election of Directors,” “Corporate Governance – Governance Guidelines,” “Corporate Governance – Codes of Conduct,” “Board Committees and Membership – Audit Committee” and if applicable, "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" in our definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held on May 13, 2020 (“2020 Proxy Statement”). All of this information from the 2020 Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.
The information on our web site is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this Annual Report or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
Information required by this Item 11 is included under the headings “Board Committees and Membership – Human Resources and Compensation Committee,” “Compensation of Non-Employee Directors,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation Tables,” “Human Resources and Compensation Committee Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2019” and "CEO Pay Ratio" in our 2020 Proxy Statement. All of this information is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The number of shares to be issued upon exercise or vesting of grants issued under, and the number of shares remaining available for future issuance under, our equity compensation plans at December 31, 2019 were:
Equity Compensation Plan Information
Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (1) | Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (2) | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (3) | |||||||
(a) | (b) | (c) | |||||||
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | 39,498,687 | $ | 36.19 | 56,200,802 | |||||
(1) | Includes outstanding options, deferred stock units and performance share units and excludes restricted stock. |
(2) | Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options only. |
(3) | Shares available for grant under our Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan. |
Information related to the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is included in our 2020 Proxy Statement under the heading “Ownership of Equity Securities” and is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
Information required by this Item 13 is included under the headings “Corporate Governance – Director Independence” and “Corporate Governance – Review of Transactions with Related Persons” in our 2020 Proxy Statement. All of this information is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
Information required by this Item 14 is included under the heading “Board Committees and Membership – Audit Committee” in our 2020 Proxy Statement. All of this information is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.
126
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a) | Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules |
Schedules other than those listed above have been omitted either because such schedules are not required or are not applicable.
(b) | The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report: |
2.1 | |||
2.2 | |||
2.3 | |||
2.4 | |||
2.5 | |||
2.6 | |||
2.7 | |||
2.8 | |||
3.1 | |||
3.2 | |||
4.1 | |||
127
4.2 | The Registrant agrees to furnish to the SEC upon request copies of any instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the Registrant and its consolidated subsidiaries that does not exceed 10 percent of the total assets of the Registrant and its consolidated subsidiaries. | ||
4.3 | |||
4.4 | |||
4.5 | |||
4.6 | |||
4.7 | |||
4.8 | |||
4.9 | |||
10.1 | |||
10.2 | |||
10.3 | |||
10.4 | |||
10.5 | |||
10.6 | |||
10.7 | |||
128
10.8 | |||
10.9 | |||
10.10 | |||
10.11 | |||
10.12 | |||
10.13 | |||
10.14 | |||
10.15 | |||
10.16 | |||
10.17 | |||
10.18 | |||
10.19 | |||
10.20 | |||
10.21 | |||
10.22 | |||
10.23 | |||
10.24 | |||
10.25 | |||
129
10.26 | |||
10.27 | |||
10.28 | |||
10.29 | |||
10.30 | |||
10.31 | |||
10.32 | |||
10.33 | |||
10.34 | |||
10.35 | |||
10.36 | |||
10.37 | |||
10.38 | |||
10.39 | |||
10.40 | |||
10.41 | |||
10.42 | |||
10.43 | |||
130
10.44 | |||
10.45 | |||
10.46 | |||
10.47 | |||
10.48 | |||
10.49 | |||
10.50 | |||
10.51 | |||
10.52 | |||
10.53 | |||
10.54 | |||
10.55 | |||
10.56 | |||
18.1 | |||
21.1 | |||
23.1 | |||
31.1 | |||
31.2 | |||
32.1 | |||
101 | The following materials from Mondelēz International’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Earnings, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings, (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. | ||
131
104 | The cover page from Mondelēz International’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101). | ||
* | Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment and have been separately filed with the SEC. | ||
+ | Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. | ||
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
132
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
MONDELĒZ INTERNATIONAL, INC. | ||
By: | /s/ LUCA ZARAMELLA | |
Luca Zaramella | ||
Executive Vice President | ||
and Chief Financial Officer | ||
(Duly Authorized Officer) | ||
Date: February 7, 2020
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:
Signature | Title | Date | ||
/s/ DIRK VAN DE PUT | Director, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Dirk Van de Put) | ||||
/s/ LUCA ZARAMELLA | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Luca Zaramella) | ||||
/s/ NELSON URDANETA | Senior Vice President, Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Nelson Urdaneta) | ||||
/s/ LEWIS W.K. BOOTH | Director | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Lewis W.K. Booth) | ||||
/s/ CHARLES E. BUNCH | Director | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Charles E. Bunch) | ||||
/s/ DEBRA A. CREW | Director | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Debra A. Crew) | ||||
/s/ LOIS D. JULIBER | Director | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Lois D. Juliber) | ||||
/s/ MARK D. KETCHUM | Director | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Mark D. Ketchum) | ||||
/s/ PETER W. MAY | Director | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Peter W. May) | ||||
/s/ JORGE S. MESQUITA | Director | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Jorge S. Mesquita) | ||||
/s/ JOSEPH NEUBAUER | Director | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Joseph Neubauer) | ||||
/s/ FREDRIC G. REYNOLDS | Director | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Fredric G. Reynolds) | ||||
/s/ CHRISTIANA S. SHI | Director | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Christiana S. Shi) | ||||
/s/ PATRICK T. SIEWERT | Director | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Patrick T. Siewert) | ||||
/s/ JEAN-FRANÇOIS M. L. VAN BOXMEER | Director | February 7, 2020 | ||
(Jean-François M. L. van Boxmeer) | ||||
133
Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
(in millions)
Col. A | Col. B | Col. C | Col. D | Col. E | ||||||||||||||||
Additions | ||||||||||||||||||||
Description | Balance at Beginning of Period | Charged to Costs and Expenses | Charged to Other Accounts | Deductions | Balance at End of Period | |||||||||||||||
(a) | (b) | |||||||||||||||||||
2019: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for trade receivables | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
Allowance for other current receivables | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for long-term receivables | ||||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for deferred taxes | ||||||||||||||||||||
$ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
2018: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for trade receivables | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
Allowance for other current receivables | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Allowance for long-term receivables | ||||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for deferred taxes | ||||||||||||||||||||
$ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
2017: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for trade receivables | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||
Allowance for other current receivables | ||||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for long-term receivables | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for deferred taxes | ||||||||||||||||||||
$ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Notes:
(a) | Primarily related to divestitures, acquisitions and currency translation. |
(b) | Represents charges for which allowances were created. |
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