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Financial Instruments
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]  
Financial Instruments Note 10. Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Derivative Instruments:
Derivative instruments were recorded at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as follows:
 
As of March 31, 2019
 
As of December 31, 2018
 
Asset
Derivatives
 
Liability
Derivatives
 
Asset
Derivatives
 
Liability
Derivatives
 
(in millions)
Derivatives designated as
accounting hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
$
30

 
$
307

 
$
17

 
$
355

Net investment hedge derivative contracts (1)
350

 
31

 
337

 
28

 
$
380

 
$
338

 
$
354

 
$
383

Derivatives not designated as
   accounting hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Currency exchange contracts
$
69

 
$
28

 
$
72

 
$
37

Commodity contracts
121

 
133

 
191

 
210

 
$
190

 
$
161

 
$
263

 
$
247

Total fair value
$
570

 
$
499

 
$
617

 
$
630


(1)
Net investment hedge contracts consist of cross-currency interest rate swaps and forward contracts. We also designate some of our non-U.S. dollar denominated debt to hedge a portion of our net investments in our non-U.S. operations. This debt is not reflected in the table above, but is included in long-term debt discussed in Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements. Both net investment hedge derivative contracts and non-U.S. dollar denominated debt acting as net investment hedges are also disclosed in the Derivative Volume table and the Hedges of Net Investments in International Operations section appearing later in this footnote.

Derivatives designated as accounting hedges include cash flow and net investment hedge derivative contracts. Our economic hedges are derivatives not designated as accounting hedges. We record derivative assets and liabilities on a gross basis on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of our asset derivatives is recorded within other current assets and the fair value of our liability derivatives is recorded within other current liabilities.

The fair values (asset/(liability)) of our derivative instruments were determined using:
 
As of March 31, 2019
 
Total
Fair Value of Net
Asset/(Liability)
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
(in millions)
Currency exchange contracts
$
41

 
$
—

 
$
41

 
$
—

Commodity contracts
(12
)
 
4

 
(16
)
 
—

Interest rate contracts
(277
)
 
—

 
(277
)
 
—

Net investment hedge contracts
319

 
—

 
319

 
—

Total derivatives
$
71

 
$
4

 
$
67

 
$
—

 
As of December 31, 2018
 
Total
Fair Value of Net
Asset/(Liability)
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
(in millions)
Currency exchange contracts
$
35

 
$
—

 
$
35

 
$
—

Commodity contracts
(19
)
 
(1
)
 
(18
)
 
—

Interest rate contracts
(338
)
 
—

 
(338
)
 
—

Net investment hedge contracts
309

 
—

 
309

 
—

Total derivatives
$
(13
)
 
$
(1
)
 
$
(12
)
 
$
—



Level 1 financial assets and liabilities consist of exchange-traded commodity futures and listed options. The fair value of these instruments is determined based on quoted market prices on commodity exchanges.

Level 2 financial assets and liabilities consist primarily of over-the-counter (“OTC”) currency exchange forwards, options and swaps; commodity forwards and options; and interest rate swaps. Our currency exchange contracts are valued using an income approach based on observable market forward rates less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount. Commodity derivatives are valued using an income approach based on the observable market commodity index prices less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount or based on pricing models that rely on market observable inputs such as commodity prices. Our calculation of the fair value of interest rate swaps is derived from a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contract and the observable market interest rate curve. Our calculation of the fair value of financial instruments takes into consideration the risk of nonperformance, including counterparty credit risk. Our OTC derivative transactions are governed by International Swap Dealers Association agreements and other standard industry contracts. Under these agreements, we do not post nor require collateral from our counterparties. The majority of our derivative contracts do not have a legal right of set-off. We manage the credit risk in connection with these and all our derivatives by entering into transactions with counterparties with investment grade credit ratings, limiting the amount of exposure with each counterparty and monitoring the financial condition of our counterparties.

Derivative Volume:
The net notional values of our hedging instruments were:
 
Notional Amount
 
As of March 31, 2019
 
As of December 31, 2018
 
(in millions)
Currency exchange contracts:
 
 
 
Intercompany loans and forecasted interest payments
$
2,565

 
$
3,239

Forecasted transactions
2,617

 
2,396

Commodity contracts
683

 
393

Interest rate contracts
7,631

 
8,679

Net investment hedges:
 
 
 
Net investment hedge derivative contracts
6,685

 
6,678

Non-U.S. dollar debt designated as net investment hedges
 
 
 
Euro notes
3,438

 
3,514

British pound sterling notes
343

 
336

Swiss franc notes
1,407

 
1,424

Canadian dollar notes
449

 
440



Cash Flow Hedges:
Cash flow hedge activity, net of taxes, within accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) included:
 
For the Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in millions)
Accumulated (loss)/gain at beginning of period
$
(167
)
 
$
(113
)
Transfer of realized (gains)/losses in fair value to earnings
—

 
(14
)
Unrealized gain/(loss) in fair value
(69
)
 
(32
)
Accumulated (loss)/gain at end of period
$
(236
)
 
$
(159
)


After-tax gains/(losses) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into net earnings were:
 
For the Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in millions)
Interest rate contracts
$
—

 
$
14


After-tax gains/(losses) recognized in other comprehensive earnings/(losses) were:
 
For the Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in millions)
Interest rate contracts
$
(69
)
 
$
(32
)


We recognized a gain of $14 million in the three months ended March 31, 2018 in interest and other expense, net related to certain forward-starting interest rate swaps for which the planned timing of the related forecasted debt was changed.

We record pre-tax (i) gains or losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into earnings, (ii) gains or losses on ineffectiveness and (iii) gains or losses on amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in:
•
cost of sales for currency exchange contracts related to forecasted transactions;
•
cost of sales for commodity contracts; and
•
interest and other expense, net for interest rate contracts and currency exchange contracts related to intercompany loans.

Based on current market conditions, we would expect to transfer losses of $61 million (net of taxes) for interest rate cash flow hedges to earnings during the next 12 months.

Cash Flow Hedge Coverage:
As of March 31, 2019, our longest dated cash flow hedges were interest rate swaps that hedge forecasted interest rate payments over the next 4 years and 7 months.

Hedges of Net Investments in International Operations:

Net investment hedge derivative contracts:
We enter into cross-currency interest rate swaps and forwards to hedge certain investments in our non-U.S. operations against movements in exchange rates. The aggregate notional value as of March 31, 2019 was $6.7 billion. The after-tax gain/(loss) on these net investment hedge contracts was recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income and was $14 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and $(11) million for the three months ended March 31, 2018. There were no after-tax gains/(losses) on net investment hedge contracts that settled during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018. There were no after-tax gains/(losses) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into net earnings in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018. We elected to record changes in the fair value of amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness in net earnings. Amounts excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness were $33 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and $17 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and were recorded as income in interest and other expense, net. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as other investing activities in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

Non-U.S. dollar debt designated as net investment hedges:
After-tax gains/(losses) related to hedges of net investments in international operations in the form of euro, British pound sterling, Swiss franc and Canadian dollar-denominated debt were recorded within the cumulative translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income and were:
 
For the Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in millions)
Euro notes
$
58

 
$
(75
)
British pound sterling notes
(6
)
 
(13
)
Swiss franc notes
13

 
(26
)
Canadian notes
(7
)
 
(2
)


Economic Hedges:
Pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded in net earnings for economic hedges were:
 
For the Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Location of
Gain/(Loss)
Recognized
in Earnings
 
2019
 
2018
 
 
(in millions)
 
 
Currency exchange contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
Intercompany loans and
   forecasted interest payments
$
61

 
$
7

 
Interest and other expense, net
Forecasted transactions
5

 
(7
)
 
Cost of sales
Forecasted transactions
—

 
(5
)
 
Interest and other expense, net
Forecasted transactions
—

 
(3
)
 
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Commodity contracts
14

 
149

 
Cost of sales
Total
$
80

 
$
141