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Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Business Combinations and Other Purchase of Business Transactions We generate our revenue primarily from interest received on loans and leases and, to a lesser extent, from interest received on investment securities, and fees received in connection with deposit services, extending credit and other services offered, including treasury management and investment management services. Our major operating expenses are the interest paid by the Bank on deposits and borrowings, compensation, occupancy, and general operating expenses.
Recently issued Accounting Standards
(a) Accounting Standards Adopted in 2020
Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 and the related amendments to ASC Topic 326, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses,” to replace the incurred loss accounting approach with a current expected credit loss approach for financial instruments measured at amortized cost and other commitments to extend credit. The new standard is generally intended to require earlier recognition of credit losses. While the standard changes the measurement of the allowance for credit losses, it does not change the credit risk of our lending portfolios or the ultimate losses in those portfolios.
Under the CECL approach, the standard requires immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over the estimated remaining life of the asset. The forward-looking concept of CECL requires loss estimates to consider historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The standard modifies the other-than-temporary impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities to require entities to record an allowance when recognizing credit losses for available-for-sale securities, rather than reducing the amortized cost of the securities by direct write-offs.
The Company adopted the new standard using the modified retrospective approach and recognized a cumulative effect adjustment to decrease retained earnings by $5.3 million, net of taxes, and increase the allowance for credit losses by $7.3 million without restating prior periods and applied the requirements of the new standard prospectively. There was no cumulative effect adjustment related to available-for-sale securities at adoption. The Company elected to account for accrued interest receivable separately from the amortized cost of loans and leases and investment securities. Accrued interest receivable is included in "Other assets" on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company elected the practical expedient to use the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date when determining the allowance for credit losses for a financial asset for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty based on the entity’s assessment as of the reporting date (collateral dependent financial asset). Additionally, the Company implemented new business processes, new internal controls, and modified existing and/or implemented new internal models and tools to facilitate the ongoing application of the new standard. See Note 4. Loans and Leases for further details.
Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2017-04, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment" which simplifies goodwill impairment testing by eliminating the second step of the analysis under which the implied fair value of goodwill is determined as if the reporting unit were being acquired in a business combination. The goodwill impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, and an impairment charge would be recognized for any amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value, to the extent that the loss recognized does not exceed the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.
The Company used this approach to evaluate its goodwill during the first quarter of 2020, as an unprecedented decline in economic conditions triggered by the Coronavirus Disease ("COVID-19") pandemic caused a significant decline in stock market valuations in March 2020, including our stock price. These events indicated that goodwill may be impaired and resulted in us performing a goodwill impairment assessment. We applied the market approach using an average share price of the Company's stock and a control premium to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. As a result, a goodwill impairment charge of $1.47 billion was recorded in the first quarter of 2020 as the Company's estimated fair value was less than its book value.
Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2018-13, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements" which add disclosures regarding changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty. Although the guidance modifies our disclosures in 2020, there was no impact to our consolidated financial statements from the adoption of this new standard.
ASU 2020-03, "Codification Improvements to Financial Instruments" ("ASU 2020-03"), revised a wide variety of topics in the Codification with the intent to make the Codification easier to understand and apply by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications. ASU 2020-03 was effective immediately upon its release in March 2020 and did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Effective Effect on the Financial Statements
StandardDescriptionDateor Other Significant Matters
ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes”
This Update simplifies the accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exceptions related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The ASU also simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes and enacted changes in tax laws or rates and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill.January 1, 2021The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2021 and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Basis of Presentation
(b) Basis of Presentation
The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which we may refer to as U.S. GAAP. In the opinion of management, all significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated and adjustments, consisting solely of normal recurring accruals and considered necessary for the fair presentation of financial statements have been included.
Use of Estimates Use of EstimatesThe Company has made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period to prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates subject to change in the near term include, among other items, the allowance for credit losses (the combination of the allowance for loan and lease losses and the reserve for unfunded loan commitments), the carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets, and the realization of deferred tax assets. These estimates may be adjusted as more current information becomes available, and any adjustment may be significant.
Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and Cash EquivalentsFor purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of: (1) cash and due from banks, (2) interest‑earning deposits in financial institutions, and (3) securities purchased under resale agreements. Interest‑earning deposits in financial institutions represent mostly cash held at the FRBSF, the majority of which is immediately available.
Investment Securities Investment in Debt Securities
We determine the classification of securities at the time of purchase. If we have the intent and the ability at the time of purchase to hold securities until maturity, they are classified as held‑to‑maturity and stated at amortized cost. We do not classify any securities as held-to-maturity. Securities to be held for indefinite periods of time, but not necessarily to be held‑to‑maturity or on a long‑term basis, are classified as available‑for‑sale and carried at estimated fair value, with unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes. Securities available‑for‑sale include securities that management intends to use as part of its asset/liability management strategy and that may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, prepayment risk, and other related factors. Securities are individually evaluated for appropriate classification when acquired. As a result, similar types of securities may be classified differently depending on factors existing at the time of purchase.
The carrying values of all securities are adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts using the interest method. Premiums on callable securities are amortized to the earliest call date. Realized gains or losses on the sale of securities, if any, are determined using the amortized cost of the specific securities sold. Such gains or losses are included in "Gain on sale of securities" on the consolidated statements of earnings (loss).
Prior to January 1, 2020, debt securities available-for-sale were measured at fair value and declines in the fair value were reviewed to determine whether the impairment was other-than-temporary. If the decline in fair value was considered temporary, the decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis of a security was recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). If we did not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, then an other-than-temporary impairment was considered to have occurred. The cost basis of the security was written down to its estimated fair value and the amount of the write-down was recognized through a charge to earnings. If the amount of the amortized cost basis expected to be recovered increased in a future period, the cost basis of the security was not increased but rather recognized prospectively through interest income.
Effective January 1, 2020, upon the adoption of ASU 2016-13, debt securities available-for-sale are measured at fair value and are subject to impairment testing. A security is impaired if the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis. When an available-for-sale debt security is considered impaired, the Company must determine if the decline in fair value has resulted from a credit-related loss or other factors and then, (1) recognize an allowance for credit losses by a charge to earnings for the credit-related component (if any) of the decline in fair value, and (2) recognize in other comprehensive income (loss) any non-credit related components (if any) of the fair value decline. If the amount of the amortized cost basis expected to be recovered increases in a future period, the valuation allowance would be reduced, but not more than the amount of the current existing allowance for that security.
Loans and Leases Loans and Leases
Originated loans. Loans are originated by the Company with the intent to hold them for investment and are stated at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned income. Unearned income includes deferred unamortized nonrefundable loan fees and direct loan origination costs. Net deferred fees or costs are recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the contractual life of the loans primarily using the effective interest method or taken into income when the related loans are paid off or sold. The amortization of loan fees or costs is discontinued when a loan is placed on nonaccrual status. Interest income is recorded on an accrual basis in accordance with the terms of the respective loan.
Purchased loans. Purchased loans are stated at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned discounts or unamortized premiums. All loans acquired in our acquisitions are initially measured and recorded at their fair value on the acquisition date. A component of the initial fair value measurement is an estimate of the credit losses over the life of the purchased loans. Purchased loans are also evaluated to determine if they have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination or issuance as of the acquisition date and are accounted for as “acquired non‑PCD” or “purchased credit deteriorated” loans.
Acquired non‑PCD loans. Acquired non‑PCD loans are those loans for which there was no evidence of a more-than-insignificant credit deterioration at their acquisition date and it was probable that we would be able to collect all contractually required payments. Acquired non‑PCD loans, together with originated loans, are referred to as Non‑PCD loans. Purchase discounts or premiums on acquired non‑PCD loans are recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the contractual life of such loans using the effective interest method or taken into income when the related loans are paid off or sold.
Purchased loans with credit deterioration. Prior to January 1, 2020, purchased credit impaired loans were accounted for in accordance with ASC Subtopic 310-30, “Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality.” At the time of acquisition, these loans were recorded at estimated fair value based upon estimated future cash flows with no related allowance for credit losses.
Effective January 1, 2020, upon the adoption of ASU 2016-13, an entity records purchased financial assets with credit deterioration ("PCD assets") at the purchase price plus the allowance for credit losses expected at the time of acquisition. This allowance is recognized through a gross-up that increases the amortized cost basis of the asset with no effect on net income. Subsequent changes (favorable and unfavorable) in expected cash flows are recognized immediately in net income by adjusting the related allowance.
Leases to customers. We provide equipment financing to our customers primarily with direct financing and operating leases. For direct financing leases, lease receivables are recorded on the balance sheet but the leased property is not, although we generally retain legal title to the leased property until the end of each lease. Direct financing leases are stated at the net amount of minimum lease payments receivable, plus any unguaranteed residual value, less the amount of unearned income and net acquisition discount at the reporting date. Direct lease origination costs are amortized using the effective interest method over the life of the leases. Leases acquired in an acquisition are initially measured and recorded at their fair value on the acquisition date. Purchase discount or premium on acquired leases is recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the contractual life of the leases using the effective interest method or taken into income when the related leases are paid off. Direct financing leases are subject to our accounting for allowance for loans and leases.
We provide equipment financing through operating leases where we facilitate the purchase of equipment leased to customers. The equipment is shown on our consolidated balance sheets as "Equipment leased to others under operating leases" and is depreciated to its estimated residual value at the end of the lease term, shown as "Leased equipment depreciation" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss), according to our fixed asset accounting policy. We receive periodic rental income payments under the leases, which are recorded as "Noninterest income" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss).
Delinquent or past due loans and leases. Loans and leases are considered delinquent when principal or interest payments are past due 30 days or more. Delinquent loans may remain on accrual status between 30 days and 89 days past due.
Nonaccrual loans and leases. When we discontinue the accrual of interest on a loan or lease it is designated as nonaccrual. We discontinue the accrual of interest on a loan or lease generally when a borrower's principal or interest payments or a lessee's payments are past due 90 days or when, in the opinion of management, there is a reasonable doubt as to collectability in the normal course of business. Loans with interest or principal payments past due 90 days or leases with payments past due 90 days may be accruing if the loans or leases are concluded to be well-secured and in the process of collection; however, these loans or leases are still reported as nonperforming. When loans or leases are placed on nonaccrual status, all interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Interest on nonaccrual loans or leases is subsequently recognized only to the extent that cash is received and the loan principal balance or lease balance is deemed collectable. Loans or leases are restored to accrual status when the loans or leases become both well‑secured and are in the process of collection.
Individually Evaluated Loans and Leases. Loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics with other financial assets are individually evaluated for impairment and excluded from loan pools used within the collective evaluation of estimated credit losses. We defined the following criteria for what constitutes a “default”, which results in a loan no longer sharing similar risk characteristics with other loans, and therefore requires an individual evaluation for expected credit losses. The criteria for default may include any one of the following:
•On nonaccrual status,
•Modified under a TDR,
•Payment delinquency of 90 days or more,
•Partial charge-off recognized,
•Risk rated doubtful or loss, or
•Reasonably expected to be modified under a TDR.
Defaulted loans and leases with outstanding balances over $250,000 are reviewed individually for expected credit loss. Individually evaluated loans are measured at the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's initial effective interest rate, unless the loans are collateral dependent, in which case loan impairment is based on the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The fair value of each loan’s collateral is generally based on estimated market prices from an independently prepared appraisal, which is then adjusted for the cost related to liquidating such collateral. An individually evaluated reserve and/or charge off would be recognized when the present value of expected future cash flows or the fair value of the underlying collateral is below the amortized cost of the loan. If the measured amount of any individually reviewed loan exceeds its amortized cost, further review is required to determine whether a positive allowance should be added (but only up to amounts previously written off) to its amortized cost basis in order to reflect the net amount expected to be collected.
Troubled debt restructurings. A loan is classified as a troubled debt restructuring when we grant a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties that we otherwise would not consider under our normal lending policies. These concessions may include a reduction of the interest rate, principal or accrued interest, extension of the maturity date or other actions intended to minimize potential losses. All modifications of criticized loans are evaluated to determine whether such modifications are troubled debt restructurings as outlined under ASC Subtopic 310‑40, “Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors.” Loans restructured with an interest rate equal to or greater than that of a new loan with comparable market risk at the time the loan is modified may be excluded from certain restructured loan disclosures in years subsequent to the restructuring if the loans are in compliance with their modified terms.
The Company has granted various commercial and consumer loan modifications to provide borrowers relief from the economic impacts of COVID-19. In accordance with the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act, the Company elected to not apply TDR classification to COVID-19 related loan modifications that met all of the requisite criteria as stipulated in the CARES Act.
A loan that has been placed on nonaccrual status that is subsequently restructured will usually remain on nonaccrual status until the borrower is able to demonstrate repayment performance in compliance with the restructured terms for a sustained period of time, typically for six months. A restructured loan may return to accrual status sooner based on other significant events or circumstances. A loan that has not been placed on nonaccrual status may be restructured and such loan may remain on accrual status after such restructuring. In these circumstances, the borrower has made payments before and after the restructuring. Generally, this restructuring involves maturity extensions, a reduction in the loan interest rate and/or a change to interest‑only payments for a period of time. Loan modifications that qualify as troubled debt restructurings are individually evaluated for expected credit losses based on the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate or based on the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral-dependent.
Impaired loans and leases. Prior to January 1, 2020, a loan or lease was considered impaired when it was probable that we would be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan or lease agreement. Impaired loans and leases included loans and leases on nonaccrual status and performing troubled debt restructured loans. Income from impaired loans was recognized on an accrual basis unless the loan was on nonaccrual status. Income from loans on nonaccrual status was recognized to the extent cash was received and when the loan’s principal balance was deemed collectable. We measured impairment of a loan or lease by using the estimated fair value of the collateral, less estimated costs to sell and other applicable costs, if the loan or lease was collateral‑dependent and the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s or lease’s effective interest rate if the loan or lease was not collateral‑dependent. The impairment amount on a collateral‑dependent loan or lease was charged‑off, and the impairment amount on a loan that was not collateral‑dependent was generally recorded as a specific reserve within our allowance for loan and lease losses.
Allowance for Credit Losses Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Leases Held for Investment
Effective January 1, 2020, upon the adoption of ASU 2016-13, the Company replaced the incurred loss accounting approach with the current expected credit loss ("CECL") approach for financial instruments measured at amortized cost and other commitments to extend credit. CECL requires the immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over the estimated remaining life of the asset. The forward-looking concept of CECL requires loss estimates to consider historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.
The allowance for credit losses on loans and leases held for investment is the combination of the allowance for loan and lease losses and the reserve for unfunded loan commitments. The allowance for loan and lease losses is reported as a reduction of the amortized cost basis of loans and leases, while the reserve for unfunded loan commitments is included within "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets. The amortized cost basis of loans and leases does not include accrued interest receivable, which is included in "Other assets" on the consolidated balance sheets. The "Provision for credit losses" on the consolidated statements of earnings (loss) is a combination of the provision for loan and lease losses and the provision for unfunded loan commitments.
Under the CECL methodology, expected credit losses reflect losses over the remaining contractual life of an asset, considering the effect of prepayments and available information about the collectability of cash flows, including information about relevant historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future events and circumstances. Thus, the CECL methodology incorporates a broad range of information in developing credit loss estimates. The resulting allowance for loan and lease losses is deducted from the associated amortized cost basis to reflect the net amount expected to be collected. Subsequent changes in this estimate are recorded through the provision for credit losses and the allowance. The CECL methodology could result in significant changes to both the timing and amounts of provision for credit losses and the allowance as compared to historical periods. Loans and leases that are deemed to be uncollectable are charged off and deducted from the allowance. The provision for credit losses and recoveries on loans and leases previously charged off are added to the allowance.
The allowance for loan and lease losses is comprised of an individually evaluated component for loans and leases that no longer share similar risk characteristics with other loans and leases and a pooled loans component for loans and leases that share similar risk characteristics.
A loan or lease with an outstanding balance greater than $250,000 is individually evaluated for expected credit loss when it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the original contractual terms of the agreement. We select loans and leases for individual assessment on an ongoing basis using certain criteria such as payment performance, borrower reported and forecasted financial results, and other external factors when appropriate. We measure the current expected credit loss of an individually evaluated loan or lease based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral if the loan or lease is collateral-dependent or the present value of cash flows, discounted at the effective interest rate, if the loan or lease is not collateral-dependent. To the extent a loan or lease balance exceeds the estimated collectable value, a reserve or charge-off is recorded depending upon either the certainty of the estimate of loss or the fair value of the loan’s collateral if the loan is collateral-dependent.
Our CECL methodology for the pooled loans component includes both quantitative and qualitative loss factors which are applied to our population of loans and leases and assessed at a pool level. The quantitative CECL model estimates credit losses by applying pool-specific probability of default ("PD") and loss given default ("LGD") rates to the expected exposure at default ("EAD") over the contractual life of loans and leases. The qualitative component considers internal and external risk factors that may not be adequately assessed in the quantitative model.
The loan portfolio is segmented into four loan segments, eight loan classes, and 19 loan pools (excluding Paycheck Protection Program loans, which are fully government guaranteed) based upon loan type that share similar default risk characteristics to calculate quantitative loss factors for each pool. Three of these loan pools have insignificant current balances and/or insignificant historical losses, thus, estimated losses are calculated using historical loss rates from the first quarter of 2009 to the current period rather than econometric regression modeling. For the remaining 16 loan pools, we estimate the PD during the reasonable and supportable forecast period using seven econometric regression models developed to correlate macroeconomic variables to historical credit performance (based on quarterly transition matrices from 2009 to 2019, which include risk rating upgrades/downgrades and defaults).
The loans and unfunded commitments are grouped into nine LGD pools based on portfolio classes that share similar collateral risk characteristics. LGD rates are computed based on the net charge-offs recognized divided by the EAD of defaulted loans starting with the first quarter of 2009 to the current period. The PD and LGD rates are applied to the EAD at the loan or lease level based on contractual scheduled payments and estimated prepayments. We use our actual historical loan prepayment experience from 2009 to 2019 to estimate future prepayments by loan pool. Loans and leases with outstanding balances less than or equal to $250,000, where it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the agreement, remain in their respective pools and are assigned a 100% probability of default.
For the reasonable and supportable forecast period, future macroeconomic events and circumstances are estimated over a 4-quarter time horizon using a single scenario economic forecast that is consistent with management's current expectations for the 16 loan pools. We use economic forecasts from Moody's Analytics in this process. The economic forecast is updated monthly; therefore, the one used for each quarter-end calculation is generally released a few weeks prior to quarter-end. If economic conditions as of the balance sheet date change materially, management would consider a qualitative adjustment. The key macroeconomic assumptions used in each of the seven PD regression models include two or three of the following economic indicators: Real GDP, unemployment rates, CRE Price Index, the BBB corporate spread, nominal disposable income, and CPI.
The quantitative CECL model applies the projected rates based on the economic forecasts for the 4-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast horizon to EAD to estimate defaulted loans. During this forecast horizon, prepayment rates during a historical period that exhibits economic conditions most similar to the economic forecast are used to estimate EAD. If no historical period from 2009 to 2019 exhibits economic conditions that are similar to the economic forecast, management uses its best estimate of prepayments expected over the reasonable and supportable forecast period which may, in some circumstances, be the average of all historical prepayment experience. Historical LGD rates are applied to estimated defaulted loans to determine estimated credit losses. We then use a 2-quarter reversion period to revert on a straight-line basis from the PD, LGD, and prepayment rates used during the reasonable and supportable forecast period to the Company’s historical PD, LGD, and prepayment experience. Subsequent to the reversion period for the remaining contractual life of loans and leases, the PD, LGD, and prepayment rates are based on historical experience from 2009 to 2019. PD regression models and prepayment rates are updated on an annual basis. LGD rates are updated every quarter to reflect current charge-off activity.
The PDs calculated by the quantitative models are highly correlated to our internal risk ratings assigned to each loan and lease. To ensure the accuracy of our credit risk ratings, an independent credit review function assesses the appropriateness of the credit risk ratings assigned to loans and leases on a regular basis. The credit risk ratings assigned to every loan and lease are as follows:
•High Pass: (Risk ratings 1-2) Loans and leases rated as "high pass" exhibit a favorable credit profile and have minimal risk characteristics. Repayment in full is expected, even in adverse economic conditions.
•Pass: (Risk ratings 3-4) Loans and leases rated as "pass" are not adversely classified and collection and repayment in full are expected.
•Special Mention: (Risk rating 5) Loans and leases rated as "special mention" have a potential weakness that requires management's attention. If not addressed, these potential weaknesses may result in further deterioration in the borrower's ability to repay the loan or lease.
•Substandard: (Risk rating 6) Loans and leases rated as "substandard" have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the collection of the debt. They are characterized by the possibility that we will sustain some loss if the weaknesses are not corrected.
•Doubtful: (Risk rating 7) Loans and leases rated as "doubtful" have all the weaknesses of those rated as "substandard," with the additional trait that the weaknesses make collection or repayment in full highly questionable and improbable.
We may refer to the loans and leases with assigned credit risk ratings of "substandard" and "doubtful" together as "classified" loans and leases. For further information on classified loans and leases, see Note 4. Loans and Leases.
In addition to our internal risk rating process, our federal and state banking regulators, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s loan and lease risk rating classifications. Our regulators may require the Company to recognize rating downgrades based on information available to them at the time of their examinations. Risk rating downgrades generally result in increases in the provisions for credit losses and the allowance for credit losses.
The qualitative portion of the reserve on pooled loans and leases represents management’s judgment of additional considerations to account for internal and external risk factors that are not adequately measured in the quantitative reserve. The qualitative loss factors consider idiosyncratic risk factors, conditions that may not be reflected in quantitatively derived results, or other relevant factors to ensure the allowance for credit losses reflects our best estimate of current expected credit losses. Current and forecasted economic trends and underlying market values for collateral dependent loans are generally considered to be encompassed within the CECL quantitative reserve. An incremental qualitative adjustment may be considered when economic forecasts exhibit higher levels of volatility or uncertainty.
In addition to economic conditions and collateral dependency, the other qualitative criteria we consider when establishing the loss factors include the following:
•Legal and Regulatory - matters that could impact our borrowers’ ability to repay our loans and leases;
•Concentrations - loan and lease portfolio composition and any loan concentrations;
•Lending Policy - current lending policies and the effects of any new policies or policy amendments;
•Nature and Volume - loan and lease production volume and mix;
•Problem Loan Trends - loan and lease portfolio credit performance trends, including a borrower's financial condition, credit rating, and ability to meet loan payment requirements;
•Loan Review - results of independent credit review; and
•Management - changes in management related to credit administration functions.
We estimate the reserve for unfunded loan commitments using the same PD, LGD, and prepayment rates for the quantitative credit losses and qualitative loss factors as used for the allowance for loan and lease losses. The EAD for the reserve for unfunded loan commitments is computed using expected future utilization rates of the unfunded commitments during the contractual life of the commitments based on historical usage by loan pool from 2015 to 2019. The utilization rates are updated on an annual basis.
The CECL methodology requires a significant amount of management judgment in determining the appropriate allowance for credit losses. Most of the steps in the methodology involve judgment and are subjective in nature including, among other things: segmenting the loan and lease portfolio; determining the amount of loss history to consider; selecting predictive econometric regression models that use appropriate macroeconomic variables; determining the methodology to forecast prepayments; selecting the most appropriate economic forecast scenario; determining the length of the reasonable and supportable forecast and reversion periods; estimating expected utilization rates on unfunded loan commitments; and assessing relevant and appropriate qualitative factors. In addition, the CECL methodology is dependent on economic forecasts which are inherently imprecise and will change from period to period. Although the allowance for credit losses is considered appropriate, there can be no assurance that it will be sufficient to absorb future losses.
Management believes the allowance for credit losses is appropriate for the current expected credit losses in our loan and lease portfolio and associated unfunded commitments, and the credit risk ratings and inherent loss rates currently assigned are reasonable and appropriate as of the reporting date. It is possible that others, given the same information, may at any point in time reach different conclusions that could result in a significant impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Prior to January 1, 2020, the allowance for loan losses was measured using the incurred loss accounting approach. The allowance for credit losses was maintained at a level deemed appropriate by management to adequately provide for known and inherent risks in the loan and lease portfolio and other extensions of credit at the balance sheet date. The allowance was based upon our review of the credit quality of the loan and lease portfolio, which includes payment trends, borrowers' compliance with loan agreements, borrowers' current and budgeted financial performance, collateral valuation trends, and current economic factors and external conditions that may affect our borrowers' ability to make payments to us in accordance with contractual terms.
The allowance for loan and lease losses had a general reserve component for unimpaired loans and leases and a specific reserve component for impaired loans and leases.
A loan or lease was considered impaired when it was probable that we would be unable to collect all amounts due according to the original contractual terms of the agreement. We assessed our loans and leases for impairment on an ongoing basis using certain criteria such as payment performance, borrower reported financial results and budgets, and other external factors when appropriate. We measured impairment of a loan or lease based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral if the loan or lease was collateral-dependent or the present value of cash flows, discounted at the effective interest rate, if the loan or lease was not collateral-dependent. To the extent a loan or lease balance exceeded the estimated collectable value, a specific reserve or charge-off was recorded depending upon either the certainty of the estimate of loss or the fair value of the loan’s collateral if the loan was collateral-dependent. Impaired loans and leases with outstanding balances less than or equal to $250,000 might not be individually assessed for impairment but would be assessed with reserves based on the average loss severity on historical impaired loans with similar risk characteristics.
Our allowance methodology for the general reserve component included both quantitative and qualitative loss factors which were applied to our population of unimpaired loans and leases to estimate our general reserves. The quantitative loss factors determination was based on a probability of default/loss given default ("PD/LGD") methodology which considered the likelihood of loans defaulting based on the historical degree that similar loans defaulted and the degree of credit losses based on the historical average degree of loss experienced for these similar loans and leases pooled both by loan or lease type and credit risk rating; loans with more adverse credit risk ratings had higher quantitative loss factors. The qualitative loss factors considered, among other things, current economic trends and forecasts, current collateral values and performance trends, credit performance trends, and the loan portfolio's current composition.
The quantitative estimation of the allowance for credit losses considered actual historical loan and lease charge-off experience over a 44-quarter look-back period starting with the first quarter of 2009. This look-back period was inclusive of the average timeframe over which charge-offs typically occurred following loan or lease origination and allowed for the capture of sufficient loss observations that were relevant to the current portfolio. When estimating the general reserve component for the various pools of similar loan types, the loss factors applied to the loan pools considered the current credit risk ratings, giving greater weight to loans with more adverse credit risk ratings. We recognized that the determination of the allowance for credit losses was sensitive to the assigned credit risk ratings and inherent loss rates at any given point in time.
Land, Premises and Equipment Land, Premises and EquipmentPremises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Land is not depreciated. Depreciation and amortization is charged to "Noninterest expense" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss) using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives of furniture, fixtures and equipment range from 3 to 7 years and for buildings up to 30 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over their estimated useful lives, or the life of the lease, whichever is shorter.
Foreclosed Assets Foreclosed AssetsForeclosed assets include OREO and repossessed non-real estate assets. Foreclosed assets are initially recorded at the estimated fair value of the property, based on current independent appraisals obtained at the time of acquisition, less estimated costs to sell, including senior obligations such as delinquent property taxes. The excess of the recorded loan balance over the estimated fair value of the property at the time of acquisition less estimated costs to sell is charged to the allowance for loan and lease losses. Any subsequent write‑downs are charged to "Noninterest expense" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss) and recognized through a foreclosed assets valuation allowance. Subsequent increases in the fair value of the asset less selling costs reduce the foreclosed assets valuation allowance, but not below zero, and are credited to "Noninterest expense." Gains and losses on the sale of foreclosed assets and operating expenses of such assets are included in "Noninterest expense."
Income Taxes Income TaxesIncome taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date. Any interest or penalties assessed by the taxing authorities is classified in the financial statements as income tax expense. Deferred tax assets and liabilities of the same jurisdiction, net of valuation allowances, are grouped together and reported net on the consolidated balance sheets.On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its deferred tax assets to assess whether they are expected to be realized in the future. This determination is based on currently available facts and circumstances, including our current and projected future tax positions, the historical level of our taxable income, and estimates of our future taxable income. In most cases, the realization of deferred tax assets is based on our future profitability. To the extent our deferred tax assets are not considered more likely than not to be realized, we are required to record a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets by charging earnings. The Company also evaluates existing valuation allowances periodically to determine if sufficient evidence exists to support an increase or reduction in the allowance.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill and other intangible assets arise from the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. Goodwill and other intangible assets generated from business combinations and deemed to have indefinite lives are not subject to amortization and instead are tested for impairment annually unless a triggering event occurs thereby requiring an updated assessment. Our regular annual impairment assessment occurs in the fourth quarter. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets and other identifiable intangible assets acquired. Impairment exists when the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds its fair value. An impairment loss would be recognized in an amount equal to that excess as a charge to "Noninterest expense" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss).
Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are amortized over such useful lives to their estimated residual values. CDI and CRI are recognized apart from goodwill at the time of acquisition based on market valuations. In preparing such valuations, variables considered included deposit servicing costs, attrition rates, and market discount rates. CDI assets are amortized to expense over their useful lives, which we have estimated to range from 7 to 10 years. CRI assets are amortized to expense over their useful lives, which we have estimated to range from 4 to 7 years. The amortization expense represents the estimated decline in the value of the underlying deposits or customer relationships acquired.
Both CDI and CRI are reviewed for impairment quarterly or earlier if events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. If the recoverable amount of either CDI or CRI is determined to be less than its carrying value, we would then measure the amount of impairment based on an estimate of the intangible asset’s fair value at that time. If the fair value is below the carrying value, then the intangible asset is reduced to such fair value; an impairment loss for such amount would be recognized as a charge to "Noninterest expense" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss).
Stock-based Compensation Stock-Based CompensationThe Company issues stock-based compensation instruments consisting of TRSAs and PRSUs. Compensation expense related to TRSAs is based on the fair value of the underlying stock on the award date and is recognized over the vesting period using the straight‑line method. Forfeitures of stock-based awards are recognized when they occur. Compensation expense related to PRSUs is based on the fair value of the underlying stock on the award date and is amortized over the vesting period using the straight-line method unless it is determined that: (1) attainment of the financial metrics is less than probable, in which case a portion of the amortization is suspended, or (2) attainment of the financial metrics is improbable, in which case a portion of the previously recognized amortization is reversed and also suspended. If it is determined that attainment of a financial measure higher than target is probable, the amortization will increase up to 150% or 200% of the target amortization amount. Annual PRSU expense may vary during the three-year performance period based upon changes in management's estimate of the number of shares that may ultimately vest. In the case where the performance target for the PRSU’s is based on a market condition (such as total shareholder return), the amortization is neither reversed nor suspended if it is subsequently determined that the attainment of the performance target is less than probable or improbable and the employee continues to meet the service requirement of the award.Unvested TRSAs participate with common stock in any dividends declared and paid. Dividends are paid on unvested TRSAs and are charged to equity and the related tax impact is recorded to income tax expense. Dividends paid on forfeited TRSAs are charged to compensation expense.
Earnings Per Share Earnings (Loss) Per ShareIn accordance with ASC Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share,” all outstanding unvested share‑based payment awards that contain rights to nonforfeitable dividends are considered participating securities and are included in the two‑class method of determining basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share. All of our unvested restricted stock participates with our common stockholders in dividends. Accordingly, earnings allocated to unvested restricted stock are deducted from net earnings (loss) to determine that amount of earnings (loss) available to common stockholders. In the two‑class method, the amount of our earnings (loss) available to common stockholders is divided by the weighted average shares outstanding, excluding any unvested restricted stock, for both the basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share.
Business Combinations Business CombinationsBusiness combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations.” Under the acquisition method, the acquiring entity in a business combination recognizes 100 percent of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, regardless of the percentage owned, at their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets and other identifiable intangible assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. To the extent the fair value of net assets acquired, including other identifiable assets, exceeds the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed from contingencies must also be recognized at fair value, if the fair value can be determined during the measurement period. Results of operations of an acquired business are included in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss) from the date of acquisition. Acquisition‑related costs, including conversion and restructuring charges, are expensed as incurred.
Business Segments (t) Business Segments We regularly assess our strategic plans, operations and reporting structures to identify our reportable segments. Changes to our reportable segments are expected to be infrequent. As of December 31, 2020 and since December 31, 2015, we operated as one reportable segment. The factors considered in making this determination include the nature of products and offered services, geographic regions in which we operate, the applicable regulatory environment, and the discrete financial information reviewed by our key decision makers. Through our network of banking offices nationwide, our entire operations provide relationship-based banking products, services and solutions for small to mid-sized companies, entrepreneurial and venture-backed businesses, venture capital and private equity investors, real estate investors, professionals and other individuals. Our products and services include commercial real estate, multi-family, commercial business, construction and land, consumer and government-guaranteed small business loans, business and personal deposit products, and treasury cash management services.
Loans and Leases
NOTE 4.  LOANS AND LEASES
Loans and Leases Held for Investment
The following table summarizes the composition of our loans and leases held for investment as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
20202019
(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage$7,905,193 $7,982,383 
Real estate construction and land3,393,145 2,773,209 
Commercial7,534,801 7,714,358 
Consumer320,218 440,790 
Total gross loans and leases held for investment19,153,357 18,910,740 
Deferred fees, net(69,980)(63,868)
Total loans and leases held for investment, net of deferred fees19,083,377 18,846,872 
Allowance for loan and lease losses(348,181)(138,785)
Total loans and leases held for investment, net (1)$18,735,196 $18,708,087 
____________________
(1)    Excludes accrued interest receivable of $79.7 million and $67.5 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, which is recorded in "Other assets" on the consolidated balance sheets.
The following tables present an aging analysis of our loans and leases held for investment, net of deferred fees, by loan portfolio segment and class as of the dates indicated:
December 31, 2020
30 - 8990 or More
DaysDaysTotal
Past DuePast DuePast DueCurrentTotal
 (In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial$6,750 $29,145 $35,895 $4,060,776 $4,096,671 
Income producing and other residential600 373 973 3,802,292 3,803,265 
Total real estate mortgage7,350 29,518 36,868 7,863,068 7,899,936 
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial— — — 1,117,121 1,117,121 
Residential759 — 759 2,242,401 2,243,160 
Total real estate construction and land759 — 759 3,359,522 3,360,281 
Commercial:
Asset-based— 2,128 2,128 3,427,155 3,429,283 
Venture capital540 — 540 1,697,968 1,698,508 
Other commercial2,323 4,766 7,089 2,368,025 2,375,114 
Total commercial2,863 6,894 9,757 7,493,148 7,502,905 
Consumer 1,260 111 1,371 318,884 320,255 
Total$12,232 $36,523 $48,755 $19,034,622 $19,083,377 
December 31, 2019
30 - 8990 or More
DaysDaysTotal
Past DuePast DuePast DueCurrentTotal
 (In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial$2,448 $5,919 $8,367 $4,194,320 $4,202,687 
Income producing and other residential2,105 802 2,907 3,767,153 3,770,060 
Total real estate mortgage4,553 6,721 11,274 7,961,473 7,972,747 
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial— — — 1,082,368 1,082,368 
Residential1,429 — 1,429 1,654,005 1,655,434 
Total real estate construction and land1,429 — 1,429 2,736,373 2,737,802 
Commercial:
Asset-based19 — 19 3,748,388 3,748,407 
Venture capital— — — 2,179,422 2,179,422 
Other commercial2,781 4,164 6,945 1,760,722 1,767,667 
Total commercial2,800 4,164 6,964 7,688,532 7,695,496 
Consumer 1,006 200 1,206 439,621 440,827 
Total $9,788 $11,085 $20,873 $18,825,999 $18,846,872 
The following table presents our nonaccrual and performing loans and leases held for investment, net of deferred fees, by loan portfolio segment and class as of the dates indicated:  
December 31,
 20202019
NonaccrualPerformingTotalNonaccrualPerformingTotal
 (In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial$43,731 $4,052,940 $4,096,671 $18,346 $4,184,341 $4,202,687 
Income producing and other residential1,826 3,801,439 3,803,265 2,478 3,767,582 3,770,060 
Total real estate mortgage45,557 7,854,379 7,899,936 20,824 7,951,923 7,972,747 
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial315 1,116,806 1,117,121 364 1,082,004 1,082,368 
Residential— 2,243,160 2,243,160 — 1,655,434 1,655,434 
Total real estate construction and land315 3,359,966 3,360,281 364 2,737,438 2,737,802 
Commercial:
Asset-based2,679 3,426,604 3,429,283 30,162 3,718,245 3,748,407 
Venture capital1,980 1,696,528 1,698,508 12,916 2,166,506 2,179,422 
Other commercial40,243 2,334,871 2,375,114 27,594 1,740,073 1,767,667 
Total commercial44,902 7,458,003 7,502,905 70,672 7,624,824 7,695,496 
Consumer 389 319,866 320,255 493 440,334 440,827 
Total $91,163 $18,992,214 $19,083,377 $92,353 $18,754,519 $18,846,872 
The amount of interest income that would have been recorded on nonaccrual loans and leases at December 31, 2020 and 2019 had such loans and leases been current in accordance with their original terms was $7.5 million and $8.1 million for 2020 and 2019.
At December 31, 2020, nonaccrual loans and leases included $36.5 million of loans and leases 90 or more days past due, $3.4 million of loans 30 to 89 days past due and $51.3 million of current loans that were placed on nonaccrual status based on management’s judgment regarding their collectability. At December 31, 2019, nonaccrual loans and leases included $11.1 million of loans and leases 90 or more days past due, $1.2 million of loans 30 to 89 days past due and $80.0 million of current loans that were placed on nonaccrual status based on management’s judgment regarding their collectability.
As of December 31, 2020, our three largest loan relationships on nonaccrual status had an aggregate carrying value of $53.4 million and represented 59% of total nonaccrual loans and leases.
The following tables present the credit risk rating categories for loans and leases held for investment by loan portfolio segment and class as of the dates indicated. Classified loans and leases are those with a credit risk rating of either substandard or doubtful.
December 31, 2020
ClassifiedSpecial MentionPassTotal
(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial$91,543 $262,462 $3,742,666 $4,096,671 
Income producing and other residential8,767 61,384 3,733,114 3,803,265 
Total real estate mortgage100,310 323,846 7,475,780 7,899,936 
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial42,558 107,592 966,971 1,117,121 
Residential— 759 2,242,401 2,243,160 
Total real estate construction and land42,558 108,351 3,209,372 3,360,281 
Commercial:
Asset-based27,867 153,301 3,248,115 3,429,283 
Venture capital6,508 118,125 1,573,875 1,698,508 
Other commercial87,557 14,930 2,272,627 2,375,114 
Total commercial121,932 286,356 7,094,617 7,502,905 
Consumer 462 2,732 317,061 320,255 
Total $265,262 $721,285 $18,096,830 $19,083,377 

December 31, 2019
ClassifiedSpecial MentionPassTotal
(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial$33,535 $30,070 $4,139,082 $4,202,687 
Income producing and other residential8,600 1,711 3,759,749 3,770,060 
Total real estate mortgage42,135 31,781 7,898,831 7,972,747 
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial364 — 1,082,004 1,082,368 
Residential— 1,429 1,654,005 1,655,434 
Total real estate construction and land364 1,429 2,736,009 2,737,802 
Commercial:
Asset-based32,223 38,936 3,677,248 3,748,407 
Venture capital35,316 74,813 2,069,293 2,179,422 
Other commercial65,261 174,785 1,527,621 1,767,667 
Total commercial132,800 288,534 7,274,162 7,695,496 
Consumer 613 1,212 439,002 440,827 
Total $175,912 $322,956 $18,348,004 $18,846,872 
The following table presents our nonaccrual loans and leases by loan portfolio segment and class and by with and without an allowance recorded as of the date indicated and interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans and leases for the year indicated:
At and For the Year Ended
 December 31, 2020
NonaccrualInterest
RecordedIncome
InvestmentRecognized
 (In thousands)
With An Allowance Recorded:
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial$78 $— 
Income producing and other residential1,260 — 
Commercial:
Asset based2,128 — 
Venture capital1,980 — 
Other commercial2,438 — 
Consumer389 — 
With No Related Allowance Recorded:
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial$43,653 $524 
Income producing and other residential566 — 
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial315 — 
Commercial:
Asset based551 — 
Other commercial37,805 5,052 
Total Loans and Leases With and
Without an Allowance Recorded:
Real estate mortgage$45,557 $524 
Real estate construction and land315 — 
Commercial44,902 5,052 
Consumer389 — 
Total$91,163 $5,576 
Prior to January 1, 2020, a loan or lease was considered impaired when it was probable that we would be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan or lease agreement. Impaired loans and leases included loans and leases on nonaccrual status and performing troubled debt restructured loans.
The following tables present information regarding our impaired loans and leases held for investment, net of deferred fees, by loan portfolio segment and class as of and for the years indicated:

 December 31, 2019
Unpaid
Recorded PrincipalRelated
InvestmentBalanceAllowance
 (In thousands)
With An Allowance Recorded:   
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial$479 $479 $71 
Income producing and other residential2,002 2,005 160 
Commercial:
Venture capital7,811 9,106 2,581 
Other commercial14,805 15,191 3,385 
With No Related Allowance Recorded:
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial$21,264 $36,247 $— 
Income producing and other residential7,244 9,442 — 
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial1,834 1,887 — 
Commercial:
Asset based30,162 52,139 — 
Venture capital5,270 44,468 — 
Other commercial13,174 32,242 — 
Consumer565 728 — 
Total Loans and Leases With and
Without an Allowance Recorded:
Real estate mortgage$30,989 $48,173 $231 
Real estate construction and land1,834 1,887 — 
Commercial71,222 153,146 5,966 
Consumer565 728 — 
Total$104,610 $203,934 $6,197 
 Year Ended December 31,
 20192018
WeightedInterest WeightedInterest
Average Income Average Income
Balance (1)
Recognized
Balance (1)
Recognized
 (In thousands)
With An Allowance Recorded:    
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial$479 $31 $1,736 $72 
Income producing and other residential2,001 58 2,199 75 
Commercial:
Venture capital7,008 — 9,449 — 
Other commercial3,710 — 35 — 
With No Related Allowance Recorded:
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial$16,252 $230 $15,714 $236 
Income producing and other residential6,898 217 7,191 181 
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial1,834 118 5,460 383 
Commercial:
Asset-based28,829 — 32,324 — 
Venture capital4,735 — 689 — 
Other commercial7,303 75 6,286 98 
Consumer413 5 844 7 
Total Loans and Leases With and
Without an Allowance Recorded:
Real estate mortgage$25,630 $536 $26,840 $564 
Real estate construction and land1,834 118 5,460 383 
Commercial51,585 75 48,783 98 
Consumer413 5 844 7 
Total$79,462 $734 $81,927 $1,052 
____________________
(1)    For loans and leases reported as impaired at December 31, 2019 and 2018, amounts were calculated based on the period of time such loans and leases were impaired during the reporting period.
The following tables present our loans held for investment by loan portfolio segment and class, by credit quality indicator (internal risk ratings), and by year of origination (vintage year) as of the date indicated:
Revolving
Converted
Amortized Cost BasisTerm Loans by Origination YearRevolvingto Term
December 31, 202020202019201820172016PriorLoansLoansTotal
(In thousands)
Real Estate Mortgage:
Commercial
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass$— $28,304 $4,848 $13,184 $12,241 $41,222 $— $— $99,799 
3-4 Pass554,143 413,785 574,497 725,503 405,367 893,008 62,586 13,978 3,642,867 
5 Special mention2,622 78,484 99,397 14,625 9,967 57,367 — — 262,462 
6-8 Classified504 1,255 7,489 7,869 16,797 57,629 — — 91,543 
Total$557,269 $521,828 $686,231 $761,181 $444,372 $1,049,226 $62,586 $13,978 $4,096,671 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs$— $— $154 $3,330 $— $6,694 $— $— $10,178 
Gross recoveries— — — (9)— (280)— — (289)
Net $— $— $154 $3,321 $— $6,414 $— $— $9,889 
Real Estate Mortgage:
Income Producing and
Other Residential
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass$58,714 $55,826 $28,831 $33,017 $18,991 $9,265 $— $— $204,644 
3-4 Pass491,504 850,978 1,067,109 577,906 238,499 187,959 113,987 528 3,528,470 
5 Special mention12,307 4,207 42,455 1,554 — — 861 — 61,384 
6-8 Classified— — 2,862 — — 4,950 118 837 8,767 
Total$562,525 $911,011 $1,141,257 $612,477 $257,490 $202,174 $114,966 $1,365 $3,803,265 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs$— $— $— $— $— $51 $— $457 $508 
Gross recoveries— — — — — (327)(1)— (328)
Net $— $— $— $— $— $(276)$(1)$457 $180 
Real Estate Construction
and Land: Commercial
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
3-4 Pass66,114 369,588 357,295 118,586 36,027 11,778 7,583 — 966,971 
5 Special mention— — 40,396 67,196 — — — — 107,592 
6-8 Classified— — — — 42,243 315 — — 42,558 
Total$66,114 $369,588 $397,691 $185,782 $78,270 $12,093 $7,583 $— $1,117,121 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Gross recoveries— — — — — — — — — 
Net $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Revolving
Converted
Amortized Cost BasisTerm Loans by Origination YearRevolvingto Term
December 31, 202020202019201820172016PriorLoansLoansTotal
(In thousands)
Real Estate Construction
and Land: Residential
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
3-4 Pass345,134 670,894 849,819 285,072 28,725 688 9,034 53,035 2,242,401 
5 Special mention759 — — — — — — — 759 
6-8 Classified— — — — — — — — — 
Total$345,893 $670,894 $849,819 $285,072 $28,725 $688 $9,034 $53,035 $2,243,160 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Gross recoveries— — — — — (21)— — (21)
Net $— $— $— $— $— $(21)$— $— $(21)
Commercial: Asset-Based
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass$116,247 $173,457 $111,630 $69,244 $121,838 $88,201 $275,093 $72,017 $1,027,727 
3-4 Pass155,221 84,798 85,539 42,928 8,227 46,663 1,750,934 46,078 2,220,388 
5 Special mention— 59,822 41,789 9,022 14,274 482 23,257 4,655 153,301 
6-8 Classified— — — — 19,417 551 8,799 (900)27,867 
Total$271,468 $318,077 $238,958 $121,194 $163,756 $135,897 $2,058,083 $121,850 $3,429,283 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs$— $— $— $— $— $11,817 $— $— $11,817 
Gross recoveries(52)— — — — (420)(236)— (708)
Net $(52)$— $— $— $— $11,397 $(236)$— $11,109 
Commercial: Venture
Capital
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass (1)
$1,999 $4,797 $— $(4)$(4)$52 $167,296 $— $174,136 
3-4 Pass48,132 103,437 37,818 7,789 29,738 5,494 1,161,606 5,725 1,399,739 
5 Special mention21,645 42,499 2,202 — — — 46,765 5,014 118,125 
6-8 Classified— (1,710)4,000 — — 3,690 528 — 6,508 
Total$71,776 $149,023 $44,020 $7,785 $29,734 $9,236 $1,376,195 $10,739 $1,698,508 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs$— $— $6,533 $— $(8)$150 $144 $— $6,819 
Gross recoveries— — (478)(176)(154)(3)(450)— (1,261)
Net $— $— $6,055 $(176)$(162)$147 $(306)$— $5,558 
____________________
(1)    Amounts with negative balances are loans with zero principal balances and deferred loan origination fees.
Revolving
Converted
Amortized Cost BasisTerm Loans by Origination YearRevolvingto Term
December 31, 202020202019201820172016PriorLoansLoansTotal
(In thousands)
Commercial: Other
Commercial
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass$1,057,405 $380 $4 $366 $69 $1,350 $74,206 $80 $1,133,860 
3-4 Pass88,875 95,110 99,434 77,557 23,305 89,865 657,088 7,533 1,138,767 
5 Special mention— 40 2,145 564 484 10,440 335 922 14,930 
6-8 Classified2 564 80 230 755 3,813 75,046 7,067 87,557 
Total$1,146,282 $96,094 $101,663 $78,717 $24,613 $105,468 $806,675 $15,602 $2,375,114 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs$— $— $— $506 $239 $33,521 $27,332 $1,871 $63,469 
Gross recoveries— (18)(8)(34)(226)(3,155)(100)(19)(3,560)
Net $— $(18)$(8)$472 $13 $30,366 $27,232 $1,852 $59,909 
Consumer
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass$15 $— $8 $14 $— $— $509 $— $546 
3-4 Pass40,585 110,993 62,833 39,036 41,623 12,831 8,536 78 316,515 
5 Special mention45 137 1,628 261 422 239 — — 2,732 
6-8 Classified— 35 — 36 56 306 2 27 462 
Total$40,645 $111,165 $64,469 $39,347 $42,101 $13,376 $9,047 $105 $320,255 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs$— $97 $86 $177 $363 $44 $22 $9 $798 
Gross recoveries— — (1)(10)(16)(174)— — (201)
Net $— $97 $85 $167 $347 $(130)$22 $9 $597 
Total Loans and Leases
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass$1,234,380 $262,764 $145,321 $115,821 $153,135 $140,090 $517,104 $72,097 $2,640,712 
3-4 Pass1,789,708 2,699,583 3,134,344 1,874,377 811,511 1,248,286 3,771,354 126,955 15,456,118 
5 Special mention37,378 185,189 230,012 93,222 25,147 68,528 71,218 10,591 721,285 
6-8 Classified506 144 14,431 8,135 79,268 71,254 84,493 7,031 265,262 
Total$3,061,972 $3,147,680 $3,524,108 $2,091,555 $1,069,061 $1,528,158 $4,444,169 $216,674 $19,083,377 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs$— $97 $6,773 $4,013 $594 $52,277 $27,498 $2,337 $93,589 
Gross recoveries(52)(18)(487)(229)(396)(4,380)(787)(19)(6,368)
Net $(52)$79 $6,286 $3,784 $198 $47,897 $26,711 $2,318 $87,221 
TDRs are a result of rate reductions, term extensions, fee concessions, transfers to foreclosed assets, discounted loan payoffs, and debt forgiveness, or a combination thereof. The Company has granted various commercial and consumer loan modifications to provide borrowers relief from the economic impacts of COVID-19. In accordance with the CARES Act, the Company elected to not apply TDR classification to COVID-19 related loan modifications that met all of the requisite criteria as stipulated in the CARES Act. The following table presents our troubled debt restructurings of loans held for investment by loan portfolio segment and class for the years indicated:
Troubled Debt Restructurings
 Troubled Debt Restructurings
That Subsequently Defaulted(1)
Pre-ModificationPost-Modification
NumberOutstandingOutstandingNumber
of RecordedRecordedof Recorded
LoansInvestmentInvestmentLoans
Investment(1)
 (Dollars In thousands)
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial12 $17,201 $4,222 1 $412 
Income producing and other residential9 1,816 1,816 — — 
Commercial:
Asset-based 8 17,008 1,741 — — 
Venture capital2 2,047 2,047 — — 
Other commercial37 41,906 27,403 1 92 
Consumer 3 212 212 — — 
Total71 $80,190 $37,441 2 $504 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial3 $121 $— — $— 
Income producing and other residential9 1,591 1,591 1 254 
Commercial:
Asset-based 5 3,082 3,082 — — 
Venture capital14 19,017 19,155 — — 
Other commercial20 3,835 3,835 4 154 
Total51 $27,646 $27,663 5 $408 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial10 $17,181 $2,604 — $— 
Income producing and other residential10 3,262 2,203 — — 
Commercial:
Asset-based (2)
4 28,947 33,947 — — 
Venture capital14 37,416 36,919 — — 
Other commercial19 14,399 14,027 — — 
Consumer 3 673 673 — — 
Total60 $101,878 $90,373 — $— 
_________________________
(1)     The population of defaulted TDRs for the period indicated includes only those loans restructured during the preceding 12-month period. For example, for the year ended December 31, 2020, the population of defaulted TDRs includes only those loans restructured after December 31, 2019. The table excludes defaulted TDRs in those classes for which the recorded investment was zero at the end of the period.
(2)     One commercial asset-based loan with a pre-modification balance of $27.3 million and a post-modification balance of $32.3 million was previously restructured in December 2017.
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had unfunded commitments related to TDRs of $0.9 million and $1.2 million.
Leases Receivable
We provide equipment financing to our customers primarily with operating and direct financing leases. For direct financing leases, lease receivables are recorded on the balance sheet but the leased equipment is not, although we generally retain legal title to the leased equipment until the end of each lease. Direct financing leases are stated at the net amount of minimum lease payments receivable, plus any unguaranteed residual value, less the amount of unearned income and net acquisition discount at the reporting date. Direct lease origination costs are amortized using the effective interest method over the life of the leases. Direct financing leases are subject to our accounting for allowance for loan and lease losses. See Note 9. Leases for information regarding operating leases where we are the lessor.
The following table provides the components of leases receivable income for the period indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
20202019
(In thousands)
Component of leases receivable income:
Interest income on net investments in leases$8,049 $11,061 
The following table presents the components of leases receivable as of the date indicated:
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
(In thousands)
Net investment in direct financing leases:
Lease payments receivable$158,740 $147,729 
Unguaranteed residual assets19,303 20,806 
Deferred costs and other996 655 
Aggregate net investment in leases$179,039 $169,190 
The following table presents maturities of leases receivable as of the date indicated:
December 31, 2020
(In thousands)
Year Ending December 31,
2021$74,542 
202238,644 
202325,887 
202420,266 
20258,335 
Thereafter4,913 
Total undiscounted cash flows172,587 
Less: Unearned income(13,847)
Present value of lease payments$158,740 
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
The following tables present a summary of the activity in the allowance for loan and lease losses on loans and leases held for investment by loan portfolio segment for the years indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Real Estate
Real EstateConstruction
Mortgageand LandCommercialConsumerTotal
(In thousands)
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses:
Balance, beginning of year $44,575 $30,544 $61,528 $2,138 $138,785 
Cumulative effect of change in accounting
principle - CECL5,308 (8,592)6,860 41 3,617 
Balance, January 1, 202049,883 21,952 68,388 2,179 142,402 
Charge-offs(10,686)— (82,105)(798)(93,589)
Recoveries617 21 5,529 201 6,368 
Net (charge-offs) recoveries(10,069)21 (76,576)(597)(87,221)
Provision 98,528 56,383 134,591 3,498 293,000 
Balance, end of year$138,342 $78,356 $126,403 $5,080 $348,181 
Ending Allowance by
Evaluation Methodology:
Individually evaluated $237 $— $3,422 $— $3,659 
Collectively evaluated $138,105 $78,356 $122,981 $5,080 $344,522 
Ending Loans and Leases by
Evaluation Methodology:
Individually evaluated $50,139 $1,766 $81,171 $— $133,076 
Collectively evaluated 7,849,797 3,358,515 7,421,734 320,255 18,950,301 
Ending balance$7,899,936 $3,360,281 $7,502,905 $320,255 $19,083,377 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Real Estate
Real EstateConstruction
Mortgageand LandCommercialConsumerTotal
(In thousands)
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses:
Balance, beginning of year $46,021 $28,209 $56,360 $1,882 $132,472 
Charge-offs(997)— (30,426)(839)(32,262)
Recoveries983 — 14,397 195 15,575 
Net charge-offs(14)— (16,029)(644)(16,687)
Provision (negative provision)(1,432)2,335 21,197 900 23,000 
Balance, end of year$44,575 $30,544 $61,528 $2,138 $138,785 
Ending Allowance by
Evaluation Methodology:
Individually evaluated $231 $— $5,966 $— $6,197 
Collectively evaluated $44,344 $30,544 $55,562 $2,138 $132,588 
Ending Loans and Leases by
Evaluation Methodology:
Individually evaluated $28,038 $1,834 $69,674 $— $99,546 
Collectively evaluated 7,944,709 2,735,968 7,625,822 440,827 18,747,326 
Ending balance$7,972,747 $2,737,802 $7,695,496 $440,827 $18,846,872 
The allowance for loan and lease losses increased by $209.4 million in 2020 due primarily to a provision for loan and lease losses of $293.0 million. The higher provision for loan and lease losses in 2020 was primarily a result of the impact of the current economic forecast used in our ACL estimation, which reflected a significant deterioration in key macro-economic forecast variables such as unemployment and Real GDP as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, significant loan downgrades into special mention, and higher provisions on individually evaluated loans.
We actively participated in the Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP"), under the provisions of the CARES Act during the second quarter of 2020. As of December 31, 2020, PPP loans had an outstanding balance of approximately $1.1 billion. The loans have two or three year terms, are fully guaranteed by the SBA, and do not carry an allowance.

A loan is considered collateral-dependent, and is individually evaluated for reserve purposes, when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The following table summarizes collateral-dependent loans held for investment by collateral type as of the following date:
December 31, 2020
RealBusiness
PropertyAssetsTotal
(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage$43,656 $— $43,656 
Real estate construction and land1,766 — 1,766 
Commercial— 31,100 31,100 
     Total$45,422 $31,100 $76,522 
Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses is the combination of the allowance for loan and lease losses and the reserve for unfunded loan commitments. The reserve for unfunded loan commitments is included within "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets.
The following tables present a summary of the activity in the allowance for loan and lease losses and reserve for unfunded loan commitments for the years indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Allowance for Reserve forTotal
Loan and Unfunded LoanAllowance for
Lease LossesCommitmentsCredit Losses
(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of year $138,785 $35,861 $174,646 
Cumulative effect of change in accounting
principle - CECL3,617 3,710 7,327 
Balance, January 1, 2020142,402 39,571 181,973 
Charge-offs(93,589)— (93,589)
Recoveries6,368 — 6,368 
Net charge-offs(87,221)— (87,221)
Provision 293,000 46,000 339,000 
Balance, end of year$348,181 $85,571 $433,752 

Year Ended December 31, 2019
Allowance for Reserve forTotal
Loan and Unfunded LoanAllowance for
Lease LossesCommitmentsCredit Losses
(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of year$132,472 $36,861 $169,333 
Charge-offs(32,262)— (32,262)
Recoveries15,575 — 15,575 
Net charge-offs(16,687)— (16,687)
Provision (negative provision)23,000 (1,000)22,000 
Balance, end of year $138,785 $35,861 $174,646