Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a) Description of Business

DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc. (formerly known as Zhone Technologies, Inc. and referred to, collectively with its subsidiaries, as "DZS" or the "Company") is a global provider of network access solutions and communications equipment for service provider and enterprise networks. The Company provides a wide array of reliable, cost-effective networking technologies, including broadband access, Ethernet switching, mobile backhaul, Passive Optical LAN and software-defined networks, to a diverse customer base that includes more than 1,000 customers in more than 50 countries worldwide.

DZS was incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware in June 1999. On September 9, 2016, the Company acquired Dasan Network Solutions, Inc., a California corporation ("DNS") through the merger of a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company with and into DNS, with DNS surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the "Merger"). At the effective time of the Merger, all issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of DNS held by DASAN Networks, Inc. ("DNI") were canceled and converted into the right to receive shares of the Company's common stock in an amount equal to 58% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company's common stock immediately following the Merger. In connection with the Merger, the Company changed its name from Zhone Technologies, Inc. to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc. For periods through September 8, 2016, Zhone Technologies, Inc. is referred to as "Legacy Zhone." The Company is headquartered in Oakland, California.

(b) Risks and Uncertainties

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("U.S. GAAP"), assuming the Company will continue as a going concern.

The Company had net income of $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. However, the Company incurred a net loss of $15.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and significant losses in prior years. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $18.9 million and working capital of $62.3 million. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had $17.5 million in cash and cash equivalents, which included $12.1 million in cash balances held by its Korean subsidiary and $29.6 million in aggregate principal amount of short-term debt obligations, other long-term debt and long-term related party borrowings. In addition, as of December 31, 2017 the Company had $8.6 million committed as security for letters of credit under its revolving credit facilities, leaving $12.0 million in aggregate borrowing availability under these facilities. The Company’s current lack of liquidity could harm it by:


•	increasing its vulnerability to adverse economic conditions in its industry or the economy in general;


•	requiring substantial amounts of cash to be used for debt servicing, rather than other purposes, including operations;


•	limiting its ability to plan for, or react to, changes in our business and industry; and


•	influencing investor and customer perceptions about its financial stability and limiting its ability to obtain financing or acquire customers.

These factors indicate that cash flows might not be sufficient for the Company to meet its obligations as they come due in the ordinary course of business for a period of 12 months from the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

However, the Company plans to focus on cost management, operating efficiency and restrictions on discretionary spending. In addition, if necessary, the Company may sell assets, issue debt or equity securities or purchase credit insurance. The Company may also reduce the scope of its planned product development, reduce sales and marketing efforts and reduce its operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount. Since December 31, 2017, the Company has modified the terms of certain existing debt and obtained a new loan, as described more fully in Note (19), Subsequent Events. Based on the Company's current plans and current business conditions, the Company believes that these measures along with its existing cash, cash equivalents and available credit facilities will be sufficient to satisfy its anticipated cash requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company’s ability to meet its obligations as they become due in the ordinary course of business for the next 12 months will depend on its ability to achieve forecasted results and its ability to access funds approved under existing facilities. Management’s belief that it will achieve these results assumes that, among other things, the Company will continue to be successful in implementing its business strategy and that there will be no material adverse development in its business, liquidity or capital requirements. If one or more of these factors do not occur as expected, it could cause the Company to fail to meets its obligations as they come due.

DNI owned approximately 58% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock as of December 31, 2017. For so long as DNI and its affiliates hold shares of the Company's common stock representing at least a majority of the votes, DNI will be able to freely nominate and elect all the members of the Company's board of directors, subject to the provisions of the Company's bylaws and applicable requirements under Nasdaq listing rules and applicable laws. The directors elected by DNI will have the authority to make decisions affecting the Company's capital structure, including the issuance of additional capital stock or options, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, the implementation of stock repurchase programs, and the declaration of dividends. The interests of DNI may not coincide with the interests of the Company's other stockholders or with holders of the Company's indebtedness. DNI’s ability to control all matters submitted to the Company's stockholders for approval limits the ability of other stockholders to influence corporate matters and, as a result, the Company may take actions that the Company's other stockholders or holders of the Company's indebtedness do not view as beneficial. See Note 2, Note 13 and Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

(d) Reclassifications

Certain prior period balance sheet items have been reclassified to correct for related party payables of $1.3 million which were reclassified from accounts payable - others to accounts payable - related parties and $0.2 million which was reclassified from accrued and other liabilities to other payables - related parties.

(e) Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and a subsidiary in which it has a controlling interest. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

As discussed more fully in Note 2, on September 9, 2016, the acquisition of DNS was consummated through the Merger of a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company with and into DNS, with DNS surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

At the effective time of the Merger, all issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of DNS held by DNI were canceled and converted into the right to receive shares of the Company's common stock in an amount equal to 58% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company's common stock immediately following the Merger. As a result, immediately following the effective time of the Merger, DNI held 58% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock and the holders of the Company's common stock immediately prior to the Merger retained, in the aggregate, 42% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock.

The Merger has been accounted for as a reverse acquisition under which DNS was considered the accounting acquirer of the Company. As such, the consolidated financial results of the Company presented in the consolidated financial statements reflect the operating results of DNS and its consolidated subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from January 1, 2016 through September 8, 2016 and the operating results of both DNS and Legacy Zhone and their respective consolidated subsidiaries for all periods from and after September 9, 2016. The balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2016 includes the fair value of the assets and liabilities of Legacy Zhone as of the effective date of the Merger. Those assets include the fair value of acquired intangible assets and goodwill. The year ended December 31, 2017 was the first fiscal year in which the Company's financial results reflected a full year of operating results for both DNS and Legacy Zhone and their respective consolidated subsidiaries. Due to the foregoing, our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2017 are not comparable to our financial results for prior years.

On December 31, 2017, DNS (a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company) acquired 100% and 99.99% of the common stock of D-Mobile Limited (“D-Mobile”) and DASAN India Private Limited (DASAN India), respectively, from DNI. D-Mobile and DASAN India are resellers of the Company's products in Taiwan and India, respectively. The consideration payable by the Company to DNI for the common stock is the net book value of D-Mobile and DASAN India at December 31, 2017, subject to final adjustments. The net book value of D-Mobile and DASAN India was an aggregate of $0.8 million. These transactions were accounted for by the Company as common control transactions, with the net assets transferred recorded at historical cost. The transactions did not result in a change in reporting entity and hence were accounted for prospectively.

Except as otherwise specifically noted herein, all references to the "Company" refer to (i) DNS and its consolidated subsidiaries for periods through September 8, 2016 and (ii) the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries for periods on or after September 9, 2016.

(f) Consolidated Subsidiaries

Details of the Company's consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are as follows:



		Percentage of ownership (%)
	Location	December 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
Dasan Network Solutions, Inc. (U.S. subsidiary)	US	100	%	100	%
Dasan Network Solutions, Inc. (Korean subsidiary)	Korea	100	%	100	%
DASAN Network Solutions Japan Co., Ltd. (formerly: HandySoft Japan Co., Ltd.)	Japan	69.06	%	69.06	%
DASAN Vietnam Co., Ltd	Vietnam	100	%	100	%
D-Mobile	Taiwan	100	%	N/A
DASAN India	India	99.99	%	N/A

(g) Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

(h) Reverse Stock Split

On February 28, 2017, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment with the Delaware Secretary of State to amend the Company's Restated Certificate of Incorporation, which amendment effected a one-for-five reverse stock split of the Company's common stock and reduced the authorized shares of the Company's common stock from 180 million to 36 million. As a result of the reverse stock split, the number of shares of the Company’s common stock then issued and outstanding was reduced from approximately 81.9 million to approximately 16.4 million. References to shares of the Company's common stock, stock options (and associated exercise price) and restricted stock units in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are provided on a post-reverse stock split basis.

(i) Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when the earnings process is complete. The Company recognizes product revenue upon shipment of product under contractual terms, which transfer title to customers upon shipment, under normal credit terms, net of estimated sales returns and allowances at the time of shipment. Revenue is deferred if there are significant post-delivery obligations or if the fees are not fixed or determinable. When significant post-delivery obligations exist, revenue is deferred until such obligations are fulfilled. The Company’s arrangements generally do not have any significant post-delivery obligations. If the Company’s arrangements include customer acceptance provisions, revenue is recognized upon obtaining the signed acceptance certificate from the customer, unless the Company can objectively demonstrate that the delivered products or services meet all the acceptance criteria specified in the arrangement prior to obtaining the signed acceptance. In those instances where revenue is recognized prior to obtaining the signed acceptance certificate, the Company uses successful completion of customer testing as the basis to objectively demonstrate that the delivered products or services meet all the acceptance criteria specified in the arrangement. The Company also considers historical acceptance experience with the customer, as well as the payment terms specified in the arrangement, when revenue is recognized prior to obtaining the signed acceptance certificate. When collectability is not reasonably assured, revenue is recognized when cash is collected.

The Company makes certain sales to product distributors. These customers are given certain privileges to return a portion of inventory. Return privileges generally allow distributors to return inventory based on a percent of purchases made within a specific period of time. The Company recognizes revenue on sales to distributors that have contractual return rights when the products have been sold by the distributors, unless there is sufficient customer specific sales and sales returns history to support revenue recognition upon shipment. In those instances when revenue is recognized upon shipment to distributors, the Company uses historical rates of return from the distributors to provide for estimated product returns.

The Company derives revenue primarily from stand-alone sales of its products. In certain cases, the Company’s products are sold along with services, which include education, training, installation, and/or extended warranty services. As such, some of the Company’s sales have multiple deliverables. The Company’s products and services qualify as separate units of accounting and are deemed to be non-contingent deliverables as the Company’s arrangements typically do not have any significant performance, cancellation, termination and refund type provisions. Products are typically considered delivered upon shipment. Revenue from services is recognized ratably over the period during which the services are to be performed.

For multiple deliverable revenue arrangements, the Company allocates revenue to products and services using the relative selling price method to recognize revenue when the revenue recognition criteria for each deliverable are met. The selling price of a deliverable is based on a hierarchy and if the Company is unable to establish vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price (“VSOE”) it uses third-party evidence of selling price (“TPE”), and if no such data is available, it uses a best estimated selling price (“BESP”). In most instances, particularly as it relates to products, the Company is not able to establish VSOE for all deliverables in an arrangement with multiple elements. This may be due to infrequently selling each element separately, not pricing products within a narrow range, or only having a limited sales history. When VSOE cannot be established, the Company attempts to establish the selling price of each element based on TPE. Generally, the Company’s marketing strategy differs from that of the Company’s peers and the Company’s offerings contain a significant level of customization and differentiation such that the comparable pricing of products with similar functionality cannot be obtained. Furthermore, the Company is unable to reliably determine what similar competitor products’ selling prices are on a stand-alone basis. Therefore, the Company is typically not able to determine TPE for the Company’s products.

When the Company is unable to establish selling price using VSOE or TPE, the Company uses BESP. The objective of BESP is to determine the price at which the Company would transact a sale if the product or service were sold on a stand-alone basis. The BESP of each deliverable is determined using average discounts from list price from historical sales transactions or cost plus margin approaches based on factors, including but not limited to, the Company’s gross margin objectives, pricing practices and customer and market specific considerations.

Training, education and installation service arrangements are typically not material, are short term in nature and are largely completed shortly after delivery of the product.

Extended warranty services are priced based on the type of product and are sold in one to five year durations. Extended warranty services include the right to warranty coverage beyond the standard warranty period. In substantially all of the arrangements with multiple deliverables pertaining to arrangements with these services, the Company has used and intends to continue using VSOE to determine the selling price for the services. The Company determines VSOE based on its normal pricing practices for these specific services when sold separately.

(j) Allowances for Sales Returns and Doubtful Accounts

The Company records an allowance for sales returns for estimated future product returns related to current period product revenue. The allowance for sales returns is recorded as a reduction of revenue and an allowance against accounts receivable. The Company bases its allowance for sales returns on periodic assessments of historical trends in product return rates and current approved returned products. If the actual future returns were to deviate from the historical data on which the reserve had been established, the Company’s future revenue could be adversely affected.

The Company records an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of customers to make payments for amounts owed to the Company. The allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded as an expense to general and administrative expenses. The Company bases its allowance on periodic assessments of its customers’ liquidity and financial condition through analysis of information obtained from credit rating agencies, financial statement review and historical collection trends. Additional allowances may be required in the future if the liquidity or financial condition of the Company's customers deteriorates, resulting in doubts about their ability to make payments.

Activity under the Company’s allowance for sales returns and doubtful accounts was comprised as follows (in thousands):



	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Balance at beginning of year	$	1,143		$	868		$	136
Charged to revenue	1,387			466			767
Utilization/write offs	(974		)	(149		)	—
Exchange differences	135			(42		)	(35		)
Balance at end of year	$	1,691		$	1,143		$	868

The allowance for doubtful accounts was $0.9 million and $0.8 million and as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

(k) Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market, with cost being determined using the first-in, first-out method. In assessing the net realizable value of inventories, the Company is required to make judgments as to future demand requirements and compare these with the current or committed inventory levels. Once inventory has been written down to its estimated net realizable value, its carrying value cannot be increased due to subsequent changes in demand. To the extent that a severe decline in forecasted demand occurs, or the Company experiences a higher incidence of inventory obsolescence due to rapidly changing technology and customer requirements, the Company may incur significant expenses for excess and obsolete inventory. The Company also evaluates the terms of its agreements with its suppliers and establish accruals for estimated losses on adverse purchase commitments as necessary, applying the same lower of cost or market approach that is used to value inventory.

(l) Foreign Currency Translation

For operations outside the United States, the Company translates assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries, whose functional currency is the local currency, at end of period exchange rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at periodic average rates. The adjustment resulting from translating the financial statements of such foreign subsidiaries, is included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss,) which is reflected as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions are included in other income (expense) in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).

(m) Comprehensive Income (Loss)

There have been no items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and into net income (loss). The Company’s other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 is comprised of foreign currency translation gains or losses.

(n) Concentration of Risk

Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents consist principally of financial deposits and money market accounts. Cash and cash equivalents are principally held with various domestic financial institutions with high credit standing.

The Company’s customers include competitive and incumbent local exchange carriers, competitive access providers, internet service providers, wireless carriers and resellers serving these markets. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and generally does not require collateral. Allowances are maintained for potential doubtful accounts.

For the year ended December 31, 2017 no customer represented 10% or more of net revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2016, three customers represented 16%, 14% (a related-party) and 10% of net revenue, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2015, four customers represented 26%, 21%, 17% (a related-party) and 10% of net revenue, respectively.

As of December 31, 2017, two customers represented 20% (a related party) and 11% of net accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, two customers accounted for 13% (a related-party) and 10% of net accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, receivables from customers in countries other than the United States represented 84% and 87% of net accounts receivable. respectively.

(o) Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation, and are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each asset. The useful life of each asset category is as follows:



Asset Category	Useful Life
Furniture and fixtures	3 to 4 years
Machinery and equipment	3 to 10 years
Computers and software	3 years
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of remaining lease term or estimated useful lives

Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation of the asset are removed from the balance sheet and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in operating expenses.

(p) Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable based on expected undiscounted cash flows attributable to that asset or asset group. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future net undiscounted cash flows, an impairment expense is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Any assets to be disposed of would be separately presented in the balance sheet and reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, and would no longer be depreciated. The assets and liabilities of a disposed group classified as held for sale would be presented separately in the appropriate asset and liability sections of the balance sheet.

The Company estimates the fair value of its long-lived assets based on a combination of market information primarily obtained from third-party quotes and online markets. In the application of impairment testing, the Company is required to make estimates of future operating trends and resulting cash flows and judgments on discount rates and other variables. Actual future results and other assumed variables could differ from these estimates. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, the Company recorded no impairment expenses related to the impairment of long-lived assets.

(q) Goodwill and Other Acquisition-Related Intangible Assets

Goodwill and other acquisition-related intangible assets not subject to amortization are tested annually for impairment using a two-step approach, and are tested for impairment more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. An impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the asset’s fair value. In the application of impairment testing, the Company is required to make estimates of future operating trends and resulting cash flows and judgments on discount rates and other variables. Actual future results and other assumed variables could differ from these estimates. The Company's future operating performance will be impacted by the future amortization of intangible assets, potential expenses related to purchased in-process research and development for future acquisitions, and potential impairment expenses related to goodwill. Accordingly, the allocation of the purchase price of the acquired companies to intangible assets and goodwill has a significant impact on the Company's future operating results. The allocation process requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions, including estimates of future cash flows expected to be generated by the acquired assets and the appropriate discount rate for these cash flows. Should different conditions prevail, the Company would have to perform an impairment review that might result in material write-downs of intangible assets and/or goodwill. Other factors the Company considers important which could trigger an impairment review, include, but are not limited to, significant changes in the manner of use of its acquired assets, significant changes in the strategy for the Company's overall business or significant negative economic trends. If this evaluation indicates that the value of an intangible asset may be impaired, an assessment of the recoverability of the net carrying value of the asset over its remaining useful life is made. If this assessment indicates that the cost of an intangible asset is not recoverable, based on the estimated undiscounted future cash flows or other comparable market valuations of the entity or technology acquired over the remaining amortization period, the net carrying value of the related intangible asset will be reduced to fair value and the remaining amortization period may be adjusted. Due to uncertain market conditions and potential changes in the Company's strategy and product portfolio, it is possible that forecasts used to support its intangible assets may change in the future, which could result in additional non-cash expenses that would adversely affect its results of operations and financial condition.

(r) Business Combination

The Company allocates the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and certain tangible assets such as inventory.

Critical estimates in valuing certain tangible and intangible assets include but are not limited to future expected cash flows from the underlying assets and discount rates. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates.

(s) Stock-Based Compensation

The Company uses the Black Scholes model to estimate the fair value of options, which is affected by the Company's stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include the Company's expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, actual and projected employee option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rates and expected dividends. The expected stock price volatility is based on the weighted average of the historical volatility of the Company's common stock over the most recent period commensurate with the estimated expected life of the Company's stock options. The Company based its expected life assumption on its historical experience and on the terms and conditions of the stock awards granted. Risk-free interest rates reflect the yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury securities.

The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service periods in the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). The Company attributes the values of the stock-based compensation to expense using the straight-line method.

(t) Income Taxes

The Company uses the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and the income tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. In 2017, the valuation allowance against the Company's net deferred tax assets in Korea were released after management determined that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realized in this tax jurisdiction. The Company maintains a valuation allowance on its U.S. net deferred tax assets, with the exception of its alternative minimum tax credit carryforward, which is anticipated to be refundable.

In 2017 the Company adopted ASU 2015-17 and applied it prospectively as allowed by the standard. In accordance with the standard, we present deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as noncurrent in our balance sheet. Our adoption of ASU 2015-17 did not have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheets and had no impact on our cash provided by or used in operations for any period presented.

(u) Net Income (Loss) per Share Attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.

Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc. is computed by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc. for the period by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc. gives effect to common stock equivalents; however, potential common equivalent shares are excluded if their effect is antidilutive. Potential common equivalent shares are composed of incremental shares of common equivalent shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options.

(v) Shipping and Handling Costs

The Company records costs related to shipping and handling in cost of revenue for all periods presented.

(w) Research and Development Cost

Costs related to research and development, which primarily consists of labor and benefits, supplies, facilities, consulting, and outside service fees, are expensed as incurred.

(x) Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term investments (if any) with maturities of less than three months.

(y) Warranty

The Company offers a standard warranty for its hardware products of one year, with the option to purchase an extended warranty of up to five years, depending on the product type. The Company recognizes estimated costs related to warranty activities upon product shipment or upon identification of a specific product failure. The Company recognizes estimated warranty costs when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss is reasonably estimable. The estimates are based upon historical and projected product failure and claim rates, historical costs incurred in correcting product failures and information available related to any specifically identified product failures. Significant judgment is required in estimating costs associated with warranty activities and the Company's estimates are limited to information available to the Company at the time of such estimates. In some cases, such as when a specific product failure is first identified or a new product is introduced, the Company may initially have limited information and limited historical failure and claim rates upon which to base its estimates, and such estimates may require revision in future periods. The recorded amount is adjusted from time to time for specifically identified warranty exposure.

(z) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

On May 28, 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, which defers the effective date of the guidance in ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customer, for all entities by one year. With the deferral, the new standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, but not before the original effective date of January 1, 2017. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, which provides clarification on how to assess collectability, present sales tax, treat noncash consideration, and account for completed and modified contracts at the time of transition to ASU 2014-09. The effective date of this updated guidance for the Company is the same as the effective date of ASU 2014-09, which is January 1, 2018. The Company has elected to use the modified retrospective method which will result in a cumulative effect transition which will be recorded in 2018. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, which requires an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The guidance does not apply to inventory that is measured using last-in, first-out ("LIFO") or the retail inventory method. The guidance applies to all other inventory, which includes inventory that is measured using first-in, first-out ("FIFO") or average cost. The guidance was effective for the Company on January 1, 2017, and was adopted accordingly. The adoption of this standard had no impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases. ASU 2016-02 requires that lease arrangements longer than 12 months result in an entity recognizing an asset and liability. The updated guidance is effective for the Company on January 1, 2019, and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not plan to early adopt this guidance. The Company expects its assets and liabilities to increase as a result of the adoption of this standard. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on its consolidated financial statements. The Company is not able to quantify or cannot reasonably estimate quantitative information related to the impact of the new standard on its consolidated financial statements at this time.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which requires entities to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on statements of cash flows. The guidance was effective for the Company on January 1, 2017, and was adopted accordingly. The adoption of this standard had no material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice. The updated guidance is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. The Company continues to assess all the potential impacts of the new standard and is not able to quantify or cannot reasonably estimate quantitative information related to the impact of the new standard on its consolidated financial statements at this time.

In November 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows, Restricted Cash, which require that a statement of cash flows to explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. The updated guidance is effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2018. Adoption of this ASU is applied using a retrospective approach. As a result, the Company will no longer present transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash in the consolidated cash flow statements.

In January 2017, FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment. The updated guidance is effective for the Company on January 1, 2020, and will be adopted accordingly. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on its consolidated financial statements. The Company is not able to quantify or cannot reasonably estimate quantitative information related to the impact of the new standard on its consolidated financial statements at this time.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of modification accounting. The purpose of the amendment is to clarify which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. The updated guidance is effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2018. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on its consolidated financial statements.