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Goodwill and Intangible Assets
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The change in the carrying value of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2018, all attributable to our Clear Aligner reporting unit, is as follows (in thousands):
 
Total
Balance as of December 31, 2016
$
61,044

Goodwill from distributor acquisitions
3,247

Adjustments (1)
323

Balance as of December 31, 2017
64,614

Adjustments (1)
(585
)
Balance as of December 31, 2018
$
64,029


(1) The adjustments to goodwill during the period were related to foreign currency translation and/or purchase accounting adjustments within the measurement period.

Based on the qualitative assessments performed, there were no impairments to goodwill in 2018 and 2017.

Intangible Long-Lived Assets

We amortize our intangible assets over their estimated useful lives. We evaluate long-lived assets, which includes property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. The carrying value is not recoverable if it exceeds the undiscounted cash flows resulting from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. Our estimates of future cash flows attributable to our long-lived assets require significant judgment based on our historical and anticipated results and are subject to many factors. Factors we consider important which could trigger an impairment review include significant negative industry or economic trends, significant loss of customers and changes in the competitive environment of our intraoral scanning business.

There were no triggering events in 2018 and 2017 that would cause impairments of our long-lived assets.

Acquired intangible long-lived assets are being amortized as follows (in thousands):

 
Weighted Average Amortization Period (in years)
 
Gross Carrying Amount as of
December 31, 2018
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Accumulated Impairment Loss
 
Net Carrying
Value as of
December 31, 2018
Trademarks
15
 
$
7,100

 
$
(1,907
)
 
$
(4,179
)
 
$
1,014

Existing technology
13
 
12,600

 
(5,268
)
 
(4,328
)
 
3,004

Customer relationships
11
 
33,500

 
(16,542
)
 
(10,751
)
 
6,207

Reacquired rights
3
 
7,500

 
(4,341
)
 

 
3,159

Patents
8
 
6,796

 
(2,334
)
 

 
4,462

Other
2
 
618

 
(544
)
 

 
74

Total intangible assets
 
 
$
68,114

 
$
(30,936
)
 
$
(19,258
)
 
$
17,920

 
Weighted Average Amortization Period (in years)
 
Gross Carrying
Amount as of
December 31, 2017
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Accumulated Impairment Loss
 
Net Carrying
Value as of
December 31, 2017
Trademarks
15
 
$
7,100

 
$
(1,769
)
 
$
(4,179
)
 
$
1,152

Existing technology
13
 
12,600

 
(4,704
)
 
(4,328
)
 
3,568

Customer relationships
11
 
33,500

 
(14,681
)
 
(10,751
)
 
8,068

Reacquired rights
3
 
7,500

 
(1,356
)
 

 
6,144

Patents
8
 
6,798

 
(1,504
)
 

 
5,294

Other
2
 
618

 
(390
)
 

 
228

Total intangible assets
 
 
$
68,116

 
$
(24,404
)
 
$
(19,258
)
 
$
24,454


The total estimated annual future amortization expense for these acquired intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 is as follows (in thousands):
Fiscal Year
 
Amortization
2019
 
$
6,134

2020
 
3,847

2021
 
3,389

2022
 
2,116

2023
 
1,495

Thereafter
 
939

Total
 
$
17,920



Amortization expense was $6.0 million, $6.2 million and $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.