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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2014

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Plug Power Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of money market accounts with an initial term of less than three months. For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company considers all highly-liquid debt instruments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company's cash and cash equivalents are deposited with financial institutions located in the U.S. and may at times exceed insured limits.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable related to product and service arrangements are recorded when products are shipped or delivered to customers, as appropriate. Accounts receivable related to contract research and development arrangements are recorded as work is completed under the applicable contract. Accounts receivable are stated at the amount billed to customers and are ordinarily due between 30 and 60 days after the issuance of the invoice. Accounts are considered delinquent when more than 90 days past due, and no extended payment agreements have been granted. Receivables are reserved or written off based on individual credit evaluation and specific circumstances of the customer. The allowance for doubtful accounts and related receivable are reduced when the amount is deemed uncollectible. As of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the allowance for doubtful accounts was $0.

Inventory

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost, determined on a first-in, first-out basis, or market. In the case of our consignment arrangements, we do not relieve inventory until the customer has accepted the product, at which time the risks and rewards of ownership have transferred. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, inventory on consignment was valued at approximately $1,611,000 and $1,178,000, respectively.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values, and reviewed for impairment when certain triggering events occur. Intangible assets consist of acquired technology, customer relationships and trademarks, and are amortized using a straight-line method over their useful lives of 5-10 years.

Revenue Recognition

Products and Services

The Company recognizes revenue under arrangements for products and services, which may include the sale of products and related services, including revenue from installation, service and maintenance, spare parts, hydrogen fueling services, which may include hydrogen supply as well as hydrogen fueling infrastructure, and leased units. The Company also recognizes revenue under research and development contracts, which are primarily cost reimbursement contracts associated with the development of PEM fuel cell technology.

The Company enters into revenue arrangements that may contain a combination of fuel cell systems and equipment, which may be sold, or under a limited number of arrangements leased to customers, installation, service, maintenance, spare parts, hydrogen fueling and other support services. For these multiple deliverable arrangements, the Company accounts for each separate deliverable as a separate unit of accounting if the delivered item or items have value to the customer on a standalone basis. The Company considers a deliverable to have standalone value if the item is sold separately by us or another entity or if the item could be resold by the customer. The Company allocates revenue to each separate deliverable based on its relative selling price. For a majority of our deliverables, the Company determines relative selling prices using its best estimate of the selling price as vendor-specific objective evidence and third-party evidence is generally not available for the deliverables involved in its revenue arrangements due to a lack of a competitive environment in selling fuel cell technology. When determining estimated selling prices, the Company may consider the cost to produce the deliverable, the anticipated margin on that deliverable, the selling price and profit margin for similar products and services, the Company's ongoing pricing strategy and policies, the value of any enhancements that have been built into the deliverable and the characteristics of the varying markets in which the deliverable is sold, as applicable. The Company determines estimated selling prices for deliverables in its agreements based on the specific facts and circumstances of each arrangement and analyzes the estimated selling prices used for its allocation of arrangement consideration of each arrangement.

Once relative selling prices are determined, the Company proportionately allocates the sale consideration to each element of the arrangement. The allocated sales consideration related to fuel cell systems and equipment, spare parts, and hydrogen infrastructure is recognized as revenue at shipment if title and risk of loss have passed to the customer, there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the sales price is fixed or determinable, collection of the related receivable is reasonably assured, and customer acceptance criteria, if any, have been successfully demonstrated. The allocated sales consideration related to installation, service, maintenance, and hydrogen molecule delivery is generally recognized as revenue when completed or on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract, as appropriate.

In the case of consignment sales, the Company does not recognize revenue until the customer has accepted the product, at which time the risks and rewards of ownership have transferred, the price is fixed, and the Company has a reasonable expectation of collection upon billing.

The Company does not include a right of return on its products other than rights related to warranty provisions that permit repair or replacement of defective goods. The Company accrues for anticipated warranty costs at the same time that revenue is recognized for the related product.

The Company has also sold extended warranty contracts that generally provide for a five to ten year warranty from the date of product installation. These types of contacts are accounted for as a separate deliverable, and accordingly, revenue generated from these transactions is deferred and recognized in income over the warranty period, generally on a straight-line basis. Additionally, the Company may enter into annual service and maintenance contracts that are billed monthly. Revenue generated from these transactions is recognized in income on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract.

At December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the Company had unbilled amounts from product and service revenues of approximately $616,000 and $184,000, respectively, which is included in other current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the Company had deferred product and service revenues in the amount of $11.8 million and $9.0 million, respectively.

Research and Development Contracts

Contract accounting is used for research and development contract revenue. The Company generally shares in the cost of these programs with cost sharing percentages ranging from 30% to 50% of total project costs. Revenue from time and material contracts is recognized on the basis of hours expended plus other reimbursable contract costs incurred during the period. All allowable work performed through the end of each calendar quarter is billed, subject to limitations in the respective contracts. We expect to continue research and development contract work that is directly related to our current product development efforts. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company had unbilled amounts from research and development contract revenue in the amount of approximately $1,047,000 and $111,000, respectively, which is included in other current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Unbilled amounts at December 31, 2014 are expected to be billed during the first quarter of 2015.

Product Warranty Reserve

The GenDrive contracts we enter into generally provide a one to two year product warranty to customers from date of installation, and the ReliOn contracts we enter into generally provide a two to five year product warranty. We currently estimate the costs of satisfying warranty claims based on an analysis of past experience and provide for future claims in the period the revenue is recognized. Factors that affect our warranty liability include the number of installed units, estimated material costs, estimated travel, and labor costs.

Sale-leaseback transactions

Under a limited number of arrangements, the Company provides its products and services to customers in the form of an operating lease that can vary in term from five to six years. For these specific transactions, the Company will complete a sale-leaseback for the related assets to a financial institution for similar five to six year terms. The Company accounts for sale-leaseback transactions in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Subtopic 840-40, Leases—Sale-Leaseback Transactions.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are originally recorded at cost or, if acquired as part of business combination, at fair value. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as costs are incurred. Depreciation on plant and equipment, which includes depreciation on the Company's facility that is accounted for as a financing obligation (see Note 11, Finance Obligation), is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The Company records depreciation and amortization over the following estimated useful lives:

Buildings		20 years
Building improvements		5 - 20 years
Software, machinery and equipment		1 - 15 years

Gains and losses resulting from the sale of property and equipment are recorded in current operations.

Leased Property Under Capital Lease

Leased property under capital lease is stated at the present value of minimum lease payments. Amortization expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over 6 years, the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful life of the asset. Amortization expense amounted to $516,486 and $516,487 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, and has been included in cost of service revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property, plant, and equipment, and purchased intangibles subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. Assets to be disposed of and considered held for sale would be separately presented in the consolidated balance sheet and reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, and are no longer depreciated. The assets and liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale would be presented separately in the appropriate asset and liability sections of the consolidated balance sheet.

Common Stock Warrant Accounting

The Company accounts for common stock warrants in accordance with applicable accounting guidance provided in ASC Subtopic 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity's Own Equity, as either derivative liabilities or as equity instruments depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreement. In compliance with applicable securities law, registered common stock warrants that require the issuance of registered shares upon exercise and do not sufficiently preclude an implied right to cash settlement are accounted for as derivative liabilities. We currently classify these derivative warrant liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as a long-term liability, which is revalued at each balance sheet date subsequent to the initial issuance using the Black-Scholes pricing model. The Black-Scholes pricing model, which is based, in part, upon unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, requires the Company to develop its own assumptions. Changes in the fair value of the warrants are reflected in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as change in fair value of common stock warrant liability.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. We did not report a benefit for federal and state income taxes in the consolidated financial statements as the deferred tax asset generated from our net operating loss has been offset by a full valuation allowance because it is more likely than not that the tax benefits of the net operating loss carryforward will not be realized.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with FASB ASC No. 740-10-25, Income Taxes—Overall - Recognition. The Company recognizes in its consolidated financial statements the impact of a tax position only if that position is more likely than not to be sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position.

Foreign Currency Translation

Historically, foreign currency translation adjustments arose from conversion of the Company's foreign subsidiary's financial statements to U.S. dollars for reporting purposes, and were included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders' equity (deficit) on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2013, the functional currency of our last remaining foreign subsidiary, Plug Power Canada Inc., was changed to the U.S. dollar, therefore these translation adjustments will no longer occur. Transaction gains and losses resulting from the effect of exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar give rise to realized foreign currency transaction gains and losses, and are included in interest and other expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Research and Development

Costs incurred in research and development by the Company are expensed as incurred.

Joint Venture

On February 29, 2012 we completed the formation of our joint venture with Axane, S.A., a subsidiary of Air Liquide, under the name HyPulsion (the JV). The principal purpose of the JV is to develop and sell hydrogen fuel cell systems for the European material handling market. Axane contributed in exchange for an initial 55% ownership of the JV, subject to certain conditions. We contributed to the JV the right to use our technology, including design and technology know-how on GenDrive systems, in exchange for an initial 45% ownership of the JV. We have not contributed any cash to the JV and we are not obligated to contribute any cash.

On April 19, 2013 Axane purchased an additional 25% ownership interest in HyPulsion from the Company for a cash purchase price of $3.2 million (Euro 2.5 million). We now own 20% and Axane owns 80% of HyPulsion, and we will share in 20% of the profits from the JV. The Company has the right to purchase an additional 60% of HyPulsion from Axane at any time between January 4, 2018 and January 29, 2018 at a formula price. If the Company exercises its purchase right, Axane will have the right, at any time between February 1, 2018 and December 31, 2021, to require the Company to buy the remaining 20% interest at a formula price.

In addition, the Company and HyPulsion also entered into an engineering service agreement under which, among other things, the Company will provide HyPulsion with engineering and technical services for a new fuel cell assembly line and manufacturing execution system. Under the service agreement, HyPulsion has paid the Company approximately $659,000 (Euro 500,000) in the aggregate for services to be performed by the Company.

In accordance with the equity method of accounting, the Company will increase its investment in the JV by its share of any earnings, and decrease its investment in the JV by its share of any losses. Losses in excess of the investment are not recognized and must be restored from future profits before we can recognize our proportionate share of profits. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had a zero basis for its investment in the JV.

Redeemable Preferred Stock

On May 8, 2013, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with Air Liquide, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell 10,431 shares of the Company's Series C Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $2.6 million (Euro 2 million) in cash, as more fully discussed in Note 5, Redeemable Preferred Stock. On August 26, 2014, Air Liquide acquired 5,521,676 shares of Common Stock by converting 5,200 shares of Series C Preferred Stock at the conversion price of $0.2343. Following the conversion, Air Liquide continues to own 5,231 shares of Series C Preferred Stock. We account for preferred stock as temporary equity in accordance with applicable accounting guidance in FASB ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. Dividends on the redeemable preferred stock are accounted for as a reduction (increase) in the net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company maintains employee stock-based compensation plans, which are described more fully in Note 7, Employee Benefit Plans.

Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees and directors. The Company measures stock-based compensation cost at grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and recognizes the cost as expense on a straight-line basis (net of estimated forfeitures) over the option's requisite service period.

The Company estimates the fair value of stock-based awards using a Black-Scholes valuation model. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded in cost of product revenue, cost of service revenue, research and development expense and selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations based on the employees' respective function.

The Company records deferred tax assets for awards that result in deductions on the Company's income tax returns, based upon the amount of compensation cost recognized and the Company's statutory tax rate. Differences between the deferred tax assets recognized for financial reporting purposes and the actual tax deduction reported on the Company's income tax return are recorded in additional paid-in capital if the tax deduction exceeds the deferred tax asset or in the consolidated statements of operations if the deferred tax asset exceeds the tax deduction and no additional paid-in capital exists from previous awards. Excess tax benefits are recognized in the period in which the tax deduction is realized through a reduction of taxes payable. No tax benefit or expense for stock-based compensation has been recorded during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 since the Company remains in a NOL position.

Per Share Amounts

Basic earnings per common share are computed by dividing net loss attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock (such as stock options, unvested restricted stock, common stock warrants, and preferred stock) were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock (net of any assumed repurchases) that then shared in the earnings of the Company, if any. This is computed by dividing net earnings by the combination of dilutive common share equivalents, which is comprised of shares issuable under outstanding warrants, the conversion of preferred stock, and the Company's share-based compensation plans, and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Since the Company is in a net loss position, all common stock equivalents would be considered to be anti-dilutive and are, therefore, not included in the determination of diluted earnings per share. Accordingly, basic and diluted loss per share are the same.

The following table provides the components of the calculations of basic and diluted earnings per share:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2014			2013			2012
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$	(88,643,700	)	$	(62,790,800	)	$	(31,862,454	)


Denominator:
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding		159,228,815			76,436,408			34,376,427

The dilutive potential common shares are summarized as follows:

	At December 31,
	2014		2013		2012
Stock options outstanding		8,367,271		4,703,326		1,986,255
Restricted stock outstanding		473,336		650,002		—
Common stock warrants(1)		4,219,442		24,137,878		9,421,008
Preferred stock(2)		5,554,594		10,972,859		—

Number of dilutive potential common shares		18,614,643		40,464,065		11,407,263

(1)

In May 2011, the Company issued 7,128,563 warrants as part of an underwritten public offering. As a result of additional public offerings, and pursuant to the effect of the anti-dilution provisions of these warrants, the number of warrants increased to 22,995,365. Of the warrants issued in May 2011, 22,776,023 have been exercised as of December 31, 2014. In February 2013, the Company issued 23,637,500 warrants as part of an underwritten public offering. Of the warrants issued in February 2013, 23,637,400 were exercised as of December 31, 2014. In January 2014, the Company issued 4,000,000 warrants as part of an underwritten public offering. Of the warrants issued in January 2014, none have been exercised as of December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2014, the remaining 4,219,442 warrants have a weighted average exercise price of $3.84.

(2)

The preferred stock amount represents the dilutive potential common shares of the Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock issued on May 16, 2013 based on the conversion price of the preferred stock as of December 31, 2014. Of the 10,431 preferred shares issued in May 2013, 5,200 had been converted to common stock as of December 31, 2014.

Use of Estimates

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period financial statements to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications did not impact the results of operations or net cash flows in the periods presented.

Subsequent Events

The Company evaluates subsequent events at the date of the balance sheet as well as conditions that arise after the balance sheet date but before the consolidated financial statements are issued. The effects of conditions that existed at the balance sheet date are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. Events and conditions arising after the balance sheet date but before the consolidated financial statements are issued are evaluated to determine if disclosure is required to keep the consolidated financial statements from being misleading. To the extent such events and conditions exist, if any, disclosures are made regarding the nature of events and the estimated financial effects for those events and conditions.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

On May 28, 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. The new standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2017. Early application is not permitted. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2014-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company has not yet selected a transition method nor has it determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.