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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2013
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

 9. Income Taxes

 

 Under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 382, the use of loss carryforwards may be limited if a change in ownership of a company occurs. If it is determined that due to transactions involving the Company’s shares owned by its 5 percent or greater shareholders a change of ownership has occurred under the provisions of IRC Section 382, the Company's federal and state net operating loss carryforwards could be subject to significant IRC Section 382 limitations.

 

Based upon an IRC Section 382 study, Section 382 ownership changes occurred in 2013, 2012 and 2011 that resulted in all of the Company’s federal and state net operating loss carryforwards being subject to IRC Section 382 limitations and as a result of IRC Section 382 limitations, all but approximately $13.5 million of the net operating loss carryforwards will expire prior to utilization. As a result of the IRC Section 382 limitations, these net operating loss carryforwards that will expire unutilized are not reflected in the Company’s gross deferred tax asset as of June 30, 2013.

 

 The ownership change also resulted in Net Unrealized Built in Losses per IRS Notice 2003-65 which should result in Recognized Built in Losses during the five year recognition period of approximately $36.3 million. This translates into unfavorable book to tax add backs in the Company's 2013 to 2018 U.S. corporate income tax returns that resulted in a gross deferred tax liability of $13.8 million at June 30, 2013 with a corresponding reduction to the valuation allowance. This gross deferred tax liability will offset certain existing gross deferred tax assets (i.e. capitalized research expense). This has no impact on the Company's current financial position, results of operations, or cash flows because of the full valuation allowance.

 

 IRC Section 382 also limits the ability for a Company to utilize capital loss and research credit carryforwards. Approximately $15.5 million of federal capital loss carryforwards are subject to IRC Section 382 limitations and as a result of the IRC Section 382 limitations, the entire $15.5 million will expire prior to utilization. Approximately $15.6 million of Research Credit are subject to IRC Section 382 limitations and as a result of the IRC Section 382 limitations, the entire $15.6 million will expire prior to utilization.

 

The Company's remaining deferred tax assets have been offset by a full valuation allowance because it is more likely than not that the tax benefits of the net operating loss carryforwards and other tax assets may not be realized.