POWER OF ATTORNEY

	For Executing Forms 3, 4 and 5

Know all by these present, that the undersigned hereby constitutes and appoints
each Gifford R. Zimmerman, Kevin J. McCarthy, Mary E. Keefe, Christopher M.
Rohrbacher and Mark L. Winget, his/her true and lawful attorney-in-fact to:

(1)		execute for and on behalf of the undersigned Forms 3, 4 and 5 (and any
amendments thereto) in connection with the Nuveen Investments Closed-End
Exchange Traded Funds and in accordance with the requirements of Section 16(a)
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 30(f) of the Investment
Company Act of 1940 and the rules thereunder;

(2)		do and perform any and all acts for and on behalf of the undersigned which
may be necessary or desirable in connection with the execution and timely filing
  of any such Form 3, 4 and 5 (and any amendment thereto) with the United States
  Securities and Exchange Commission, the New York Stock Exchange and any other
authority; and

(3)		take any other action of any type whatsoever in connection with the
foregoing which, in the opinion of such attorney-in-fact, may be of benefit to,
in the best interest of, or legally required by, the undersigned, it being
understood that the documents executed by such attorney-in-fact on behalf of the
  undersigned pursuant to this Power of Attorney shall be in such form and shall
  contain such terms and conditions as such attorney-in-fact may approve in
his/her discretion.

The undersigned hereby grants to each such attorney-in-fact full power and
authority to do and perform each and every act and thing whatsoever requisite,
necessary and proper to be done in the exercise of any of the rights and powers
herein granted, as fully to all intents and purposes as such attorney-in-fact
might or could do if personally present, with the full power of substitute, by
virtue of this power of attorney and the rights and powers herein granted.  The
undersigned acknowledges that the foregoing attorneys-in-fact, in serving in
such capacity at the request of the undersigned, are not assuming any of the
undersigned's responsibilities to comply with Section 16 of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 30(f) of the Investment Company Act of 1940.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has caused this Power of Attorney to be
executed as of this  9th   day
of   February     2016.


									/s/ Margaret L. Wolff
									Signature

									Margaret L. Wolff
									Print Name

STATE OF                     Illinois)
		)
COUNTY OF                    Cook)


On this  9th   day of    February   2016, personally appeared before me, a
Notary Public in and for said County and State, the person named above who is
known to me to be the person whose name and signature is affixed to the
foregoing Power of Attorney and who acknowledged the same to be his voluntary
act and deed for the intent and purposes therein set forth.



	/s/ Mary Catherine Finneran
	Notary Public
My Commission Expires:  05/16/2018