10-K

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b) . ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of Class A common stock on The NASDAQ Stock Market on June 30, 2022, was $58,050,000. The registrant does not have non-voting common equity.

The number of shares of each of the Registrant’s classes of common stock outstanding as of February 21, 2023 was 15,425,974 shares of Class A common stock and 5,400,000 shares of Class B common stock.

Gaia, Inc. (“Gaia,” “we” or “us”) operates a global digital video subscription service and on-line community that caters to a unique and underserved member base. Our digital content library includes over 10,000 titles, with a growing selection of titles available in Spanish, German and French. Our members have unlimited access to this vast library of inspiring films, cutting edge documentaries, interviews, yoga classes, transformation-related content and more – 88% of which is exclusively available to our members for digital streaming on most internet-connected devices anytime, anywhere, commercial free.

Our mission is to create a transformational network that empowers a global conscious community. Content on our network is currently organized into four primary channels— Yoga, Transformation, Alternative Healing, and Seeking Truth— and delivered directly to our members through our streaming platform. We curate programming for these channels by producing content in our in-house production studios with a staff of media professionals. This produced and owned content currently comprises approximately 75% of our members' viewing time. We complement our produced and owned content through long term licensing agreements.

From the beginning, we have focused on establishing exclusive rights to unique content through in-house productions, licensing and strategic content acquisitions. Today, our network includes the following channels:

Yoga – Through our Yoga channel, our members enjoy unlimited access to streaming yoga, Eastern arts, and other movement-based classes. Currently, we are one of the world’s largest providers of streaming yoga classes. Blending ancient philosophy with anytime, anywhere access through modern technology, our classes on Eastern arts like T’ai Chi, Qigong, Ayurveda and more encourage the holistic integration of body, mind and spirit.

Transformation – Through our Transformation channel, we feature a wealth of content in the niche areas of spiritual growth, personal development and expanded consciousness. Our original and licensed content empowers members to live stronger, healthier, more productive and enlightened lives.

Alternative Healing – Our Alternative Healing channel features content focused on food and nutrition, holistic healing, alternative and integrative medicines, and longevity. Blending modern science with cutting edge research around neuroplasticity, energy healing, aging, and wellness, this channel fuels our members’ pursuit of optimal health.

Seeking Truth – As an alternative to mainstream media, our Seeking Truth channel provides new and enlightening perspectives for today’s changing world. Through thought-provoking questions like “who are we”, and topics that include ancient wisdom and metaphysics, we go beyond the boundaries of mainstream media, and encourage our viewers to find empowerment through knowledge and awareness. Through this channel, our members have access to top names in the genre who conduct exclusive interviews and presentations not found anywhere else.

Consumption of streaming video is expanding rapidly as more and more people augment their use of, or replace broadcast television with, streaming video to watch their favorite content on a growing array of digital streaming services. The streaming video market includes various free, ad-supported and subscription service offerings focused on various genres, including films, broadcast and original series, fitness and educational content.

Gaia’s position in the streaming video landscape is firmly supported by its wide variety of exclusive and unique content, which provides a complementary offering to other, mostly entertainment-based, streaming video services. Our original content is developed and produced in-house in our production studios near Boulder, Colorado. Over 88% of our content is available for streaming exclusively on Gaia to most internet-connected devices. By offering

exclusive and unique content over a streaming service, we believe we will be able to significantly expand our target member base. Gaia believes the current size of our potential target market represents approximately 15% of internet users that currently pay for a subscription streaming video service.

We believe that we differentiate ourselves from our competition and have been able to grow our business through the following demonstrated competitive strengths:

Exclusive Content and Ubiquitous Access – We have amassed a library of unique content for which we hold exclusive worldwide streaming distribution rights and have established exclusive relationships with certain key talent in our areas of focus. Over 88% of our titles are available to our members for streaming on most internet-connected devices exclusively on Gaia.

Proprietary and Curated Content – Proprietary and curated content lies at the core of our business model. Our media offerings introduce members to us and help establish Gaia as an authority in the conscious media market. Our in-house produced and owned content comprises approximately 75% of our members’ viewing time. Our licensed content has initial terms ranging predominately from 3 to 10 years. With the growth in demand for digital rights, we expect that our large library of produced and acquired content combined with our internal production capabilities will be a key driver in our ability to grow efficiently and act as a hedge against the rising costs of digital rights.

International Rights – The strength of our proprietary content library created by our original content production strategy and our unique approach to content licensing have provided us with a library of niche content to which we hold exclusive worldwide distribution rights that we believe would be difficult to acquire in today’s market. By obtaining these rights, we have created a meaningful barrier to entry for competitors in our content niches and have given ourselves the potential to reach a worldwide member base with no additional licensing costs. Over 98% of our titles are available worldwide.

Unique Member Base – We believe that our unique and exclusive content allows us to cater to a member base that traditional media companies have mostly ignored. We believe this member base can be significantly expanded as more and more people enter our niche categories and begin accessing streaming content over the internet.

Unique Content Strength – We believe that our unique focus, combined with our content exclusivity, positions us as a complementary service to larger streaming video providers who are primarily entertainment driven. In addition, this focus has allowed an opportunity for significant advantages:

Our core strategy is to grow our subscription business domestically and internationally using the following drivers:

Investment in Streaming Content – We believe that our investment in streaming content leads to more awareness and viewership of our unique content. This leads to member acquisition and revenue growth, allowing us to invest more into our content library and enabling the growth cycle to continue. By investing in our in-house studios, digital asset management system and digital delivery platforms, we can produce and distribute new digital content at low incremental costs. With our end-to-end production capabilities and unique, exclusive relationships with thought leaders in our areas of focus, we believe we can develop content much more efficiently than our competitors.

Continuous Service Improvements – We have found that incremental improvements in our service and quality enhance our member satisfaction and retention. We have built our platform to optimize the speed and performance of streaming video playback, provide a unique and customized site experience for every member and provide the foundation for our expansion into foreign languages. We continue to refine our technology, user interfaces, recommendation algorithms and delivery infrastructure to improve the member experience as the underlying technology continues to evolve.

Overall Adoption and Growth of Internet TV on Every Screen – Domestically, cable TV members have been declining, while the demand for digital content services accessible on various devices has continued to grow. Gaia is accessible on a broad array of devices, including, but not limited to: Apple TV, iPad, iPhone, Android devices, Roku, Amazon Fire, select smart TVs, and Chromecast. Through this accessibility, we believe that we enhance the value of our service to members as well as position ourselves for continued growth as internet and mobile delivery of content continues to become the preferred method for more consumers globally.

International Market Expansion – We believe the international streaming segment represents a significant long-term growth opportunity as people around the world begin to adopt the viewing behaviors of the U.S. market. Our exclusive worldwide streaming rights have allowed us to expand internationally by adding foreign language support to our service without having to invest in local foreign operations. Today, approximately 47% of our members are outside of the United States.

Events+ Premium Membership and GaiaSphere – In 2019, we held our inaugural event at the GaiaSphere, a 300-person live event studio located on our campus in Colorado. With the opening of the GaiaSphere, we also launched the Events+ premium annual membership to allow for digital access to these exclusive events via live streaming and on demand. Through GaiaSphere and the Events+ premium offering, we have expanded our reach to a larger audience of talent that will contribute to our content library, as well as drive incremental revenue growth. Our Events+ offering consists of on-demand access to past events and the ability to participate via live streaming while events are happening.

Member Driven Growth Enablement – We believe the empowerment of our existing members to drive awareness of and interest in Gaia will be a key driver of future growth and engagement of the Gaia global community. To support this awareness, we allow existing members the ability to share Gaia content with their connections free of charge over a limited time window. This product feature allows us to leverage our existing members’ desire to share our content to ultimately drive more interest and awareness, which will lead to member growth that is not wholly dependent on marketing expenditures. In November 2022, we launched the ability for existing members to give the gift of Gaia allowing us to further expand our member base through existing members.

Complement our Existing Business with Selective Strategic Acquisitions – Our growth strategy is not dependent on acquisitions. However, we will consider strategic acquisitions that complement our existing business, increase our content library, expand our geographical reach and add to our member base. We will focus on companies with unique media content, a strong brand identity and members that augment our existing member base.

We build awareness and demand for the Gaia brand through various channels focusing on mobile and video. Organic search, paid search, digital and social media, email marketing, ambassador marketing, as well as various strategic partnerships make up our continually optimized portfolio of member acquisition and retention tools. Rejoining members are an important source of member additions, many of which come back to Gaia after receiving special communications via email or seeing our digital advertising for new content.

Incorporated under the laws of the State of Colorado on July 7, 1988, Gaia started as a conscious media and products company distributing conscious and non-theatrical media.

In October 2012, we launched our streaming video service and focused our efforts on growing domestically and internationally by expanding our streaming content, enhancing our user interface and extending our streaming content to even more internet-connected devices. In 2016, we divested all of our non-streaming businesses and focused on scaling our streaming video service. Since then we have launched Spanish, German and French language offerings. We have continued to invest in our international offerings, including original programming in these languages.

In 2019, we further expanded the alternative healing content available to our members and expanded our presence and member base in this growing area of interest through our acquisition of Food Matters TV.

In December 2021, through our acquisition of Yoga International, we expanded our ability to serve yoga focused consumers with a stand-alone yoga offering and the addition of unique content focused on the lifestyle and philosophy of yoga.

These investments in our subscription business have been instrumental in our ability to grow by expanding our streaming video on demand capabilities and increasing our library of unique content of transformational media, intended to awaken and inspire viewers around the world.

We operate in a single reporting segment. Our revenues are primarily derived from subscription fees for services related to streaming content to our members. See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies – Segment Information, and Note 15, Segment Information and Geographic Information, in the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements for further detail.

The media landscape and the internet delivery of content have seen growing regulatory action. Historically, media has been highly regulated in many countries. We are seeing some of these legacy regulatory frameworks be updated and expanded to address services like ours. In particular, we are seeing some countries update their cultural support legislation to include services like Gaia. This includes content quotas, levies and investment obligations. In certain countries, regulators are also looking at restrictions that could require formal reviews of and/or adjustments to content that appears on our service in their country. In general these regulations impact all services and may make operating in certain jurisdictions more expensive or restrictive as to the content offering we may provide.

While our content offering is unique, the market for subscription-based content delivered over the internet is intensely competitive and subject to rapid change. Many consumers maintain simultaneous relationships with multiple providers and can easily shift spending from one provider to another. We are a focused provider within the streaming video market that is able to compete by providing exclusive content available on almost any device. Our principal competitors vary by world geographic region and include multichannel video programming distributors and internet-based movie and TV content providers, including those that provide legal and illegal (pirated) streaming video content. We believe that due to the exclusivity of our content, we are positioning ourselves as a complementary service to large general content providers such as television broadcasters, cable television channels, and an array of other entertainment based streaming services, including those that have recently launched.

Our member base reflects seasonal variations driven primarily by periods when consumers typically spend more time indoors and, as a result, tend to increase their viewing, similar to those of traditional TV and cable networks. The effects of the global pandemic have shifted our historical pattern over the past three years, but we have historically experienced the greatest member growth in the fourth and first quarters (October through February), and slowest during May through August. This has historically driven quarterly variations in our spending on member acquisition efforts and the number of net new subscribers we add each quarter but does not result in a corresponding seasonality in net revenue. As the world emerges from the effects of the pandemic, we expect these seasonal trends to return. As we continue to expand internationally, we also expect regional seasonality trends to demonstrate more predictable seasonal patterns as our service offering in each market becomes more established and we have a longer history to assess such patterns.

We view our employees and our culture as keys to our success. As of February 28, 2023, Gaia had approximately 111 full time employees, all of which are located in the United States. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We supplement our full-time employees, with services provided by staffing organizations in other countries to support our customer service, content production and software engineering needs. We believe a critical component of our success is our company culture, which begins with focusing our hiring on our current member base. The majority of our current employees came to work at Gaia after discovering our content offering and being passionate members that have been called to join our team to help expand the impact of our mission globally.

We regard our trademarks, service marks, copyrights, domain names, trade secrets, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as important to our success. We use a combination of trademark, copyright and trade secret laws and confidentiality agreements to protect our proprietary intellectual property. Our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights is subject to certain risks, and from time to time we encounter disputes over

rights and obligations concerning intellectual property. We cannot provide assurance that we will prevail in any intellectual property disputes.

Our corporate website www.gaia.com provides information about us, our history, goals and philosophy, as well as certain financial reports and corporate press releases. Our www.gaia.com website also features a library of information and articles on personal development and healthy lifestyles, along with an extensive offering of video content. We believe our website provides us with an opportunity to deepen our relationships with our members and investors, educate them on a variety of issues, and improve our service. As part of this commitment, we have a link on our corporate website to our Securities and Exchange Commission filings, including our reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K and amendments thereto. We make those reports available through our website, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after these reports are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

We have included our website address only as inactive textual reference, and the information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

We caution that there are risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to be materially different from those indicated by forward looking statements that we make from time to time in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, news releases, reports, communications to shareholders and other written and oral communications. These risks and uncertainties include those risks described below of which we are presently aware. Historical results are not necessarily an indication of future results. The risk factors below discuss important factors that could cause our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows to be materially adversely affected.

If our efforts to attract and retain members are not successful, our business will be adversely affected.

We have experienced significant member growth since we began our digital subscription business in 2013. Our ability to continue to attract members will depend in part on our ability to consistently provide our members with a valuable and quality streaming experience. Furthermore, the relative service levels, content offerings, pricing and related features of our competitors may adversely impact our ability to attract and retain members. We compete for screen viewing time with multichannel video programming distributors providing free-on-demand content through authenticated internet applications, internet-based movie and TV content providers, including both those that provide legal and illegal (or pirated) streaming video content, and streaming video retail stores, video game providers, as well as user-generated content and, more broadly, other sources of entertainment among others. If consumers do not perceive our service offering to be of value, or if we introduce new or adjust existing features or change the mix of content in a manner that is not favorably received by them, we may not be able to attract and retain members. Adverse macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, may also adversely impact our ability to attract and retain members.

In addition, many of our members originate from word-of-mouth advertising from existing members. If our efforts to satisfy our existing members are not successful, we may not be able to attract new members, and as a result, our ability to maintain and/or grow our business will be adversely affected. Members cancel our service for many reasons, including a perception that they do not use the service sufficiently, the need to cut household expenses, unsatisfactory availability of content, competitive services providing a better value or experience and customer service issues not satisfactorily resolved. We must continually add new members both to replace members who cancel and to grow our business beyond our current member base. If too many of our members cancel our service, or if we are unable to attract new members in numbers sufficient to sustain and grow our business, our operating results will be adversely affected. If we are unable to successfully compete with current and new competitors in both retaining our existing members and attracting new members, our business will be adversely affected. Further, if excessive numbers of members cancel our service, we may be required to incur significantly higher marketing expenditures than we currently anticipate in order to replace these members with new members.

If we are unable to compete effectively, our business will be adversely affected.

The market for streaming content is intensely competitive and subject to rapid change. New technologies and evolving business models for delivery of streaming content continue to develop at a fast pace. Through new and existing distribution channels, consumers are afforded various means for consuming streaming content. The various economic models underlying these differing means of streaming content delivery include subscription, transactional, ad-supported and piracy-based models. All of these have the potential to capture meaningful segments of the streaming content market. Several competitors have longer operating histories, larger customer bases, and stronger brand recognition than we do and have significant financial, marketing and other resources. They may secure better terms from suppliers, adopt more aggressive pricing and devote more resources to technology and marketing. New entrants may enter the market with unique service offerings or approaches to providing streaming content and other companies also may enter into business combinations or alliances that strengthen their competitive positions. If we are unable to successfully compete with current and new competitors, programs and technologies, our business will be adversely affected, and we may not be able to increase market share and revenues, and achieve profitability.

We reported net loss of $3.1 million in 2022 compared to net income of $3.7 million in 2021. Additionally, we reported net losses during several prior years as a result of continued investment in member acquisition efforts to drive revenue growth. No assurance can be made that we will operate profitably in future periods and, if we do not, we may not be able to meet any future debt service requirements, working capital requirements, capital expenditure plans, production slate, acquisition plans or other cash needs. Our inability to meet those needs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity and prospects.

If we are not able to manage change and growth, our business could be adversely affected.

We are expanding our operations internationally, scaling our streaming service to effectively and reliably handle anticipated growth in both members and features related to our service. As we expand internationally, we are managing our business to address varied content offerings, consumer customs and practices, in particular those dealing with e-commerce and internet video, as well as differing legal and regulatory environments. As we scale our streaming service, we are developing technology and utilizing third-party internet-based or “cloud” computing services. If we are not able to manage the growing complexity of our business, including improving, refining or revising our systems and operational practices related to our streaming operations, our business could be adversely affected.

If our efforts to build unique brand identity and improve member satisfaction and loyalty are not successful, we may not be able to attract or retain members, and our operating results may be adversely affected.

We must continue to build and maintain a unique brand identity. We believe that a unique brand identity will be important in attracting and retaining members who have a number of choices from which to obtain streaming content. To build a unique brand identity, we believe we must continue to offer content and service features that our members value and enjoy. We also believe that these must be coupled with effective consumer communications, such as marketing, customer service and public relations. If our efforts to promote and maintain our brand identity are not successful, our ability to attract and retain members may be adversely affected. Such a result may adversely affect our operating results.

With respect to our expansion into international markets, we will also need to establish our brand identity in new markets and languages, and to the extent we are not successful, our business in new markets may be adversely impacted.

Changes in our member acquisition sources could adversely affect our marketing expenses and member levels may be adversely affected.

We utilize a broad mix of marketing and public relations programs, including social media websites such as Facebook and YouTube, to promote our service to potential new members. We may limit or discontinue use or

support of certain marketing sources or activities if advertising rates increase or if we become concerned that members or potential members deem certain marketing practices intrusive or damaging to our brand. If available marketing channels are limited or curtailed, our ability to attract new members may be adversely affected.

Companies that currently promote our services may cease promoting our services, may determine to compete more directly with our business or enter a similar business, or may decide to exclusively support our competitors. If we no longer have access to such marketing channels, our marketing efforts may be adversely affected. If we are unable to maintain or replace our sources of members with similarly effective sources, or if the cost of our existing sources increases, our member levels and marketing expenses may be adversely affected.

We face risks, such as unforeseen costs and potential liabilities in connection with content we produce, license and/or distribute through our service.

As a producer and distributor of content, we face potential liability for defamation, negligence, copyright or trademark infringement, misinformation, personal injury torts or other claims based on the nature and content of materials that we produce, license and/or distribute. We also face potential liability for content used in promoting our service, including marketing materials and features on our platform such as member reviews. Allegations of impropriety, even if unfounded, could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and our business.

We are responsible for production costs and other expenses related to our original content. We also take on risks associated with this production, such as completion and key talent risk. To the extent we do not accurately anticipate costs or mitigate risks, or if we become liable for content we produce, license and/or distribute, our business may suffer. Litigation to defend these claims could be costly and the expenses and damages arising from any liability or unforeseen production risks could harm our results of operations. We may not be indemnified to cover claims or costs of these types and we may not have insurance coverage for these types of claims.

Problematic content accessed through our service, including content that violates our content guidelines or the content guidelines of our partners, could damage our reputation and hurt our ability to retain and expand our base of members and partners.

Our ability to maintain and protect our brand depends, in part, on our ability to maintain the quality and integrity of the content and other information accessed through our streaming service. While we undertake efforts to detect and prevent problematic content and to ensure our content complies with our content guidelines and the content guidelines of our third-party partners, no assurance can be given that such efforts will be error-free.

If we fail to either detect and prevent problematic content or effectively promote high-quality content, it could hurt our reputation and confidence in our brand, thereby negatively affecting the use of our service and our financial performance. In addition, our partners may refuse to carry the Gaia “app” on their platform if our content violates their content guidelines. Problematic content accessed through our service may also subject us to media, legal or regulatory scrutiny, which could adversely affect our reputation and brand.

If we fail to maintain a positive reputation concerning our service and the content we offer, we may not be able to attract or retain members, we may face regulatory scrutiny and our operating results may be adversely affected.

We believe that a positive reputation concerning our service is important in attracting and retaining members. To the extent our content, in particular, our original programming, is perceived as low quality, offensive or otherwise not compelling to consumers, our ability to establish and maintain a positive reputation may be adversely impacted. To the extent our content is deemed controversial or offensive by government regulators, we may face direct or indirect retaliatory action or behavior, including being required to remove such content from our service, our entire service could be banned and/or become subject to heightened regulatory scrutiny across our business and operations. We could also face boycotts which could adversely affect our business. Furthermore, to the extent our response to government action or our marketing, customer service and public relations efforts are not effective or result in negative reaction, our ability to establish and maintain a positive reputation may likewise be adversely impacted. There is an increasing focus from regulators, investors, members and other stakeholders on environmental, social

and governance (“ESG”) matters, both in the United States and internationally. To the extent the content we distribute and the manner in which we produce content creates ESG related concerns, our reputation may be harmed.

Increases in payment processing fees, changes to operating rules, the acceptance of new types of payment methods or payment fraud could increase our operating expenses and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our members pay for our services predominately using credit and debit cards. Our acceptance of these payment methods requires our payment of certain fees. From time to time, these fees may increase, either as a result of rate changes by the payment processing companies or as a result of a change in our business practices which increase the fees on a cost-per-transaction basis. Such increases may adversely affect our results of operations.

We are subject to rules, regulations and practices governing our accepted payment methods. These rules, regulations and practices could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. If we fail to comply with these rules or requirements, we may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees and lose our ability to accept these payment methods, and our business and results of operations would be adversely affected.

We accept payment methods other than credit and debit cards. As our service continues to evolve and expand internationally, we will likely continue to explore accepting various forms of payment, which may have higher fees and costs than our currently accepted payment methods. If more consumers utilize higher cost payment methods our payment costs could increase and our results of operations could be adversely impacted.

In addition, we do not obtain signatures from members in connection with their use of payment methods. To the extent we do not obtain members’ signatures, we may be liable for fraudulent payment transactions, even when the associated financial institution approves payment of the orders. From time to time, fraudulent payment methods are used to obtain service. While we do have safeguards in place, we nonetheless experience some fraudulent transactions. We do not currently carry insurance against the risk of fraudulent payment transactions. A failure to adequately control fraudulent payment transactions would harm our business and results of operations.

We rely upon a number of partners to offer instant streaming of content to various devices.

We currently offer members the ability to receive streaming content through a host of internet-connected devices, including internet-enabled TVs, digital video players and mobile devices. We intend to continue to broaden our capability to instantly stream content to other platforms over time. If we are not successful in maintaining existing relationships and creating new ones, or if we encounter technological, content licensing or other impediments to our streaming content, our ability to grow our business could be adversely impacted.

We have agreements with third party partners, pursuant to which each makes available an “app” for viewing our content on its platform. Our agreements with our partners are typically between one and three years in duration and our business could be adversely affected if, upon expiration, our partners do not continue to provide access to our service or are unwilling to do so on terms acceptable to us, which terms may include the degree of accessibility and prominence of our service. We may be further harmed if these partners decide to remove our apps from their respective platforms for any other reason at any time.

Furthermore, the devices consumers use to access our content are manufactured and sold by entities other than Gaia and the devices’ performance and the connection between these devices and our service may result in consumer dissatisfaction that could result in claims against us or otherwise adversely impact our business. In addition, technology changes to our streaming functionality may require that partners update their devices. If partners do not update or otherwise modify their devices, our service and our members’ use and enjoyment could be negatively impacted.

Our revenues and results of operations have fluctuated in the past, and will likely continue to fluctuate, on a quarterly basis. Such fluctuation is the result of a seasonal pattern that reflects variations when consumers are

typically spending more time indoors and, as a result, tend to increase their viewing, similar to those of general video streaming services. The effects of the global pandemic have shifted our historical pattern over the past three years, but we have historically experienced the greatest member growth in the fourth and first quarters (October through February), and slowest during May through August. This has historically driven quarterly variations in our spending on member acquisition efforts and the number of net new subscribers we add each quarter but does not result in a corresponding seasonality in net revenue. As the world emerges from the effects of the pandemic, we expect these seasonal trends to return. As we continue to expand internationally, we also expect regional seasonality trends to demonstrate more predictable seasonal patterns as our service offering in each market becomes more established and we have a longer history to assess such patterns.

We have historically expanded our operations in part through strategic acquisitions and through new initiatives that we generate. We cannot accurately predict the timing, size and success of these efforts. Our acquisition and new initiative strategies involve significant risks that could inhibit our growth and negatively impact our operating results, including the following: our ability to identify suitable acquisition candidates or new initiatives at acceptable prices; our ability to complete the acquisitions of candidates that we identify or develop our new initiatives; our ability to compete effectively for available acquisition opportunities; increases in asking prices by acquisition candidates to levels beyond our financial capability or to levels that would not result in the returns required by our acquisition criteria; diversion of management’s attention to expansion efforts; unanticipated costs and contingent liabilities associated with acquisitions and new initiatives; failure of acquired businesses or new initiatives to achieve expected results; our failure to retain key customers or personnel of acquired businesses and difficulties entering markets in which we have no or limited experience. In addition, the size, timing and success of any future acquisitions and new initiatives may cause substantial fluctuations in our operating results from quarter to quarter. Consequently, our operating results for any quarter may not be indicative of the results that may be achieved for any subsequent quarter or for a full fiscal year. These fluctuations could adversely affect our results.

The coronavirus (COVID 19) pandemic, or other outbreaks of disease or similar public health threats, including responses to such outbreaks, could materially and adversely impact our business and results of operations.

The outbreak of COVID-19, and any other outbreaks of contagious diseases or other adverse public health developments in the United States or worldwide, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the various responses to it have created significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption. The full extent to which the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the various responses to it impacts our business, operations and financial results will depend on numerous evolving factors that we may not be able to accurately predict, including: the duration and scope of the pandemic; governmental, business and individuals’ actions that have been and continue to be taken in response to the pandemic; the effect on our members and consumer demand for and ability to pay for our services; and disruptions or restrictions on our employees’ ability to work and travel.

We will continue to actively monitor the issues raised by the COVID-19 pandemic and may take further actions that alter our business operations, as may be required by federal, state, local or foreign authorities, or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, members, partners and stockholders. It is not clear what the potential effects any such alterations or modifications may have on our business, including the effects on our members, suppliers or vendors, or on our financial results.

In addition to the potential direct impacts to our business, the global economy may continue to be impacted as a result of the actions taken in response to COVID-19. To the extent that such a weakened global economy impacts consumers’ ability or willingness to pay for our service or vendors’ ability to provide services to us, especially those related to our content productions, we could see our business and results of operations negatively impacted.

As a result of our services being internet-based and the fact that we process, store, and transmit data, including personal information, for our members, failure to prevent or mitigate data loss or other security breaches, including

breaches of our suppliers’ technology and systems, could expose us or our members to a risk of loss or misuse of such information, adversely affect our operating results, result in litigation or potential liability for us, and otherwise harm our business. We use third-party technology and systems for a variety of reasons, including, without limitation, encryption and authentication technology, employee email, content delivery to members, back-office support, and other functions. Although we have implemented systems and processes that are designed to protect member information and prevent data loss and other security breaches, including systems and processes designed to reduce the impact of a security breach at a third-party supplier, such measures cannot provide absolute security.

Any significant disruption in our network or information systems or those of third parties that we utilize in our operations could result in a loss or degradation of service and could adversely impact our business.

Our reputation and ability to attract, retain and serve our members is dependent upon the reliable performance of our network and information systems and those of third parties that we utilize in our operations. We experience occasional system interruptions and delays that make our websites and services unavailable or slow to respond and prevent us from efficiently providing services to our members, which may reduce the attractiveness of our services. If we are unable to effectively upgrade our systems and network infrastructure, and take other steps to improve the efficiency of our systems, we could face system interruptions or delays that may adversely affect our operating results.

Our systems may be subject to damage or interruption from adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, power loss, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, computer denial of service attacks, or other attempts to harm these systems. Interruptions in these systems, or to the internet in general, could make our service unavailable or degraded or otherwise hinder our ability to deliver content to our members. Service interruptions, errors in our software or the unavailability of network or information systems used in our operations could diminish the overall attractiveness of our membership service to existing and potential members.

We utilize third-party internet-based or “cloud” computing services in our business operations. We also utilize third-party content delivery networks to help us stream content in high volume to our members over the internet. Problems with these systems faced by us or our service providers, including technological or business-related disruptions, could adversely impact the experience of our members.

Any significant disruption in or unauthorized access to our network or information systems or those of third parties that we utilize in our operations arising from cyber-attacks could result in a loss or degradation of service, unauthorized disclosure of data (including member and corporate information), or theft of intellectual property, including digital content assets, which could adversely impact our business.

Our network and information systems and those of third parties we use in our operations are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats, including cyber-attacks such as computer viruses, denial of service attacks, physical or electronic break-ins and similar disruptions. These systems may experience directed attacks intended to lead to interruptions and delays in our service and operations as well as loss, misuse or theft of data or confidential information. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or users to disclose sensitive or confidential information in order to gain access to data. Any successful attempt by hackers to obtain our data (including members and corporate information) or intellectual property (including digital content assets), disrupt our service, or otherwise access our systems (or those of third parties we use), could harm our business, be expensive to remedy and damage our reputation. We have implemented certain systems and processes to thwart hackers and protect our data and systems, but techniques used to gain unauthorized access to data and software are constantly evolving, and we may be unable to anticipate or prevent unauthorized access. To date hackers have not had a material impact on our service or systems, although a risk remains that hackers may be successful in the future. Our insurance does not cover expenses related to such disruptions or unauthorized access. Efforts to prevent hackers from disrupting our service or otherwise accessing our systems are expensive to develop, implement and maintain. These efforts require ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become more sophisticated and may limit the functionality of or otherwise negatively impact our service offering and systems. Any significant disruption to our service or access to our systems could result in a loss of members and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Further, a penetration of our systems or a third party’s systems or other misappropriation or misuse of personal information could subject us to business,

regulatory, litigation and reputation risk, which could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our reputation and relationships with members would be harmed if our member data, particularly payment data, were to be accessed by unauthorized persons.

We maintain personal data regarding our members, including names and payment data. This data is maintained on our own systems as well as that of third parties we use in our operations. With respect to payment data, such as credit and debit card numbers, we rely on licensed encryption and authentication technology to secure such information. We take measures to protect against unauthorized intrusion into our members’ data. Despite these measures, our payment processing services or other third-party services we use, could experience an unauthorized intrusion into our members’ data. In the event of such a breach, current and potential members may become unwilling to provide the information to us necessary for them to remain or become members. We may also be required to notify regulators about any actual or perceived data breach (including the EU Lead Data Protection Authority) as well as the individuals who are affected by the incident within strict time periods. Additionally, we could face legal claims or regulatory fines or penalties for such a breach. The costs relating to any data breach could be material, and we currently do not carry insurance against the risk of a data breach. For these reasons, should an unauthorized intrusion into our members’ data occur, our business could be adversely affected.

We rely on proprietary technology to stream content and to manage other aspects of our operations, and the failure of this technology to operate effectively could adversely affect our business.

We continually enhance or modify the technology used for our operations. We cannot be sure that any enhancements or other modifications we make to our operations will achieve the intended results or otherwise be of value to our members. Future enhancements and modifications to our technology could consume considerable resources. If we are unable to maintain and enhance our technology to manage the streaming of content to our members in a timely and efficient manner, or if our technology, or that of third parties we utilize in our operations, fails or otherwise operates improperly, our ability to retain existing members and to add new members may be impaired. Also, any harm to our members’ personal computers or other devices caused by software used in our operations could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in how network operators handle and charge for access to data that travel across their networks could adversely impact our business.

We rely upon the ability of consumers to access our service through the internet. To the extent that network operators implement usage-based pricing, including meaningful bandwidth caps, or otherwise try to monetize access to their networks by data providers, we could incur greater operating expenses and our member acquisition and retention could be negatively impacted. Furthermore, to the extent network operators were to create tiers of internet access service and either charge us for, or prohibit us from, being available through these tiers, our business could be negatively impacted.

Our online activities are subject to a variety of laws and regulations relating to privacy which, if violated, could subject us to an increased risk of litigation and regulatory actions.

In addition to our websites and applications, we use third-party applications, websites, and social media platforms to promote our service and engage consumers, as well as monitor and collect certain information about users of our service. There are a variety of laws and regulations governing individual privacy and the protection and use of information collected from such individuals, particularly in relation to an individual’s personally identifiable information (e.g., credit card numbers). Many foreign countries have adopted similar laws governing individual privacy, some of which are more restrictive than similar U.S. laws. If our online activities were to violate any applicable current or future laws and regulations, we could be subject to litigation and regulatory actions, including fines and other penalties.

If our trademarks and other proprietary rights are not adequately protected to prevent unauthorized use or appropriation, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished, and our business may be adversely affected.

We rely and expect to continue to rely on a combination of confidentiality and license agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties with whom we have relationships, as well as trademark, copyright and trade secret protection laws, to protect our proprietary rights. We may also seek to enforce our proprietary rights through court proceedings. We may file trademark applications from time to time. These applications may not be approved, third parties may challenge any trademarks issued to or held by us, third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe our trademarks and other proprietary rights, and we may not be able to prevent infringement or misappropriation without substantial expense to us.

We currently hold various domain names, including www.gaia.com and www.gaiamtv.com. Failure to protect our domain names could adversely affect our reputation and make it more difficult for users to find our website and our service. We may be unable, without significant cost or at all, to prevent third parties from acquiring domain names that are similar to, infringe upon or otherwise decrease the value of our trademarks and other proprietary rights.

Intellectual property claims against us could be costly and result in the loss of significant rights related to, among other things, our website, title selection processes, content and marketing activities.

Our intellectual property rights extend to our technology, business processes and the content on our website. We use the intellectual property of third parties in marketing and providing our services through contractual and other rights. From time to time, third parties may allege that we have violated their intellectual property rights. If we are unable to obtain sufficient rights, successfully defend our use, or develop non-infringing technology and content or otherwise alter our business practices on a timely basis in response to claims of infringement, misappropriation, misuse or other violation of third-party intellectual property rights, our business and competitive position may be adversely affected.

Many companies devote significant resources to developing patents that could potentially affect many aspects of our business. There are numerous patents that broadly claim means and methods of conducting business on the internet. We have not searched patents relative to our technology. Defending ourselves against intellectual property claims, whether they are with or without merit or are determined in our favor, will result in costly litigation and diversion of technical and management personnel. Infringement claims also may result in our inability to use our current website, streaming technology, our recommendation and personalization technology or inability to market our service. As a result of disputes, we may have to develop non-infringing technology, enter into royalty or licensing agreements, adjust our merchandising or marketing activities or take other actions to resolve the claims. These actions, if required, may be costly or unavailable on terms acceptable to us.

Piracy of video, including digital and internet piracy, could adversely affect our business.

Video piracy is extensive in many parts of the world and has been made easier by technological advances and the conversion of video into digital formats. These trends facilitate the creation, transmission and sharing of high-quality unauthorized copies of content on DVDs, Blu-ray discs, and the internet. We may have to implement elaborate and costly security and anti-piracy measures, which could result in significant expenses and losses of revenue. We cannot provide absolute assurance that security and anti-piracy measures will prevent the piracy of our content. The proliferation of unauthorized copies of our content could have an adverse effect on our business, by reducing the revenues we receive from our subscription service.

We may be subject to litigation or regulatory proceedings that could cause us to incur substantial losses.

From time to time during the normal course of operating our businesses, we are subject to various litigation claims, regulatory proceedings and legal disputes. Some of these matters may not be covered under our insurance policies, or our insurance carriers may seek to deny coverage. As a result, we might be required to incur significant legal fees, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial position. In addition, because we cannot accurately predict the outcome of any dispute, it is possible that, as a result of current and/or future matters, we will be subject to adverse judgments or settlements that could significantly reduce our earnings or result in losses.

If government regulations relating to the internet or other areas of our business change, we may need to alter the manner in which we conduct our business or incur greater operating expenses.

The adoption or modification of laws or regulations relating to the internet or other areas of our business could limit or otherwise adversely affect the manner in which we currently conduct our business. In addition, the continued growth and development of the market for online commerce may lead to more stringent consumer protection laws, which may impose additional burdens on us. If we are required to comply with new regulations or legislation or new interpretations of existing regulations or legislation, this compliance could cause us to incur additional expenses or alter our business model.

The adoption or modification of any laws or regulations that adversely affect the growth, popularity or use of the internet, including laws impacting internet neutrality, could decrease the demand for our service and increase our cost of doing business. For example, as a result of the repeal of internet neutrality regulations in the United States, broadband internet access providers may be able to charge web-based services such as ours for priority access to members, which could result in increased costs and a loss of existing users, impairment of our ability to attract new users, and material adverse effects on our business and opportunities for growth. Additionally, as we expand internationally, government regulation concerning the internet, and in particular, network neutrality, may be nascent or non-existent. Within such a regulatory environment, coupled with potentially significant political and economic power of local network operators, we could experience discriminatory or anti-competitive practices that could impede our growth, cause us to incur additional expense or otherwise negatively affect our business.

We could be subject to economic, political, regulatory and other risks arising from international operations.

Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic and political risks that may be different from and incremental to those in the United States. In addition to the risks that we face in the United States, our international operations may involve risks that could adversely affect our business, including the following: the need to adapt our content and user interfaces for specific cultural and language differences, including licensing a certain portion of our content library before we have developed a full appreciation for its performance within a given territory; difficulties and costs associated with staffing and managing foreign operations; management distraction; political or social unrest and economic instability; compliance with U.S. laws, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, export controls and economic sanctions, and local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to government officials; unexpected changes in regulatory requirements; less favorable foreign intellectual property laws; adverse tax consequences such as those related to repatriation of cash from foreign jurisdictions into the United States, non-income related taxes such as value-added tax or other indirect taxes, changes in tax laws or their interpretations, or the application of judgment in determining our global provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities given inter-company transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain; fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could impact revenues and expenses of our international operations and expose us to foreign currency exchange rate risk; profit repatriation and other restrictions on the transfer of funds; differing payment processing systems as well as consumer use and acceptance of electronic payment methods, such as credit and debit cards; new and different sources of competition; different and more stringent user protection, data protection, privacy and other laws; and availability of reliable broadband connectivity and wide area networks in targeted areas for expansion.

Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully could harm our international operations and our overall business, and results of our operations.

We may seek additional capital that may result in shareholder dilution or that may have rights senior to those of our common shareholders.

From time to time, we may seek to obtain additional capital, either through equity, equity-linked or debt securities. Our cash flows provided by our operating activities were negative in 2019, but as planned have been positive since 2020. To the extent we are unable to maintain positive cash flows from operations, we may seek additional capital. The decision to obtain additional capital will depend on, among other things, our business plans, operating performance and condition of the capital markets. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, our shareholders may experience dilution, and such securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to the rights of our common stock. Any large equity or equity-linked offering could also negatively impact our stock price.

We rely on the continued service and performance of our senior management, in particular Jirka Rysavy, our Chairman, CEO and founder. In our industry, there is substantial and continuous competition for highly skilled business, product development, technical and other personnel. Hiring qualified management is difficult due to the limited number of qualified professionals in our industry. Failure to recruit, attract and retain personnel, particularly management personnel, could materially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Mr. Rysavy holds 100% of our 5,400,000 outstanding shares of Class B common stock and also owns 475,061 shares of Class A common stock. The shares of Class B common stock are convertible into shares of Class A common stock at any time. Each share of Class B common stock has ten votes per share, and each share of Class A common stock has one vote per share. Consequently, Mr. Rysavy holds approximately 78% of our voting stock and is able to exert substantial influence over and control matters requiring approval by shareholders, including the election of directors, increasing our authorized capital stock, or a merger or sale of substantially all of our assets. As a result of Mr. Rysavy’s control of us, no change of control can occur without Mr. Rysavy’s consent.

Our business is subject to reporting requirements that continue to evolve and change, which could continue to require significant compliance effort and resources.

Because our common stock is publicly traded, we are subject to certain rules and regulations of federal, state and financial market exchange entities charged with the protection of investors and the oversight of companies whose securities are publicly traded. These entities, including the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the SEC and NASDAQ, periodically issue new requirements and regulations. Legislative bodies also review and revise applicable laws. As interpretation and implementation of these laws and rules and promulgation of new regulations continues, we will continue to be required to commit significant financial and managerial resources and incur additional expenses.

Liability relating to environmental matters may impact the value of our real property.

We may be subject to environmental liabilities arising from our ownership of real property. Under various U.S. federal, state and local laws, an owner or operator of real property may become liable for the costs of removal of certain hazardous substances released on its property. These laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release of such hazardous substances.

The presence of hazardous substances on real property owned by us may adversely affect our ability to sell such real property and we may incur substantial remediation costs, thus harming our financial condition. The discovery of material environmental liabilities attached to such real property could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Any of these events, in combination or individually, could disrupt our business and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our principal physical properties are set forth below. We believe these facilities are adequate to meet our current needs.

On September 9, 2020, our wholly owned subsidiary Boulder Road sold a 50% undivided interest in a portion of our Colorado campus to Westside Boulder, LLC. Boulder Road retained a 50% undivided interest in the property as well as full ownership of our studio and production facilities. In connection with the transaction, Boulder Road leased the property pursuant to a master lease for a term extending through September 30, 2030, with two five-year extensions.

Gaia guaranteed Boulder Road’s obligations under the master lease. Our Colorado facility is subject to a $13.0 million mortgage with First Interstate Bank as lender.

From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings that we consider to be in the normal course of business. We record accruals that can be reasonably estimated for losses related to matters against us that we consider to be probable. In the opinion of management, based on available information, settlements, arbitration awards and final judgments, if any, that are considered probable of being rendered against us in litigation or arbitration in existence at December 31, 2022 and that can be reasonably estimated are either reserved against or would not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

In June 2020, Gaia received a request for voluntary production of documents in an investigation by the staff of the Denver Regional Office (the “Staff”) of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Since that time, Gaia has responded to the initial voluntary requests and subsequent subpoenas issued by the Staff. In September 2022, Gaia and Gaia's Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) reached an agreement in principle with the Staff on a framework for a complete resolution of the investigation. The agreement in principle contemplates that Gaia would consent, without admitting or denying any findings, to the entry of an administrative order: (1) finding that Gaia (a) misstated in its April 29, 2019 earnings release and earnings call the increase in the number of paying subscribers for the period ending March 31, 2019, a quarter during which Gaia extended a free month of service to certain subscribers in the midst of a transition to a new enterprise-wide data system and (b) failed to comply with SEC whistleblower protection requirements with respect to the termination of one employee and the language used in severance agreements for other employees; and (2) requiring Gaia to pay a total civil monetary penalty of $2.0 million over a one-year period for these violations. At the same time, the CFO would consent, without admitting or denying any findings, to the entry of an administrative order: (1) finding that the CFO caused Gaia's misstatements in the April 29, 2019 earnings release and earnings call that is described above; and (2) requiring the CFO to pay a civil monetary penalty of $0.05 million. The contemplated settlement with Gaia and the CFO involve violations that require only negligence rather than intentional conduct. There can be no assurance that the contemplated settlement will be finalized and approved. Based on the Gaia’s agreement in principle with the Staff, however, Gaia has accrued a liability in the amount of $2.0 million.

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our Class A common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “GAIA”. On February 21, 2023, we had 3,244 shareholders of record of our Class A common stock and one shareholder of record (Mr. Rysavy) of our Class B common stock.

We have not paid any dividends since the start of the streaming business. The timing, declaration and payment of future dividends to holders of our common stock will depend upon many factors, including our cash balances and potential future capital requirements for strategic transactions, including acquisitions, results of operations, financial condition and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

The following table summarizes equity compensation plan information for our Class A common stock at December 31, 2022:

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. When used in this discussion, we intend the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “future,” “hope,” “intend” “may,” “might,” “objective,” “ongoing,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “strive,” “target,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions as they relate to us to identify such forward-looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from the results anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ include, without limitation: our ability to attract new members and retain existing members; our ability to compete effectively, including for customer engagement with different modes of entertainment; maintenance and expansion of devise platforms for streaming; fluctuation in customer usage of our service; fluctuations in quarterly operating results; service disruptions; production risks, general economic conditions; future losses; loss of key personnel; price changes; brand reputation; acquisitions; new initiatives we undertake; security and information systems; legal liability for website content; failure of third parties to provide adequate service; future internet-related taxes; our founder’s control of us; litigation; consumer trends; the effect of government regulation and programs; the impact of public health threats; including the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and our response to it; and other risks and uncertainties included in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We caution you that no forward-looking statement is a guarantee of future performance, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements which reflect our views only as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking information.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this document. This section is designed to provide information that will assist readers in understanding our consolidated financial statements, changes in certain items in those statements from year to year, the primary factors that caused those changes and how certain accounting principles, policies and estimates affect the consolidated financial statements.

We operate a global digital video subscription service with a library of over 10,000 titles, with a growing selection of titles available in Spanish, German and French that caters to a unique, underserved member base. Our digital content is available to our members on most internet-connected devices anytime, anywhere, commercial-free. Through our online Gaia subscription service our members have unlimited access to a library of inspiring films, cutting edge documentaries, interviews, yoga classes, transformation related content, and more – 80% of which is exclusively available to our members for digital streaming on most internet-connected devices.

Gaia’s position in the streaming video landscape is firmly supported by its wide variety of exclusive and unique content, which provides a complementary offering to other entertainment-based streaming video services. Our original content is developed and produced in-house in our production studios near Boulder, Colorado. By offering exclusive and unique content through our streaming service, we believe we will be able to significantly expand our target member base.

Our available content is currently focused on yoga, transformation, alternative healing, seeking truth and conscious films. This content is specifically targeted to a unique member base that is interested in alternatives and supplements to the content provided by mainstream media. We have grown these content options both organically through our own productions and through strategic acquisitions. In addition, through our investments in our streaming video technology and our user interface, we have expanded the many ways our subscription member base can access our unique library of media titles.

Our core strategy is to grow our subscription business domestically and internationally by expanding our unique and exclusive content library, enhancing our user interface, extending our streaming service to new internet-connected devices as they are developed and creating a conscious community built around our content.

The full impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our business, operations and financial results will depend on a number of evolving factors that we may not be able to accurately predict. See Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-K for additional details.

Commencing during the second half of March 2020 and continuing through July 2020, we saw an increase in demand for our content from both current and potential members. This created a positive trend in existing member retention, costs to acquire new members, and the corresponding revenue and cash flow impacts from these higher volumes. This trend dissipated beginning in August 2020, when we saw the online paid media advertising market start to return to historical norms with a corresponding effect on the cost of our online advertising efforts. With the rollout of privacy changes affecting a large number of mobile consumers during the summer of 2021 we saw an increase in the costs of our online advertising efforts which reduced the number of new members we add each period with our allocated marketing spend. In addition, in the period of March through October 2022, we lost about 40% of the members we added during the COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020 and 2021.

During the last 90 days, we have eliminated approximately $5 million in annualized spending, which includes approximately 36 full time equivalent headcount that were added over the past two years to offset reduced efficiency we experienced as a result of work from home mandates.

We are a Colorado corporation. Our principal and executive office is located at 833 West South Boulder Road, Louisville, CO 80027-2452. Our telephone number at that address is (303) 222-3600.

The following table sets forth certain financial data as a percentage of net revenues for the periods indicated:

Revenues, net. Revenues increased $2.4 million, or 3.0%, to $82.0 million during 2022, compared to $79.6 million during 2021. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in our average number of members in 2022 compared to 2021.

Cost of revenues. Cost of revenues increased $0.4 million, or 3.8%, to $10.9 million during 2022 from $10.5 million during 2021, with gross margin of 86.7% in the current year compared to 86.8% in 2021. The slight gross margin decline was primarily due to increased content amortization as we continue to invest in our content library.

Selling and operating expenses. Selling and operating expenses increased $3.6 million, or 5.9%, to $64.2 million during 2022 from $60.6 million during 2021 and, as a percentage of revenues, increased to 78.2% during 2022 from 76.1% during 2021. The increase was primarily driven by increased technology operating costs as we focus on expanding our international member base and completing a business continuity initiative during 2022, as well as incremental expenses incurred related to the Yoga International acquisition.

Corporate, general and administration expenses. Corporate, general and administration expenses increased $1.1 million, or 18.0%, to $7.2 million during 2022 from $6.1 million during 2021 and, as a percentage of net revenue, increased to 8.8% during 2022 from 7.7% during 2021. The increase was primarily driven by legal fees and the additional expenses incurred as a result of the Yoga International acquisition.

Interest and other income (expense), net. Interest and other income (expense), net remained relatively flat during 2022 compared to 2021 at $0.3 million for both years. The bulk of interest paid is attributed to the loan on our building and the newly acquired line of credit discussed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes. Provision for (benefit from) income taxes reflects a current year provision of $0.2 million compared to the prior year benefit from income taxes due to the partial valuation allowance release related to the recognition of deferred tax liabilities associated with the acquisition of Yoga International.

The following tables set forth our unaudited results of operations for each of the quarters in 2022 and 2021. In our opinion, this unaudited financial information includes all adjustments, consisting solely of normal recurring accruals and adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations for the quarters presented. You should

read this financial information in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The results of operations for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of future results of operations.

Our member base growth reflects seasonal variations driven primarily by periods when consumers typically spend more time indoors and, as a result, tend to increase their viewing, similar to those of traditional TV and cable networks. The effects of the global pandemic have shifted our historical pattern over the past three years, but we have historically experienced the greatest member growth in the fourth and first quarters (October through February), and slowest during May through August. This has historically driven quarterly variations in our spending on member acquisition efforts and the number of net new subscribers we add each quarter but does not result in a corresponding seasonality in net revenue. As the world emerges from the effects of the pandemic, we expect these seasonal trends to return. As we continue to expand internationally, we also expect regional seasonality trends to demonstrate more predictable seasonal patterns as our service offering in each market becomes more established and we have a longer history to assess such patterns.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, which require us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in

the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K summarizes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

We believe the following to be critical accounting policies whose application has a material impact on our financial presentation, and involve a higher degree of complexity, as they require us to make judgments and estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain.

Media library represents the lower of unamortized cost or net realizable value of capitalized costs to produce our proprietary media content, rights obtained through license arrangements and digital media content acquired through asset purchases or business combinations.

The value of our produced media library consists of capitalized costs incurred to produce original media content, including salary and overhead costs of our in-house production team and other third-party costs.

Our licensed media library is obtained through license arrangements. Generally, we pay an advance against a percentage royalty or an upfront license fee in exchange for the distribution rights for a specific license window, but we may also obtain a license for a fixed fee for perpetuity. These payments are capitalized at the time of payment. Certain agreements also include an ongoing royalty obligation, which entitles the licensor to a share of the revenues generated from the licensed works. These expenses are calculated and accrued on a monthly basis and included in costs of revenues. We pay these accrued royalties on a quarterly basis and therefore have included the related liability in accrued liabilities.

The value of our acquired media library consists of the acquisition date fair value of media assets obtained through asset acquisitions and business combinations recorded at the estimated fair value of the titles acquired, which is based on a number of factors, including the number of titles, the total hours of content, the production quality and age of the acquired media assets.

We amortize our media library in cost of revenues on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the license period or the estimated useful life of the titles, which typically ranges from 12 to 90 months. The amortization period begins with the first month of availability on our service.

Management reviews content viewership to determine whether viewing patterns correlate with initial estimates supporting the amortization period utilized. If current estimates indicate that viewing is significantly higher in earlier periods relative to the remaining amortization period, we will begin amortizing the respective titles on an accelerated basis over the amortization period. Due to our exclusive content and growing member base, our viewership trends have continued to support both the amortization period and the straight-line basis of amortization with no additional amortization recorded.

Our media library is reviewed for impairment at the film group level when an event or change in circumstances indicates that the carrying amount of the film group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the film group is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the film group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the film group. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value. No impairment charges were recorded during 2022 or 2021.

amount. If the estimated fair value of goodwill exceeds its carrying amount, we consider the goodwill to not be impaired. If the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its estimated fair value, we use either a comparable market approach or a traditional present value method to test for potential impairment. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of goodwill is highly subjective and requires significant judgment at many points during the analysis. Application of alternative assumptions and definitions could yield significantly different results. During 2022 and 2021, no impairment of goodwill was indicated.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recorded with respect to temporary differences in the accounting treatment of items for financial reporting purposes and for income tax purposes. The tax expense or benefit related to ordinary income or loss must be computed at an annual effective tax rate and the tax expense or benefit related to all other items must be individually computed and recognized as a discrete item when it occurs. Where, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some amount of recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established for the amount that, in management’s judgment, is sufficient to reduce the deferred tax asset to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. As we have historically had cumulative losses, we have not released the current valuation allowance. The timing of the release of the valuation allowance will be dependent on cumulative income for a period of 36 months and an expectation that we will not have cumulative losses in the future.

A tax position must meet a minimum probability threshold before a financial statement benefit is recognized. The minimum threshold is defined as a tax position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

We recognize compensation cost for share-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the date of grant. We measure compensation cost at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award and recognize compensation cost upon the probable attainment of a specified performance condition over the estimated performance period or for time-based awards over the service period. Since 2019, we have only granted restricted stock units, for which we utilize the intrinsic valuation model to estimate fair value.

Our capital needs arise from working capital required to fund operations, capital expenditures related to acquisition and development of media content, development and marketing of our digital platforms, acquisitions of new businesses and other investments, replacements, expansions and improvements to our infrastructure, and future growth. These capital requirements depend on numerous factors, including the rate of market acceptance of our offerings, our ability to expand our customer base, the cost of ongoing upgrades to our offerings, our expenditures for marketing, and other factors. Additionally, we will continue to pursue opportunities to expand our media libraries, evaluate possible investments in businesses and technologies, and increase our marketing programs as needed.

On December 28, 2020, Boulder Road and Westside Boulder, LLC entered into a loan agreement with First Interstate Bank, as lender, providing for a mortgage loan in the principal amount of $13.0 million. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.75% per annum and matures on December 28, 2025. Westside and Boulder Road each received 50% of the proceeds and are each responsible for 50% of the monthly installments. The loan is secured by a deed of trust, assignment of rents, security agreement and fixture filing on our corporate campus and is guaranteed by Gaia.

On August 25, 2022, Gaia entered into a Credit and Security Agreement with KeyBank National Association. The Credit Agreement provides for a revolving credit facility in an aggregate amount of up to $10.0 million with a sublimit of $1.0 million available for issuances of letters of credit. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are

available for working capital and general corporate purposes, but not to fund any permitted acquisitions or other investments.

We began to generate positive cash flows from operations in October 2019 and have continued to generate cash flows from operations each subsequent quarter. We expect to continue generating positive cash flows from operations during 2023. We generated approximately $11.5 million in cash flows from operations during 2022, which helped fund the ongoing investment in our content library and the technology platform we use to deliver the content to our members.

We intend to invest approximately 15%-20% of our consolidated revenues each year to support continued investment in our content library and technology platform. This spending is entirely discretionary in nature with no contractual commitments and due to our in-house production capabilities, we can scale our content investment based on the cash flows generated from operations if necessary to ensure we have sufficient liquidity to operate our business into the future. As of December 31, 2022, our cash balance was $11.6 million.

In the normal course of our business, we investigate, evaluate and discuss acquisition, joint venture, minority investment, strategic relationship and other business combination opportunities in our market. For any future investment, acquisition or joint venture opportunities, we may consider using then-available liquidity, issuing equity securities or incurring indebtedness.

While there can be no assurances, we believe our cash on hand, cash expected to be generated from operations, and potential capital raising capabilities should be sufficient to fund our operations on both a short-term and long-term basis. However, our projected cash needs may change as a result of acquisitions, product development, unforeseen operational difficulties or other factors.

The following table summarizes our primary sources (uses) of cash during the periods presented:

Operating activities. Cash flows from operations decreased $9.3 million during 2022 compared to 2021. The decrease was primarily driven by the net loss in 2022 and a $7.5 million decrease due to working capital changes.

Investing activities. Cash flow used in investing activities decreased $4.8 million during 2022 compared to 2021 primarily due to 2021 including cash utilization of $6.5 million to fund the cash consideration portion of the acquisition of Yoga International, offset by a planned increase during 2022 in investment in our content library and technology platform.

Financing activities. Cash flows from financing activities improved $8.2 million during 2022 compared to 2021. In September 2022, we obtained a line of credit with KeyBank, as described in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K, and had borrowed $9.0 million at December 31, 2022.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Gaia, Inc. (“the Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, media library represents the lower of unamortized cost or net realizable value of capitalized costs to produce the Company’s proprietary media content, rights obtained through license arrangements and digital media content acquired through asset purchases or business combinations. The Company amortizes its media library in cost of revenues on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the license period or the estimated useful life of the titles, which typically ranges from 12 to 90 months. The amortization period begins with the first month of availability on the Company’s service.

The Company’s media library is reviewed for impairment when an event or change in circumstances indicates that the carrying amount of the film group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the film group is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the film group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the film group. If the carrying amount of the film group exceeds the estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value.

We identified the assessment of the valuation of media library as a critical audit matter. There was a high degree of subjective auditor judgment in evaluating the recoverability of the capitalized media library amounts.

The primary procedures we performed to audit the critical audit matter included the following:

References in this report to “we”, “us”, “our”, “Company” or “Gaia” refer to Gaia, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless we indicate otherwise.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Cash

Cash represents on-demand accounts with financial institutions that are denominated in U.S. dollars. We consider investments in financial instruments purchased with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. We also classify amounts in transit from payment processors for member credit card and debit card transactions as cash.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consists primarily of amounts due from partners who have the billing relationship with the member and collect subscription fees on our behalf. We evaluate the need for an allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical collection trends, the financial condition of the partners and other factors as appropriate and determined no allowance was needed at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Property and Equipment

We state property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Property and equipment are included in Media library, software and equipment in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. We include in property and equipment the cost of internal-use software, including software used in connection with our websites. We expense all costs related to the development of internal-use software other than those incurred during the application development stage. We capitalize the costs we incur during the application development stage and amortize them over the estimated useful life of the software, which is typically three years. We compute depreciation of property and equipment on the straight-line method over estimated useful lives, generally 3 to 45 years. We amortize building improvements over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or remaining life of the building. Depreciation expense is included in selling and operating expense, and corporate, general and administration expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Media Library

Our media library is reviewed at the film group level for impairment when an event or change in circumstances indicates that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the film group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the film group. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the estimated fair value of assets acquired less liabilities assumed in a business acquisition. We have only one reporting unit; therefore, goodwill is assessed at the enterprise level. We review goodwill for impairment annually on December 31 or more frequently if indicators of impairment are identified. We have the option of first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether events and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill is less than its carrying amount. If it is determined that the estimated fair value of goodwill is more likely than not greater than the carrying amount of goodwill, then an impairment test is unnecessary. If it is determined that an impairment test is necessary, then we compare the estimated fair value of goodwill with its carrying amount. If the estimated fair value of goodwill exceeds its carrying amount, we consider the goodwill not impaired. If the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its estimated fair value, we will record an impairment loss for the difference. We use either a comparable market approach or a traditional present value method to test for potential impairment. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of goodwill is highly subjective and requires significant judgment at many points during the analysis. Application of alternative assumptions and definitions could yield significantly different results. During 2022 and 2021, no impairment of goodwill was indicated.

Long-Lived Assets

We evaluate the carrying value of long-lived assets held and used, other than goodwill, when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. We consider the carrying value of a long-lived asset impaired when the total projected undiscounted cash flows from such asset are separately identifiable and are less than the carrying value. We recognize a loss based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the long-lived asset. We determine the estimated fair value primarily using the projected cash flows from the asset discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. During 2022 and 2021, no impairment of long-lived assets was recognized.

Income Taxes

We provide for income taxes pursuant to the liability method. The liability method requires recognition of deferred income taxes based on temporary differences between financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities, using current enacted income tax rates and regulations. These differences will result in taxable income or deductions in future years when the reported amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled, respectively. Considerable judgment is required in determining when these events may occur and whether recovery of an asset, including the utilization of a net operating loss or other carryforward prior to its expiration, is more likely than not.

Revenue Recognition

Revenues consist primarily of subscription fees paid by our members. We present revenues net of taxes collected from members. Members are billed in advance and revenues are recognized ratably over the subscription term. Deferred revenues consist of subscription fees collected from members that have not been earned and are recognized ratably over the remaining term of the subscription. We recognize revenue on a net basis for relationships where our partners have the primary relationship, including billing and service delivery, with the member. Payments made to partners to assist in promoting our service on their platforms are expensed to marketing expenses in the period incurred. We do not allow access to our service to be provided as part of a bundle by any of our partners.

Discontinued Operations

Yoga International historically had a line of business focused on transactional course sales. This content was rolled into the subscription offering at the end of 2021 and this line of business was discontinued in 2022 as the contractual commitments related to this line of business lapse. There are no other assets or liabilities associated with this revenue stream. As this represents a strategic shift with a major effect on our operations and financial results, we have presented the results of operations related to winding up this line of business as discontinued operations on the accompanying statement of operations.

Business Combinations

Gaia recognizes identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the acquisition date. While we use our best estimates and assumptions as part of the purchase price allocation process to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed, these estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. The authoritative guidance allows a measurement period of up to one year from the date of acquisition to make adjustments to the preliminary allocation of the purchase price. As a result, during the measurement period we may record adjustments to the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill to the extent that it identifies adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation. Upon conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments will be recorded to the consolidated statement of operations.

Marketing

Marketing costs consist primarily of advertising expenses, which include promotional activities such as online advertising and public relations expenditures. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and included in selling and operating expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. During 2022 and 2021, we expensed marketing and advertising costs of $30.5 million and $31.3 million, respectively.

Share-Based Compensation

We recognize compensation cost for share-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on date of grant. We measure compensation cost at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award and recognize compensation cost upon the probable attainment of a specified performance condition over the estimated performance period or for time-based awards over the service period. Since 2019, we have only granted restricted stock units, for which we utilize the intrinsic valuation model to estimate fair value.

Segment Information

Gaia’s Chief Executive Officer is the chief operating decision maker, who reviews Gaia’s financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating our financial performance. Accordingly, we have determined that we operate in a single reporting segment.

Defined Contribution Plan

We have adopted a defined contribution retirement plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Internal Revenue Code”), which covers substantially all employees. Eligible employees may contribute amounts to the plan, via payroll withholding, subject to certain limitations. The 401(k) plan permits, but does not require, us to make additional matching contributions to the 401(k) plan on behalf of all participants in the 401(k) plan. We match 50% of an employee’s contribution, up to an annual maximum matching contribution of $3,000. We made matching contributions to the 401(k) plan of $0.3 million in each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Assets and liabilities are valued based upon observable and non-observable

inputs. Valuations using Level 1 inputs are based on unadjusted quoted prices that are available in active markets for the identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs utilize significant other observable inputs available at the measurement date, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, either directly or indirectly; and valuations using Level 3 inputs are based on significant unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by observable market data and reflect the use of significant management judgment. The carrying amounts of our cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other current liabilities approximate their fair values.

Leases

As discussed in Note 8, we entered into an operating lease in connection with the sale of a portion of our corporate campus. We record the right to use the underlying asset for the operating lease term as an asset and our obligation to make lease payments as a liability. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recognized on the balance sheet and the expense for these short-term leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments are not included in the lease payments used to measure the lease liability and are expensed as incurred.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted-average number of outstanding shares of common stock during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted-average number of outstanding shares of common stock and, when dilutive, potential shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Potential shares of common stock consist of incremental shares issuable upon the assumed exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units utilizing the treasury stock method.

Investments

Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries, joint ventures, and other investees in which we have an interest of 20 to 50 percent and can exercise significant influence are accounted for using the equity method. Under this method of accounting, we record our proportionate share of the net earnings or losses of the equity method investee and a corresponding increase or decrease to the investment balance. We evaluate our equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may not be recoverable.

Our investment is carried at fair value, but we have used the practical expedient guidance to record at cost, with adjustments for other-than-temporary declines in fair value as applicable. We evaluate our investment for impairment annually and when factors indicate that a significant decrease in value has occurred. Variables considered in making such assessments may include near-term prospects of the investees and the investees’ capital structure, as well as other economic variables which reflect assumptions market participants may use in pricing these assets. If an investment is deemed to have experienced an other-than-temporary decline below its carrying value basis, we reduce the carrying amount of the investment to its quoted or estimated fair value, as applicable, and establish a new carrying value for the investment. We did not record any impairment charges on our investments during the years 2022 or 2021.

Use of Estimates and Reclassifications

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Although we base these estimates on our best knowledge of current events and actions that we may undertake in the future, actual results may be different from the estimates. We have made certain reclassifications to prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentations.

3. Media Library, Software and Equipment

Media library, software and equipment stated at lower of cost or net realizable value, consists of the following as of December 31:


(in thousands)	2022			2021
Website development and other software	$	18,805		$	17,639
Studio, computer and telephone equipment		1,992			2,060
Media library:
Acquired media		7,812			9,989
Licensed media		5,895			5,874
Produced media		48,001			41,701
Produced media in progress		2,881			2,893
		85,386			80,156
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(34,271	)		(29,598	)
	$	51,115		$	50,558

As described in Note 2, amortization is over typically 12-90 months commencing with the month the content is available on our site and is included in cost of revenues on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Amortization expense for our media library was $8.3 million and $6.5 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively. Future depreciation and amortization is expected to be:


(in thousands)	Acquired Media		Licensed Media		Produced Media		Website Development and Other Software		Studio, Computer and Telephone Equipment		Total
2023	$	1,039	$	946	$	6,626	$	5,206	$	486	$	14,303
2024		1,039		805		6,265		3,459		346		11,914
2025		921		637		5,638		1,286		220		8,702
2026		881		413		4,746		—		84		6,124
2027		735		227		3,546		—		14		4,522
Thereafter		1,080		146		4,324		—		—		5,550
	$	5,695	$	3,174	$	31,145	$	9,951	$	1,150	$	51,115

4. Business Combinations

On December 22, 2021, Gaia, entered into and completed its acquisition of Yoga International pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger (“Merger Agreement”). At closing all of the issued and outstanding shares of Yoga International preferred and common stock were converted into the right to receive an aggregate of $9.1 million in cash plus a total of 1,134,613 shares of Gaia Class A common stock. The initial cash consideration was reduced by $1.5 million to offset Yoga International’s working capital shortfall at closing pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement. The determination of the number of shares issued pursuant to the Merger Agreement was based on the ten-day volume weighted average price of Gaia Class A common stock as listed on the Nasdaq Global Market during the ten trading-day period ending on December 16, 2021 (the third trading day before the last business day prior to the date of the Merger Agreement). Half of the shares of Gaia Class A common stock issued were subject to a six-month holdback arrangement and the other half were subject to a holdback until January 1, 2023. Included in the aggregate cash consideration was $1.0 million of deferred cash consideration that was due and payable on March 1, 2022 subject to certain adjustments related to closing liabilities. We paid $0.9 million of this deferred cash consideration in March 2022. These adjustments have been factored into the purchase price summarized below.

The acquisition expanded Gaia’s content library by 4,000 hours of content and also added a stand-alone digital yoga subscription service to Gaia’s offerings. With the acquisition, Gaia now has a subscription offering tailored to the unique needs of consumers focused on the lifestyle and philosophy of yoga.

The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination and the total purchase price of $17.2 million was allocated to the net tangible and intangible assets and liabilities based on their fair values on the acquisition date with the excess recorded as goodwill. The values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on their fair values. As of December 31, 2022, we have finalized our purchase price allocation, which resulted in

measurement period adjustments that increased goodwill by $3.1 million, increased other liabilities by $0.9 million and reduced content library by $2.2 million.

The purchase price components are summarized in the following table:


(in thousands)	Total
Fair value of Class A common stock transferred	$	9,724
Cash consideration		7,473
Total purchase price, as adjusted	$	17,197

The following table presents the final purchase price allocation, as adjusted, recorded in Gaia’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022:


(in thousands)	Total
Cash	$	829
Accounts receivable		21
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		248
Media library, software and equipment		47
Intangible assets		7,063
Goodwill		14,654
Accounts payable and other liabilities		(1,889	)
Deferred tax liability for acquired intangible assets		(2,079	)
Deferred revenue		(1,697	)
Total purchase price	$	17,197

Identifiable intangible assets are comprised of the following as of December 31, 2022:


(in thousands)	Total		Estimated Life (months)
Customer relationships	$	2,000		48
Content library		4,793		90
Tradenames		270		48
Total intangible assets acquired	$	7,063

Customer relationships consists of the estimated value of future cash flows from current Yoga International members. These relationships are on a month-to-month basis for monthly plans and on an annual basis for annual plans. Content library consists of the fair value of approximately 4,000 hours of original content acquired. Tradenames represent the value of the Yoga International brand.

Goodwill generated from this acquisition primarily represents the value that is expected from the increased scale and synergies as a result of the integration of both businesses. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

The estimated fair value of the intangible assets acquired was determined by Gaia. We engaged a third‑party expert to assist with the valuation analysis. The Company used a multi period excess earnings method to value customer relationships, a cost approach to value the content library and a relief from royalty method to value tradenames. The net tangible assets were valued at their respective carrying amounts as of the acquisition date, as we believe that these amounts approximate their current fair values.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, Gaia incurred costs related to this acquisition of $0.05 million and $0.4 million, respectively, which are included in acquisition costs in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information gives effect to the acquisition of Yoga International as if it was consummated on January 1, 2021 (the beginning of the comparable prior reporting period). There were no material pro forma adjustments required. This unaudited data is presented for informational purposes only and is not intended to represent or be indicative of the results of operations that would have been reported had the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2021. It should not be taken as representative of future results of operations of the combined company.

The following table presents the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2021

Revenues	$	89,488
Net income (loss)		4,569

5. Investment, Real Estate and Other Assets

We sold a 50% undivided interest in a portion of our corporate campus on September 9, 2020 as further discussed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2020, we reported the retained interest as investment in real estate and reclassified our real estate to investment, real estate and other assets on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

In 2016, we purchased 10% of the outstanding common stock and associated voting rights of a privately held Colorado corporation for $10.0 million. We are accounting for this investment at fair value, but have utilized the practical expedient guidance to record at cost. As part of our initial investment, we have the right, but not the obligation, to purchase additional shares. If we elect not to utilize our right to purchase additional shares or transfer these rights to another party by certain deadlines, we may be required to surrender and forfeit our existing stock ownership.

Investment, real estate and other assets consist of the following as of December 31:


(in thousands)	2022		2021
Corporate campus, net	$	12,170	$	12,747
Studio building, net		1,999		2,164
Investment, recorded at cost		10,000		10,000
Other assets		4,556		3,662
Other intangible assets, net		2,254		2,821
	$	30,979	$	31,394

6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The following table sets forth changes in goodwill:


(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	28,870
Measurement period adjustment		3,073
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	31,943

The following table represents our other intangible assets by major asset class as of the dates indicated, which are included in Investments and Other Assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31:


(in thousands)	2022			2021
Amortizable Intangible Assets
Customer relationships	$	2,000		$	2,000
Tradenames		270			270
Accumulated amortization		(579	)		(12	)
	$	1,691		$	2,258

Unamortized Intangible Assets
Domain names	$	563		$	653

The customer related intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over 12 months. Amortization expense was $568 thousand and $12 thousand for 2022and 2021, respectively. Future amortization of our amortizable intangible assets as of December 31, 2022 is expected to be as follows:


(in thousands)
2023	$	568
2024		568
2025		555
	$	1,691

8. Leases

In connection with the sale of a portion of our corporate campus as further discussed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements, we leased the property pursuant to a master lease for a term extending through September 30, 2030, with two five-year extensions. We record the right to use the underlying asset for the operating lease term as an asset and our obligation to make lease payments as a liability, based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. On commencement of the lease, we recorded a right-of-use asset and operating lease liability of $8.8 million.

Because the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, we use our incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of lease payments. Information related to our right-of-use asset and related lease liability were as follows:


		December 31,		December 31,
(in thousands)	Balance Sheet Classification	2022		2021
Right-of-use asset	Right-of-use lease asset, net	$	7,093	$	7,871

Operating lease liability (current)	Accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities	$	745	$	718
Operating lease liability (non-current)	Long-term lease liability		6,489		7,234
		$	7,234	$	7,952


	For the Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	$	1,001	$	1,001

Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Future amortization of our lease liability as of December 31, 2022 is expected to be as follows:


(in thousands)
2023		1,001
2024		1,008
2025		1,035
2026		1,064
2027		1,093
Thereafter		3,160
Future lease payments, gross		8,361
Less: Imputed interest		(1,127	)
Operating lease liability	$	7,234

9. Debt

On September 9, 2020, Boulder Road sold a 50% undivided interest in a portion of our corporate campus to Westside Boulder, LLC (“Westside”). Boulder Road retained a 50% undivided interest in the property as well as full ownership of our studio and production facilities. Boulder Road received consideration of $13.2 million in the transaction.

On December 28, 2020, Boulder Road and Westside entered into a loan agreement with First Interstate Bank, as lender, providing for a mortgage loan in the principal amount of $13.0 million. The mortgage bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.75% per annum, matures on December 28, 2025, is secured by a deed of trust on our corporate campus, a portion of which is owned by Boulder Road and Westside as tenants-in-common and the remainder of which is owned by Boulder Road. Westside and Boulder Road each received 50% of the loan proceeds and are each responsible for 50% of the monthly installments. Gaia guaranteed payment of the mortgage. The mortgage is subject to certain financial covenants related to the underlying property.

On August 25, 2022 (the "Closing Date"), Gaia, as borrower, and certain subsidiaries, as guarantors, entered into a Credit and Security Agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with KeyBank National Association ("KeyBank"). The Credit Agreement provides for a revolving credit facility in an aggregate amount of up to $10 million with a sublimit of $1 million available for issuances of letters of credit. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are available for working capital and general corporate purposes, but not to fund any permitted acquisitions or other investments. On December 31, 2022, $9.0 million was drawn under the Credit Agreement, which is included in Long-term debt, net on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022.

Loans made, or letters of credit issued, under the Credit Agreement mature on August 25, 2025 and are secured (subject to permitted liens and other exceptions) by a first priority lien on all business assets, including intellectual property, of Gaia and the subsidiary guarantors.

Any advance under the Credit Agreement shall bear interest at the Daily Simple SOFR rate (subject to a floor of 0.00%), plus, the SOFR Index Adjustment of 0.10%, plus a margin of 2.00%; provided, that, during the existence of a Benchmark Unavailability Period or a SOFR Unavailability Period, advances shall bear interest at the Base Rate, which is a fluctuating interest rate per annum equal to the highest of (i) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50%, (ii) KeyBank’s “prime rate,” (iii) SOFR and (iv) 3.00%, plus, in each instance, a margin of 1.00%.

The aggregate outstanding amount of advances under the Credit Agreement is required to be $0 for at least 30 consecutive days during the period commencing on the 12-month anniversary of the Closing Date and ending on the 24-month anniversary of the Closing Date.

The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants (each with customary exceptions), including limitations on the Company’s ability to incur liens or debt, make investments, pay dividends, enter into transactions with its affiliates and engage in certain fundamental changes. Additionally, the Credit Agreement requires Gaia to maintain a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of not less than 1.20 to 1.00 and to not permit the Leverage Ratio to exceed 1.50 to 1.00 for any computation period.

Maturities on long-term debt, net are as follows:


(in thousands)
2023		150
2024		156
2025		14,801
	$	15,107

11. Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of outstanding shares of common stock during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted-average number of outstanding shares of common stock and, when dilutive, potential shares of common stock outstanding during the period (“Common stock equivalents”). Common stock equivalents consist of incremental shares issuable upon the assumed exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units utilizing the treasury stock method. The computation of earnings per share is as follows:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2022			2021

Diluted earnings per share:
Net income (loss)	$	(3,095	)	$	3,731
Shares used in computation:
Weighted-average common stock outstanding		20,716			19,307
Common stock equivalents		—			527
Weighted-average number of shares		20,716			19,834
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	(0.15	)	$	0.19

Employee stock options with exercise prices greater than the average market price of the common stock were excluded from the diluted calculation as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. The following table summarizes the potential shares of common stock excluded from the diluted calculation:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021

Employee stock options and restricted stock units		336		15

12. Shareholders’ Equity

Our common stock has two classes, Class A and Class B. Each holder of our Class A common stock is entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders. Each holder of our Class B common stock is entitled to ten votes on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders. There are no cumulative voting rights. All holders of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock vote as a single class on all matters that are submitted to the shareholders for a vote, except as provided by law or as set forth in our charter. Shareholders may consent to an action in writing and without a meeting under certain circumstances. Jirka Rysavy, our chairman and CEO, holds 100% of our 5,400,000 outstanding shares of Class B common stock and also owns 475,061 shares of Class A common stock. Consequently, our chairman holds approximately 78% of our voting stock and is able to exert substantial influence over and to control matters requiring approval by shareholders, including the election of directors, increasing our authorized capital stock, or a merger or sale of substantially all of our assets. As a result of Mr. Rysavy’s control of us, no change of control can occur without Mr. Rysavy’s consent.

Our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock are entitled to receive dividends, if any, as may be declared by our board of directors out of legally available funds. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of Gaia, our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock are entitled to share ratably in our assets remaining after the payment of all of our debts and other liabilities. Holders of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock have no preemptive, subscription or redemption rights, and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our Class A common stock or our Class B common stock.

Our Class B common stock may not be transferred unless converted into our Class A common stock, other than certain transfers to affiliates, a trust, family members, and charitable organizations. Shares of our Class B common stock are convertible one-for-one into shares of our Class A common stock, at the option of the holder of the Class B common stock.

During 2022 and 2021, we issued shares of our Class A common stock as shown in the table below under our 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) and the 2009 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan”).


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Shares issued to independent directors for vesting of restricted stock units issued for services rendered, in lieu of cash compensation		19,066		19,184
Shares issued to employees upon exercise of stock options, vesting of restricted stock units, and employee stock purchase program		325,783		116,393

As of December 31, 2022, we had the following Class A common shares reserved for future issuance:


Conversion of Class B common stock			5,400,000
Reserved under the ESPP			243,186
Stock options outstanding under the 2009 Plan			224,196
Restricted stock units outstanding under the 2009 Plan			201,882
Restricted stock units outstanding under the 2019 Plan			631,602
Total shares reserved for future issuance			6,700,866

13. Share-Based Compensation

The Company’s 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) became effective on April 29, 2019. The purpose of the ESPP is to provide eligible employees an opportunity to purchase shares of our Class A common stock over time through regular payroll deductions. The ESPP initially reserved and authorized the issuance of up to a total of 300,000 shares of our Class A common stock to participating employees, subject to certain adjustments. The number of shares of Class A common stock available for issuance under the ESPP will be increased on the first day of each year beginning with 2020 in an amount equal to the number of shares issued under the ESPP in the prior year. No participant may purchase more than 1,000 shares of our Class A common stock during any offering period under the ESPP. In addition, under applicable tax rules, an employee may purchase no more than $25,000 worth of shares of our Class A common stock, valued at the start of the offering period, under the ESPP for each calendar year.

On April 29, 2019, the 2019 Plan became effective. This replaced the 2009 Plan, which lost the authority to grant new options under the 2009 Plan on April 23, 2019. The purpose of the 2019 Plan is to advance the interests of our company and its shareholders by providing incentives to certain employees and other key individuals who perform services for us, including those who contribute significantly to the strategic and long-term performance objectives and growth of our company. No more than 1.8 million shares of our Class A common stock, subject to certain adjustments, may be issued under the 2019 Plan, and the 2019 Plan terminates no later than April 25, 2029.

In 2015, we commenced issuing restricted stock units ("RSUs"). The RSUs entitle the recipient to receive one share of Class A common stock for each RSU upon vesting. The RSUs are issued with cliff vesting in five years for employees and one year for directors, provided that the recipient is still an employee or director of Gaia on such date. The RSUs will be automatically forfeited and of no further force and effect if the vesting conditions are not met. We use intrinsic value method for RSUs, which due to the nature of these awards, is typically market price of our common stock on the date of grant. No options were granted during 2022 or 2021. The exercise price of our legacy outstanding options is generally equal to the closing market price of our stock at the date of the grant. We recognize the compensation expense related to share-based payment awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which are generally five years for employees, and one year for board members.

The table below presents a summary of activity under the 2009 Plan and the 2019 Plan, as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the year then ended:


(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)	Shares			Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2022		1,227,838		$	8.18
Restricted stock unit grants		198,777			—
Exercised options		—
Restricted stock unit vesting		(332,889	)		—
Cancelled or forfeited restricted stock units and options		(36,046	)		—
Outstanding at December 31, 2022		1,057,680		$	8.17		3.6	$	2,517
Exercisable options at December 31, 2022		224,196		$	8.17		3.6	$	—

The table below presents our valuation data:


(in thousands, except per share amounts)	2022		2021
Valuation Data:
Weighted-average fair value (per share)	$	3.62	$	9.96
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,821	$	1,710
Total income tax impact on provision	$	1,071	$	1,299

The table below presents our outstanding RSUs by vest date:


Vest Date	RSUs
January 1, 2023		8,196
April 30, 2023		45,268
March 31, 2024		193,686
March 31, 2026		468,825
March 31, 2027		117,509
		833,484

During 2022 and 2021, we recognized approximately $1.8 million and $1.7 million, respectively, of share-based compensation expense. Total share-based compensation expense is reported in selling and operating expenses and corporate, general and administration expenses on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. There were no options exercised during 2022. During 2021, 90,000 options were exercised and we received approximately $0.6 million in cash from exercises. We issue new shares upon the exercise of options and vesting of RSUs. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2021 was approximately $0.35 million. The total fair value of options vested was $ 0.001 million and $0.01 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, there was $3.9 million of unrecognized cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the 2009 and 2019 Plans. We expect that cost to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.95 years.

14. Income Taxes

Our provision for income taxes is comprised of the following:


	For the Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Current:
Federal	$	—	$	—
State		—		16
Total current		—		16
Deferred:
Federal		189		(1,892	)
State		13		(135	)
Total deferred		202		(2,027	)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	$	202	$	(2,011	)

Variations from the federal statutory rate are as follows:


	For the Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2022			2021
Expected federal income tax benefit at statutory rate of 21% in 2022 and 2021	$	(533	)	$	361
Effect of permanent other differences		79			3
Goodwill		—			(2,079	)
Return to provision adjustments		220			58
State income tax expense (benefit), net of federal benefit tax assets		(38	)		26
Valuation allowance		474			(380	)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	$	202		$	(2,011	)

Deferred income taxes reflect net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The components of the net accumulated deferred income tax assets (liabilities) are as follows:


	As of December 31,
(in thousands)	2022			2021
Deferred tax assets (liabilities):
Stock-based compensation	$	1,085		$	1,299
Depreciation and amortization		(3,635	)		(3,319	)
Legal accrual		653			—
Net operating loss carryforward		17,159			16,427
Charitable carryforward		3			15
Right of use lease asset		(1,596	)		(1,771	)
Long-term lease		1,460			1,628
Other		187			446
Tax credits		300			300
Valuation allowance		(16,115	)		(15,334	)
Total deferred tax liabilities, net of valuation allowance	$	(499	)	$	(309	)

The source of income before income taxes are as follows:


(in thousands)	2022			2021
Domestic	$	(2,533	)	$	1,720

Periodically, we perform assessments of the realization of our net deferred tax assets considering all available evidence, both positive and negative. We determined that a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets of $16.1 million and $15.3 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively, was necessary due to the cumulative loss incurred over a three-year period. We have federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $76.2 million and $25.4 million, respectively, of which $2.2 million in federal net operating losses expire after 2037. Net operating losses generated in 2018 and beyond do not expire.

We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. We measure the tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. The application of income tax law is inherently complex. Laws and regulations in this area are voluminous and are often ambiguous. As such, we are required to make many subjective assumptions and judgments regarding our income tax exposures. Interpretations of and guidance surrounding income tax law and regulations change over time and may result in changes to our subjective assumptions and judgments which can materially affect amounts recognized in our consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations.

The result of our assessment of our uncertain tax positions did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Our federal and state tax returns for all years after 2015 are subject to future examination by tax authorities for all our tax jurisdictions. We recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in interest and other income (expense) and corporate, general and administrative expenses, respectively.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K were effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Gaia have been detected.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, the effectiveness of our controls in future periods is uncertain and subject to the risk that

controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 using the criteria set forth in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in its “Internal Control-Integrated Framework.” Based on that assessment, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.

We incorporate herein the information required by this Item by reference to our Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be held on April 20, 2023, to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A.

We have adopted a Code of Ethics applicable to our employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and persons performing similar functions. We have posted a copy of our Code of Ethics on the "Governance" section of our website at http://ir.gaia.com/governance-docs. Our full board of directors must approve in advance any waivers of the Code of Ethics with respect to any executive officer or director. We will post any amendments or waivers from our Code of Ethics that apply to our executive officers and directors on the “Governance” section of our internet website located at http://ir.gaia.com/governance-docs.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

See Part II, Item 5 for information regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

See listing of Consolidated Financial Statements included as part of this Form 10-K in Item 8 of Part II.

The following exhibits are incorporated by reference or are filed or furnished with this report as indicated below:

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.


Colorado		84-1113527
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
833 WEST SOUTH BOULDER ROAD LOUISVILLE, CO 80027
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(303) 222-3600
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)		Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.0001 Par Value	GAIA		NASDAQ Global Market
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None


	Size	Use	Owned/Leased
Louisville, CO	138,502 sq. ft.	Headquarters	Partially Owned/Leased
Louisville, CO	11,760 sq. ft.	Production Studio	Owned


	Years ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2022			2021
Revenues, net	$	82,035		$	79,573
Cost of revenues		10,915			10,526
Gross profit margin		86.7	%		86.8	%
Selling and operating		64,155			60,577
Corporate, general and administration		7,181			6,125
Acquisition costs		49			360
Income (loss) from operations		(265	)		1,985
Interest and other expense, net		(268	)		(265	)
Anticipated SEC settlement		(2,000	)		—
Income (loss) before income taxes		(2,533	)		1,720
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes		202			(2,011	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations		(2,735	)		3,731
Loss from discontinued operations		(360	)		—
Net income (loss)	$	(3,095	)	$	3,731


	Years ended December 31,
	2022			2021
Revenues, net		100.0	%		100.0	%
Cost of revenues		13.3	%		13.2	%
Gross profit		86.7	%		86.8	%
Expenses:
Selling and operating		78.2	%		76.1	%
Corporate, general and administration		8.8	%		7.7	%
Acquisition costs		0.1	%		0.5	%
Total operating expenses		87.0	%		84.3	%
Income (loss) from operations		(0.3	)%		2.5	%
Interest and other expense, net		(0.3	)%		(0.3	)%
Anticipated SEC settlement		(2.4	)%		0.0	%
Income (loss) before income taxes		(3.1	)%		2.2	%
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes		0.2	%		(2.5	)%
Income (loss) from continuing operations		(3.3	)%		4.7	%
Loss from discontinued operations		(0.4	)%		0.0	%
Net income (loss)		(3.8	)%		4.7	%


	Year 2022 Quarters Ended
(in thousands, except per share data)	March 31			June 30			September 30			December 31
Revenues, net	$	21,831		$	20,720		$	19,907		$	19,577
Gross profit		18,926			17,961			17,259			16,974
Gross margin		86.7	%		86.7	%		86.7	%		86.7	%
Income (loss) from continuing operations		247			248			(2,368	)		(862	)
Loss from discontinued operations		(161	)		(132	)		(7	)		(60	)
Net income (loss)		86			116			(2,375	)		(922	)
Earnings (loss) per share
Basic
Continuing operations	$	0.01		$	0.01		$	(0.11	)	$	(0.04	)
Discontinued operations	$	(0.01	)	$	(0.01	)	$	—		$	—
Basic earnings (loss) per share	$	—		$	—		$	(0.11	)	$	(0.04	)
Diluted
Continuing operations	$	0.01		$	0.01		$	(0.11	)	$	(0.04	)
Discontinued operations	$	(0.01	)	$	(0.01	)	$	—		$	—
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	—		$	—		$	(0.11	)	$	(0.04	)
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic		20,465			20,788			20,806			20,806
Diluted		20,816			20,795			20,806			20,806


		Page Number
PART I		1
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	6
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	16
Item 2.	Properties	16
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	17
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	17

PART II		17
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	17
Item 6.	Reserved	18
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	25
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	26
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	48
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	48
Item 9B.	Other Information	49
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	49

PART III		49
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	49
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	49
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	49
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	49
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	49

PART IV		50
Item 15.	Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules	50
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	51
SIGNATURES		52


	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights		Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in the first column)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders		1,057,680	$	8.17		1,354,614
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders		—		—		—
Total		1,057,680	$	8.17		1,354,614


	Year 2021 Quarters Ended
(in thousands, except per share data)	March 31			June 30			September 30			December 31
Revenues, net	$	18,896		$	19,443		$	20,405		$	20,829
Gross profit		16,458			16,934			17,779			17,876
Gross margin		87.1	%		87.1	%		87.1	%		85.8	%
Income (loss) from operations		424			695			726			140
Net income (loss)		358			643			647			2,083
Basic earnings (loss) per share	$	0.02		$	0.03		$	0.03		$	0.11
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	0.02		$	0.03		$	0.03		$	0.10
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic		19,201			19,268			19,318			19,441
Diluted		19,724			19,810			19,812			19,899


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 32)		27

Gaia, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements:

Consolidated Balance Sheets		29

Consolidated Statements of Operations		30

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity		31

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		32

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		33


(in thousands, except shares)	Total Shareholders' Equity			Accumulated Deficit			Common Stock Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Common Stock Shares
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	74,235		$	(75,834	)	$	2	$	150,067		19,182,951
Issuance of Gaia, Inc. common stock for RSU releases, stock option exercises and share-based compensation		684			—			—		684		17,895
Net income		358			358			—		—		—
Balance at March 31, 2021	$	75,277		$	(75,476	)	$	2	$	150,751		19,200,846
Issuance of Gaia, Inc. common stock for RSU releases, stock option exercises and share-based compensation		771			—			—		771		117,141
Net income		643			643			—		—		—
Balance at June 30, 2021	$	76,691		$	(74,833	)	$	2	$	151,522		19,317,987
Share-based compensation		533			—			—		533		—
Net income		647			647			—		—		—
Balance at September 30, 2021	$	77,871		$	(74,186	)	$	2	$	152,055		19,317,987
Issuance of Gaia, Inc. common stock for business combination		9,724		$	—		$	—	$	9,724		1,134,613
Share-based compensation		537			—			—		537		8,737
Net income		2,083			2,083			—		—		—
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	90,215		$	(72,103	)	$	2	$	162,316		20,461,337
Issuance of Gaia, Inc. common stock for RSU releases, employee stock purchase plan, and share-based compensation		540			—			—		540		313,823
Net income		86			86			—		—		—
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	90,841		$	(72,017	)	$	2	$	162,856		20,775,160
Issuance of Gaia, Inc. common stock for RSU releases, employee stock purchase plan, stock option exercises and share-based compensation		433			—			—		433		31,026
Net income		116			116			—		—		—
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	91,390		$	(71,901	)	$	2	$	163,289		20,806,186
Share-based compensation		337			—			—		337		—
Net loss		(2,375	)		(2,375	)		—		—		—
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	89,352		$	(74,276	)	$	2	$	163,626		20,806,186
Share-based compensation		554			—			—		554		—
Net loss		(922	)		(922	)		—		—		—
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	88,984		$	(75,198	)	$	2	$	164,180		20,806,186


Exhibit No.	Description

2.1	Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of December 22, 2021, by and among Gaia, Inc., YI Merger Sub I, Inc., YI Merger Sub II, LLC, and Yoga International Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of Gaia’s Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2021 (No. 000-27517)
3.1	Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Gaiam, Inc. (now known as Gaia, Inc.) dated October 24, 1999 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Gaia’s Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2016).
3.2	Articles of Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Gaiam, Inc. (now known as Gaia, Inc.) dated October 4, 2006 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Gaia’s Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2016).
3.3	Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Gaia, Inc., dated July 14, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of Gaia’s Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2016).
3.4	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Gaiam, Inc. (now known as Gaia, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Gaiam’s Form 8-K filed November 30, 2007).
4.1	Form of Gaia, Inc. Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Gaia’s Form S-8 filed April 29, 2019).
4.2	Description of the Registrant’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Gaia’s Form 10-K filed February 24, 2020).
10.1*	Gaiam, Inc. (now known as Gaia, Inc.) 2009 Long-Term Incentive Plan, dated January 15, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A of Gaiam’s proxy statement filed March 13, 2009 (No. 000-27517)).
10.2*	Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement, under Gaiam’s (now known as Gaia) 2009 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of Gaiam’s Form 10-K filed March 16, 2010 (No. 000-27517)).
10.3*	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Awards Agreement under Gaiam’s (now known as Gaia) 2009 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Gaiam’s Form 8-K filed July 8, 2016 (No. 000-27517)).
10.5	Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 of Gaiam’s (now known as Gaia) Form 10-K filed March 31, 2014 (No. 000-27517)).
10.6*	Gaia, Inc. 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan, dated April 25, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A of Gaia’s proxy statement filed March 8, 2019 (No. 000-27517)).
10.7*	Gaia, Inc. 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, dated April 25, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit B of Gaia’s proxy statement filed March 8, 2019 (No. 000-27517)).
10.8*	Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement, under Gaia’s 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of Gaia’s Form 10-K filed February 24, 2020 (No. 000-27517)).
10.9*	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Awards Agreement under Gaia’s 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of Gaia’s Form 10-K filed February 24, 2020 (No. 000-27517)).


Exhibit No.	Description
10.10	Master Lease dated as of September 9, 2020, between Boulder Road LLC, as lessee, and Boulder Road LLC and Westside Boulder, LLC, tenants in common, as lessors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Gaia’s Form 8-K filed September 10, 2020 (No. 000-27517)).
10.11	Loan Agreement dated as of December 28, 2020, between Boulder Road LLC and Westside Boulder Road, LLC, as borrower, and Great Western Bank, as lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Gaia’s Form 8-K filed January 4, 2021 (No. 000-27517)).
10.12	Unconditional Guaranty of Payment dated as of December 28, 2020, between Gaia, Inc., as guarantor and Great Western Bank, as lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Gaia’s Form 8-K filed January 4, 2021 (No. 000-27517)).
10.13	Credit and Security Agreement by and among Gaia, Inc., as Borrower, The Subsidiary Guarantors from time to time party hereto, and KeyBank National Association, as Lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Gaia's Form 8-K filed August 26, 2022 (No. 000-27517)).
21.1	List of Gaia, Inc. Subsidiaries (filed herewith).
23.1	Consent of Independent Registered Accounting Firm (filed herewith)
31.1	Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith).
31.2	Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith).
32.1	Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (furnished herewith).
32.2	Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (furnished herewith).

101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.

101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.

101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.

101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.

101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File


GAIA, INC.

By:	/s/ Jirka Rysavy
	Jirka Rysavy
	Chief Executive Officer
	March 6, 2023


Signature	Title	Date

/s/ Jirka Rysavy Jirka Rysavy	Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)	March 6, 2023

/s/ James Colquhoun James Colquhoun	Director	March 6, 2023

/s/ Kristin Frank Kristin Frank	Director	March 6, 2023

/s/ David Maisel David Maisel	Director	March 6, 2023

/s/ Keyur Patel Keyur Patel	Director	March 6, 2023

/s/ Paul Sutherland Paul Sutherland	Director	March 6, 2023

/s/ Anaa Udaybabu Anaa Udaybabu	Director	March 6, 2023

/s/ Paul Tarell Paul Tarell	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	March 6, 2023