Exhibit
3.1
FOURTH
AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
OF
COLLECTORS
UNIVERSE, INC.
a
Delaware corporation
Effective
as of September 27, 2020
FOURTH
AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
OF
COLLECTORS
UNIVERSE, INC.
a
Delaware corporation
(Effective
As of September 27, 2020)
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
| |
|
|
Page
No. |
| Article
I OFFICES |
5 |
| |
Section
1 |
Registered
Office |
5 |
| |
Section
2 |
Other
Offices |
5 |
| |
Section
3 |
Books |
5 |
| Article
II MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS |
5 |
| |
Section
1 |
Place
of Meetings |
5 |
| |
Section
2 |
Annual
Meetings |
5 |
| |
Section
3 |
Special
Meetings |
5 |
| |
Section
4 |
Notification
of Business to be Transacted at Meeting |
5 |
| |
Section
5 |
Notice;
Waiver of Notice |
5 |
| |
Section
6 |
Quorum;
Adjournment |
6 |
| |
Section
7 |
Voting |
6 |
| |
Section
8 |
Stockholder
Action by Written Consent Without a Meeting |
6 |
| |
Section
9 |
Record
Date for Stockholder Notice and Voting |
6 |
| |
Section
10 |
Stock
Ledger |
6 |
| |
Section
11 |
Inspectors
of Election |
6 |
| |
Section
12 |
Organization |
7 |
| |
Section
13 |
Order
of Business |
7 |
| |
A. |
Annual
Meetings of Stockholders. |
7 |
| |
B. |
Special
Meetings of Stockholders. |
8 |
| |
C. |
General. |
8 |
| Article
III DIRECTORS |
9 |
| |
Section
1 |
Powers |
9 |
| |
Section
2 |
Number
and Election of Directors |
9 |
| |
Section
3 |
Vacancies |
10 |
| |
Section
4 |
Time
and Place of Meetings |
10 |
| |
Section
5 |
Annual
Meeting |
10 |
| |
Section
6 |
Regular
Meetings |
10 |
| |
Section
7 |
Special
Meetings |
11 |
| |
Section
8 |
Quorum;
Vote Required for Action; Adjournment |
11 |
| |
Section
9 |
Action
by Written Consent |
11 |
| |
Section
10 |
Telephone
Meetings |
11 |
FOURTH
AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
OF
COLLECTORS
UNIVERSE, INC.
a
Delaware corporation
TABLE
OF CONTENTS (Continued)
| |
|
|
Page No. |
| |
Section
11 |
Committees |
12 |
| |
Section
12 |
Compensation |
12 |
| |
Section
13 |
Interested
Directors |
12 |
| |
Section
14 |
Removal
of Directors |
12 |
| Article
IV OFFICERS |
12 |
| |
Section
1 |
Officers |
12 |
| |
Section
2 |
Appointment
of Officers |
12 |
| |
Section
3 |
Subordinate
Officers |
13 |
| |
Section
4 |
Removal
and Resignation of Officers |
13 |
| |
Section
5 |
Vacancies
in Offices |
13 |
| |
Section
6 |
Chairman
of the Board of Directors |
13 |
| |
Section
7 |
Vice
Chairman of the Board of Directors |
13 |
| |
Section
8 |
Chief
Executive Officer |
13 |
| |
Section
9 |
President |
13 |
| |
Section
10 |
Vice
President |
13 |
| |
Section
11 |
Secretary |
14 |
| |
Section
12 |
Chief
Financial Officer |
14 |
| Article
V STOCK |
14 |
| |
Section
1 |
Certificated
Shares |
14 |
| |
Section
2 |
Uncertificated
Shares |
14 |
| |
Section
3 |
Stock
Records and Record Holders |
15 |
| |
Section
4 |
Transfers
of Stock |
15 |
| |
Section
5 |
Lost,
Stolen, Destroyed, and Mutilated Certificates |
15 |
| |
Section
6 |
Regulations |
15 |
| Article
VI INDEMNIFICATION |
16 |
| |
Section
1 |
Right
to Indemnification |
16 |
| |
Section
2 |
Right
of Indemnitee to Bring Suit |
16 |
| |
Section
3 |
Non-Exclusivity
of Rights |
16 |
| |
Section
4 |
Insurance |
16 |
| |
Section
5 |
Indemnification
of Employees or Agents of the Corporation |
17 |
| |
Section
6 |
Indemnification
Contracts |
17 |
| |
Section
7 |
Effect
of Amendment |
17 |
| Article
VII GENERAL PROVISIONS |
17 |
| |
Section
1 |
Dividends |
17 |
| |
Section
2 |
Disbursements |
17 |
| |
Section
3 |
Fiscal
Year |
17 |
FOURTH
AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
OF
COLLECTORS
UNIVERSE, INC.
a
Delaware corporation
TABLE
OF CONTENTS (Continued)
| |
|
|
Page No. |
| |
Section
4 |
Corporate
Seal |
17 |
| |
Section
5 |
Record
Date |
17 |
| |
Section
6 |
Voting
of Stock Owned by the Corporation |
17 |
| |
Section
7 |
Construction
and Definitions |
18 |
| |
Section
8 |
Amendments |
18 |
| |
Section
9 |
Forum
for Certain Litigation |
18 |
FOURTH
AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
OF
COLLECTORS
UNIVERSE, INC.
a
Delaware corporation
Article
I
OFFICES
Section
1 Registered Office. The address of the registered office of the Corporation in the State of Delaware is 1209 Orange Street,
Wilmington, Delaware 19801, County of New Castle. The name of the Corporation’s registered agent at that address is Corporation
Trust Company.
Section
2 Other Offices. The Corporation may also have offices at such other places, both within and without the State of Delaware,
as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine or the business of the Corporation may require.
Section
3 Books. The books of the Corporation may be kept within or without the State of Delaware as the Board of Directors may from
time to time determine or the business of the Corporation may require.
Article
II
MEETINGS
OF STOCKHOLDERS
Section
1 Place of Meetings. All meetings of stockholders for the election of directors shall be held at such place either within
or without the State of Delaware as may be fixed from time to time by the Board of Directors, or at such other place either within
or without the State of Delaware as shall be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors and stated in the notice of
the meeting. Meetings of stockholders for any other purpose may be held at such time and place, within or without the State of
Delaware, as shall be stated in the notice of the meeting or in a duly executed waiver of notice thereof.
Section
2 Annual Meetings. Annual meetings of stockholders shall be held at a time and date designated by the Board of Directors for
the purpose of electing directors and transacting such other business as may properly be brought before the meeting.
Section
3 Special Meetings. A special meeting of stockholders may be called at any time by the Board of Directors, or by a majority
of the Board of Directors or by a committee of the Board of Directors which has been duly designated by the Board of Directors
and whose powers and authority, as provided in a resolution of the Board of Directors, include the power to call such meetings,
but such special meetings may not be called by any other person or persons.
Section
4 Notification of Business to be Transacted at Meeting. To be properly brought before a meeting, business must be (a) specified
in the notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or at the direction of the Board of Directors, (b) otherwise properly
brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the Board of Directors, or (c) otherwise properly brought before the meeting
by a stockholder entitled to vote at the meeting.
Section
5 Notice; Waiver of Notice. Whenever stockholders are required or permitted to take any action at a meeting, a written notice
of the meeting shall be given which shall state the place, date and hour of the meeting, and, in the case of a special meeting,
the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called. Unless otherwise required by law, such notice shall be given not less
than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at such meeting. If
mailed, such notice shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the mail, postage prepaid, directed to the stockholder at his
address as it appears on the records of the Corporation. A written waiver of any such notice signed by the person entitled thereto,
whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall
constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting,
at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.
Section
6 Quorum; Adjournment. Except as otherwise required by law, or provided by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws,
the holders of a majority of the capital stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented
by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at all meetings of the stockholders. A meeting at which a
quorum is initially present may continue to transact business, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough votes to leave less than
a quorum, if any action taken is approved by at least a majority of the required quorum to conduct that meeting. If, however,
such quorum shall not be present or represented at any meeting of the stockholders, the chairman of the meeting shall have power
to adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting of the time and place of the adjourned
meeting, until a quorum shall be present or represented. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present or represented,
any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally noticed. If the adjournment is for
more than 30 days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned
meeting shall be given to each stockholder entitled to vote at the meeting.
Section
7 Voting. Except as otherwise required by law, or provided by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any question
brought before any meeting of stockholders at which a quorum is present shall be decided by the vote of the holders of a majority
of the stock represented and entitled to vote thereat. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, each stockholder
represented at a meeting of stockholders shall be entitled to cast one vote for each share of the capital stock entitled to vote
thereat held by such stockholder. Such votes may be cast in person or by proxy, but no proxy shall be voted on or after three
years from its date, unless such proxy provides for a longer period. Elections of directors need not be by ballot unless the Chairman
of the meeting so directs or unless a stockholder demands election by ballot at the meeting and before the voting begins.
Section
8 Stockholder Action by Written Consent Without a Meeting. The stockholders may not take action by written consent.
Section
9 Record Date for Stockholder Notice and Voting . For purposes of determining the holders entitled to notice of any meeting
or to vote, the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a record date, which shall not be more than 60 days nor less than 10 days
prior to the date of any such meeting, and in such case only stockholders of record on the date so fixed are entitled to notice
and to vote, notwithstanding any transfer of any shares on the books of the Corporation after the record date fixed as aforesaid,
except as otherwise provided in the Delaware General Corporation Law. If the Board of Directors does not so fix a record date,
the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close
of business on the business day next preceding the day on which notice is given or, if notice is waived, at the close of business
on the business day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held.
Section
10 Stock Ledger. The stock ledger of the Corporation shall be the only evidence as to who are the stockholders entitled to
examine the stock ledger, the list required by Section 9 of this Article II or the books of the Corporation, or to vote in person
or by proxy at any meeting of stockholders.
Section
11 Inspectors of Election. In advance of any meeting of stockholders, the Board of Directors may appoint one or more persons
(who shall not be candidates for office) as inspectors of election to act at the meeting or any adjournment thereof. If an inspector
or inspectors are not so appointed, or if an appointed inspector fails to appear or fails or refuses to act at a meeting, the
Chairman of any meeting of stockholders may, and on the request of any stockholder or his proxy shall, appoint an inspector or
inspectors of election at the meeting. The duties of such inspector(s) shall include: determining the number of shares outstanding
and the voting power of each; the shares represented at the meeting; the existence of a quorum; the authenticity, validity and
effect of proxies; receiving votes, ballots or consents; hearing and determining all challenges and questions in any way arising
in connection with the right to vote; counting and tabulating all votes or consents; determining the result; and such acts as
may be proper to conduct the election or vote with fairness to all stockholders. In the event of any dispute between or among
the inspectors, the determination of the majority of the inspectors shall be binding.
Section
12 Organization. At each meeting of stockholders the Chairman of the Board of Directors, if one shall have been elected or,
in his absence or if one shall not have been elected, the President, shall act as Chairman of the meeting. The Secretary (or in
his absence or inability to act, the person whom the Chairman of the meeting shall appoint Secretary of the meeting) shall act
as Secretary of the meeting and keep the minutes thereof.
Section
13 Order of Business.
A.
Annual Meetings of Stockholders.
(1)
Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors of the Corporation and the proposal of business to be considered
by the stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of stockholders (a) pursuant to the Corporation’s notice of meeting,
(b) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (c) by any stockholder of the Corporation who was a stockholder of record
at the time of giving of notice provided for in this Bylaw, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who complies with the notice
procedures set forth in this Bylaw.
(2)
For nominations or other business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to clause (c) of paragraph
(A)(1) of this Bylaw, the stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation and
such other business must otherwise be a proper matter for stockholder action. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice shall
be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than 5:00 p.m. (Pacific time) on
the 90th calendar day or earlier than 9:00 a.m. (Pacific time) on the 120th calendar day prior to the first anniversary of the
date of the preceding year’s annual meeting as first specified in the Corporation’s notice of meeting (without regard
to any postponements or adjournments of such meeting after such notice was first sent); provided, however, that if no annual meeting
was held in the previous year or the date of the annual meeting has been changed by more than 30 calendar days from the date contemplated
at the time of the previous year’s proxy statement, a proposal shall be received by the Corporation no later than the close
of business on the tenth day following the day on which notice of the date of the meeting was mailed or public announcement of
the date of the meeting was made, whichever comes first. In no event shall the public announcement of an adjournment of an annual
meeting commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder’s notice as described above. Such stockholder’s
notice shall set forth (a) as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election or reelection as a director
all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of directors
in an election contest, or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to applicable federal securities laws, including, without
limitation, Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), (including
such person’s written consent to being named in the proxy statement as a nominee and to serving as a director if elected);
(b) as to any other business that the stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, a brief description of the business desired
to be brought before the meeting, the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting and any material interest in such business
of such stockholder and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made; and (c) as to the stockholder giving
the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made (i) the name and address of such
stockholder, as they appear on the Corporation’s books, and of such beneficial owner and (ii) the class and number of shares
of the Corporation which are owned beneficially and of record by such stockholder and such beneficial owner.
(3)
Notwithstanding anything in the second sentence of paragraph (A)(2) of this Bylaw to the contrary, in the event that the number
of directors to be elected to the Board of Directors of the Corporation is increased and there is no public announcement by the
Corporation naming all of the nominees for director or specifying the size of the increased Board of Directors at least 70 days
prior to the first anniversary of the date of the preceding year’s annual meeting, a stockholders notice required by this
Bylaw shall also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if it
shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of business
on the tenth day following the day on which such public announcement is first made by the Corporation.
B.
Special Meetings of Stockholders.
Only
such business shall be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders as shall be brought before the meeting pursuant to the Corporation’s
notice of meeting.
A
stockholder’s nomination of one or more persons for election to the Board of Directors shall only be permitted to be made
at a special meeting of stockholders if: (i) the Corporation’s notice of such meeting specified that directors are to be
elected at such special meeting; (ii) such stockholder was a stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting at the time
of giving of notice provided for in this Bylaw; and (iii) if such stockholder complies with the notice procedures set forth in
this Bylaw. In the event the Corporation calls a special meeting of stockholders for the purpose of electing one or more directors
to the Board of Directors, any such stockholder may nominate a person or persons (as the case may be), for election to such position(s)
as specified in the Corporation’s notice of meeting, if the stockholder’s notice required by paragraph (A)(2) of this
Bylaw shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not earlier than the close of
business on the 90th day prior to such special meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the 60th day prior
to such special meeting or the 10th day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date of the special
meeting and of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be elected at such meeting. In no event shall the public announcement
of an adjournment of a special meeting commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder’s notice as described
above.
C.
General.
(1)
Only such persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Bylaw shall be eligible to serve as directors.
Except as otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, the chairman of the meeting shall have
the power and authority to determine the procedures of a meeting of stockholders, including, without limitation, the authority
to determine whether a nomination or any other business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made or proposed, as the
case may be, in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Bylaw and, if any proposed nomination or business is not in compliance
with this Bylaw, to declare that such defective proposal or nomination shall be disregarded.
For
purposes of this Bylaw, “public announcement” shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News
Service, Associated Press or comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the Securities
and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.
(2)
Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Bylaw, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of the
Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Bylaw. Nothing in this Bylaw
shall be deemed to affect any rights (i) of stockholders to request inclusion of proposals in the Corporation’s proxy statement
pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act or (ii) of the holders of any series of preferred stock, if any, to elect directors
under certain circumstances.
Article
III
DIRECTORS
Section
1 Powers. Except as otherwise required by law or provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, the business and affairs of
the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors.
Section
2 Number and Election of Directors.
(A)
The exact number of directors shall be fixed from time to time by a resolution adopted by a majority of the directors, or by resolution
adopted by the stockholders, by the vote of the holders of 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock of the Corporation, at any
annual or special meeting of stockholders, provided that notice of such proposed amendment, modification, repeal or adoption is
given in the notice of the annual or special meeting; provided, however, that such resolution would not conflict with the Certificate
of Incorporation.
(B)
In an uncontested election of directors, each director of the Corporation shall be elected by a majority of the votes cast by
the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the annual or special meeting and entitled to vote on the election of
directors (a “majority vote”); provided, however, that, in a contested election, the directors shall
be elected by a plurality of the votes cast by the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the annual or special meeting
and entitled to vote on the election of directors. For purposes of this Section 2, (1) an “uncontested election” is
an election in which the number of nominees for director is not greater than the number of directors to be elected, (2) a “contested
election” is an election in which the number of nominees for director nominated by (a) the Board of Directors or (b) any
stockholder or (c) a combination of the Board of Directors and any stockholder, exceeds the number of directors to be elected,
and (3) a “majority of the votes cast” means that the number of votes “for” a nominee for director must
exceed fifty percent (50%) of the votes cast. Votes “against” a nominee for director will count as votes cast, but
“abstentions” (including “broker non-votes”) will not count as votes cast. Prior to the meeting, the Board
of Directors shall determine whether an election constitutes a contested election, and such determination shall remain effective
from the date of such determination regardless of any change in the number of nominees for director or the number of directors
to be elected.
(C)
In order for any incumbent director to become a nominee for further service on the Board of Directors, such person must submit
an irrevocable letter of resignation to the Board of Directors, which offer of resignation shall become effective (1) upon that
incumbent director not receiving a majority vote in an uncontested election, and (2) upon acceptance of the offer of resignation
by the Board of Directors as set forth in this Section 2.
Within
sixty (60) days following certification of the stockholder vote, the Corporation’s Nominating and Governance Committee (the
“Committee”) shall recommend to the Board of Directors the action to be taken with respect to such offer of resignation.
In determining whether or not to recommend that the Board of Directors accept any resignation offer, the Committee shall be entitled
to consider all factors believed relevant by the Committee’s members, including, without limitation: (1) any stated reasons
for the incumbent director not receiving the required majority vote and whether the underlying cause or causes are curable, (2)
the factors, if any, set forth in the guidelines or other policies that are to be considered by the Committee in evaluating potential
candidates for the Board of Directors as such factors relate to each incumbent director who has so offered his or her resignation,
(3) the length of service of such incumbent director, (4) the effect of such resignation on the Corporation’s compliance
with any law, rule, regulation, stock exchange listing standards or contractual obligations, (5) such incumbent director’s
contributions to the Corporation, and (6) any other factors that the Committee believes are in the best interests of the Corporation.
The
Board of Directors shall act on the Committee’s recommendation within ninety (90) days following certification of the stockholder
vote and shall notify the incumbent director concerned of its decision. In determining whether or not to accept any resignation
offer, the Board of Directors shall take into account the factors considered by the Committee and any additional information and
factors that the Board of Directors believes to be relevant. If any director’s resignation offer is not accepted by the
Board of Directors, the Board of Directors shall, within four (4) business days after reaching its decision, publicly disclose
the decision, including the reasons for not accepting an offer of resignation, by a press release, a filing with the Securities
and Exchange Commission or other broadly disseminated means of communication.
Any
director who tenders his or her offer to resign shall not participate in either the Committee’s or the Board of Director’s
consideration or other actions regarding whether to accept the offer of resignation. If each member of the Committee did not receive
the required majority vote, a majority of the Board of Directors shall appoint a special committee of independent directors for
such purpose of making a recommendation to the Board of Directors. If no independent directors received the required majority
vote, the Board of Directors shall act on the resignation offers.
(D)
If any incumbent director’s resignation offer is not accepted by the Board of Directors, such incumbent director shall continue
to serve on the Board of Directors for the term for which he or she would have been elected and until his or her successor is
duly elected and qualified, or until the incumbent director’s earlier death, resignation, or removal. If an incumbent director’s
offer of resignation is accepted by the Board of Directors pursuant to this Section 2, or if a nominee for director is not elected
by a majority vote and the nominee is not an incumbent director, then the Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, may fill
any resulting vacancy pursuant to the provisions of Section 3 of this Article III.
Section
3 Vacancies. Subject to the limitations in the Certificate of Incorporation, vacancies in the Board of Directors resulting
from death, resignation, removal or otherwise and newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the authorized number
of directors may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining
director. Each director so selected shall hold office for the remainder of the full term of office of the former director which
such director replaces and until his successor is duly elected and qualified, or until his earlier death, resignation or removal.
No decrease in the authorized number of directors constituting the Board of Directors shall shorten the term of any incumbent
directors.
Section
4 Time and Place of Meetings. The Board of Director’s shall hold its meetings at such place, either within or without
the State of Delaware, and at such time as may be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors.
Section
5 Annual Meeting. The Board of Directors shall meet for the purpose of organization, the election of officers and the transaction
of other business, as soon as practicable after each annual meeting of stockholders, on the same day and at the same place where
such annual meeting shall be held. Notice of such meeting need not be given. In the event such annual meeting is not so held,
the annual meeting of the Board of Directors may be held at such place, either within or without the State of Delaware, on such
date and at such time as shall be specified in a notice thereof given as hereinafter provided in Section 7 of this Article III
or in a waiver of notice thereof.
Section
6 Regular Meetings. Regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at such places within or without the State of Delaware
at such date and time as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine and, if so determined by the Board of Directors,
notices thereof need not be given.
Section
7 Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive
Officer, the President, the Secretary or any director. Notice of the time and place of special meetings shall be delivered to
the directors by any of the following methods: Personally or by telephone; or for overnight delivery by a nationally recognized
courier (such as Federal Express or UPS), or by first-class mail, in either case with charges prepaid, addressed to the director
at the director’s office or residence address (as such address is shown in the records of the Corporation); or transmitted
by facsimile to the director’s facsimile number or, if consented to by the director, by email or other form of electronic
transmission to the director’s email or other electronic address, in each case as is shown in the records of the Corporation.
If the notice is mailed by first class mail, it shall be deposited in the United States mail at least four (4) calendar days before
the time of the holding of the meeting. If the notice is delivered personally or by overnight courier, or transmitted by telephone,
facsimile, email or other method of electronic transmission, it shall be delivered or transmitted at least twenty-four (24) hours
before the time of the holding of the meeting. Any oral notice given personally or by telephone may be communicated either to
the director or to a person at the office or residence of the director who the individual giving the notice has reason to believe
will promptly communicate it to the director or, if notice is given by telephone, but no one answers the call, the notice shall
nevertheless be deemed to have been given at the time of the call if the time and place of the special meeting is left on the
director’s voice mail. The notice need not specify the place of the meeting, if the meeting is to be held at the principal
executive office of the corporation and need not specify the purpose of the meeting. Unless otherwise indicated in the notice,
any and all business may be transacted at a special meeting of the Board of Directors. A written waiver of any such notice signed
by a director, whether before or after a special meeting, shall be deemed equivalent to notice given thereof by one of the methods
set forth above. Attendance of a director at a special meeting shall constitute a waiver of the giving of notice of such meeting
to that Director, except when the Director attends the meeting for the express and sole purpose of objecting, at the beginning
of the meeting, to the transaction of any business on grounds that the meeting is not lawfully called, noticed or convened and
then leaves the meeting.
Section
8 Quorum; Vote Required for Action; Adjournment. Except as otherwise required by law, or provided in the Certificate of Incorporation
or these Bylaws, a majority of the directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at all meetings of the
Board of Directors and the affirmative vote of not less than a majority of the directors present at any meeting at which there
is a quorum shall be the act of the Board of Directors. If a quorum shall not be present at any meeting of the Board of Directors,
the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting, from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting,
until a quorum shall be present. A meeting at which a quorum is initially present may continue to transact business, notwithstanding
the withdrawal of directors, if any action taken is approved by at least a majority of the required quorum to conduct that meeting.
When a meeting is adjourned to another time or place (whether or not a quorum is present), notice need not be given of the adjourned
meeting if the time and place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken. At the adjourned meeting,
the Board of Directors may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting.
Section
9 Action by Written Consent. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, any action required or permitted
to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if all the members
of the Board of Directors or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing, and the writing or writings are filed
with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors or committee.
Section
10 Telephone Meetings. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, members of the Board of Directors
of the Corporation, or any committee designated by the Board of Directors, may participate in a meeting of the Board of Directors
or such committee, as the case may be, by conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons
participating in the meeting can hear each other. Participation in a meeting pursuant to this Section 10 shall constitute presence
in person at such meeting.
Section
11 Committees. The Board of Directors may, by resolution passed unanimously by the entire Board of Directors, designate one
or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation. The Board of Directors may designate
one or more directors as alternate members of any such committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting
of the committee. In the event of absence or disqualification of a member of a committee, and in the absence of a designation
by the Board of Directors of an alternate member to replace the absent or disqualified member, the committee member or members
present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he or they constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint
another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of the absent or disqualified member. Any committee,
to the extent allowed by law and as provided in the resolution establishing such committee, shall have and may exercise all the
power and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation, but no such committee
shall have the power or authority in reference to amending the Certificate of Incorporation, adopting an agreement of merger or
consolidation, recommending to the stockholders the sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of the Corporation’s
property and assets, recommending to the stockholders a dissolution of the Corporation or a revocation of a dissolution, or amending
the Bylaws of the Corporation; and, unless the resolution or the Certificate of Incorporation expressly so provides, no such committee
shall have the power or authority to declare a dividend or to authorize the issuance of stock. Each committee shall keep regular
minutes of its meetings and report to the Board of Directors when required.
Section
12 Compensation. The directors may be paid such compensation for their services as the Board of Directors shall from time
to time determine.
Section
13 Interested Directors. No contract or transaction between the Corporation and one or more of its directors or officers,
or between the Corporation and any other Corporation, partnership, association, or other organization in which one or more of
its directors or officers are directors or officers, or have a financial interest, shall be void or voidable solely for this reason,
or solely because the director or officer is present at or participates in the meeting of the Board of Directors or the committee
thereof which authorizes the contract or transaction, or solely because his of their votes are counted for such purpose if: (i)
the material facts as to his or their relationship or interest and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or are known
to the Board of Directors or the committee, and the Board of Directors or committee in good faith authorizes the contract or transaction
by the affirmative votes of a majority of the disinterested directors, even though the disinterested directors be less than a
quorum; or (ii) the material facts as to his or their relationship or interest and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed
or are known to the stockholders entitled to vote thereon, and the contract or transaction is specifically approved in good faith
by vote of the stockholders; or (iii) the contract or transaction is fair as to the Corporation as of the time it is authorized,
approved or ratified, by the Board of Directors, a committee thereof, or the stockholders. Common or interested directors may
be counted in determining the presence of a quorum at a meeting of the Board of Directors or of a committee which authorizes the
contract or transaction.
Section
14 Removal of Directors. Any director or the entire Board of Directors may be removed with cause, by the holders of a majority
of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors.
Article
IV
OFFICERS
Section
1 Officers. The officers of the Corporation shall be a President, a Secretary and a Chief Financial Officer. The Corporation
may also have, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, a Chairman of the Board of Directors, a Vice Chairman of the Board
of Directors, a Chief Executive Officer, one or more Vice Presidents, one or more Assistant Financial Officers and Treasurers,
one or more Assistant Secretaries and such other officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Section 3 of
this Article IV.
Section
2 Appointment of Officers. The officers of the Corporation, except such officers as may be appointed in accordance with the
provisions of Section 3 or Section 5 of this Article IV, shall be appointed by the Board of Directors, and each shall serve at
the pleasure of the Board of Directors, subject to the rights, if any, of an officer under any contract of employment.
Section
3 Subordinate Officers. The Board of Directors may appoint, and may empower the Chief Executive Officer or President to appoint,
such other officers as the business of the Corporation may require, each of whom shall hold office for such period, have such
authority and perform such duties as are provided in the Bylaws or as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine.
Section
4 Removal and Resignation of Officers. Subject to the rights of an officer under any contract, any officer may be removed
at any time, with or without cause, by the Board of Directors or, except in case of an officer chosen by the Board of Directors,
by any officer upon whom such power of removal may be conferred by the Board of Directors. Any officer may resign at any time
by giving written notice to the Corporation. Any resignation shall take effect at the date of the receipt of that notice or at
any later time specified in that notice; and, unless otherwise specified in that notice, the acceptance of the resignation shall
not be necessary to make it effective. Any resignation shall be without prejudice to the rights of the Corporation under any contract
to which the officer is a party.
Section
5 Vacancies in Offices. A vacancy in any office because of death, resignation, removal, disqualification or any other cause
shall be filled in the manner prescribed in these Bylaws for regular appointments to that office.
Section
6 Chairman of the Board of Directors. The Chairman of the Board, if such an officer is elected, shall, if present, preside
at meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors, unless otherwise determined by the Board of Directors. He shall,
in addition, perform such other functions (if any) as may be prescribed by the Bylaws or the Board of Directors.
Section
7 Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors. The Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors, if such an officer is elected, shall,
in the absence or disability of the Chairman of the Board of Directors, perform all duties of the Chairman of the Board of Directors
and when so acting shall have all the powers of and be subject to all of the restrictions upon the Chairman of the Board of Directors.
The Vice Chairman of the Board shall have such other powers and duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or the Bylaws.
Section
8 Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation shall, subject to the control of the Board of Directors,
have general supervision, direction and control of the business and the officers of the Corporation. He shall exercise the duties
usually vested in the chief executive officer of a Corporation and perform such other powers and duties as may be assigned to
him from time to time by the Board of Directors or prescribed by the Bylaws. In the absence of the Chairman of the Board of Directors
and any Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders
and of the Board of Directors.
Section
9 President. The President of the Corporation shall, subject to the control of the Board of Directors and the Chief Executive
Officer of the Corporation, if there be such an officer, have general powers and duties of management usually vested in the office
of president of a Corporation and shall have such other powers and duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or the
Bylaws or the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation. In the absence of the Chairman of the Board, Vice Chairman of the Board
of Directors and Chief Executive Officer, the President shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and stockholders.
Section
10 Vice President. In the absence or disability of the President, the Vice Presidents, if any, in order of their rank as fixed
by the Board of Directors or, if not ranked, a Vice President designated by the Board of Directors, shall perform all the duties
of the President, and when so acting shall have all the powers of, and subject to all the restrictions upon, the President. The
Vice Presidents shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as from time to time may be prescribed for them respectively
by the Board of Directors or the Bylaws, and the President, or the Chairman of the Board.
Section
11 Secretary. The Secretary shall keep or cause to be kept, at the principal executive office or such other place as the Board
of Directors may direct, a book of minutes of all meetings and actions of directors, committees of directors, and stockholders,
with the time and place of holding, whether regular or special, and, if special, how authorized, the notice given, the names of
those present at directors’ meetings or committee meetings, the number of shares present or represented at stockholders’
meetings, and a summary of the proceedings.
The
Secretary shall keep, or cause to be kept, at the principal executive office or at the office of the Corporation’s transfer
agent or registrar, as determined by resolution of the Board of Directors, a share register, or a duplicate share register, showing
the names of all stockholders and their addresses, the number and classes of shares held by each, the number and date of certificates
issued for the same, and the number and date of cancellation of every certificate surrendered for cancellation.
The
Secretary shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors required
by the Bylaws or by law to be given, and he shall keep or cause to be kept the seal of the Corporation if one be adopted, in safe
custody, and shall have such powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or by the Bylaws.
Section
12 Chief Financial Officer. The Chief Financial Officer shall keep and maintain, or cause to be kept and maintained, adequate
and correct books and records of accounts of the properties and business transactions of the Corporation. The Chief Financial
Officer shall deposit all moneys and other valuables in the name and to the credit of the Corporation with such depositories as
may be designated by the Board of Directors. He shall make such disbursements of the funds of the Corporation as are authorized
and shall render from time to time an account of all of his transactions as Chief Financial Officer and of the financial condition
of the Corporation. The Chief Financial Officer shall also have such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed
by the Board of Directors or the Bylaws.
Article
V
STOCK
Section
1 Certificated Shares. Every holder of stock in the Corporation shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by, or in the
name of the Corporation (i) by the Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors, or the President or a Vice President and
(ii) by the Chief Financial Officer or the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer, or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of
the Corporation, certifying the number of shares owned by such stockholder in the Corporation. Any or all of the signatures on
the certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature
has been placed upon a certificate shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is
issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if he were such officer, transfer agent or registrar at the
date of issue.
Section
2 Uncertificated Shares. Shares of stock of the Corporation may be evidenced by registration in the owner’s name in
uncertificated form on the books of the Corporation. To the extent required by applicable law, within a reasonable time after
the issuance or transfer of uncertificated shares of stock, the Corporation shall send or cause to be sent to the registered owner
thereof a written notice containing the information required to be set forth or stated on certificates representing shares of
that class or series of stock, or a statement that the Corporation will furnish without charge to each registered owner thereof
who so requests, the powers, designations, preferences and relative rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications,
limitations or restrictions of any such class or series of stock. Except as otherwise expressly provided by applicable law, the
rights and obligations of the owners of uncertificated shares of stock and the rights and obligations of the owners of certificated
shares of stock of the same class and series shall be identical. If a holder of uncertificated shares elects to receive a certificate
for shares of the Corporation’s stock, the Corporation (or the transfer agent or registrar, as the case may be) shall (to
the extent permitted under applicable law and rules, regulations and listing requirements of any stock exchange or stock market
on which the Corporation’s shares are listed or traded) cease providing annual statements indicating such holder’s
holdings of shares in the Corporation.
Section
3 Stock Records and Record Holders. A record shall be kept of the respective names of the persons, firms or corporations owning
shares of the Corporation’s stock, whether certificated or uncertificated, the number and class or series of shares owned
thereby, respectively, and the respective dates thereof, and in case of cancellation, the respective dates of cancellation. The
Corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a person registered on its books as the record holder of shares
to receive dividends, and to vote as such record holder, and to hold liable for calls and assessments a person registered on its
books as the record holder of shares, and shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such
share or shares on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise
required by law.
Section
4 Transfers of Stock. Transfers of shares of stock of the Corporation shall be made only on the books of the Corporation by
the registered holder thereof, or by such holder’s attorney-in-fact thereunto authorized by power of attorney duly executed
and filed with the Secretary or any Assistant Secretary, or with a transfer clerk or a transfer agent appointed as provided in
Section 6 of this Article V, and, in the case of certificated shares of stock, upon surrender of the certificate or certificates
for such shares properly endorsed and the payment of all taxes thereon, or, in the case of uncertificated shares of stock, upon
receipt of proper transfer instructions, payment of all taxes thereon and compliance with appropriate procedures for transferring
shares in uncertificated form. Whenever any transfer of shares shall be made for collateral security, and not absolutely, such
fact shall be so expressed in the entry of transfer if, when the shares, whether certificated or uncertificated, shall be presented
to the Corporation for transfer, both the transferor and the transferee request the Corporation to do so.
Section
5 Lost, Stolen, Destroyed, and Mutilated Certificates. In any case of loss, theft, destruction, or mutilation of any certificate
of stock, another certificate of stock may be issued in its place, or, at the request of the holder thereof, uncertificated shares
of stock may be issued in its place, upon proof of such loss, theft, destruction, or mutilation and upon the giving of a bond
of indemnity to the Corporation in such form and in such sum as the Board of Directors may direct; provided, however,
that a new certificate, or, upon request, uncertificated shares of stock, may be issued without requiring any bond when, in the
judgment of the Board of Directors, it is proper to do so.
Section
6 Regulations. The Board of Directors may make such rules and regulations as it may deem expedient, not inconsistent with
these Bylaws, concerning the issue, transfer and registration of certificated or uncertificated shares of stock of the Corporation.
It may appoint, or authorize any officer or officers to appoint, one or more transfer clerks or one or more transfer agents and
one or more registrars, and, in the case of certificated shares of stock, may require all such certificates to bear the signature
or signatures of any of them.
Article
VI
INDEMNIFICATION
Section
1 Right to Indemnification. Each person who was or is made a party or is threatened to be made a party to or is otherwise
involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (hereinafter a “proceeding”),
by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of the Corporation or is or was serving at the request of
the Corporation as a director or officer of another Corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise,
including service with respect to employee benefit plans (hereinafter an “indemnitee”), whether the basis of such
proceeding is alleged action in an official capacity as a director or officer or in any other capacity while serving as a director
or officer, shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest extent authorized by the Delaware General
Corporation Law, as the same exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that
such amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader indemnification rights than such law permitted the Corporation to provide
prior to such amendment), against all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines, ERISA excise
taxes or penalties and amounts paid in settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by such indemnitee in connection therewith
and such indemnification shall continue as to an indemnitee who has ceased to be a director or officer and shall inure to the
benefit of the indemnitee’s heirs, executors and administrators; provided, however, that, except as provided in Section
2 of this Article VI with respect to proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification, the Corporation shall indemnify any such
indemnitee in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such indemnitee only if such proceeding (or part thereof)
was authorized by the Board of Directors of the Corporation. The right to indemnification conferred in this Section shall be a
contract right and shall include the right to be paid by the Corporation the expenses incurred in defending any such proceeding
in advance of its final disposition (hereinafter an “advancement of expenses”); provided, however, that, if the Delaware
General Corporation Law requires, an advancement of expenses incurred by an indemnitee in his or her capacity as a director or
officer (and not in any other capacity in which service was or is rendered by such indemnitee, including without limitation, service
to an employee benefit plan) shall be made only upon delivery to the Corporation of an undertaking, by or on behalf of such indemnitee,
to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined that such indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified for
such expenses under this Article VI or otherwise (hereinafter an “undertaking”).
Section
2 Right of Indemnitee to Bring Suit. If a claim under Section 1 of this Article VI is not paid in full by the Corporation
within 45 days after a written claim has been received by the Corporation, the indemnitee may at any time thereafter bring suit
against the Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim. If successful in whole or part in any such suit or in a suit
brought by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the indemnitee shall
be entitled to be paid also the expense of prosecuting or defending such suit. In (i) any suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce
a right to indemnification hereunder (but not in a suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right to an advancement of expenses)
it shall be a defense that, and (ii) any suit by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of
an undertaking the Corporation shall be entitled to recover such expenses upon a final adjudication that, the indemnitee has not
met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the Delaware General Corporation Law. Neither the failure of the Corporation
(including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) to have made a determination prior to the commencement
of such suit that indemnification of the indemnitee is proper in the circumstances because the indemnitee has met the applicable
standard of conduct set forth in the Delaware General Corporation Law, nor an actual determination by the Corporation (including
its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) that the indemnitee has not met such applicable standard
of conduct, shall create a presumption that the indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct or, in the case of such
a suit brought by indemnitee, be a defense to such suit. In any suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right hereunder, or
by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the burden of proving that the
indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified or to such advancement of expenses under this Article VI or otherwise shall be on
the Corporation.
Section
3 Non-Exclusivity of Rights. The rights of indemnification and to the advancement of expenses conferred in this Article VI
shall not be exclusive of any other right which any person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute, provision of the Certificate
of Incorporation, Bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.
Section
4 Insurance. The Corporation may maintain insurance, at its expense, to protect itself and any director, officer, employee
or agent of the Corporation or another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any expense,
liability or loss, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such expense, liability
or loss under the Delaware General Corporation Law.
Section
5 Indemnification of Employees or Agents of the Corporation. The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time
by the Board of Directors, grant rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses, to any employee or agent of the
Corporation to the fullest extent of the provisions of this Article VI with respect to the indemnification and advancement of
expenses of directors or officers of the Corporation.
Section
6 Indemnification Contracts. The Board of Directors is authorized to enter into a contract with any director, officer, employee
or agent of the Corporation, or any person serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent
of another Corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including employee benefit plans, providing for
indemnification rights equivalent to or, if the Board of Directors so determinates, greater than, those provided for in this Article
VI.
Section
7 Effect of Amendment. Any amendment, repeal or modification of any provision of this Article VI by the stockholders or the
directors of the Corporation shall not adversely affect any right or protection of a director or officer of the Corporation existing
at the time of such amendment, repeal or modification.
Article
VII
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
Section
1 Dividends. Subject to limitations contained in the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and the Certificate
of Incorporation, the Board of Directors may declare and pay dividends upon the shares of capital stock of the Corporation, which
dividends may be paid either in cash, securities of the Corporation or other property.
Section
2 Disbursements. All checks or demands for money and notes of the Corporation shall be signed by such officer or officers
or such other person or persons as the Board of Directors may from time to time designate.
Section
3 Fiscal Year. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors.
Section
4 Corporate Seal. The Corporation shall have a corporate seal in such form as shall be prescribed by the Board of Directors.
Section
5 Record Date. In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting
of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment
of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the purpose
of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a record date, which shall not be more than 60 days nor
less than 10 days before the date of such meeting, nor more than 60 days prior to any other action. A determination of stockholders
of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided,
however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting. Stockholders on the record date are
entitled to notice and to vote or to receive the dividend, distribution or allotment of rights or to exercise the rights, as the
case may be, notwithstanding any transfer of any shares on the books of the Corporation after the record date, except as otherwise
provided by agreement or by applicable law.
Section
6 Voting of Stock Owned by the Corporation. The Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer, the President
and any other officer of the Corporation authorized by the Board of Directors shall have power, on behalf of the Corporation,
to attend, vote and grant proxies to be used at any meeting of stockholders of any corporation (except this Corporation) in which
the Corporation may hold stock.
Section
7 Construction and Definitions. Unless the context requires otherwise, the general provisions, rules of construction and definitions
in the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware shall govern the construction of these Bylaws.
Section
8 Amendments. The Bylaws, or any of them, may be rescinded, altered, amended or repealed, and new Bylaws may be made (i) by
the Board of Directors, by vote of a majority of the number of directors then in office as directors, acting at any meeting of
the Board of Directors, or (ii) by the stockholders, by the vote of the holders of 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock of
the Corporation, at any annual or special meeting of stockholders, provided that notice of such proposed amendment, modification,
repeal or adoption is given in the notice of the annual or special meeting; provided, however, that the Bylaws can only be amended
if such amendment would not conflict with the Certificate of Incorporation. Any Bylaw made or altered by the requisite number
of stockholders may be altered or repealed by the Board of Directors or may be altered or repealed by the requisite number of
stockholders.
Section
9 Forum for Certain Litigation. Unless the Corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court
of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if and only if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks subject matter jurisdiction,
any state or federal court located within the State of Delaware) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for: (i) any derivative
action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Corporation, (ii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary
duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Corporation to the Corporation or the Corporation’s stockholders,
(iii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim against the Corporation or any director, officer or other employee of the Corporation
arising pursuant to, or seeking to enforce any right or remedy under, any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, the
Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws (in each case, as they may be amended from time to time), (iv) any action or proceeding
asserting a claim against the Corporation or any director, officer or other employee of the Corporation governed by the internal
affairs doctrine, or (v) any action or proceeding to interpret, apply, enforce, or determine the validity or scope of any provision
or provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws (in each case, as they may be amended from time to time), in
all cases to the full extent permitted by applicable law and subject to the court’s having personal jurisdiction over the
indispensable parties named as defendants. Any person or entity purchasing, otherwise acquiring, or continuing to own any interest
in any shares of capital stock of the Corporation shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of this Bylaw.
