Financial Instruments

We are exposed to market risk from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, which could affect operating results, financial position and cash flows. We manage our exposure to these market risks through our regular operating and financing activities and, when appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. These derivative financial instruments are utilized to hedge economic exposures, as well as to reduce earnings and cash flow volatility resulting from shifts in market rates. We enter into limited types of derivative contracts, including interest rate swap agreements, foreign currency spot, forward and swap contracts and net purchased foreign currency options to manage interest rate and foreign currency exposures. Our primary foreign currency market exposures include the Japanese Yen, Euro and U.K. Pound Sterling. The fair market values of all our derivative contracts change with fluctuations in interest rates and/or currency exchange rates and are designed so that any changes in their values are offset by changes in the values of the underlying exposures. Derivative financial instruments are held solely as risk management tools and not for trading or speculative purposes. The related cash flow impacts of all of our derivative activities are reflected as cash flows from operating activities.

We do not believe there is significant risk of loss in the event of non-performance by the counterparties associated with our derivative instruments because these transactions are executed with a diversified group of major financial institutions. Further, our policy is to deal only with counterparties having a minimum investment grade or better credit rating. Credit risk is managed through the continuous monitoring of exposures to such counterparties.

Interest Rate Risk Management

We use interest rate swap agreements to manage our interest rate exposure and to achieve a desired proportion of variable and fixed rate debt. These derivatives may be designated as fair value hedges or cash flow hedges depending on the nature of the risk being hedged.

Terminated Swaps

During the period from 2004 to 2011, we early terminated several interest rate swaps that were designated as fair value hedges of certain debt instruments. The associated net fair value adjustments to the debt instruments are being amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the related notes. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, the amortization of these fair value adjustments reduced interest expense by $3, $13 and $19, respectively. The remaining unamortized balance associated with terminated swaps was $2 at December 31, 2018.

Fair Value Hedges

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, pay variable/received fixed interest rate swaps with notional amounts of $300 and $300, respectively, and net (liability) asset fair value of $(3) and $1, respectively, were designated and accounted for as fair value hedges. The swaps were structured to hedge the fair value of related debt by converting them from fixed rate instruments to variable rate instruments. No ineffective portion was recorded to earnings for the three years ended December 31, 2018.

The following is a summary of our fair value hedges at December 31, 2018:



Debt Instrument	Year First Designated	Notional Amount		Net Fair Value			Weighted Average Interest Rate Paid		Interest Rate Received		Basis	Maturity
Senior Note 2021	2014	$	300	$	(3	)	3.12	%	4.50	%	Libor	2021

The downgrade of the Company to non-investment grade is a termination event under one of our interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $100 and net liability fair value of $(1). While the counterparty has not provided a notice of a termination event, we are discussing potential actions regarding this interest rate swap.

Foreign Exchange Risk Management

We are a global company, we are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations in the normal course of our business. As a part of our foreign exchange risk management strategy, we use derivative instruments, primarily forward contracts and purchased option contracts, to hedge the following foreign currency exposures, thereby reducing volatility of earnings or protecting fair values of assets and liabilities:


•	Foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities


•	Forecasted purchases, and sales in foreign currency

At December 31, 2018, we had outstanding forward exchange and purchased option contracts with gross notional values of $1,103, with terms of less than 12 months. Approximately 79% of these contracts at December 31, 2018 mature within three months, 10% in three to six months and 11% in six to twelve months.

The following is a summary of the primary hedging positions and corresponding fair values as of December 31, 2018:



Currencies Hedged (Buy/Sell)	Gross Notional Value		Fair Value Asset⁽¹⁾
Japanese Yen/U.S. Dollar	$	399	$	5
Japanese Yen/Euro	239		5
U.S. Dollar/Euro	107		2
Euro/U.K. Pound Sterling	101		—
U.S. Dollar/Canadian Dollar	54		2
Euro/U.S. Dollar	32		—
U.K. Pound Sterling/Euro	29		—
Euro/Danish Krone	23		—
U.S. Dollar/Russian Ruble	19		—
Euro/Swiss Franc	17		—
U.S. Dollar/Japanese Yen	14		—
Mexican Peso/U.S. Dollar	7		—
All Other	62		—
Total Foreign exchange hedging	$	1,103	$	14

____________


(1)	Represents the net receivable (payable) amount included in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018.

Foreign Currency Cash Flow Hedges

We designate a portion of our foreign currency derivative contracts as cash flow hedges of our foreign currency-denominated inventory purchases, sales and expenses. No amount of ineffectiveness was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) for these designated cash flow hedges and all components of each derivative’s gain or loss was included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness. The net asset (liability) fair value of these contracts were $8 and $(14) as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Summary of Derivative Instruments Fair Value

The following table provides a summary of the fair value amounts of our derivative instruments:



		December 31,
Designation of Derivatives	Balance Sheet Location	2018			2017
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Foreign exchange contracts – forwards	Other current assets	$	7		$	1
	Other current liabilities	—			(15		)
Foreign currency options	Other current assets	1			—
	Other current liabilities	—			—
Interest rate swaps	Other long-term assets	—			1
	Other long-term liabilities	(3		)	—
	Net Designated Derivative Asset (Liability)	$	5		$	(13	)

Derivatives NOT Designated as Hedging Instruments
Foreign exchange contracts – forwards	Other current assets	$	7		$	1
	Other current liabilities	(1		)	(10		)
	Net Undesignated Derivative Asset (Liability)	$	6		$	(9	)

Summary of Derivatives	Total Derivative Assets	$	15		$	3
	Total Derivative Liabilities	(4		)	(25		)
	Net Derivative Asset (Liability)	$	11		$	(22	)

Summary of Derivative Instruments Gains (Losses)

Derivative gains and (losses) affect the income statement based on whether such derivatives are designated as hedges of underlying exposures. The following is a summary of derivative gains and (losses).

Designated Derivative Instruments Gains (Losses)

The following tables provide a summary of gains (losses) on derivative instruments:



		Year Ended December 31,
Derivatives in Fair Value Relationships	Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income	Derivative Loss Recognized in Income									Hedged Item Gain Recognized in Income
Derivatives in Fair Value Relationships	Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income	2018			2017			2016			2018		2017		2016
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense	$	(3	)	$	(3	)	$	(3	)	$	3	$	3	$	3



	Year Ended December 31,
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships	Derivative Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI (Effective Portion)							Location of Derivative Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion)	(Loss) Gain Reclassified from AOCI to Income (Effective Portion)
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships	2018		2017			2016			2018			2017			2016
Foreign exchange contracts – forwards/options	$	9	$	(28	)	$	20	Cost of sales	$	(14	)	$	(35	)	$	42

For the three years ended December 31, 2018 no amount of ineffectiveness was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) for these designated cash flow hedges. All components of each derivative’s gain or (loss) were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness. In addition, no amount was recorded for an underlying exposure that did not occur or was not expected to occur.

As of December 31, 2018, a net after-tax gain of $4 was recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss associated with our cash flow hedging activity. The entire balance is expected to be reclassified into Net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying anticipated transactions.

Non-Designated Derivative Instruments Gains (Losses)

Non-designated derivative instruments are primarily instruments used to hedge foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. They are not designated as hedges since there is a natural offset for the remeasurement of the underlying foreign currency-denominated asset or liability.

The following table provides a summary of gains (losses) on non-designated derivative instruments:



		Year Ended December 31,
Derivatives NOT Designated as Hedging Instruments	Location of Derivative Gain (Loss)	2018		2017			2016
Foreign exchange contracts – forwards	Other expense – Currency gains (losses), net	$	21	$	(44	)	$	172

For the three years ended December 31, 2018, we recorded Currency losses, net of $5, $4 and $13, respectively. Net currency gains and losses include the mark-to-market adjustments of the derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and the related cost of those derivatives, as well as the remeasurement of foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities and are included in Other expenses, net.