Organization and Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization and Significant Accounting Policies

Note 1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Business Operations

VirTra, Inc. (the “Company,” “VirTra,” “we,” “us” or “our”), located in Chandler, Arizona, is a global provider of judgmental use of force training simulators, firearms training simulators and driving simulators for the law enforcement, military, educational and commercial markets. The Company’s patented technologies, software, and scenarios provide intense training for de-escalation, judgmental use-of-force, marksmanship and related training that mimics real-world situations. VirTra’s mission is to save and improve lives worldwide through practical and highly-effective virtual reality and simulator technology. The Company sells its products worldwide through a direct sales force and international distribution partners. The original business started in 1993 as Ferris Productions, Inc. In September 2001, Ferris Productions, Inc. merged with GameCom, Inc. to ultimately become VirTra, Inc., a Nevada corporation.

During March 2020, a global pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization related to the rapidly growing outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19). The pandemic has significantly impacted the economic conditions in the U.S., accelerating during half of March and April as federal, state and local governments react to the public health crisis, creating significant uncertainties in the U.S. economy. On March 30, 2020, the Governor for the State of Arizona issued a stay-at-home order which expired on May 15, 2020, upon which Arizona entered Phase I of reopening. The Company carefully reviewed all rules and regulations of the government orders and determined it met the requirements of an essential business to remain open. The Company had the majority of its staff begin working remotely in mid-March, with only essential personnel continue working at the manufacturing and production facilities and currently remains in Arizona’s Phase I of reopening. This situation is rapidly changing and additional impacts to the business may arise that we are not aware of currently. While the disruption is currently expected to be temporary, there is uncertainty around the duration. The ultimate impact of the pandemic on the Company’s results of operations, financial position, liquidity or capital resources cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. To date, the COVID-19 restrictions have resulted in reduced customer shipments and customer system installations. These recent developments are expected to result in lower recognized revenue and possibly lower gross margin when they occur. To date, there have been no order cancellations; rather, there have only been delays in when orders ship or installations occur and all delayed orders remain in backlog. Although not a material component of our company, a significant adverse change in the business climate could continue to affect the value of the Company’s long-term investment in TEC, including the long-term note receivable from TEC. Any future impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. The Company is no longer investing in Certificates of Deposits as a precautionary measure to increase its liquid cash position and preserve financial flexibility considering uncertainty in the U.S. and global markets resulting from COVID-19. Additionally, the Company’s stock repurchase program was suspended as a result of interim rulings for public-company recipients of a Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loan under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”). The stock repurchase suspension remained in effect for the duration of the outstanding PPP loan and continues to remain in effect even though the PPP loan has been forgiven and is no longer outstanding.

Basis of Presentation

The Company’s financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Significant accounting estimates in these financial statements include valuation assumptions for share-based payments, allowance for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, inventory reserves, accrual for warranty reserves, the carrying value of long-lived assets and intangible assets, income tax valuation allowances, the carrying value of cost basis investments, and the allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in our contracts with customers.

Revenue Recognition

The Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (the “FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customer (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”) on January 1, 2018 and the Company elected to use the modified retrospective transition method which requires application of ASC 606 to uncompleted contracts at the date of adoption. The adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on the financial statements.

Under ASC 606, the Company must identify the contract with a customer, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Significant judgment is necessary when making these determinations.

The Company’s primary sources of revenue are derived from simulator and accessories sales, training and installation, the sale of customizable software, the sale of customized content scenarios, and the sale of extended service-type warranties. Sales discounts are presented in the financial statements as reductions in determining net revenues. Credit sales are recorded as current assets (accounts receivable and unbilled revenue). Prepaid deposits received at the time of sale and extended warranties purchased are recorded as current and long-term liabilities (deferred revenue) until earned. The following briefly summarizes the nature of our performance obligations and method of revenue recognition:

Performance Obligation	Method of Recognition
Simulator and accessories	Upon transfer of control
Installation and training	Upon completion or over the period of services being rendered
Extended service-type warranty	Deferred and recognized over the life of the extended warranty
Customized software and content	Upon transfer of control or over the period services are performed depending on the terms of the contract
Customized content scenario	As performance obligation is transferred over time (input method using time and materials expended)
Sales-based royalty exchanged for license of intellectual property	Recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied over time – which is as the sales occur

The Company recognizes revenue upon transfer of control or upon completion of the services for the simulator and accessories; for the installation and training and customized software performance obligations as the customer has the right and ability to direct the use of these products and services and the customer obtains substantially all of the remaining benefit from these products and services at that time. Revenue from certain customized content contracts may be recognized over the period the services are performed based on the terms of the contract. For the sales-based royalty exchanged for license of intellectual property, the Company recognized revenue as the sales occur over time.

The Company recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis over the period of services being rendered for the extended service-type warranties as these warranties represent a performance obligation to “stand ready to perform” over the duration of the warranties. As such, the warranty service is performed continuously over the warranty period.

Each contract states the transaction price. The contracts do not include variable consideration, significant financing components or noncash consideration. The Company has elected to exclude sales and similar taxes from the measurement of the transaction price. The contract’s transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations based upon their stand-alone selling prices. Discounts to the stand-alone selling prices, if any, are allocated proportionately to each performance obligation.

Disaggregation of Revenue

Under ASC 606, disaggregated revenue from contracts with customers depicts the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows affected by economic factors. The Company has evaluated revenues recognized and the following table illustrates the disaggregation disclosure by customer’s location and performance obligation.

	Year ended December 31,
	2021								2020
	Commerical		Government		International		Total		Commerical		Government		International		Total
Simulators and accessories	$	2,890,848	$	12,302,223	$	4,073,008	$	19,266,079	$	1,052,223	$	12,450,793	$	299,430	$	13,802,446
Extended service-type warranties		107,289		2,716,436		101,111		2,924,836		74,290		2,408,379		138,771		2,621,440
Customized software and content		57,200		1,139,841		112,869		1,309,910		100,109		1,957,635		-		2,057,744
Installation and training		102,882		677,930		143,587		924,399		17,004		534,478		4,962		556,444
Licensing and royalities		8,832		-		-		8,832		49,557		-		-		49,557
Total Revenue	$	3,167,051	$	16,836,430	$	4,430,575	$	24,434,056	$	1,293,183	$	17,351,285	$	443,163	$	19,087,631

Commercial customers include selling through prime contractors for military or law enforcement contracts, domestically. Government customers are defined as directly selling to government agencies. For the year ended December 31, 2021, governmental customers comprised $16,836,430, or 68.9% of total net sales, commercial customers comprised $3,167,051 or 13.0% of total net sales and international customers comprised $4,430,575, or 18.1% of total net sales. By comparison, for the year ended December 31, 2020, governmental customers comprised $17,351,285, or 90.9% of total net sales, commercial customers comprised $1,293,183 or 6.8% of total net sales and international customers comprised $443,163, or 2.3% of total net sales. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded $1,963,562 and $794,524, respectively, in STEP revenue, or 8.0 % and 4.2%, respectively, of total net sales.

Customer Deposits

Customer deposits consist of prepaid deposits received for equipment purchase orders and for Subscription Training Equipment Partnership (“STEP”) operating agreements that expire annually. Customer deposits are considered a deferred liability until the completion of the customer’s contract performance obligation. When revenue is recognized, the deposit is applied to customer’s receivable balance. Customer deposits are recorded as a current liability under deferred revenue on the accompanying balance sheet and totaled $2,371,531 and $2,517,175 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized revenue of $1,550,333 and $325,844, respectively, related to customer deposits that were included in deferred revenue, long-term, at the beginning of each period. Changes in deferred revenue amounts related to customer deposits will fluctuate from year to year based upon the mix of customers required to prepay deposits under the Company’s credit policy.

Warranty

The Company warranties its products from manufacturing defects on a limited basis for a period of one year after purchase, but also sells separately priced extended service-type warranties for periods of up to four years after the expiration of the standard one-year warranty. During the term of the initial one-year warranty, if the device fails to operate properly from defects in materials and workmanship, the Company will fix or replace the defective product. Deferred revenue for separately priced extended warranties one year or less totaled $1,764,034 and $2,191,400 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Deferred revenue for separately priced extended warranties longer than one year totaled $1,815,871 and $1,920,346 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The accrual for the one-year manufacturer’s warranty liability totaled $384,000 and $352,000 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized revenue of $2,924,836 and $2,621,440, respectively, related to the extended service-type warranties that was amortized from the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each period. Changes in deferred revenue amounts related to extended service-type warranties will fluctuate from year to year based upon the average remaining life of the warranties at the beginning of the period and new extended service-type warranties sold during the period.

Customer Retainage

Customer retainage is recorded as a current liability under deferred revenue on the accompanying balance sheets and totaled $0 at December 31, 2021 and 2020. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized revenue of $0 and $10,720, respectively, related to customer retainage that were included in the liability at the beginning of each period. Changes in deferred revenue amounts related to customer retainage will fluctuate from year to year based upon the customer’s contract completion date, allowing the Company to invoice and recover the retainage.

Licensing and Royalties with Former Related Party

As discussed further in Note 9. Co-Venture Agreement with Modern Round, the Company licenses intellectual property to Modern Round, LLC (“MR”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of That’s Eatertainment Corp. (“TEC”), f/k/a Modern Round Entertainment Corp. (“MREC”), a former related party, in exchange for sales-based royalties. Revenues from this agreement are recognized in accordance with the terms of the contract as the sales occur. The Company receives additional immaterial sales-based royalties from strategic partners. Effective October 12, 2020, TEC and MREC no longer meet the requirements to be considered related parties.

STEP Revenue

The Company’s STEP operations consist principally of renting its simulator products under operating agreements expiring in one year. At the commencement of a STEP agreement, any rental payments received are deferred and no income is recognized. Subsequently, payments are amortized and recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement. The agreements are generally for a period of 12 months and can be renewed for additional 12-month periods. Agreements may be terminated by either party upon written notice of termination at lease sixty days prior to the end of the 12-month period. The payments are generally fixed for the first year of the agreement, with increases in payments in subsequent years to be mutually agreed upon. The agreements do not include variable lease payments or free rent periods. In addition, the agreements do not provide for the underlying assets to be purchased at its fair market values at interim periods or at maturity. Each STEP agreement comes with full customer support and stand-ready advance replacement parts to maintain each system for the duration of the lease. The amount that the Company expects to derive from the STEP equipment following the end of the agreement term is dependent upon the number of agreement terms renewed. The agreements do not include a residual value guarantee.

Fair Value Measurements

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements, defines fair value as the price that would be received in the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Topic 820 also specifies a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value as follows:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and

Level 3: Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, certificates of deposit, accounts receivable, notes and interest receivables, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities. The fair value of financial instruments, except for long-term notes receivable, approximates their carrying values, using level 3 inputs, at December 31, 2021 and 2020 due to their short maturities. The fair value of the notes receivable approximates its carrying value, using level 3 inputs, at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of 90 days or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents.

Certificates of Deposit and Mutual Funds

The Company invests its excess cash in certificates of deposit and money market mutual funds issued by financial institutions with high credit ratings. The certificates of deposit generally have average maturities of approximately six months and are subject to penalties for early withdrawal. The money market mutual funds are open ended and can be withdrawn at any time without penalty.

Accounts and Notes Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company recognizes an allowance for losses on accounts receivable based on an analysis of historical bad debt experience, current receivables aging, and expected future write-offs, as well as an assessment of specific identifiable customer accounts considered at risk or uncollectible. Accounts receivable do not bear interest and are charged off after all reasonable collection efforts have been taken. The Company maintained an allowance for doubtful accounts of $35,432 and $34,959 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Notes receivable are carried at their estimated collectible amounts. Interest income on notes receivable is recognized using the effective interest method. Notes receivable are periodically evaluated for collectability based on the credit history, the current financial condition of the counter party, and the known and inherent risks in the notes. Notes receivable are placed on nonaccrual status when they become 90 days past due and the customer has not made a payment in over 60 days. Upon suspension of the accrual of interest, interest income is subsequently recognized to the extent cash payments are received. Accrual of interest is resumed when notes are removed from non-accrual status. Notes receivable are charged against the allowance for credit losses when they are deemed to be uncollectible. The Company recorded a reserve for the full amount of a note receivable and accrued interest from a former related party totaling $311,367 in 2020. The allowance for uncollectible notes receivable was $0 and $311,367 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost being determined on the average cost method. Work in progress and finished goods inventory includes an allocation for capitalized labor and overhead. The Company routinely evaluates the carrying value of inventory for slow moving and potentially obsolete inventory and, when appropriate, will record an adjustment to reduce inventory to its estimated net realizable value. Inventory reserves were $214,712 and $120,652 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Investments in Other Companies

The Company accounts for investments in other companies that do not have a readily determinable fair value at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The Company has elected to utilize the cost minus impairment approach because the investment in TEC does not have a readily determinable fair value as of the reporting date. See Note 9. Co-Venture Agreement with Modern Round.

Management regularly evaluates the recoverability of its investment based on the investee company’s performance and financial position. For the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized an impairment loss of $0 and $840,000, respectively. Management regularly assesses the classification of its investments.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are carried at cost, net of depreciation. Gains or losses related to retirements or disposition of fixed assets are recognized in operations in the period incurred. Costs of normal repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred, while betterments or renewals are capitalized. Depreciation commences at the time the assets are placed in service or for STEP equipment under agreements, when the equipment is made available for use by the customer. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated economic lives of the assets or for leasehold improvements, over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the remaining lease term. For STEP equipment under agreements, depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the sixty-month maximum useful life instead of the remaining agreement term. Estimated useful lives are summarized as follows:

Computer equipment	3-5 years
Furniture and office equipment	5-7 years
Leased STEP equipment	5 years
Leasehold improvements	7 years
Building	39.5 years
Building Improvements	7 years

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets at December 31, 2021 are comprised of various patents. We compute amortization expense on the patents using the straight-line method over the estimated remaining useful lives of 16 years. We compute amortization expense on media content using the straight-line method over the weighted average remaining period which is 15 years.

Cost of Products Sold

Cost of products sold represents manufacturing costs, consisting of materials, labor and overhead related to finished goods and components. Cost of products sold includes depreciation of STEP contract fixed assets. Shipping costs incurred related to product delivery are included in cost of products sold.

Advertising Costs

Costs associated with advertising are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was $422,831 and $512,655 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These costs include domestic and international tradeshows, website, and sales promotional materials.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs primarily include expenses, including labor, directly related to research and development support. Research and development expense was $1,865,880 and $1,603,379 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Legal Costs

Legal costs relating to loss contingencies are expensed as incurred. See Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Major Customers and Suppliers

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, certificates of deposit, accounts receivable and notes receivable.

The Company’s cash, cash equivalents and certificates of deposit are maintained with financial institutions with high credit standings and are FDIC insured deposits. The FDIC insures deposits according to the ownership category in which the funds are insured and how the accounts are titled. The standard deposit insurance coverage limit is $250,000 per depositor, per FDIC-insured bank, per ownership category. The Company had uninsured cash and cash equivalents of $19,207,786 and $6,338,896 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Sales are typically made on credit and the Company generally does not require collateral. Management performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and maintains an allowance for estimated losses. Historically, the Company has experienced minimal charges relative to doubtful accounts.

Management performs ongoing evaluations of the collectability of its notes receivable and maintains an allowance for estimated losses. As of December 31, 2021, the Company did not hold any notes receivables. (See Note 2. Notes Receivable and Note 9 Co-Venture Agreement with Modern Round)

Historically, the Company primarily sells its products to U.S. federal and state agencies. For the year ended December 31, 2021, one commercial customer comprised 13.6% of total sales. By comparison, for the year ended December 31, 2020, one agency comprised 16% of total net sales.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any customer that accounted for more than 10% of total accounts receivable. By comparison, as of December 31, 2020, one state agency comprised 31% of total accounts receivables.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on the difference between the financial statement and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Company calculates a provision for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized by identifying the temporary differences arising from the different treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. In determining the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements or tax returns, judgment and interpretation of statutes are required.

In assessing realizable deferred tax assets, management assesses the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and to the extent that recovery is not likely or there is insufficient operating history, a valuation allowance is established. The Company adjusts the valuation allowance in the period management determines it is more likely than not that net deferred tax assets will or will not be realized. After review of the deferred tax asset and valuation allowance in accordance with ASC 740, management determined that it is more likely than not that the Company will fully realize all of its deferred tax asset and no valuation allowance was recorded at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

The Company did not recognize any assets or liabilities relative to uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2021 and 2020. Interest or penalties, if any, will be recognized in income tax expense. Since there are no significant unrecognized tax benefits as a result of tax positions taken, there are no accrued penalties or interest. Tax positions are positions taken in a previously filed tax return or positions expected to be taken in a future tax return that are reflected in measuring current or deferred income tax assets and liabilities reported in the financial statements.

The Company reflects tax benefits, only if it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to sustain the tax return position, based on its technical merits. If a tax benefit meets this criterion, it is measured and recognized based on the largest amount of benefit that is cumulatively greater than 50% likely to be realized. Management does not believe that there are any uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2021 or 2020.

The Company is potentially subject to tax audits for its United States federal and various state income and excise tax returns for tax years between 2015 and 2021; however, earlier years may be subject to audit under certain circumstances. Tax audits by their very nature are often complex and can require several years to complete.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long lived assets, such as equipment and intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Fair value is determined based on discounted cash flows or appraised values, depending on the nature of the asset. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company concluded that there has been no indication of impairment to the carrying value of its long-lived assets. As such, no impairment has been recorded.

Stock Based Compensation

The Company measures the cost of awards of equity instruments based on the grant date fair value of the awards. The Company calculates the fair value of stock-based awards using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing valuation model, which incorporates various assumptions including volatility, expected term and risk-free interest rates. See Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies and Note 13. Stockholders’ Equity regarding stock-based awards made during the year ended December 31, 2021. There were no grants of stock-based awards during the year ended December 31, 2020.

The expected term of the options is the estimated period of time until exercise and was determined using an average of vesting and contractual terms, as we did not have sufficient historical experience of similar awards. The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield available on United States Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent remaining term. The Company has not paid dividends in the past and does not plan to pay any dividends in the near future. The estimated fair value of stock-based compensation awards and other options is amortized to expense on a straight-line basis over the relevant vesting period. The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures as they occur rather than estimating them at the time of grant.

Net Income (Loss)per Common Share

The net income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average of common shares outstanding. Diluted net income per share reflects the potential dilution, using the treasury stock method, that would occur if outstanding stock options and warrants were exercised. Earnings per share computations are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020
Net income/(loss)	$	2,540,089	$	1,478,403
Weighted average common stock outstanding		10,007,386		7,757,037
Incremental shares from stock options		53,362		78,793
Weighted average common stock outstanding diluted		10,060,748		7,835,830
Net income per common share and common equivalent shares
Basic	$	0.25	$	.19
Diluted	$	0.25	$	.19

The Company has potentially dilutive securities outstanding that are not included in the diluted earnings per share calculation for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 because their effect would be anti-dilutive. These potentially dilutive securities, comprised entirely of the Company’s stock options, totaled 0 and 98,750 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”). ASU 2019-12 simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. ASU 2019-12 also simplifies aspects of accounting for franchise taxes and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. ASU 2019-12 is effective for annual and interim financial statement periods beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company has implemented ASU 2019-12 for the 2021 fiscal year.