10-K 1 jcom2018123110-k.htm 10-K Document


 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
x
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018
OR
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                      to                     
Commission File Number: 0-25965
j2 GLOBAL, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
47-1053457
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
6922 Hollywood Boulevard, Suite 500, Los Angeles, California 90028, (323) 860-9200
(Address and telephone number of principal executive offices)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
None
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Common Stock, $0.01 par value
(Title of class)
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes  x
No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes  o
No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  
Yes  x
No  o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  
Yes  x
No  o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  o
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “small reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer  x
Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o
Smaller reporting company o
Emerging growth company o
 
 
 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes o   No x
 
As of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the approximate aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates, based upon the closing price of the common stock as quoted by the NASDAQ Global Select Market was $2,654,287,562. Shares of common stock held by executive officers, directors and holders of more than 5% of the outstanding common stock have been excluded. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
 
As of February 26, 2019, the registrant had 48,756,145 shares of common stock outstanding.
 
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:
 
Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement to be delivered to stockholders in connection with the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 3, 2019 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.
 
This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes 129 pages with the Index to Exhibits located on page 125.
 





TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
 
 
Page
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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PART I
Item 1.    Business

Overview
j2 Global, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“j2 Global”, “our”, “us” or “we”), is a leading provider of internet services. Through our Cloud Services business, we provide cloud services to consumers and businesses and license our intellectual property (“IP”) to third parties. In addition, the Cloud Services business includes fax, voice, backup, security and email marketing products. Our Digital Media business specializes in the technology, gaming, broadband, business to business, healthcare, and international markets, offering content, tools and services to consumers and businesses.
We were incorporated in 2014 as a Delaware corporation through the creation of a new holding company structure, and our Cloud Services business, operated by our wholly owned subsidiary, j2 Cloud Services, LLC (formerly j2 Cloud Services, Inc.), and its subsidiaries, was founded in 1995.

Our Cloud Services business generates revenues primarily from customer subscription and usage fees and from IP licensing fees. Our Digital Media business generates revenues from advertising and sponsorships, subscription and usage fees, performance marketing and licensing fees.

In addition to growing our business organically, on a regular basis we acquire businesses to grow our customer bases, expand and diversify our service offerings, enhance our technologies, acquire skilled personnel and enter into new markets.
Our consolidated revenues are currently generated from three basic business models, each with different financial profiles and variability. Our Cloud Services business is driven primarily by subscription revenues that are relatively higher margin, stable and predictable from quarter to quarter with some seasonal weakness in the fourth quarter. The Cloud Services business also includes the results of our IP licensing business, which can vary dramatically in both revenues and profitability from period to period. Our Digital Media business is driven primarily by advertising revenues, has relatively higher sales and marketing expense and has seasonal strength in the fourth quarter. We continue to pursue additional acquisitions, which may include companies operating under business models that differ from those we operate under today. Such acquisitions could impact our consolidated profit margins and the variability of our revenues.
Cloud Services
We believe that businesses of all sizes are increasingly purchasing cloud services to meet their communication, messaging, security, data backup, hosting, customer relationship management and other needs. Cloud-based services represent a model for delivering and consuming, independent of location, real time business technology services, resources and solutions over the internet. Their goal is to reduce or eliminate costs, increase sales and enhance productivity, mobility, business continuity and security. Our eFax®, MyFax® and sFax® online fax services enable users to receive faxes into their email inboxes and to send faxes via the internet. eVoice® and Onebox® provide our customers a virtual phone system with various available enhancements. KeepItSafe®, LiveVault®, and Livedrive® enable our customers to securely back up their data and dispose of tape or other physical systems. Our FuseMail® service provides our customers email, encryption, archival and perimeter protection solutions, while Campaigner® provides our customers enhanced email marketing solutions. All of these services represent software-as-a-service solutions except online backup which represents both a software-as-a-service solution and an infrastructure-as-a-service solution. We believe these services represent more efficient and less expensive solutions than many existing alternatives, and provide increased security, privacy, flexibility and mobility.
We generate substantially all of our Cloud Services revenues from “fixed” subscription revenues for basic customer subscriptions and, to a lesser extent, “variable” usage revenues generated from actual usage by our subscribers. Our online fax, virtual phone, email, customer relationship management and online backup products have both a fixed and variable subscription component with the substantial majority of revenues derived from the fixed portion. In addition, the cost structures of all our Cloud Services are very similar in terms of fixed and variable components and include capital expenditures that are in proportion to revenue for each product offering. We also generate Cloud Services revenues from patent licensing. We categorize our Cloud Services and solutions into two basic groups: number-based, which are services provided in whole or in part through a telephone number, and non-number-based, which are our other cloud services for business.
We market our Cloud Services offerings to a broad spectrum of prospective business customers including sole proprietors, small to medium-sized businesses, enterprises and government organizations. Our marketing efforts include enhancing brand awareness; utilizing online advertising, search engines and affiliate programs; and selling through both a telesales and direct sales force. We continuously seek to extend the number of distribution channels through which we acquire paying customers and improve the cost and volume of customers obtained through our current channels.

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We offer the following cloud services and solutions:
Fax
eFax® is a leading brand in the global online fax market. Various tiers of service provide increasing levels of features and functionality to sole proprietors, small and medium-sized businesses, and enterprises around the world. Our most popular services allow individuals to receive and send faxes as email attachments. In addition to eFax®, we offer online fax services under a variety of alternative brands including sFax®, MyFax®, eFax Plus®, eFax Pro™, eFax Secure™, eFax Corporate™ and eFax Developer™.
Voice
eVoice® is a virtual phone system that provides small and medium-sized businesses on-demand voice communications services, featuring a toll-free or local company number, auto-attendant and menu tree. With these services, a subscriber can assign departmental and individual extensions that can connect to multiple U.S. or Canadian numbers, including land-line and mobile phones and IP networks, and can enhance reachability through “find me/follow me” capabilities. These services also include advanced integrated voicemail for each extension, effectively unifying mobile, office and other separate voicemail services and improving efficiency by delivering voicemails in both native audio format and as transcribed text.
Line2 is a cloud phone service which allows users to add a 2nd line to a mobile device. Line2 enables users to separate work and personal calls on a single device and includes standard business phone service features such as SMS, MMS, auto attendant, call routing, call forwarding, voicemail, call queue, toll-free and vanity numbers.
Onebox® is a full-featured unified communications suite. It combines the features of many of our other branded services, plus added functionality, to provide a full virtual office. Onebox® includes a virtual phone system, hosted email, online fax, audio conferencing and web conferencing.
Backup
KeepItSafe® provides fully managed and monitored online backup and disaster recovery solutions for businesses, using its ISO-certified platform. By securing critical digital assets via the internet to highly secure data vaults, customers enjoy peace of mind knowing they have reliable and cost effective backups, and equally importantly rapid restores of the data that keeps their businesses operating. Furthermore, our solution for business continuity, backup and recovery will fully protect the customer’s physical, virtual and cloud resources. The software installs simply and provides full-server imaging and proven off-site data recovery capabilities without costly investments. Company data is protected from human error, file corruption, ransomware and other harmful factors.
LiveDrive®, which was acquired in February 2014, provides online backup and sync storage features for professionals and individuals. The customers can access their files from anywhere at any time so long as they have access to the internet.

LiveVault®, which was acquired in September 2015, provides cloud backup and recovery services. LiveVault® services include, among other items, offsite protection of data combined with local backup, web based access to protected data and a mirrored data center to ensure recoverability.

SugarSync®, which was acquired in March 2015, provides online file backup, synchronization and sharing of all of a customer’s documents, photos, music and movies across all of the customer’s computers and mobile devices. The product is not dependent on any specific operating system or device platforms.


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Security
VIPRE™ is a provider of modern security solutions purpose-built to protect people and business from costly and malicious threats. The software portfolio includes comprehensive endpoint and email security, along with threat intelligence for real-time malware analysis. VIPRE solutions deliver easy to use, comprehensive layered defense through cloud-based and server security with mobile interfaces that enable threat response.
FuseMail® offers email security, email archiving and hosted email to businesses of all sizes around the world. These solutions are hosted offsite and seamlessly integrated into a customer’s existing email system. Email security offers multi-level spam and virus detection, works with almost any email system, and deletes virus-infected emails while keeping the email message intact. Email continuity is a solution in which email systems are maintained even when a mail server is down. Email archiving solutions provide for archiving of internal and external ingoing and outgoing emails, and indexing of all emails to enable seamless search.
Excel Micro™ is a Cloud Security distributor focusing on providing email security, web security, and endpoint protection. Their solutions are offered to thousands of resellers in the United States who provide the product to their end customers.
Email Marketing
Campaigner® is a cloud-based email marketing solution to help small, medium and large businesses strengthen customer relationships and drive sales. Campaigner offers professional email campaign creation, advanced list management and segmentation tools, and targeted email autoresponders and workflows. Campaigner also helps businesses increase the size of their mailing lists, comply with email regulations like CAN-SPAM and get more emails to more inboxes.
SMTP is our cloud-based solution for email delivery that enables our customers to begin using an email relay service. Using our SMTP platform, customers control all aspects of their email distribution and can review email campaign statistics through a dashboard. We have a team of experts that help our customers’ setup and optimize the SMTP relay.
IP Licensing
We hold a number of issued U.S. and foreign patents and other intellectual property rights. We seek to license some of these intellectual property rights to third parties in exchange for fees. We include the results of these activities within the Cloud Services business, exclusive of brand licensing by the Digital Media business.
Global Network and Operations
Our Cloud Services business operates multiple physical Points of Presence (“POPs”) worldwide, a central data center in Los Angeles and a remote disaster recovery facility. We connect our POPs to our central data centers via redundant, and often times diverse, Virtual Private Networks (“VPNs”) using the internet. Our network is designed to deliver value-added user applications, customer support and billing services for our customers anywhere in the world and a local presence for customers from thousands of cities in 50 countries on six continents. We offer our services in all major metropolitan areas in the United States (“U.S.”), the United Kingdom (“U.K.”), Canada and such major cities as Berlin, Copenhagen, Madrid, Manila, Mexico City, Milan, Paris, Rome, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei, Tokyo, Vienna and Zurich. Our customers are located throughout the world.
Customer Support Services
Our Cloud Services customer service organization supports our cloud services customers through a combination of online self-help, email communications, interactive chat sessions and telephone calls. Our internet-based online self-help tools enable customers to resolve simple issues on their own, eliminating the need to speak or write to our customer service representatives. We use internal personnel and contracted third parties (on a dedicated personnel basis) to answer our customer emails and telephone calls and to participate in interactive chat sessions.
Our Cloud Services customer service organization provides email support seven days per week, 24 hours per day, to all subscribers. Paying subscribers have access to live-operator telephone support seven days per week, 24 hours per day. Dedicated telephone support is provided for corporate customers 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Live sales and customer support services are available in various languages, including English, Spanish, Dutch, German, French, Japanese and Cantonese.

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Competition
Our Cloud Services business faces competition from, among others, online fax-providers, traditional fax machine or multi-function printer companies, unified messaging/communications providers, telephone companies, voicemail providers, companies offering PBX systems and outsourced PBX solutions, email providers, various data backup and hosting providers and customer relationship management solutions. Historically, our most popular solutions have related to online faxing, including the ability of our customers to access faxes via email and our outbound desktop faxing capabilities. These solutions compete primarily against traditional fax machine manufacturers, which are generally large and well-established companies, as well as publicly traded and privately-held providers of fax servers and related software and outsourced fax services. Some of these companies may have greater financial and other resources than we do.
We believe that the primary competitive factors determining our success in the market for our Cloud Services include financial strength and stability; pricing; reputation for reliability and security of service; intellectual property ownership; effectiveness of customer support; sign-up, service and software ease-of-use; service scalability; customer messaging and branding; geographic coverage; scope of services; currency and payment method acceptance; and local language sales, messaging and support.
For more information regarding the competition that we face, please refer to the section entitled Risk Factors contained in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Digital Media
Our Digital Media business operates a portfolio of web properties and apps which includes IGN, Mashable, PC Mag, Humble Bundle, Speedtest, Offers, Black Friday, AskMen, MedPageToday, Everyday Health, What to Expect, among others. During 2018, our Digital Media web properties attracted approximately 7.7 billion visits and 31.7 billion page views.
Our properties provide trusted reviews of technology, gaming and lifestyle products and services; news and commentary related to their vertical markets; professional networking tools, targeted emails and white papers for IT professionals; speed testing for internet and mobile network connections; online deals and discounts for consumers; interactive tools and mobile applications that enable consumers to manage a broad array of health and wellness needs on a daily basis, including medical conditions, pregnancy, diet and fitness news; and tools and information for healthcare professionals to stay abreast of industry, legislative and regulatory developments in major medical specialties.
Our Digital Media business generates revenues from the sale of display and video advertising; customer clicks to online merchants as well as commissions on sales attributed to clicks to online merchants; business-to-business leads to IT vendors; the licensing of technology, data and other intellectual material to clients; and the sale of subscription services to consumers and businesses.
We believe competitive factors relating to attracting and retaining users include the ability to provide premium and exclusive content and the reach, effectiveness, and efficiency of our marketing services to attract consumers, advertisers, healthcare professionals and publishers. We continue to seek opportunities to acquire additional web properties, both within and outside of the technology, gaming, lifestyle, and healthcare verticals, with the goal of monetizing their audiences and content though application of our proprietary technologies and insight.
Web Properties
Our Digital Media properties and services include the following:
Technology
PCMag is an online resource for laboratory-based product reviews, technology news and buying guides. We operate one of the largest and oldest independent testing facilities for consumer technology products. Founded in 1984, our lab produces more than 2,200 unbiased technology product and service reviews annually. PCMag’s “Editor’s Choice” award is recognized globally as a trusted mark for buyers and sellers of technology products and services.
Mashable.com is a global media brand publishing premium content for individuals interested in technology and culture. Mashable is recognized as a trusted global brand and produces stories for more than a dozen platforms, including Snapchat, Twitter and Facebook.

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Offers.com is a coupons & deals website featuring offers from more than 16,000 of the internet’s more popular stores and brands. Offers.com’s objective is to help consumers find the best deals on the web. Additionally, Offers.com employs a process to verify that its coupon codes work, saving consumers time and money.
BlackFriday.com and BestBlackFriday.com are resources for shoppers to find the best deals and offers from retailers during the height of the holiday shopping season.
Ookla provides customers fixed broadband and mobile network testing applications, data and analysis. Over ten million tests are actively initiated by consumers each day across all of Ookla’s Speedtest platforms, with more than 17 billion completed to date. As a result, Ookla maintains comprehensive analytics on worldwide internet performance and accessibility. Ookla solutions have been adopted by a significant number of internet service providers and mobile carriers worldwide and have been translated into over 30 languages for use by thousands of businesses, governments, universities and trade organizations.
Ekahau provides solutions for enterprise wireless network design and troubleshooting. More than 15,000 customers run their networks with Ekahau’s Wi-Fi planning and measurement solutions, which design and manage superior wireless networks by minimizing network deployment time and ensuring sufficient wireless coverage across the network.

Downdetector offers real-time overviews of status information and outages for services and digital products that consumers use everyday. Downdetector aims to track any service that its users consider vital to their everyday lives, including (but not limited to) internet providers, mobile providers, airlines, public transport and other online services.

Ziff Davis B2B provides digital content for buyers of information technology (IT) products and services, allowing IT vendors to identify, reach and influence corporate IT decision makers who are actively researching specific IT purchases.

Gaming

IGN Entertainment is an internet media brand focused on the video game and entertainment enthusiast markets. IGN reaches more than 154 million monthly users and is followed by more than 11 million subscribers on YouTube and 30 million users on social platforms.
HumbleBundle.com is a digital subscription and storefront for video games, ebooks, and software. Customers purchase monthly subscriptions, product bundles, and individual products through our website. In addition, raising money for charity is a core mission for Humble Bundle. Each product sale transaction at Humble Bundle results in a charitable contribution.
Healthcare
Everyday Health Group properties include a collection of content and tools for the consumer, and healthcare professional.
Everyday Health Consumer

Consumer-focused properties include online content, interactive tools and applications designed to allow consumers to manage a broad array of health and wellness needs on a daily basis. Everyday Health, our flagship brand, is a broad-based health information portal that provides consumers with trusted and actionable health information intended to empower users to better manage their health and wellness.
 
We operate the Mayo Clinic Diet digital program, a subscription-based plan for weight loss, and ultimately better health, developed by the weight loss experts at Mayo Clinic. Based on the bestselling book by the same name, the Mayo Clinic Diet digital program provides a step-by-step program to jump-start quick weight loss, achieve a goal weight and maintain it for life.

What to Expect When You’re Expecting
We operate the digital properties for the What to Expect brand, the leading pregnancy and parenting media resource. Based on the best-selling pregnancy book, What to Expect When You’re Expecting, by author Heidi Murkoff, the What to Expect website and mobile applications contain content on conception planning and pregnancy, as well as information on newborns and toddlers.


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Everyday Health Professional Properties

For healthcare professionals, we provide digital content that enables healthcare professionals to stay abreast of clinical, industry, legislative and regulatory developments across all major medical specialties. Our flagship professional property, MedPage Today, delivers breaking medical news in 34 medical specialties and major public policy developments at the state and federal levels seven days a week. MedPage Today coordinates with approximately 4,000 leading researchers and clinicians, as well as more than 300 academic medical centers, to aid in gathering in-depth information for articles. MedPage Today’s excellence has been recognized with awards from the American Society of Healthcare Business Editors, the National Institute for Healthcare Management, the eHealthcare Leadership Awards, the Medical Marketing and Media Awards and the Web Health Awards. Additionally, MedPage Today was named as a finalist for the Jesse M. Neal Award and the Gerald M. Loeb Award.

PRIME Education provides accredited continuing medical education (“CME”) and continuing education (“CE”) programs to healthcare professionals. PRIME is nationally recognized for its healthcare outcomes research and its conduct of research-informed and other CME and CE programs in various therapeutic areas. 

Display and Video Advertising
We sell online display and video advertising on our owned-and-operated web properties and on third party sites as well as targeted advertising across the internet through various unaffiliated third party digital advertising networks.
We have contractual arrangements with advertisers either directly or through agencies. The terms of these contracts specify the price of the advertising to be sold and the volume of advertisements that will be served over the course of a campaign.
In addition to the contracts with advertisers and agencies, we have contractual arrangements with certain third party websites not owned by us and third party advertising networks to deliver online display and video advertising to their websites or to third-party sites.
Performance Marketing
We generate business-to-business leads for IT vendors through the marketing of content, including white papers and webinars, and offer additional lead qualification and nurturing services. On the consumer side, we generate clicks to online merchants by promoting deals and discounts on our web properties.
Licensing
We license our proprietary technology, data and intellectual property to third parties for various purposes. For instance, we will license the right to use PCMag’s “Editors’ Choice” logo and other copyrighted editorial content to businesses whose products have earned such distinction.
Subscriptions
We offer subscriptions to businesses for Speedtest Intelligence, which offers up-to-date insights into global fixed broadband and mobile performance data. We offer subscriptions to consumers for our Mayo Clinic Diet program, PCMag Digital Edition and Humble Bundle.
Competition
Competition in the digital media space is fierce and continues to intensify.

Our digital media business competes with online publishers including CNET, GameSpot, WebMD, Vox and others as well as with portals, advertising networks, social media sites and other platforms, including Google, Facebook, Twitch and others. We believe that the primary competitive factors determining our success in the market for our digital media include the reputation of brands as trusted sources of objective information and our ability to attract internet users and advertisers to our web properties.

For more information regarding the competition that we face, please refer to the section entitled Risk Factors contained in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Patents and Proprietary Rights
We regard the protection of our intellectual property rights as important to our success. We aggressively protect these rights by relying on a combination of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade dress and trade secrets. We also enter into confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements with employees and contractors, and nondisclosure agreements with parties with whom we conduct business in order to limit access to and disclosure of our proprietary information.
Through a combination of internal technology development and acquisitions, we have built a portfolio of numerous U.S. and foreign patents. We generate licensing revenues from some of these patents. We are currently engaged in litigation to enforce several of our patents. For a more detailed description of the lawsuits in which we are involved, see Item 3. Legal Proceedings. We intend to continue to invest in patents, to aggressively protect our patent assets from unauthorized use and to generate patent licensing revenues from authorized users.
Several of our U.S. patents have been reaffirmed through reexamination proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”). We have generated royalties from licensing certain of our patents and have enforced certain patents against companies using our patented technology without our permission.
We seek patents for inventions that may contribute to our business or technology sector. In addition, we have multiple pending U.S. and foreign patent applications, covering components of our technology and in some cases technologies beyond those that we currently offer. Unless and until patents are issued on the pending applications, no patent rights can be enforced.
We have obtained patent licenses for certain technologies where such licenses are necessary or advantageous.
We own and use a number of trademarks in connection with our services, including word and/or logo trademarks for eFax, MyFax, eFax Corporate, Sfax, eVoice, KeepItSafe, Fusemail, Onebox, PCMag, IGN, Everyday Health, AskMen, Humble Bundle, Mashable, Health eCareers, Ookla, Speedtest, and Geek.com, among others. Many of these trademarks are registered worldwide, and numerous trademark applications are pending around the world. We hold numerous internet domain names, including “efax.com”, “efaxcorporate.com”, “myfax.com”, “fax.com”, “evoice.com”, “keepitsafe.com”, “fusemail.com”, “campaigner.com”, “onebox.com”, “pcmag.com”, “techbargains.com”, “ign.com”, “askmen.com”, “speedtest.net”, “offers.com”, “humblebundle.com”, “mashable.com”, “healthecareers.com”, and “geek.com”, among others. We have filed to protect our rights to our brands in certain alternative top-level domains such as “.org”, “.net”, “.biz”, “.info” and “.us”, among others.

Like other technology-based businesses, we face the risk that we will be unable to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights, and the risk that we will be found to have infringed the proprietary rights of others. For more information regarding these risks, please refer to the section entitled Risk Factors contained in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Government Regulation
We are subject to a number of foreign and domestic laws and regulations that affect companies conducting business over the internet and, in some cases, using services of third-party telecommunications and internet service providers. These include, among others, laws and regulations addressing privacy, data storage, retention and security, freedom of expression, content, taxation, numbers, advertising and intellectual property. With respect to most of our business, we are not a regulated telecommunications provider in the U.S. For information about the risks we face with respect to governmental regulation, please see Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled Risk Factors.
Seasonality
Our Cloud Services revenues are impacted by the number of effective business days in a given period. We traditionally experience lower than average Cloud Services usage and customer sign-ups in the fourth quarter. Revenues associated with our Digital Media operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations, becoming most active during the fourth quarter holiday period due to increased retail activity.

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Research and Development
The markets for our services are evolving rapidly, requiring ongoing expenditures for research and development and timely introduction of new services and service enhancements. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to enhance our current services, to respond effectively to technological changes, attract and retain engineering talent, sell additional services to our existing customer base and introduce new services and technologies that address the increasingly sophisticated needs of our customers.
We devote significant resources to develop new services and service enhancements. Our research, development and engineering expenditures were $48.4 million, $46.0 million and $38.0 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. For more information regarding the technological risks that we face, please refer to the section entitled Risk Factors contained in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Employees
As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 2,587 employees, the majority of whom are in the U.S.
Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified technical, marketing and management personnel. Approximately 70 of the editorial employees in our Digital Media business have elected to join a union. We chose to voluntarily recognize the union and have commenced negotiations on a collective bargaining agreement. None of our other employees are represented by any collective bargaining unit or agreement. We have never experienced a work stoppage. We believe our relationship with our employees is good.
Web Availability of Reports
The Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The Company is subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and files or furnishes reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Such reports and other information filed by the Company with the SEC are available free of charge on the Company’s website at www.j2.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such reports with, or furnish them to, the SEC’s website. The information on our website is not part of this report. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding our filings we file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Before deciding to invest in j2 Global or to maintain or increase your investment, you should carefully consider the risks described below in addition to the other cautionary statements and risks described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC, including our subsequent reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may affect our business. If any of these known or unknown risks or uncertainties actually occurs, our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our common stock will likely decline and you may lose part or all of your investment.

Risks Related To Our Business

Acquisitions and investments in our business have historically played a significant role in our growth and we anticipate that they will continue to do so.

We must acquire additional or invest in new or current businesses, products, services and technologies that complement or augment our service offerings and customer base in order to sustain our rate of growth. We may not successfully identify suitable acquisition candidates or investment strategies, manage disparate technologies, lines of business, personnel and corporate cultures, realize our business strategy or the expected return on our investment or manage a geographically dispersed company. If we are unable to identify and execute on acquisitions or execute on our investment strategies, our revenues, business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows could suffer.

We have made and expect to continue to make acquisitions that could disrupt our operations and harm our operating results.

We intend to continue to develop new services, enhance existing services and expand our geographic presence through acquisitions of other companies, service lines, technologies and personnel.

Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including the following:

•Difficulties in integrating the operations, systems, technologies, products and personnel of the acquired businesses;
•
Difficulties in entering markets in which we have no or limited direct prior experience and where competitors in such markets may have stronger market positions;
•
Diversion of management’s attention from normal daily operations of the business and the challenges of managing larger and more widespread operations resulting from acquisitions; and
•
The potential loss of key employees, customers, distributors, vendors and other business partners of the businesses we acquire.

Acquisitions may also cause us to:

•
Use a substantial portion of our cash resources or incur debt;
•
Significantly increase our interest expense, leverage and debt service requirements if we incur additional debt to pay for an acquisition;
•
Assume liabilities;
•
Issue common stock that would dilute our current stockholders’ percentage ownership;
•
Record goodwill and intangible assets that are subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic impairment charges;
•
Incur amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets; and
•
Become subject to intellectual property or other litigation.

Mergers and acquisitions are inherently risky and subject to many factors outside of our control. We cannot give assurance that our previous or future acquisitions will be successful and will not materially adversely affect our business, operating results or financial condition. Failure to manage and successfully integrate acquisitions could materially harm our business and operating results. In addition, our effective tax rate for future periods is uncertain and could be impacted by mergers and acquisitions.

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The majority of our revenue within the Digital Media business is derived from short-term advertising arrangements and a reduction in spending by or loss of current or potential advertisers would cause our revenue and operating results to decline.

In most cases, our agreements with advertisers have a term of one year or less and may be terminated at any time by the advertiser or by us without penalty. Advertising agreements often provide that we receive payment based on “served” impressions but the online ad industry has started to shift so that payment will be made based on “viewable” impressions, and that change in basis could have a negative effect on available impressions thereby reducing our revenue potential. Accordingly, it is difficult to forecast display revenue accurately. In addition, our expense levels are based in part on expectations of future revenue. Moreover, we believe that advertising on the internet, as in traditional media, fluctuates significantly as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. Some of these factors include budget constraints of our advertisers, cancellations or delays of projects by our advertisers, the cyclical and discretionary nature of advertising spending, general economic, internet-related and media industry conditions, as well as extraordinary events. The state of the global economy and availability of capital has impacted and could further impact the advertising spending patterns of existing and potential advertisers. Any reduction in spending by, or loss of, existing or potential advertisers would negatively impact our revenue and operating results. Further, we may be unable to adjust our expenses and capital expenditures quickly enough to compensate for any unexpected revenue shortfall.
If we are unable to develop, commission or acquire compelling content in our Digital Media business at acceptable prices, our expenses may increase, the number of visitors to our online properties may not grow as anticipated, or may decline, and/or visitors’ level of engagement with our websites may decline, any of which could harm our operating results.
Our future success depends in part on the ability of our Digital Media business to aggregate compelling content and deliver that content through our online properties. We believe that users will increasingly demand high-quality content and services including more video and mobile-specific content. Such content and services may require us to make substantial payments to third parties if we are unable to develop content of our own. Our ability to maintain and build relationships with such third-party providers is critical to our success. In addition, as new methods for accessing the internet become available, including through alternative devices, we may need to enter into amended agreements with existing third-party providers to cover the new devices. We may be unable to monetize the activity on these alternative devices including mobile devices which may supplant current traffic that we monetize. We may be unable to enter into new, or preserve existing, relationships with the third-parties whose content or services we seek to obtain. In addition, as competition for compelling content increases both domestically and internationally, our third-party providers may increase the prices at which they offer their content and services to us and potential providers may not offer their content or services to us at all, or may offer them on terms that are not agreeable to us. An increase in the prices charged to us by third-party providers could harm our operating results and financial condition. Further, many of our content and services licenses with third parties are non-exclusive. Accordingly, other media providers may be able to offer similar or identical content. This increases the importance of our ability to deliver compelling content and personalization of this content for users in order to differentiate our properties from other businesses. If we are unable to develop compelling content of our own, we may be required to engage freelance services or obtain licensed content which may not be at reasonable prices which could harm our operating results.

Users are increasingly using mobile devices to access our content within our Digital Media business and if we are unsuccessful in attracting new users to our mobile offerings, and expanding the capabilities of our content and other offerings with respect to our mobile platforms, our net revenues could decline.

Web usage and the consumption of digital content are increasingly shifting to mobile platforms such as smartphones and other connected devices. Visits to our mobile websites and applications have increased but if the percentage of visits to our mobile websites does not continue to grow or we are unable to effectively monetize our mobile content, net revenue will be impacted. In addition, we are less effective at monetizing digital content on our mobile websites and applications compared to our desktop websites. The growth of our business depends in part on our ability to continue to adapt to the mobile environment and to deliver compelling solutions to consumers and retailers through these new mobile marketing channels. In addition, our success on mobile platforms will be dependent on our interoperability with popular mobile operating systems that we do not control, and any changes in such systems that degrade our functionality or give preferential treatment to competitive services could adversely affect usage of our services through mobile devices.


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In our Digital Media business, if we are unable to prove that our advertising and sponsorship solutions provide an attractive return on investment for our customers, our financial results could be harmed.
 
Our ability to grow revenue from our Digital Media business will be dependent on our ability to demonstrate to marketers that their marketing campaigns with us provide a meaningful return on investment (“ROI”) relative to offline and other online opportunities. Certain of the marketing campaigns with respect to our Digital Media business are designed such that the revenues received are based entirely upon the ROI delivered for customers. Our Digital Media business has invested significant resources in developing its research, analytics and campaign effectiveness capabilities and expects to continue to do so in the future. Our ability, however, to demonstrate the value of advertising and sponsorship on Digital Media business properties will depend, in part, on the sophistication of the analytics and measurement capabilities, the actions taken by our competitors to enhance their offerings, whether we meet the ROI expectations of our customers and a number of other factors. If we are unable to maintain sophisticated marketing and communications solutions that provide value to our customers or demonstrate our ability to provide value to our customers, our financial results will be harmed.

Our fax services constitute a significant percentage of our revenue.

Currently, fax-to-email revenue constitutes approximately 27% of our consolidated revenues. The success of our business is therefore dependent upon the continued use of fax as a messaging medium and/or our ability to diversify our service offerings and derive more revenue from other services, such as voice, online backup, email, unified messaging solutions and services related to our Digital Media business. If the demand for online fax-to-email as a messaging medium decreases, and we are unable to replace lost revenues from decreased usage or cancellation of our fax services with a proportional increase in our customer base or with revenues from our other services, our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
 
We believe that one of the attractive features of our eFax® and similar products is that fax signatures are a generally accepted method of executing contracts. There are ongoing efforts by governmental and non-governmental entities to create a universally accepted method for electronically signing documents. Widespread adoption of so-called “digital signatures” could reduce demand for our fax services and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

A system failure, security breach or other technological risk could delay or interrupt service to our customers, harm our reputation or subject us to significant liability.

Our operations are dependent on our network being free from interruption by damage from fire, earthquake, power loss, telecommunications failure, unauthorized entry, computer viruses, cyber-attacks or any other events beyond our control. Similarly, the operations of our partners and other third parties with which we work are also susceptible to the same risks. There can be no assurance that our existing and planned precautions of backup systems, regular data backups, security protocols and other procedures will be adequate to prevent significant damage, system failure or data loss and the same is true for our partners, vendors and other third parties on which we rely. We have experienced automated log in attempts to gain unauthorized access to customer accounts. To date, these events have not resulted in the material impairment of any business operations.

Also, many of our services are web-based, and the amount of data we store for our users on our servers has been increasing. Despite the implementation of security measures, our infrastructure, and that of our partners, vendors and other third parties, may be vulnerable to computer viruses, hackers or similar disruptive problems caused by our vendors, partners, other third parties, subscribers, employees or other internet users who attempt to invade public and private data networks. As seen in the industries in which we operate and others, these activities have been, and will continue to be, subject to continually evolving cybersecurity and technological risks. Further, in some cases we do not have in place disaster recovery facilities for certain ancillary services. Moreover, a significant portion of our operations relies heavily on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other sensitive data. For example, a significant number of our Cloud Services customers authorize us to bill their credit or debit card accounts directly for all transaction fees charged by us. We rely on encryption and authentication technology to effect secure transmission of confidential information, including customer credit and debit card numbers. Advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other developments may result in a compromise or breach of the technology used by us, our partners, vendors, or other third parties, to protect transaction and other confidential data. Any system failure or security breach that causes interruptions or data loss in our operations, our partners, vendors, or other third parties, or in the computer systems of our customers or leads to the misappropriation of our or our customers’ confidential information could result in a significant liability to us (including in the form of judicial decisions and/or settlements, regulatory findings and/or forfeitures, and other means), cause considerable harm to us and our reputation (including requiring notification to customers, regulators, and/or the media), cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, and deter current and potential customers

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from using our services. Our Board is briefed on cybersecurity risks and we implement cybersecurity risk management under our Board’s oversight. We use vendors to assist with cybersecurity risks, but these vendors may not be able to assist us adequately in preparing for or responding to a cybersecurity incident. We maintain insurance related to cybersecurity risks, but this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our losses from any breaches or other adverse consequences related to a cybersecurity-event. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows, or cause us to suffer other negative consequences. For example, we may incur remediation costs (such as liability for stolen assets or information, repairs of system damage, and incentives to customers or business partners in an effort to maintain relationships after an attack); increased cybersecurity protection costs (which may include the costs of making organizational changes, deploying additional personnel and protection technologies, training employees, and engaging third party experts and consultants); lost revenues resulting from the unauthorized use of proprietary information or the failure to retain or attract customers following an attack; litigation and legal risks (including regulatory actions by state and federal governmental authorities and non-U.S. authorities); increased insurance premiums; reputational damage that adversely affects customer or investor confidence; and damage to the company’s competitiveness, stock price, and diminished long-term shareholder value.

Political instability and volatility in the economy may adversely affect segments of our customers, which may result in decreased usage and advertising levels, customer acquisition and customer retention rates and, in turn, could lead to a decrease in our revenues or rate of revenue growth.

Certain segments of our customers may be adversely affected by political instability and volatility in the general economy or renewed downturns. To the extent these customers’ businesses are adversely affected by political instability or volatility, their usage of our services and/or our customer retention rates could decline. This may result in decreased cloud services subscription and/or usage revenues and decreased advertising, e-commerce or other revenues, which may adversely impact our revenues and profitability.

Our growth will depend on our ability to develop, strengthen, and protect our brands, and these efforts may be costly and have varying degrees of success.
 
Our brand recognition has significantly contributed to the success of our business. Strengthening our current brands and launching competitive new brands will be critical to achieving widespread commercial acceptance of our products and services. This will require our continued focus on active marketing, the costs of which have been increasing and may continue to increase. In addition, substantial initial investments may be required to launch new brands and expand existing brands to cover new geographic territories and technology fields. Accordingly, we may need to spend increasing amounts of money on, and devote greater resources to, advertising, marketing and other efforts to cultivate brand recognition and customer loyalty. In addition, we are supporting an increasing number of brands, each of which requires its own investment of resources. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenues and, even if they do, increased revenues may not offset the expenses incurred. A failure to launch, promote, and maintain our brands, or the incurrence of substantial expenses in doing so, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
 
 Our brand recognition depends, in part, on our ability to protect our trademark portfolio and establish trademark rights covering new brands and territories. Some regulators and competitors have taken the view that certain of our brands, such as eFax and eVoice, are descriptive or generic when applied to the products and services offered by our Cloud Services business. Nevertheless, we have obtained U.S. and foreign trademark registrations for our brand names, logos, and other brand identifiers, including, eFax and eVoice. If we are unable to obtain, maintain or protect trademark rights covering our brands across the territories in which they are or may be offered, the value of these brands may be diminished, competitors may be able to dilute, harm, or take advantage of our brand recognition and reputation, and our ability to attract subscribers may be adversely affected.
 
We hold domain names relating to our brands, in the U.S. and internationally. The acquisition and maintenance of domain names are generally regulated by governmental agencies and their designees. The regulation of domain names may change. Governing bodies may establish additional top-level domains, appoint additional domain name registrars or modify the requirements for holding domain names. As a result, we may be unable to acquire or maintain all relevant domain names that relate to our brands. Furthermore, international rules governing the acquisition and maintenance of domain names in foreign jurisdictions are sometimes different from U.S. rules, and we may not be able to obtain all of our domains internationally. As a result of these factors, we may be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring domain names that are similar to, infringe upon or otherwise decrease the value of our brands, trademarks or other proprietary rights. In addition, failure to secure or maintain domain names relevant to our brands could adversely affect our reputation and make it more difficult for users to find our websites and services.


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Increased numbers of credit and debit card declines in our business could lead to a decrease in our revenues or rate of revenue growth.

A significant number of our paid Cloud Services subscribers and certain Digital Media subscribers pay for our services through credit and debit cards. Weakness in certain segments of the credit markets and in the U.S. and global economies could result in increased numbers of rejected credit and debit card payments. We believe this could result in increased customer cancellations and decreased customer signups. Rejected credit or debit card payments, customer cancellations and decreased customer sign up may adversely impact our revenues and profitability.

If our business experiences excessive fraudulent activity or cannot meet evolving credit card company merchant standards, we could incur substantial costs and lose the right to accept credit cards for payment and our subscriber base could decrease significantly.

A significant number of our paid Cloud Services subscribers and certain Digital Media subscribers authorize us to bill their credit card accounts directly for all service fees charged by us. If people pay for these services with stolen credit cards, we could incur substantial unreimbursed third-party vendor costs. We also incur losses from claims that the customer did not authorize the credit card transaction to purchase our service. If the numbers of unauthorized credit card transactions become excessive, we could be assessed substantial fines for excess chargebacks and could lose the right to accept credit cards for payment. In addition, we are subject to Payment Card Industry (“PCI”) data security standards, which require periodic audits by independent third parties to assess our compliance. PCI standards are a comprehensive set of requirements for enhancing payment account data security. Failure to comply with the security requirements or rectify a security issue may result in fines or a restriction on accepting payment cards. Credit card companies may change the standards required to utilize their services from time to time. If we are unable to meet these new standards, we could be unable to accept credit cards. Further, the law relating to the liability of providers of online payment services is currently unsettled and states may enact their own rules with which we may not comply. Substantial losses due to fraud or our inability to accept credit card payments, which could cause our paid subscriber base to significantly decrease, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive and our competitors may have greater resources to commit to growth, superior technologies, cheaper pricing or more effective marketing strategies. Also, we face significant competition for users, advertisers, publishers, developers and distributors.

For information regarding our competition, and the risks arising out of the competitive environment in which we operate, see the section entitled Competition contained in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, some of our competitors include major companies with much greater resources and significantly larger subscriber bases than we have. Some of these competitors offer their services at lower prices than we do. These companies may be able to develop and expand their network infrastructures and capabilities more quickly, adapt more swiftly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, take advantage of acquisition and other opportunities more readily and devote greater resources to the marketing and sale of their products and services than we can. There can be no assurance that additional competitors will not enter markets that we are currently serving and plan to serve or that we will be able to compete effectively. Competitive pressures may reduce our revenue, operating profits or both.

Our Digital Media business faces significant competition from online media companies as well as from social networking sites, mobile application, traditional print and broadcast media, general purpose and search engines and various e-commerce sites.
Several of our competitors offer an integrated variety of internet products, advertising services, technologies, online services and content. We compete against these and other companies to attract and retain users, advertisers and developers. We also compete with social media and networking sites which are attracting a substantial and increasing share of users and users’ online time, and may continue to attract an increasing share of online advertising dollars.
In addition, several competitors offer products and services that directly compete for users with our Digital Media business offerings. Similarly, the advertising networks operated by our competitors or by other participants in the display marketplace offer services that directly compete with our offerings for advertisers, including advertising exchanges, ad networks, demand side platforms, ad serving technologies and sponsored search offerings. We also compete with traditional print and broadcast media companies to attract advertising spending. Some of our existing competitors and possible entrants may have greater brand recognition for certain products and services, more expertise in a particular segment of the market, and greater operational, strategic, technological, financial, personnel, or other resources than we do. Many of our competitors have access to considerable financial and technical resources with which to compete aggressively, including by funding future growth and expansion and investing in acquisitions, technologies, and research and development. Further, emerging start-ups may be able to innovate and provide new

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products and services faster than we can. In addition, competitors may consolidate with each other or collaborate, and new competitors may enter the market. Some of the competitors for our Cloud Services business in international markets have a substantial competitive advantage over us because they have dominant market share in their territories, are owned by local telecommunications providers, have greater brand recognition, are focused on a single market, are more familiar with local tastes and preferences, or have greater regulatory and operational flexibility due to the fact that we may be subject to both U.S. and foreign regulatory requirements.
If our competitors are more successful than we are in developing and deploying compelling products or in attracting and retaining users, advertisers, publishers, developers, or distributors, our revenue and growth rates could decline.

As a creator and a distributor of content over the internet, we face potential liability for legal claims based on the nature and content of the materials that we create or distribute.
 
Users access health-related content through our Everyday Health properties, including information regarding particular medical conditions, diagnosis and treatment and possible adverse reactions or side effects from medications. If our content, or content we obtain from third parties, contains inaccuracies, it is possible that consumers who rely on that content or others may make claims against us with various causes of action. Although our properties contain terms and conditions, including disclaimers of liability, that are intended to reduce or eliminate our liability, third parties may claim that these online agreements are unenforceable.
 
Our editorial and other quality control procedures may not be sufficient to ensure that there are no errors or omissions in our content offerings or to prevent such errors and omissions in content that is controlled by our partners. Even if potential claims do not result in liability to us, investigating and defending against these claims could be expensive and time consuming and could divert management’s attention away from our operations.
 
Inadequate intellectual property protections could prevent us from defending our proprietary technology and intellectual property.

Our success depends, in part, upon our proprietary technology and intellectual property. We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights, contractual restrictions, and other confidentiality safeguards to protect our proprietary technology. However, these measures may provide only limited protection and it may be costly and time-consuming to enforce compliance with our intellectual property rights. In some circumstances, we may not have adequate, economically feasible or realistic options for enforcing our intellectual property and we may be unable to detect unauthorized use. While we have a robust worldwide portfolio of issued patents and pending patent applications, there can be no assurance that any of these patents will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, that we will be able to successfully police infringement, or that any rights granted under these patents will in fact provide a competitive advantage to us.

In addition, our ability to register or protect our patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other intellectual property may be limited in some foreign countries. As a result, we may not be able to effectively prevent competitors in these regions from utilizing our intellectual property, which could reduce our competitive advantage and ability to compete in those regions and negatively impact our business.

We also strive to protect our intellectual property rights by relying on federal, state and common law rights, as well as contractual restrictions. We typically enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and contractors, and confidentiality agreements with parties with whom we conduct business in order to limit access to, and disclosure and use of, our proprietary information. However, we may not be successful in executing these agreements with every party who has access to our confidential information or contributes to the development of our technology or intellectual property rights. Those agreements that we do execute may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. These contractual arrangements and the other steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not prevent the misappropriation or disclosure of our proprietary information nor deter independent development of similar technology or intellectual property by others.

Monitoring unauthorized use of the content on our websites and mobile applications, and our other intellectual property and technology, is difficult and costly. Our efforts to protect our proprietary rights and intellectual property may not have been and may not be adequate to prevent their misappropriation or misuse. Third parties from time to time copy content or other intellectual property or technology from our solutions without authorization and seek to use it for their own benefit. We generally seek to address such unauthorized copying or use, but we have not always been successful in stopping all unauthorized use of our content or other intellectual property or technology, and may not be successful in doing so in the future. Further, we may not have

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been and may not be able to detect unauthorized use of our technology or intellectual property, or to take appropriate steps to enforce our intellectual property rights.

Companies that operate in the same industry as our Cloud Services and Digital Media businesses have experienced substantial litigation regarding intellectual property. Currently, we have pending patent infringement lawsuits, both offensive and defensive, against several companies in this industry. Furthermore, we may find it necessary or appropriate to initiate claims or litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights or determine the validity and scope of intellectual property rights claimed by others. This or any other litigation to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights may be expensive and time-consuming, could divert management resources and may not be adequate to protect our business.

We may be found to have infringed the intellectual property rights of others, which could expose us to substantial damages or restrict our operations.

We have been and expect to continue to be subject to legal claims that we have infringed the intellectual property rights of others. The ready availability of damages and royalties and the potential for injunctive relief have increased the costs associated with litigating and settling patent infringement claims. In addition, we may be required to indemnify our resellers and users for similar claims made against them. Any claims, whether or not meritorious, could require us to spend significant time, money, and other resources in litigation, pay damages and royalties, develop new intellectual property, modify, design around, or discontinue existing products, services, or features, or acquire licenses to the intellectual property that is the subject of the infringement claims. These licenses, if required, may not be available at all or have acceptable terms. As a result, intellectual property claims against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. 
 
We may be subject to risks from international operations.
 
As we continue to expand our business operations in countries outside the U.S., our future results could be materially adversely affected by a variety of uncontrollable and changing factors including, among others, foreign currency exchange rates; political or social unrest or economic instability in a specific country or region; trade protection measures and other regulatory requirements which may affect our ability to provide our services; difficulties in staffing and managing international operations; and adverse tax consequences, including imposition of withholding or other taxes on payments by subsidiaries and affiliates. Any or all of these factors could have a material adverse impact on our future business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
 
We have only limited experience in marketing and operating our services in certain international markets. Moreover, we have in some cases experienced and expect to continue to experience in some cases higher costs as a percentage of revenues in connection with establishing and providing services in international markets versus in the U.S. In addition, certain international markets may be slower than the U.S. in adopting the internet and/or outsourced messaging and communications solutions and so our operations in international markets may not develop at a rate that supports our level of investments.

As we continue to grow our international operations, adverse currency fluctuations and foreign exchange controls could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 
As we expand our international operations, we could be exposed to significant risks of currency fluctuations. In some countries outside the U.S., we offer our services in the applicable local currency, including but not limited to the Australian Dollar, the Canadian Dollar, the Euro, the Hong Kong Dollar, the Japanese Yen, the New Zealand Dollar, the Norwegian Kroner and the British Pound Sterling, among others. As a result, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates affect the results of our operations, which in turn may materially adversely affect reported earnings and the comparability of period to period results of operations. Changes in currency exchange rates may also affect the relative prices at which we and foreign competitors sell our services in the same market. In addition, changes in the value of the relevant currencies may affect the cost of certain items required in our operations. Furthermore, we may become subject to exchange control regulations, which might restrict or prohibit our conversion of other currencies into U.S. Dollars. We cannot assure you that future exchange rate movements will not have a material adverse effect on our future business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. To date, we have not entered into foreign currency hedging transactions to control or minimize these risks.


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We may be engaged in legal proceedings that could cause us to incur unforeseen expenses and could divert significant operational resources and our management’s time and attention.
 
From time to time, we are subject to litigation or claims or are involved in other legal disputes or regulatory inquiries, including in the areas of patent infringement and anti-trust, that could negatively affect our business operations and financial condition. Such disputes could cause us to incur unforeseen expenses, divert operational resources, occupy a significant amount of our management’s time and attention and negatively affect our business operations and financial condition. The outcomes of such matters are subject to inherent uncertainties, carrying the potential for unfavorable rulings that could include monetary damages and injunctive relief. We do not always have insurance coverage for defense costs, judgments, and settlements. We may also be subject to indemnification requirements with business partners, vendors, current and former officers and directors, and other third parties. Payments under such indemnification provisions may be material. For a more detailed description of certain lawsuits in which we are involved, see Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
 
The successful operation of our business depends upon the supply of critical business elements and marketing relationships from other companies.
 
We depend upon third parties for critical elements of our business, including technology, infrastructure, customer service and sales and marketing components. We rely on private third-party providers for our internet, telecommunications, website traffic and other connections and for co-location of a significant portion of our servers. In addition, we rely on third-party platforms to facilitate and provide access to products sold through our sites. Any disruption in the services provided by any of these suppliers, any adverse change in access to their platforms or services or in their terms and conditions of use or services, or any failure by them to handle current or higher volumes of activity could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. To obtain new Cloud Services customers, we have marketing agreements with operators of leading search engines and websites and employ the use of resellers to sell our products. These arrangements typically are not exclusive and do not extend over a significant period of time. Failure to continue these relationships on terms that are acceptable to us or to continue to create additional relationships could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
  
Our business is highly dependent on our billing systems.
 
A significant part of our revenues depends on prompt and accurate billing processes. Customer billing is a highly complex process, and our billing systems must efficiently interface with third-party systems, such as those of credit card processing companies. Our ability to accurately and efficiently bill our customers is dependent on the successful operation of our billing systems and the third-party systems upon which we rely, such as our credit card processor, and our ability to provide these third parties the information required to process transactions. In addition, our ability to offer new services or alternative-billing plans is dependent on our ability to customize our billing systems. Any failures or errors in our billing systems or procedures could impair our ability to properly bill our current customers or attract and service new customers, and thereby could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results.

Our success depends on our retention of our executive officers, senior management and our ability to hire and retain key personnel.
 
Our success depends on the skills, experience and performance of executive officers, senior management and other key personnel. The loss of the services of one or more of our executive officers, senior managers or other key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Our future success also depends on our continuing ability to attract, integrate and retain highly qualified technical, sales and managerial personnel. Competition for these people is intense, and there can be no assurance that we can retain our key employees or that we can attract, assimilate or retain other highly qualified technical, sales and managerial personnel in the future.
 
We are exposed to risk if we cannot maintain or adhere to our internal controls and procedures.
 
We have established and continue to maintain, assess and update our internal controls and procedures regarding our business operations and financial reporting. Our internal controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurances regarding our business operations and financial reporting. However, because of the inherent limitations in this process, internal controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or misstatements. To the extent our internal controls are inadequate or not adhered to by our employees, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.
 

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If we are not able to maintain internal controls and procedures in a timely manner, or without adequate compliance, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud and may be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities such as the SEC or NASDAQ. Any such action or restatement of prior-period financial results as a result could harm our business or investors’ confidence in j2 Global, and could cause our stock price to fall.

Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our financial flexibility and our competitive position.

Our level of indebtedness could have significant effects on our business. For example, it could:

•
make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations, including our current indebtedness and any other indebtedness we may incur in the future;
•
increase our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic, industry and competitive conditions;
•
require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other elements of our business strategy and other general corporate purposes, including share repurchases and payment of dividends;
•
limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industries in which we operate;
restrict us from exploiting business opportunities;
•
place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less indebtedness; and
•
limit our ability to borrow additional funds for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements, execution of our business strategy or other general corporate purposes.

In addition, (i) the indenture governing the 6.0% Senior Notes of our subsidiary, j2 Cloud Services, LLC (“j2 Cloud Services”) and (ii) the Credit Agreement, dated as of January 7, 2019 (the “MUFG Credit Facility”), by and among j2 Cloud Services, the lenders from time to time party thereto and MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as sole lead arranger and as administrative agent, contain, and the agreements evidencing or governing other future indebtedness may contain, restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interests. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of all of our indebtedness.

The indenture governing the 6.0% Senior Notes and MUFG Credit Facility contain a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions and may limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions, meet capital needs or make acquisitions, or otherwise restrict our activities or business plans. These include restrictions on our ability to:

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incur additional indebtedness;
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create liens;
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engage in sale-leaseback transactions;
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pay dividends or make distributions in respect of capital stock;
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purchase or redeem capital stock;
•
make investments or certain other restricted payments;
•
sell assets;
•
enter into transactions with affiliates;
•
amend the terms of certain other indebtedness and organizational documents; or
•
effect a consolidation or merger.

A breach of the covenants under the indenture governing the 6.0% Senior Notes or under the MUFG Credit Facility could result in an event of default. Such a default may allow the creditors to accelerate the related indebtedness and may result in the acceleration of any other indebtedness to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. In the event our lenders (including under the MUFG Credit Facility) or the holders of our 6.0% Senior Notes accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness or our other indebtedness.
 
To service our debt and fund our other capital requirements, we will require a significant amount of cash, and our ability to generate cash will depend on many factors beyond our control.

Our ability to meet our debt service obligations and to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other elements of our business strategy and other general corporate purposes, including share repurchases and payment of dividends, will depend upon our future performance, which will be subject to financial, business and other factors affecting our operations. To some extent, this is subject to general and regional economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors

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that are beyond our control. We cannot ensure that we will generate cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings will be available, in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our debt or to fund our other liquidity needs.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional indebtedness or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to effect any such alternative measures on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. The indenture governing the 6.0% Senior Notes and the MUFG Credit Facility restrict our ability to dispose of assets and may also restrict our ability to raise indebtedness or equity capital to be used to repay other indebtedness when it becomes due. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due.

Our inability to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, would materially and adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.

We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the Convertible Notes or to repurchase the Convertible Notes upon a fundamental change or on a repurchase date or the Senior Notes upon a change in control, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the Convertible Notes or the Senior Notes.

Holders of the 3.25% convertible senior notes due June 15, 2029 (the “Convertible Notes”) will have the right to require us to repurchase their Convertible Notes on each of June 15, 2021 and June 15, 2024 and upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes), in each case, at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Holders of the Senior Notes also have the right to require our subsidiary, j2 Cloud Services, to repurchase the Senior Notes upon the occurrence of a change in control (as defined in the indenture governing the Senior Notes) at a repurchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the Convertible Notes being converted. It is our intention to satisfy our conversion obligation by paying and delivering a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, where cash will be used to settle each $1,000 of principal and the remainder, if any, will be settled via shares of our common stock. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of Convertible Notes or Senior Notes surrendered therefor or Convertible Notes being converted. In addition, our ability to repurchase the Convertible Notes or Senior Notes or to pay cash upon conversions of the Convertible Notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase Convertible Notes or Senior Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the applicable indenture or to pay any cash payable on future conversions of the Convertible Notes as required by the Convertible Notes indenture would constitute a default under the Convertible Notes indenture. A default under either indenture or the fundamental change or change of control itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the Convertible Notes or the Senior Notes or make cash payments upon conversions of the Convertible Notes.

The conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

In the event the conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes is triggered, holders of Convertible Notes will be entitled to convert the Convertible Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their Convertible Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their Convertible Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.


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Our interest deductions attributable to the Convertible Notes may be deferred, limited or eliminated under certain conditions.

We believe that the Convertible Notes are subject to the IRS contingent payment debt instrument regulations. This conclusion is subject to complex factual and legal uncertainty and is not binding on the IRS or the courts. If the IRS takes a contrary position and a court sustains the IRS’ position, our tax deductions would be severely diminished with a resulting adverse effect on our cash flow and ability to service the Convertible Notes.

The Company is subject to laws and regulations worldwide, changes to which could increase the Company’s costs and individually or in the aggregate adversely affect the Company’s business.

The Company is subject to laws and regulations affecting its domestic and international operations in a number of areas. These U.S. and foreign laws and regulations affect the Company’s activities in areas including, but not limited to, labor, advertising, digital content, consumer protection, real estate, billing, e-commerce, promotions, quality of services, telecommunications, mobile communications and media, television, intellectual property ownership and infringement, tax, import and export requirements, anti-corruption, foreign exchange controls and cash repatriation restrictions, data privacy and data localization requirements, anti-competition, environmental, health and safety. Compliance with these laws, regulations and similar requirements may be onerous and expensive, and they may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, further increasing the cost of compliance and doing business. Any such costs, which may rise in the future as a result of changes in these laws and regulations or in their interpretation, could individually or in the aggregate make the Company’s products and services less attractive to the Company’s customers, delay the introduction of new products in one or more regions, or cause the Company to change or limit its business practices. The Company has implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations, but there can be no assurance that the Company’s employees, contractors, or agents will not violate such laws and regulations or the Company’s policies and procedures.

The United Kingdom’s decision to end its membership in the European Union and other adverse changes in global financial markets could materially and adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

In June 2016, a majority of voters in the United Kingdom elected to withdraw from the European Union (“EU”) in a national referendum (“BREXIT”). The results of the United Kingdom’s BREXIT has caused, and may continue to cause, volatility in global stock markets, currency exchange rate fluctuations and global economic uncertainty. Although it is unknown what the terms of the United Kingdom’s future relationship with the EU will be, it is possible that there will be higher tariffs or greater restrictions on imports and exports between the United Kingdom and the EU and increased regulatory complexities. The effects of BREXIT will depend on whether the United Kingdom and the EU are able to reach an agreement to retain United Kingdom access to EU markets either during a transitional period or on a permanent basis and, if so, the terms of those agreements. These measures could potentially disrupt our access to human capital and some of our target markets and jurisdictions in which we operate, and adversely change tax benefits or liabilities in these or other jurisdictions. In addition, BREXIT could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the United Kingdom determines which EU laws to replace or replicate. Any of these effects of BREXIT, among others, and other adverse changes in global financial markets could have a materially adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and could render us either unable to access global financial markets or able to access these markets only at higher interest costs and with restrictive financial or other conditions.

Changes in our tax rates, changes in tax treatment of companies engaged in e-commerce, the adoption of new U.S. or international tax legislation, or exposure to additional tax liabilities may adversely impact our financial results.

We are a U.S.-based multinational company subject to taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions, including Ireland, where a number of our subsidiaries are organized. Our provision for income taxes is based on a jurisdictional mix of earnings, statutory tax rates and enacted tax rules, including transfer pricing. Due to economic and political conditions, tax rates in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change. As a result, our future effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws or their interpretation. These changes may adversely impact our effective tax rate and harm our financial position and results of operations.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act” or “2017 Tax Act”) and all adjustments to the 2017 estimates were incorporated into our financial results in 2018. There continues to be a risk that states or foreign jurisdictions may amend their tax laws in response to the Tax Act, which could have a material impact on our future results.


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We are subject to examination of our income tax returns by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and other domestic and foreign tax authorities. We are currently under audit by the IRS for tax years 2012 through 2016 and the California Franchise Tax Board (“FTB”) for tax years 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016. The FTB has agreed to suspend its audit for 2012 and 2013 pending the outcome of the IRS audit for such tax years. However, the FTB has commenced the initial information gathering state of the 2015 and 2016 audit period. We are also under audit or review by other state and foreign taxing authorities for various periods. Our future income tax returns are likely to become the subject of audits by these or other taxing authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our income tax reserves and expense. If our reserves are not sufficient to cover these contingencies, such inadequacy could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

In addition, due to the global nature of the internet, it is possible that various states or foreign countries might attempt to impose additional or new regulation on our business or levy additional or new sales, income or other taxes relating to our activities. Tax authorities at the international, federal, state and local levels are currently reviewing the appropriate treatment of companies engaged in e-commerce. New or revised international, federal, state or local tax regulations or court decisions may subject us or our customers to additional sales, income and other taxes. For example, Congress is considering various approaches to legislation that would require companies engaged in e-commerce to collect sales taxes on internet revenue and a growing number of U.S. states and certain foreign jurisdictions have adopted or are considering proposals to impose obligations on remote sellers and online marketplaces to collect taxes on their behalf. Additionally, the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., No.17-494 reversed a longstanding precedent that remote sellers are not required to collect state and local sales taxes. We cannot predict the effect of these and other attempts to impose sales, income or other taxes on e-commerce. The application of existing, new or revised taxes on our business, in particular, sales taxes, VAT and similar taxes would likely increase the cost of doing business online and decrease the attractiveness of selling products over the internet. The application of these taxes on our business could also create significant increases in internal costs necessary to capture data and collect and remit taxes. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Moreover, we are currently under audit for indirect taxes in several states and municipalities. We currently have no material financial reserves established with respect to indirect taxes. If a material indirect tax liability associated with prior periods were to be recorded, it could materially affect our financial results for the period in which it is recorded.

Furthermore, much of our Digital Media e-commerce revenue comes from arrangements in which we are paid by retailers to promote their digital product and service offers on our sites. Certain states have implemented regulations that require retailers to collect and remit sales taxes on sales made to residents of such states if a publisher, such as us, that facilitated that sale is a resident of such state. Paid retailers in our marketplace that do not currently have sales tax nexus in any state that subsequently passes similar regulations and in which we have operations, employees or contractors now or in the future, may significantly alter the manner in which they pay us, cease paying us for sales we facilitate for that retailer in such state, or cease using our marketplace, each of which could adversely impact our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Taxing authorities may successfully assert that we should have collected, or in the future should collect sales and use, telecommunications or similar taxes, and we could be subject to liability with respect to past or future tax, which could adversely affect our operating results.

We do not collect and remit sales and use, telecommunications, or similar taxes in all jurisdictions in which we have sales, based on our belief that such taxes are not applicable or legally required. Several states and other taxing jurisdictions have presented or threatened us with assessments, alleging that we are required to collect and remit such taxes there. The recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., No. 17-494 reversed existing constitutional precedent that remote sellers are not required to collect and remit such taxes. The Company is evaluating the impact of the ruling. The jurisdictions where we have sales may apply more rigorous enforcement efforts or take more aggressive positions in the future that could result in greater tax liability. In addition, in the future we may also decide to engage in activities that would require us to pay sales and use, telecommunications, or similar taxes in new jurisdictions. Such tax assessments, penalties and interest or future requirements may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.



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Risks Related To Our Industries

Our services may become subject to burdensome regulation, which could increase our costs or restrict our service offerings.
 
We believe that most of our cloud services are “information services” under the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and related precedent, or, if not “information services,” that we are entitled to other exemptions, meaning that we generally are not currently subject to U.S. telecommunications services regulation at both the federal and state levels. In connection with our Cloud Services business, we utilize data transmissions over public telephone lines and other facilities provided by third-party carriers. These transmissions are subject to foreign and domestic laws and regulation by the Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”), state public utility commissions and foreign governmental authorities. These regulations affect the availability of numbers, the prices we pay for transmission services, the administrative costs associated with providing our services, the competition we face from telecommunications service providers and other aspects of our market. However, as messaging and communications services converge and as the services we offer expand, we may become subject to FCC or other regulatory agency regulation. It is also possible that a federal or state regulatory agency could take the position that our offerings, or a subset of our offerings, are properly classified as telecommunications services or otherwise not entitled to certain exemptions upon which we currently rely. Such a finding could potentially subject us to fines, penalties or enforcement actions as well as liabilities for past regulatory fees and charges, retroactive contributions to various telecommunications-related funds, telecommunications-related taxes, penalties and interest. It is also possible that such a finding could subject us to additional regulatory obligations that could potentially require us either to modify our offerings in a costly manner, diminish our ability to retain customers, or discontinue certain offerings, in order to comply with certain regulations. Changes in the regulatory environment could decrease our revenues, increase our costs and restrict our service offerings. In many of our international locations, we are subject to regulation by the applicable governmental authority.
 
In the U.S., Congress, the FCC, and a number of states require regulated telecommunications carriers to contribute to federal and/or state Universal Service Funds (“USF”). Generally, USF is used to subsidize the cost of providing service to low-income customers and those living in high cost or rural areas. Congress, the FCC and a number of states are reviewing the manner in which a provider’s contribution obligation is calculated, as well as the types of entities subject to USF contribution obligations. If any of these reforms are adopted, they could cause us to alter or eliminate our non-paid services and to raise the price of our paid services, which could cause us to lose customers. Any of these results could lead to a decrease in our revenues and net income and could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
 
 The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (the “TCPA”) and FCC rules implementing the TCPA, as amended by the Junk Fax Act, prohibit sending unsolicited facsimile advertisements to telephone fax machines. The FCC, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), or both may initiate enforcement action against companies that send “junk faxes” and individuals also may have a private cause of action. Although entities that merely transmit facsimile messages on behalf of others are not liable for compliance with the prohibition on faxing unsolicited advertisements, the exemption from liability does not apply to fax transmitters that have a high degree of involvement or actual notice of an illegal use and have failed to take steps to prevent such transmissions. We take significant steps to ensure that our services are not used to send unsolicited faxes on a large scale, and we do not believe that we have a high degree of involvement in or notice of the use of our service to broadcast junk faxes. However, because fax transmitters do not enjoy an absolute exemption from liability under the TCPA and related FCC and FTC rules, we could face inquiries from the FCC and FTC or enforcement actions by these agencies, or private causes of action, if someone uses our service for such impermissible purposes. If this were to occur and we were to be held liable for someone’s use of our service for transmitting unsolicited faxes, the financial penalties could cause a material adverse effect on our operations and harm our business reputation.
 
Likewise, the TCPA also prohibits placing calls or sending text messages to mobile phones without “prior express consent” subject to limited exceptions. Parties that solely enable calling or text messaging are only directly liable under the TCPA pursuant to federal common law vicarious liability principles. We take significant steps to ensure that users understand that they are responsible for how they use our technology including complying with relevant federal and state law. However, because we do not enjoy absolute exemption from liability under the TCPA and related FCC and FTC rules, we could face inquiries from the FCC and FTC or enforcement actions by these agencies, or private causes of action, if someone uses our service for such impermissible purposes. If this were to occur and we were to be held liable for someone’s use of our service for unauthorized calling or text messaging mobile users, the financial penalties could cause a material adverse effect on our operations and harm our business reputation.

Also, in the U.S., the Communications Assistance to Law Enforcement Act (“CALEA”) requires telecommunications carriers to be capable of performing wiretaps and recording other call identifying information. In September 2005, the FCC released an order defining telecommunications carriers that are subject to CALEA obligations as facilities-based broadband internet access providers and Voice-over-Internet-Protocol (“VoIP”) providers that interconnect with the public switched telephone network. As

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a result of this definition, we do not believe that j2 Global is subject to CALEA. However, if the category of service providers to which CALEA applies broadens to also include information services, that change may impact our operations.

We are subject to a variety of new and existing laws and regulations which could subject us to claims, judgments, monetary liabilities and other remedies, and to limitations on our business practices.

The application of existing domestic and international laws and regulations to us relating to issues such as defamation, pricing, advertising, taxation, promotions, billing, consumer protection, accessibility, content regulation, data privacy, intellectual property ownership and infringement, and accreditation in many instances is unclear or unsettled. In addition, we will also be subject to any new laws and regulations directly applicable to our domestic and international activities. Further, the application of existing laws to us or our subsidiaries regulating or requiring licenses for certain businesses of our advertisers including, for example, distribution of pharmaceuticals, alcohol or other regulated substances, adult content, tobacco, or firearms, as well as insurance and securities brokerage, and legal services, can be unclear. Internationally, we may also be subject to laws regulating our activities in foreign countries and to foreign laws and regulations that are inconsistent from country to country. Our Digital Media and Cloud Services businesses utilize contractors, freelancers and/or staff from third party outsourcers to provide content and other services. However, in the future, arrangements with such individuals may not be deemed appropriate by the relevant government authority, which could result in additional costs and expenses. We may incur substantial liabilities for expenses necessary to defend such litigation or to comply with these laws and regulations, as well as potential substantial penalties for any failure to comply. Compliance with these laws and regulations may also cause us to change or limit our business practices in a manner adverse to our business.

The use of consumer data by online service providers and advertising networks is a topic of active interest among federal, state, and international regulatory bodies, and the regulatory environment is unsettled and evolving. Federal, state, and international laws and regulations govern the collection, use, retention, disclosure, sharing, and security of data that we receive from and about our users. Our privacy and cookie policies and practices concerning the collection, use, and disclosure of user data are posted on our websites.

A number of U.S. federal laws, including those referenced below, impact our business. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) is intended, in part, to limit the liability of eligible online service providers for listing or linking to third-party websites that include materials that infringe copyrights or other rights of others. Portions of the Communications Decency Act (“CDA”) are intended to provide statutory protections to online service providers who distribute third-party content. We rely on the protections provided by both the DMCA and the CDA in conducting our business. If these or other laws or judicial interpretations are changed to narrow their protections, or if international jurisdictions refuse to apply similar provisions in foreign lawsuits, we will be subject to greater risk of liability, our costs of compliance with these regulations or to defend litigation may increase, or our ability to operate certain lines of business may be limited. The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”) is intended to impose restrictions on the ability of online services to collect some types of information from children under the age of 13. In addition, the Providing Resources, Officers, and Technology to Eradicate Cyber Threats to Our Children Act of 2008 (“PROTECT Act”) requires online service providers to report evidence of violations of federal child pornography laws under certain circumstances, as well as other federal, state or international laws and legislative efforts designed to protect children on the internet may impose additional requirements on us. U.S. export control laws and regulations impose requirements and restrictions on exports to certain nations and persons and on our business.

In certain instances, we may be subject to enhanced privacy obligations based on the type of information we store and process. While we believe we are in compliance with the relevant laws and regulations, we could be subject to enforcement actions, fines, forfeitures, and other adverse actions.

The Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (the “CAN-SPAM Act”), which allows for penalties that run into the millions of dollars, requires commercial emails to include identifying information from the sender and a mechanism for the receiver to opt out of receiving future emails. Several states have enacted additional, more restrictive and punitive laws regulating commercial email. Foreign legislation exists as well, including Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation and the European laws that have been enacted pursuant to the GDPR and European Union Directive 2002/58/EC and its amendments. We use email as a significant means of communicating with our existing and potential users. We believe that our email practices comply with the requirements of the CAN-SPAM Act, state laws, and applicable foreign legislation. If we were ever found to be in violation of these laws and regulations, or any other laws or regulations, our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Many third-parties are examining whether the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) concept of public accommodation also extends to websites and to mobile applications. Generally, some plaintiffs have argued that websites and mobile applications

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are places of public accommodation under Title III of the ADA and, as such, must be equipped so that individuals with disabilities can navigate and make use of subject websites and mobile applications. The issue is currently under litigation and there is a split in the federal court of appeals circuits as to what the ADA requires. Certain appellate circuits have found that websites standing alone are subject to the ADA and therefore must be accessible to people with disabilities. Other circuits, including the Ninth Circuit, which has appellate jurisdiction over federal district courts in California and is where our company is headquartered, have found that in order for websites to be places of public accommodation, and therefore subject to the ADA, there must be both a nexus between the website and the goods and services the website provides as well as a physical brick and mortar location for consumers. We cannot predict how the ADA will ultimately be interpreted as applied to websites and mobile applications.

We believe we are in compliance with relevant law. If the law changes or if certain courts with appellate jurisdiction outside of California attempt to exercise jurisdiction over us and find that our website and mobile applications must comply with the ADA, then any adjustments or requirements to implement any changes prescribed by the ADA could result in increased costs to our business, we may become subject to injunctive relief, plaintiffs may be able to recover attorneys’ fees, and it is possible that, while the ADA does not provide for monetary damages, we become subject to such damages through state consumer protection or other laws. It is possible that these potential liabilities could cause a material adverse effect on our operations and harm our business reputation.

Native advertising is an increasing part of our Digital Media business’s online advertising revenue. On December 22, 2015, the FTC issued Guidelines and an Enforcement Policy Statement on native advertising, described by the FTC as, in part, ads which often “resemble the design, style, and functionality of the media in which they are disseminated.” The Company believes it is compliant with the requirements of these guidelines on our current practices and offerings. However, we will continue to monitor what effect this guideline and other related government regulations, and how the FTC enforces it, could have on our native advertising and branded content business. In addition, the timing and extent of any enforcement by the FTC with regard to the native advertising practices by the Company, or others, could reduce the revenue we generate from this line of business.

As of May 25, 2018, certain data transfers from and between the European Union (“EU”) are subject to the GDPR. As discussed in more detail below, the GDPR prohibits data transfers from the EU to other countries outside of the EU, including the U.S., without appropriate security safeguards and practices in place. Previously, for certain data transfers from and between the EU and the U.S., j2 Global, like many other companies, had relied on what is referred to as the “EU-U.S. Safe Harbor,” in order to comply with privacy obligations imposed by EU countries. The European Court of Justice invalidated the EU-U.S. Safe Harbor. Although U.S. and EU policymakers approved a new framework known as “Privacy Shield” that would allow companies like us to continue to rely on some form of a safe harbor for the transfer of certain data from the EU to the U.S., the Privacy Shield may not be adequate for all data transfers between the EU and U.S. It is also unclear whether the United Kingdom (“UK”) will offer a similar program to Privacy Shield if the UK leaves the EU. Additionally, other countries that relied on the EU-U.S. Safe Harbor that were not part of the EU have also found that data transfers to the U.S. are no longer valid based on the European Court of Justice ruling. We cannot predict how or if this issue will be resolved nor can we evaluate any potential liability at this time.

The Company has put into place various alternative frameworks and grounds on which to rely in order to be in compliance with relevant law for the transfer of data from overseas locations to the U.S. including reviewing Company’s data collection process, procedures and putting into place Data Processing Agreements with vendors, partners and other third parties. Some independent data regulators have adopted the position that other forms of compliance are also invalid though the legal grounds for these findings remain unclear at this time. We cannot predict at this time whether the alternative grounds that j2 Global continues to implement will be found to be consistent with relevant laws nor can we evaluate what, if any, potential liability may be at this time.

On June 28, 2018, the California legislature enacted the CCPA, which is scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA, which covers business that obtain or access personal information on California resident consumers, grants consumers enhanced privacy rights and control over their personal information and imposes significant requirements on covered companies with respect to consumer data privacy rights. The Company is assessing the impact of this law on its business and operations.

Further, failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our policies, applicable requirements, or industry self-regulatory principles related to the collection, use, sharing, or security of personal information, or other privacy, data-retention or data­ protection matters could result in a loss of user confidence in us, damage to our brands, and ultimately in a loss of users and advertising partners, which could adversely affect our business. Changes in these or any other laws and regulations or the interpretation of them could increase our future compliance costs, limit the amount and type of data we can collect, transfer, share, or sell, make our products and services less attractive to our users, or cause us to change or limit our business practices. Further, any failure on our part to comply with any relevant laws or regulations may subject us to significant civil or criminal liabilities.


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Moreover, our Everyday Health business may be subject to government oversight or regulation by Congress, the FDA, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and state regulatory agencies. In addition, certain services provided by Everyday Health are also subject to private regulation both directly by accrediting bodies and indirectly by industry codes followed by commercial supporters of CME and CE programs.
If we are subject to burdensome laws or regulations or if we fail to adhere to the requirements of public or private regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations could suffer.

Government and private actions or self-regulatory developments regarding internet privacy matters could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.

Our Digital Media business collects and sells data about its users’ online behavior and the revenue associated with this activity could be impacted by government regulation and enforcement, industry trends, self-regulation, technology changes, consumer behavior and attitude, and private action. We also use such information to work with our advertisers to more effectively target ads to relevant users and consumers, which ads command a higher rate.

Many of our users voluntarily provide us with demographic and other information when they register for one of our service or properties. In order for our Everyday Health brand to deliver marketing and communications solutions to pharmaceutical companies, health insurers and hospital systems, we rely on data provided by our customers. We also purchase data from third-party sources to augment our user profiles and marketing databases so we are better able to personalize content, enhance our analytical capabilities and better target our marketing programs. If changes in user sentiment regarding the sharing of information results in a significant number of visitors to our websites and applications refusing to provide us with demographic information or information about their specific health interests, our ability to personalize content for our users and provide targeted marketing solutions would be impaired. If our users choose to opt-out of having their data used for behavioral targeting, it would be more difficult for us to offer targeted marketing programs to our customers.
 
We append data from third-party sources to augment our user profiles. If we are unable to acquire data from third-party sources for whatever reason, or if there is a marked increase in the cost of obtaining such data, our ability to personalize content and provide marketing solutions could be negatively impacted.

The use of such consumer data by online service providers and advertising networks is a topic of active interest among federal, state, and international regulatory bodies, and the regulatory environment is unsettled. Federal, state, and international laws and regulations govern the collection, use, retention, disclosure, sharing and security of data that we receive from and about our users. Our privacy policies and practices concerning the collection, use, and disclosure of user data are posted on our websites.

New and expanding “Do Not Track” regulations have recently been enacted or proposed that protect users’ right to choose whether or not to be tracked online. These regulations seek, among other things, to allow consumers to have greater control over the use of private information collected online, to forbid the collection or use of online information, to demand a business to comply with their choice to opt out of such collection or use, and to place limits upon the disclosure of information to third party websites. These laws and regulations could have a significant impact on the operation of our advertising and data businesses. U.S. regulatory agencies have also placed an increased focus on online privacy matters and, in particular, on online advertising activities that utilizes cookies or other tracking tools. Consumer and industry groups have expressed concerns about online data collection and use by companies, which has resulted in the release of various industry self-regulatory codes of conduct and best practice guidelines that are binding for member companies and that govern, among other things, the ways in which companies can collect, use and disclose user information, how companies must give notice of these practices and what choices companies must provide to consumers regarding these practices.

We may be required or otherwise choose to adopt Do Not Track mechanisms or self-regulation principles, in which case our ability to use our existing tracking technologies, to collect and sell user behavioral data, and permit their use by other third parties could be impaired. This could cause our net revenues to decline and adversely affect our operating results.

U.S. and foreign governments have enacted or considered or are considering legislation or regulations that could significantly restrict our ability to collect, augment, analyze, use and share anonymous data, which could increase our costs and reduce our revenue.  


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We operate across many different markets both domestically and internationally which may subject us to cybersecurity, privacy, data security and data protection laws with uncertain interpretations as well as impose conflicting obligations on us.

Cybersecurity, privacy, data security, and data protection laws are constantly evolving at the federal and state levels in the United States, as well as abroad. We are currently subject to such laws both at the federal and state levels in the U.S. as well as similar laws in a variety of international jurisdictions. The interpretation of these laws may be uncertain and may also impose confliction obligations on us. While we work to comply with all applicable law and relevant “best practices” addressing cybersecurity, privacy, data security and data protection, this is an area of the law that is constantly evolving as are the relevant industry codes and threat matrix. Further it is possible that applicable law and “best practices” are interpreted in an inconsistent or conflicting manner either by differing federal, state or international authorities or across the jurisdictions in which we operate. Any failure or perceived failure by us, our partners, our vendors, or third parties on which we rely could result in a significant liability to us (including in the form of judicial decisions and/or settlements, regulatory findings and/or forfeitures, and other means), cause considerable harm to us and our reputation (including requiring notification to customers, regulators, and/or the media), cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, and deter current and potential customers from using our services. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

The GDPR imposes significant compliance costs and exposes the Company to substantial risks.

The EU has traditionally imposed more strict obligations under data privacy laws and regulations. Individual EU member countries have had discretion with respect to their interpretation and implementation of EU data privacy laws, resulting in a variation of privacy standards from country to country. The GDPR harmonizes EU data privacy laws and contains significant obligations and requirements that have resulted in a greater compliance burden with respect to our operations and data use in Europe, which will continue to increase our costs. Additionally, government authorities will have more power to enforce compliance and impose substantial penalties for any failure to comply. In addition, individuals have the right to compensation under the GDPR. In the event the Company fails to maintain compliance, the Company could be exposed to material damages, costs and/or fines if an EU government authority or EU resident commenced an action. Failure to comply or maintain compliance could cause considerable harm to us and our reputation (including requiring notification to customers, regulators, and/or the media), cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, and deter current and potential customers from using our services. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

We face potential liability related to the privacy and security of health-related information we collect from, or on behalf of, our consumers and customers.
 
The privacy and security of information about the physical or mental health or condition of an individual is an area of significant focus in the U.S. because of heightened privacy concerns and the potential for significant consumer harm from the misuse of such sensitive data. We have procedures and technology in place intended to safeguard the information we receive from customers and users of our services from unauthorized access or use.
 
The Privacy Standards and Security Standards under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) establish a set of basic national privacy and security standards for the protection of individually identifiable health information by health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers, referred to as “covered entities”, and the business associates with whom such covered entities contract for services. Notably, whereas HIPAA previously directly regulated only these covered entities, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (“HITECH”) makes certain of HIPAA’s Privacy and Security Standards directly applicable to covered entities’ business associates. As a result, business associates are now subject to significant civil and criminal penalties for failure to comply with applicable Privacy and Security Standards. Additionally, certain states have adopted comparable privacy and security laws and regulations, some of which may be more stringent than HIPAA.
 
HIPAA directly applies to covered entities such as hospital clients of certain of our subsidiaries. Since these clients disclose protected health information to our subsidiaries so that those subsidiaries can provide certain services to them, those subsidiaries are business associates of those clients. In addition, we may sign business associate agreements in connection with the provision of the products and services developed for other third parties or in connection with certain of our other services that may transmit or store protected health information.
 
Failure to comply with the requirements of HIPAA or HITECH or any of the applicable federal and state laws regarding patient privacy, identity theft prevention and detection, breach notification and data security may subject us to penalties, including

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civil monetary penalties and, in some circumstances, criminal penalties or contractual liability under agreements with our customers and clients. Any failure or perception of failure of our products or services to meet HIPAA, HITECH and related regulatory requirements could expose us to risks of investigation, notification, litigation, penalty or enforcement, adversely affect demand for our products and services and force us to expend significant capital and other resources to modify our products or services to address the privacy and security requirements of our clients and HIPAA and HITECH.
 
Developments in the healthcare industry could adversely affect our business.
 
A significant portion of Everyday Health’s advertising and sponsorship revenues is derived from the healthcare industry, including pharmaceutical, over-the-counter and consumer-packaged-goods companies, and could be affected by changes affecting healthcare spending. Industry changes affecting healthcare spending could impact the market for these offerings. General reductions in expenditures by healthcare industry participants could result from, among other things:
 
•
government regulation or private initiatives that affect the manner in which healthcare industry participants interact with consumers and the general public;
•
consolidation of healthcare industry participants;
•
reductions in governmental funding for healthcare; and
•
adverse changes in business or economic conditions affecting pharmaceutical companies or other healthcare industry participants.
 
Even if general expenditures by industry participants remain the same or increase, developments in the healthcare industry may result in reduced spending in some or all of the specific market segments that we serve now or in the future. For example, use of our content offerings and the sale of our products and services could be affected by:
 
•
changes in the design and provision of health insurance plans;
•
a decrease in the number of new drugs or pharmaceutical products coming to market; and
•
decreases in marketing expenditures by pharmaceutical companies as a result of governmental regulation or private initiatives that discourage or prohibit advertising or sponsorship activities by pharmaceutical companies.
 
The healthcare industry has changed significantly in recent years, and we expect that significant changes to the healthcare industry will continue to occur. However, the timing and impact of developments in the healthcare industry are difficult to predict. We cannot assure you that the demand for our offerings will continue to exist at current levels or that we will have adequate technical, financial and marketing resources to react to changes in the healthcare industry.
 
Government regulation of healthcare creates risks and challenges with respect to our compliance efforts and our business strategies with our Everyday Health brand.
 
The healthcare industry is highly regulated and subject to changing political, legislative, regulatory and other influences. Existing and future laws and regulations affecting the healthcare industry could create unexpected liabilities for us, cause us to incur additional costs and restrict our operations. Many healthcare laws are complex, and their application may not be clear. Our failure to accurately anticipate the application of these laws and regulations, or other failure to comply with such laws and regulations, could create liability for us. Even in areas where we are not subject to healthcare regulation directly, we may become involved in governmental actions or investigations through our relationships with customers that are regulated, and participation in such actions or investigations, even if we are not a party and not the subject of an investigation, may cause us to incur significant expenses.
 
For example, there are federal and state laws that govern patient referrals, physician financial relationships and inducements to healthcare providers and patients. The federal healthcare programs’ anti-kickback provisions prohibit any person or entity from willingly offering, paying, soliciting or receiving anything of value, directly or indirectly, to induce or reward, or in return for either the referral of patients covered by Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs or the leasing, purchasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the lease, purchase or order of any item, good, facility or service covered by these programs. Many states also have similar anti-kickback laws that are not necessarily limited to items or services for which payment is made by a federal healthcare program. Our sale of advertising and sponsorships to healthcare providers implicates these laws. However, we review our practices to ensure that we comply with all applicable laws. The laws in this area are broad and we cannot determine precisely how they will be applied to our business practices. Any determination by a state or federal regulatory agency that any of our practices violate any of these laws could subject us to liability and require us to change or terminate some portions of our business.
 

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Further, we derive revenues from the sale of advertising and promotion of prescription and over-the-counter drugs. If the FDA or the FTC finds that any of the information provided on our properties violates FDA or FTC regulations, they may take regulatory or judicial action against us and/or the advertiser of that information. State attorneys general may also take similar action based on their state’s consumer protection statutes. Any increase or change in regulation of advertising and promotion in the healthcare industry could make it more difficult for us to generate and grow our advertising and sponsorship revenues.

In addition, the practice of most healthcare professions requires licensing under applicable state law and state laws may further prohibit business entities from practicing medicine, which is referred to as the prohibition against the corporate practice of medicine. Similar state prohibitions may exist with respect to other licensed professions. We believe that we do not engage in the practice of medicine or any other licensed healthcare profession, or provide, through our properties, professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or other advice that is tailored in such a way as to implicate state licensing or professional practice laws. However, a state may determine that some portion of our business violates these laws and may seek to have us discontinue those portions or subject us to penalties or licensure requirements. Any determination that we are a healthcare provider and acted improperly as a healthcare provider may result in liability to us.

Our business could suffer if providers of broadband internet access services block, impair or degrade our services.
 
Our business is dependent on the ability of our cloud services customers and visitors to our digital media properties to access our services and applications over broadband internet connections. Internet access providers and internet backbone providers may be able to block, degrade or charge for access or bandwidth use of certain of our products and services, which could lead to additional expenses and the loss of users. Our products and services depend on the ability of our users to access the internet. Use of our services and applications through mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, must have a high-speed data connection. Broadband internet access services, whether wireless or landline, are provided by companies with significant market power. Many of these providers offer products and services that directly compete with ours.

On January 4, 2018, the FCC released an order that largely repeals rules that the FCC had in place which prevented broadband internet access providers from degrading or otherwise disrupting a broad range of services provisioned over consumers’ and enterprises’ broadband internet access lines. The FCC’s January 4, 2018 Order is not yet effective and there are efforts in Congress to prevent the Order from becoming effective. Additionally, a number of state attorneys general have filed an appeal of the FCC’s January 4, 2018 Order and others may also appeal the Order. A number of states have either passed legislation, adopted state executive agency policies or are in the process of adopting legislation that would prevent broadband internet access providers from blocking, degrading and otherwise impairing consumers’ and internet applications service providers’ broadband internet access services. We cannot predict whether the FCC’s January 4, 2018 Order will become effective, whether it will withstand appeal, or whether states have the authority to adopt legislation and executive policies that may conflict with the FCC’s January 4, 2018 Order.

Many of the largest providers of broadband services have publicly stated that they will not degrade or disrupt their customers’ use of applications and services, like ours. If such providers were to degrade, impair or block our services, it would negatively impact our ability to provide services to our customers and likely result in lost revenue and profits, and we would incur legal fees in attempting to restore our customers’ access to our services. Broadband internet access providers may also attempt to charge us or our customers additional fees to access services like ours that may result in the loss of customers and revenue, decreased profitability, or increased costs to our retail offerings that may make our services less competitive. We cannot predict the potential impact of the FCC’s January 4, 2018 Order on us at this time nor can we evaluate the potential impact at this time.

Our cloud services business is dependent on a small number of telecommunications carriers in each region and our inability to maintain agreements at attractive rates with such carriers may negatively impact our business.
 
Our cloud services business substantially depends on the capacity, affordability, reliability and security of our network and services provided to us by our telecommunications suppliers. Only a small number of carriers in each region, and in some cases only one carrier, offer the number and network services we require. We purchase certain telecommunications services pursuant to short-term agreements that the providers can terminate or elect not to renew. As a result, any or all of our current carriers could discontinue providing us with service at rates acceptable to us, or at all, and we may not be able to obtain adequate replacements, which could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
  

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Our business could suffer if we cannot obtain or retain numbers, are prohibited from obtaining local numbers or are limited to distributing local numbers to only certain customers.
 
The future success of our number-based cloud services business depends on our ability to procure large quantities of local numbers in the U.S. and foreign countries in desirable locations at a reasonable cost and offer our services to our prospective customers without restrictions. Our ability to procure and distribute numbers depends on factors such as applicable regulations, the practices of telecommunications carriers that provide numbers, the cost of these numbers and the level of demand for new numbers. For example, several years ago the FCC conditionally granted petitions by Connecticut and California to adopt specialized “unified messaging” area codes, but neither state has adopted such a code. Adoption of a specialized area code within a state or nation could harm our ability to compete in that state or nation if it materially affects our ability to acquire numbers for our operations or makes our services less attractive due to the unavailability of numbers with a local geographic area.
 
In addition, although we are the customer of record for all of our U.S. numbers, from time to time, certain U.S. telephone carriers inhibit our ability to port numbers or port our numbers away from us to other carriers. If a federal or regulatory agency determines that our customers should have the ability to port numbers without our consent, we may lose customers at a faster rate than what we have experienced historically, potentially resulting in lower revenues. Also, in some foreign jurisdictions, under certain circumstances, our customers are permitted to port their numbers to another carrier. These factors could lead to increased cancellations by our Cloud Services customers and loss of our number inventory. These factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, cash flows and growth in or entry into foreign or domestic markets.
 
In addition, future growth in our number-based cloud services subscriber base, together with growth in the subscriber bases of other providers of number-based services, has increased and may continue to increase the demand for large quantities of numbers, which could lead to insufficient capacity and our inability to acquire sufficient numbers to accommodate our future growth.
 
We may be subject to increased rates for the telecommunications services we purchase from regulated carriers which could require us to either raise the retail prices of our offerings and lose customers or reduce our profit margins.
 
The FCC adopted wide-ranging reforms to the system under which regulated providers of telecommunications services compensate each other for the exchange of various kinds of traffic. While we are not a provider of regulated telecommunications services, we rely on such providers to offer our cloud services to our customers. As a result of the FCC’s reforms, regulated providers of telecommunications services are determining how the rates they charge customers like us will change in order to comply with the new rules. It is possible that some or all of our underlying carriers will increase the rates we pay for certain telecommunications services. Should this occur, the costs we incur to provide number-based cloud services may increase which may require us to increase the retail price of our services. Increased prices could, in turn, cause us to lose customers, or, if we do not pass on such higher costs to our subscribers, our profit margins may decrease.
New technologies have been developed that are able to block certain of our advertisements or impair our ability to serve interest-based advertising which could harm our operating results.
Technologies have been developed and are likely to continue to be developed that can block internet or mobile display advertising. Most of our Digital Media business revenues are derived from fees paid by advertisers in connection with the display of advertisements or clicks on advertisements on web pages or mobile devices. As a result, such technologies and tools are reducing the number of display advertisements that we are able to deliver or our ability to serve our interest-based advertising and this, in turn, could reduce our advertising revenue and operating results. Adoption of these types of technologies by more of our users could have a material impact on our revenues. We have implemented third party products to combat these ad-blocking technologies and are developing other strategies to address advertisement blocking. However, our efforts may not be successful to offset the potential increasing impact of these advertising blocking products.
If we or our third-party service providers fail to prevent click fraud or choose to manage traffic quality in a way that advertisers find unsatisfactory, our profitability may decline.
A portion of our display revenue comes from advertisers that pay for advertising on a price-per-click basis, meaning that the advertisers pay a fee every time a user clicks on their advertising. This pricing model can be vulnerable to so-called “click fraud,” which occurs when clicks are submitted on ads by a user who is motivated by reasons other than genuine interest in the subject of the ad. We or our third-party service providers may be exposed to the risk of click fraud or other clicks or conversions that advertisers may perceive as undesirable. If fraudulent or other malicious activity is perpetrated by others and we or our third-

-30-


party service providers are unable to detect and prevent it, or choose to manage traffic quality in a way that advertisers find unsatisfactory, the affected advertisers may experience or perceive a reduced return on their investment in our advertising programs which could lead the advertisers to become dissatisfied with our advertising programs and they might refuse to pay, demand refunds, or withdraw future business. Undetected click fraud could damage our brands and lead to a loss of advertisers and revenue.
If we are unable to continue to attract visitors to our websites from search engines, then consumer traffic to our websites could decrease, which could negatively impact the sales of our products and services, our advertising revenue and the number of purchases generated for our retailers through our Digital Media marketplace.
We generate consumer traffic to our websites using various methods, including search engine marketing, or SEM, search engine optimization, or SEO, email campaigns and social media referrals. Our net revenues and profitability levels are dependent upon our continued ability to use a combination of these methods to generate consumer traffic to our websites in a cost-efficient manner. We have experienced and continue to experience fluctuations in search result rankings for a number of our websites. There can be no assurances that we will be able to grow or maintain current levels of consumer traffic.
Our SEM and SEO techniques have been developed to work with existing search algorithms utilized by the major search engines. Major search engines frequently modify their search algorithms. Changes in these algorithms could cause our websites to receive less favorable placements, which could reduce the number of users who visit our websites. In addition, we use keyword advertising to improve our search ranking and to attract users to our sites. If we fail to follow legal requirements regarding the use of keywords or search engine guidelines and policies properly, search engines may rank our content lower in search results or could remove our content altogether from their indices.
Any decline in consumer traffic to our websites could adversely impact the amount of ads that are displayed and the number of purchases we generate for our retailers, which could adversely affect our net revenues. An attempt to replace this traffic through other channels may require us to increase our sales and marketing expenditures, which would adversely affect our operating results and which may not be offset by additional net revenues.

The industries in which we operate are undergoing rapid technological changes and we may not be able to keep up.
 
The industries in which we operate are subject to rapid and significant technological change. We cannot predict the effect of technological changes on our business. We expect that new services and technologies will emerge in the markets in which we compete. These new services and technologies may be superior to the services and technologies that we use or these new services may render our services and technologies obsolete. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to anticipate and adapt to technological changes and evolving industry standards. We may be unable to obtain access to new technologies on acceptable terms or at all, and may therefore be unable to offer services in a competitive manner. Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
 
Increased cost of email transmissions could have a material adverse effect on our business.
 
We rely on email for the delivery of certain cloud services. We also offer email security, encryption and archival services. If regulations or other changes in the industry lead to a charge associated with the sending or receiving of email messages, the cost of providing our services could increase and, if significant, could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Risks Related To Our Stock

The fundamental change purchase feature of the Convertible Notes and the change of control features of the Senior Notes may delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial attempt to take over our company.

The terms of the Convertible Notes require us to offer to purchase the Convertible Notes for cash in the event of a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes), and the terms of the Senior Notes require our subsidiary, j2 Cloud Services, to offer to repurchase the Senior Notes for cash in the event of a change of control (as defined in the indenture governing the Senior Notes). These features may have the effect of delaying or preventing a takeover of our company that would otherwise be beneficial to investors.


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Conversions of the Convertible Notes will dilute the ownership interest of our existing stockholders, including holders who had previously converted their Convertible Notes.

The conversion of some or all of the Convertible Notes will dilute the ownership interests of our existing stockholders. Any sales in the public market of our common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the Convertible Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the Convertible Notes could depress the price of our common stock.

We are a holding company and our operations are conducted through, and substantially all of our consolidated assets are held by, our subsidiaries, which are subject to certain restrictions on their ability to pay dividends to us to fund dividends on our stock, pay interest on the Convertible Notes and fund other holding company expenses.

We are a holding company. We conduct substantially all of our operations through our subsidiaries. A substantial portion of our consolidated assets is held by our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our ability to pay dividends on our stock, service our debt, including the Convertible Notes and fund other holding company expenses depends on the results of operations of our subsidiaries and upon the ability of such subsidiaries to provide us with cash, whether in the form of dividends, loans or otherwise.

In addition, dividends, loans or other distributions to us from such subsidiaries are subject to contractual and other restrictions and are subject to other business considerations. j2 Cloud Services, is subject to restrictions on dividends in its existing indenture with respect to the Senior Notes and in the MUFG Credit Facility. The Senior Notes indenture generally prohibits dividends except out of a basket of 50% of cumulative net income (as defined in the indenture) and proceeds from equity offerings, although it permits any dividends if j2 Cloud Services’ pro forma leverage ratio (as calculated as required by the indenture) is less than 3.0 to 1. The MUFG Credit Facility generally prohibits dividends (as long as commitments from the lenders or amounts remain outstanding thereunder), except when certain conditions are met, including conditions relating to j2 Cloud Services’ total leverage ratio and EBITDA and the condition that j2 Cloud Services must have at least $25 million in cash and cash equivalents on its balance sheet after giving effect to such dividend. While j2 Cloud Services is currently in compliance with such covenants, its ability to comply with such covenants is subject to conditions outside its control. If we cannot obtain cash from our subsidiaries, we may not be able to pay dividends on our stock, pay interest on the Convertible Notes and fund other operating company expenses without additional sources of cash.

Quarterly dividends may not continue, may not continue to grow or could decrease.

We may not continue to issue quarterly dividends or we could decrease the amount of any future dividends or cease to increase the amount of any future dividends. We paid our first quarterly dividend of $0.20 per share of common stock on September 19, 2011. We have declared increasing dividends in each subsequent quarter. Future dividends are subject to Board approval. We cannot assure that the Company will continue to pay a dividend in the future or the amount of any future dividends.

Future sales of our common stock may negatively affect our stock price.
 
As of February 26, 2019, substantially all of our outstanding shares of common stock were available for resale, subject to volume and manner of sale limitations applicable to affiliates under SEC Rule 144. Sales of a substantial number of shares of common stock in the public market or the perception of such sales could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. These sales also might make it more difficult for us to issue equity securities in the future at a price that we think is appropriate, or at all.
 
Anti-takeover provisions could negatively impact our stockholders.
 
Provisions of Delaware law and of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire control of us. For example, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which would make it more difficult for another party to acquire us without the approval of our Board of Directors. Additionally, our certificate of incorporation authorizes our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock without requiring any stockholder approval, and preferred stock could be issued as a defensive measure in response to a takeover proposal. These provisions could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us even if an acquisition might be in the best interest of our stockholders.


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Our stock price may be volatile or may decline.

Our stock price and trading volumes have been volatile and we expect that this volatility will continue in the future due to factors, such as:

•
Assessments of the size of our subscriber base and our average revenue per subscriber, and comparisons of our results in these and other areas versus prior performance and that of our competitors;
•
Variations between our actual results and investor expectations;
•
Regulatory or competitive developments affecting our markets;
•
Investor perceptions of us and comparable public companies;
•
Conditions and trends in the communications, messaging and internet-related industries;
•
Announcements of technological innovations and acquisitions;
•
Introduction of new services by us or our competitors;
•
Developments with respect to intellectual property rights;
•
Conditions and trends in the internet and other technology industries;
•
Rumors, gossip or speculation published on public chat or bulletin boards;
•
General market conditions; and
•
Geopolitical events such as war, threat of war or terrorist actions.

In addition, the stock market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market prices for the common stocks of technology and other companies, particularly communications and internet companies. These broad market fluctuations have previously resulted in a material decline in the market price of our common stock. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. We may become involved in this type of litigation in the future. Litigation is often expensive and diverts management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

As of December 31, 2018, we are leasing approximately 43,000 square feet of office space for our global headquarters in Los Angeles, California under a lease that expires on January 31, 2020. The Digital Media business is headquartered in New York City, where it leases approximately 43,000 square feet of office space pursuant to a lease that extends through May 2019; 80,000 square feet of office space pursuant to a lease that extends through October 2023 in connection with the EveryDay Health acquisition and 39,000 square feet of office space in connection with the Mashable acquisition. Additionally, we have smaller leased offices throughout Asia, North America, Europe and Australia.

All of our network equipment is housed either at our leased properties or at one of our multiple co-location facilities around the world. We believe our current facilities are generally in good operating condition and are sufficient to meet our needs for the foreseeable future.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, j2 Global and its affiliates are involved in litigation and other legal disputes or regulatory inquiries that arise in the ordinary course of business. Any claims or regulatory actions against j2 Global and its affiliates, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming and costly, and could divert significant operational resources. The outcomes of such matters are subject to inherent uncertainties, carrying the potential for unfavorable rulings that could include monetary damages and injunctive relief.

On February 17, 2011, Emmanuel Pantelakis (“Pantelakis”) filed suit against a j2 Global affiliate in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice (No. 11-50673), alleging that the j2 Global affiliate breached a contract relating to Pantelakis’s use of the Campaigner service. The j2 Global affiliate filed a responsive pleading on March 23, 2011 and responses to undertakings on July 16, 2012. On November 6, 2012, Pantelakis filed a second amended statement of claim, reframing his lawsuit as a negligence action. The j2 Global affiliate filed an amended statement of defense on April 8, 2013. Discovery has closed. A judicial pre-trial conference took place on September 27, 2018. There is an anticipated trial date of January 2020.

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On January 17, 2013, the Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Revenue (“Commissioner”) issued a notice of assessment to a j2 Global affiliate for sales and use tax for the period of July 1, 2003 through December 31, 2011. On July 22, 2014, the Commissioner denied the j2 Global affiliate’s application for abatement. On September 18, 2014, the j2 Global affiliate petitioned the Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board for abatement of the tax asserted in the notice of assessment (No. C325426). A trial was held on December 16, 2015. On May 18, 2017, the Appellate Board decided in favor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the Company paid and expensed the tax assessment. The j2 Global affiliate has requested the findings of fact and conclusions of law from the Appellate Board.

On January 21, 2016, Davis Neurology, P.A. filed a putative class action against two j2 Global affiliates in the Circuit Court for the County of Pope, State of Arkansas (58-cv-2016-40), alleging violations of the TCPA. The case was ultimately removed to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas (the “Eastern District of Arkansas”) (No. 4:16-cv-00682). On June 6, 2016, the j2 Global affiliates filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings. On March 20, 2017, the Eastern District of Arkansas dismissed all claims against the j2 Global affiliates. On July 23, 2018, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the judgment and remanded to district court with instructions to return the case to state court. The j2 Global affiliates have filed a petition for rehearing or rehearing en banc. On December 11, 2018, the Eight Circuit Court of Appeals denied the j2 Global affiliates’ petition for panel rehearing and petition for rehearing en banc. On January 29, 2019, the case was remanded to the Arkansas state court.

j2 Global does not believe, based on current knowledge, that the foregoing legal proceedings or claims, after giving effect to existing accrued liabilities, are likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, depending on the amount and timing, an unfavorable resolution of some or all of these matters could have a material effect on j2 Global’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows in a particular period.

The Company has not accrued for any material loss contingencies relating to these legal proceedings because materially unfavorable outcomes are not considered probable by management. It is the Company’s policy to expense as incurred legal fees related to various litigations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.


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PART II


Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “JCOM”. The following table sets forth the high and low closing sale prices for our common stock for the periods indicated, as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market.
 
High
 
Low
Year ended December 31, 2018
 
 
 
      First Quarter
84.50
 
72.17
      Second Quarter
91.00
 
77.11
      Third Quarter
90.07
 
79.44
      Fourth Quarter
81.65
 
65.47
Year ended December 31, 2017
 
 
 
      First Quarter
86.96
 
81.42
      Second Quarter
91.17
 
80.86
      Third Quarter
85.85
 
72.08
      Fourth Quarter
78.96
 
72.17

Holders

We had 268 registered stockholders as of February 26, 2019. That number excludes the beneficial owners of shares held in “street” name or held through participants in depositories.

Dividends

We initiated a quarterly cash dividend program in August 2011 with a payment of $0.20 per share of common stock on September 19, 2011. We have paid an increasing quarterly cash dividend in each subsequent calendar quarter. The following is a summary of each dividend declared during fiscal year 2018 and 2017:
Declaration Date
 
Dividend per Common Share
 
Record Date
 
Payment Date
February 9, 2017
 
$
0.3650

 
February 22, 2017
 
March 9, 2017
May 4, 2017
 
$
0.3750

 
May 19, 2017
 
June 2, 2017
August 2, 2017
 
$
0.3850

 
August 14, 2017
 
September 1, 2017
October 31, 2017
 
$
0.3950

 
November 17, 2017
 
December 5, 2017
February 2, 2018
 
$
0.4050

 
February 22, 2018
 
March 9, 2018
May 3, 2018
 
$
0.4150

 
May 18, 2018
 
June 1, 2018
August 8, 2018
 
$
0.4250

 
August 20, 2018
 
September 4, 2018
October 29, 2018
 
$
0.4350

 
November 19, 2018
 
December 5, 2018

On February 6, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.4450 per share of common stock payable on March 12, 2019 to all stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 25, 2019 (see Note 21 - Subsequent Events of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference). Future dividends are subject to Board approval.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Not applicable.

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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
               
Effective February 15, 2012, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a program authorizing the repurchase of up to five million shares of our common stock through February 20, 2013 (the “2012 Program”) which was subsequently extended through February 20, 2020 (see Note 21 - Subsequent Events of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference). Cumulatively at December 31, 2018, we had repurchased 2.7 million shares under the 2012 Program at an aggregated cost of $101.1 million (including an immaterial amount of commission fees).

In July 2016, the Company acquired and subsequently retired 935,231 shares of j2 Global common stock in connection with the acquisition of Integrated Global Concepts, Inc. (see Note 4 - Business Acquisitions of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference). In December 2018, the Company acquired 600,000 shares of j2 Global common stock in connection with the 2012 Program (see Note 13 - Stockholders’ Equity of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference). As a result of the acquisition of j2 Global common stock through the Company’s business combinations and share repurchase program, the number of shares available for purchase under the 2012 Program is 1,338,689 shares of j2 Global common stock as of December 31, 2018.

The following table details the repurchases that were made under and outside the 2012 Program during the three months ended December 31, 2018:
Period
Total Number of
Shares
Purchased (1)
 
Average Price
Paid Per Share
 
Total Number of
Shares Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plans or
Programs
 
Maximum
Number of
Shares that
May Yet Be
Purchased
Under the Plans or Programs
October 1, 2018 - October 31, 2018
2,194

 
$
74.77

 
—

 
1,938,689

November 1, 2018 - November 30, 2018
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
1,938,689

December 1, 2018 - December 31, 2018
601,428

 
$
70.89

 
600,000

 
1,338,689

Total
603,622

 
 

 
600,000

 
1,338,689

(1)  
Includes shares surrendered to the Company to pay the exercise price and/or to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with employee stock options and/or the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table provides information as of December 31, 2018 regarding shares outstanding and available for issuance under j2 Global’s existing equity compensation plans:
Plan Category
Number of
Securities
to Be
Issued Upon
Exercise of
Outstanding
Options,
Warrants
and Rights (a)
 
Weighted-Average
Exercise Price of
Outstanding
Options,
Warrants
and Rights (b)
 
Number of
Securities
Remaining
Available
for Future
Issuance
Under Equity
Compensation
Plans
(Excluding
Securities
Reflected in
Column (a)) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
707,777

 
$
56.84

 
3,860,697

Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
—

 
—

 
—

      Total
707,777

 
$
56.84

 
3,860,697


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The number of securities remaining available for future issuance includes 2,270,716 and 1,589,981 under our 2015 Stock Option Plan and 2001 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, respectively. Please refer to Note 14 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for a description of these Plans as well as our 2007 Stock Option Plan, which terminated on February 14, 2017.

Performance Graph

This performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of j2 Global under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return for j2 Global, the NASDAQ Computer Index and an index of companies that j2 Global has selected as its peer group in the cloud services for business space.

j2 Global’s peer group index for 2018 and 2017 consists of IAC/InterActive Corp., TripAdvisor, Inc., LivePerson, Inc., LogMeIn, Inc., Zillow Group, Inc., Salesforce.com, Inc., Open Text Corp. and The Ultimate Software Group, Inc.

Measurement points are December 31, 2013 and the last trading day in each of j2 Global’s fiscal quarters through the end of fiscal 2018. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2013 in j2 Global’s common stock and in each of the indices, and assumes reinvestment of any dividends. The stock price performance on the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

Measurement
 
NASDAQ
Peer
Date
j2 Global
Computer Index
Group Index
Dec-13
100.00
100.00
100.00
Mar-14
100.61
101.55
103.71
Jun-14
102.24
109.80
108.30
Sep-14
99.26
115.25
105.61
Dec-14
124.55
119.88
104.36
Mar-15
131.92
121.42
114.56
Jun-15
136.45
121.67
117.43
Sep-15
142.29
115.55
112.54
Dec-15
165.24
127.36
125.83
Mar-16
123.79
128.45
116.10
Jun-16
126.98
123.38
127.02
Sep-16
133.88
141.35
121.07
Dec-16
164.28
142.99
114.22
Mar-17
168.52
161.41
130.11
Jun-17
170.90
168.17
139.48
Sep-17
148.50
182.86
146.69
Dec-17
150.82
198.42
157.56
Mar-18
158.62
203.42
179.56
Jun-18
174.02
217.73
202.75
Sep-18
166.52
234.63
231.49
Dec-18
139.60
191.11
198.22


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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, the related notes contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the information contained herein in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of future results.
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
(In thousands, except for share and per share amounts)
Statement of Income Data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenues
$
1,207,295

 
$
1,117,838

 
$
874,255

 
$
720,815

 
$
599,030

Cost of revenues
201,074

 
172,313

 
147,100

 
122,958

 
105,989

      Gross profit
1,006,221

 
945,525

 
727,155

 
597,857

 
493,041

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      Sales and marketing
338,304

 
330,296

 
206,871

 
159,009

 
141,967

      Research, development and engineering
48,370

 
46,004

 
38,046

 
34,329

 
30,680

      General and administrative
375,267

 
323,517

 
239,672

 
205,137

 
134,188

      Total operating expenses
761,941

 
699,817

 
484,589

 
398,475

 
306,835

Income from operations
244,280

 
245,708

 
242,566

 
199,382

 
186,206

      Interest expense, net
61,987

 
67,777

 
41,370

 
42,458

 
31,204

      Other expense (income), net
4,706

 
(22,035
)
 
(10,243
)
 
5

 
(165
)
Income before income taxes
177,587

 
199,966

 
211,439

 
156,919

 
155,167

Income tax expense
44,760

 
60,541

 
59,000

 
23,283

 
29,840

Net loss in earnings of equity method investment
4,140

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Net income
$
128,687

 
$
139,425

 
$
152,439

 
$
133,636

 
$
125,327

Less extinguishment of Series A preferred stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(991
)
Net income attributable to j2 Global, Inc. common shareholders
$
128,687

 
$
139,425

 
$
152,439

 
$
133,636

 
$
124,336

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income per common share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      Basic
$
2.64

 
$
2.89

 
$
3.15

 
$
2.76

 
$
2.60

      Diluted
$
2.59

 
$
2.83

 
$
3.13

 
$
2.73

 
$
2.58

Weighted average shares outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      Basic
47,950,746

 
47,586,242

 
47,668,357

 
47,627,853

 
46,778,015

      Diluted
48,927,791

 
48,669,027

 
47,963,226

 
48,087,760

 
47,106,538

Cash dividends declared per common share
$
1.68

 
$
1.52

 
$
1.36

 
$
1.22

 
$
1.10

 
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
(In thousands)
Balance Sheet Data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
209,474

 
$
350,945

 
$
123,950

 
$
255,530

 
$
433,663

Working capital
153,009

 
355,325

 
(106,090
)
 
286,151

 
486,816

Total assets
2,560,830

 
2,453,093

 
2,062,328

 
1,783,719

 
1,705,202

Other long-term liabilities
51,068

 
31,434

 
3,475

 
18,228

 
22,416

Total stockholders’ equity
$
1,035,744

 
$
1,020,305

 
$
914,536

 
$
890,208

 
$
820,235



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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
    
In addition to historical information, the following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. The actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those discussed in Part I, Item 1A - “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s opinions only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Readers should carefully review the Risk Factors and the risk factors set forth in other documents we file from time to time with the SEC.

Overview

j2 Global, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“j2 Global”, “the Company”, “our”, “us” or “we”), is a leading provider of internet services. Through our Cloud Services business, we provide cloud services to consumers and businesses and license our intellectual property (“IP”) to third parties. In addition, the Cloud Services business includes fax, voice, backup, security and email marketing products. Our Digital Media business specializes in the technology, gaming, broadband, business to business, healthcare, and international markets offering content, tools and services to consumers and businesses.
j2 Global was incorporated in 2014 as a Delaware corporation through the creation of a new holding company structure, and our Cloud Services business, operated by our wholly owned subsidiary, j2 Cloud Services, LLC (formerly j2 Cloud Services, Inc.), and its subsidiaries, was founded in 1995. We manage our operations through two businesses: Cloud Services and Digital Media.
Our Cloud Services business generates revenues primarily from customer subscription and usage fees and from IP licensing fees. Our Digital Media business generates revenues from advertising and sponsorships, subscription and usage fees, performance marketing and licensing fees.

In addition to growing our business organically, on a regular basis we acquire businesses to grow our customer bases, expand and diversify our service offerings, enhance our technologies, acquire skilled personnel and enter into new markets.
Our consolidated revenues are currently generated from three basic business models, each with different financial profiles and variability. Our Cloud Services business is driven primarily by subscription revenues that are relatively higher margin, stable and predictable from quarter to quarter with some seasonal weakness in the fourth quarter. The Cloud Services business also includes the results of our IP licensing business, which can vary dramatically in both revenues and profitability from period to period. Our Digital Media business is driven primarily by advertising revenues, has relatively higher sales and marketing expense and has seasonal strength in the fourth quarter. We continue to pursue additional acquisitions, which may include companies operating under business models that differ from those we operate under today. Such acquisitions could impact our consolidated profit margins and the variability of our revenues.


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Cloud Services Performance Metrics

The following table sets forth certain key operating metrics for our Cloud Services business for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands, except for percentages):
  
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Subscriber revenues:
 

 
 

 
 

Fixed
$
488,948

 
$
471,269

 
$
468,395

Variable
108,333

 
102,928

 
93,950

Total subscriber revenues
597,281

 
574,197

 
562,345

Other license revenues
694

 
4,759

 
4,593

Total revenues
$
597,975

 
$
578,956

 
$
566,938

Percentage of total subscriber revenues:
 

 
 

 
 

Fixed
81.9
%
 
82.1
%
 
83.3
%
Variable
18.1
%
 
17.9
%
 
16.7
%
Total revenues:
 
 
 

 
 

Number-based
$
393,079

 
$
384,929

 
$
367,741

Non-number-based
204,896

 
194,027

 
199,197

Total revenues
$
597,975

 
$
578,956

 
$
566,938

 
 
 
 
 
 
Average monthly revenue per Cloud Business Customer (ARPU) (1)(2)
$
15.61

 
$
15.31

 
$
15.21

Cancel rate (3)
2.1
%
 
2.0
%
 
2.1
%

(1) 
Quarterly ARPU is calculated using our standard convention of applying the average of the quarter’s beginning and ending base to the total revenue for the quarter. We believe ARPU provides investors an understanding of the average monthly revenues we recognize associated with each Cloud Services customer. As ARPU varies based on fixed subscription fee and variable usage components, we believe it can serve as a measure by which investors can evaluate trends in the types of services, levels of services and the usage levels of those services across our Cloud Services customer base.

(2) 
Cloud Services customers are defined as paying direct inward dialing numbers for fax and voice services, and direct and resellers’ accounts for other services.

(3) 
Cancel Rate is defined as cancels of small and medium businesses and individual Cloud Services customers with greater than four months of continuous service (continuous service includes Cloud Services customers administratively canceled and reactivated within the same calendar month), and enterprise Cloud Services customers beginning with their first day of service. Calculated monthly and expressed as an average over the three months of the quarter.

Digital Media Performance Metrics

The following table sets forth certain key operating metrics for our Digital Media business for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in millions):
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Visits
7,706

 
5,720

 
4,992

Page views
31,727

 
23,731

 
18,063

Sources: Google Analytics and Partner Platforms


-41-



Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and operating results require us to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. See Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K which describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ significantly from those estimates under different assumptions and conditions and may be material.

We believe that our most critical accounting policies are those related to revenue recognition, valuation and impairment of investments, our assessment of ownership interests as variable interest entities and the related determination of consolidation, share-based compensation expense, assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with business combinations, long-lived and intangible asset impairment, contingent consideration, income taxes and contingencies and allowance for doubtful accounts. We consider these policies critical because they are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require management’s most difficult, subjective and complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Senior management has reviewed these critical accounting policies and related disclosures with the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors.

Revenue Recognition

Cloud Services

The Company’s Cloud Services revenues substantially consist of monthly recurring subscription and usage-based fees, the majority of which are paid in advance by credit card. The Company defers the portions of monthly, quarterly, semi-annually and annually recurring subscription and usage-based fees collected in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations and recognizes them in the period earned.

Along with our numerous proprietary Cloud Services solutions, the Company also generates revenues by reselling various third-party solutions, primarily through our security and online backup lines of business. These third-party solutions, along with our proprietary products, allow the Company to offer customers a variety of solutions to better meet their needs. The Company records revenue on a gross basis with respect to reseller revenue because the Company has control of the specified good or service prior to transferring control to the customer.

j2 Global’s Cloud Services also includes patent license revenues generated under license agreements that provide for the payment of contractually determined fully paid-up or royalty-bearing license fees to j2 Global in exchange for the grant of non-exclusive, retroactive and future licenses to our intellectual property, including patented technology. Patent revenues may also consist of revenues generated from the sale of patents. Patent license arrangements are evaluated to determine if they grant the customer a right to access the Company’s intellectual property which is generally recognized over the life of the arrangement or a right to use the Company’s intellectual property which is generally recognized at the point in time the license is granted. With regard to royalty-bearing license arrangements, the Company recognizes revenues of license fees earned during the applicable period. 

The Cloud Services business also generates revenues by licensing certain technology to third parties. Generally, revenue is recognized over time as the third party uses the licensed technology over the period.

Digital Media

Digital Media revenues are earned primarily from the delivery of advertising services and from subscriptions to services and information. Payment is received in arrears by check or wire and includes terms aligned with the industry standard of 90 days or less.

Revenue is earned from the delivery of advertising services on the Company’s owned and operated websites and on those websites that are part of Digital Media’s advertising network. Depending on the individual contracts with the customer, revenue for these services are recognized over the contract period when any of the following performance obligations are satisfied: (i)

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when an advertisement is placed for viewing; (ii) when a qualified sales lead is delivered; (iii) when a visitor “clicks through” on an advertisement; or (iv) when commissions are earned upon the sale of an advertised product.

Revenue from subscriptions is earned through the granting of access to, or delivery of, certain data products or services to customers. Subscriptions cover video games and related content, health information, data and other copyrighted material. Revenues under such agreements are recognized over the contract term for use of the service. Revenues are also earned from listing fees, subscriptions to online publications, and from other sources. Subscription revenues are recognized over time.

j2 Global also generates Digital Media revenues through the license of certain assets to clients. Assets are licensed for clients’ use in their own promotional materials or otherwise. Such assets may include logos, editorial reviews, or other copyrighted material. Revenues under such license agreements are recognized over the contract term for use of the asset. Technology assets are also licensed to clients. These assets are recognized over the term of the access period. The Digital Media business also generates revenue from other sources which had included marketing and production services. Such other revenues are generally recognized over the period in which the products or services are delivered. Revenues were no longer generated in 2018 from certain marketing and production services as a result of the sale of certain Digital Media assets during 2017.

j2 Global also generates Digital Media revenues from transactions involving the sale of perpetual software licenses, related software support and maintenance, hardware used in conjunction with its software, and other related services. Revenue is recognized for these software transactions with multiple performance obligations after (i) the Company has had an approved contract and is committed to perform the respective obligations and (ii) the Company can identify and quantify each obligation and its respective selling price. Once the respective performance obligations have been identified and quantified, revenue will be recognized when the obligations are met, either over time or at a point in time depending on the nature of the obligation.

Revenues from software license performance obligations are generally recognized upfront at the point in time that the software is made available to the customer to download and use. Revenues for related software support and maintenance performance obligations are related to technical support provided to customers as needed and unspecified software product upgrades, maintenance releases and patches during the term of the support period when they are available. The Company is obligated to make the support services available continuously throughout the contract period. Therefore, revenues for support contracts are generally recognized ratably over the contractual period the support services are provided. Hardware product and related software performance obligations, such as an operating system or firmware, are highly interdependent and interrelated and are accounted for as a bundled performance obligation. The revenues for this bundled performance obligation are generally recognized at the point in time that the hardware and software products are delivered and ownership is transferred to the customer. Other service revenues are generally recognized over time as the services are performed.

The Company records revenue on a gross basis with respect to revenue generated (i) by the Company serving online display and video advertising across its owned and operated web properties, on third-party sites or on unaffiliated advertising networks; (ii) through the Company’s lead-generation business; and (iii) through the Company’s subscriptions. The Company records revenue on a net basis with respect to revenue paid to the Company by certain third-party advertising networks who serve online display and video advertising across the Company’s owned-and-operated web properties and certain third-party sites.

Valuation and Impairment of Investments

We account for our investments in debt securities in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic No. 320, Investments - Debt Securities (“ASC 320”). Our debt investments are typically comprised of corporate debt securities. We determine the appropriate classification of our investments at the time of acquisition and evaluate such determination at each balance sheet date. Trading securities are those investments that we intend to sell within a few hours or days and are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in investment income. Available-for-sale debt securities are those investments we do not intend to hold to maturity and can be sold. Available-for-sale debt securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income. Held-to-maturity securities are those investments which we have the ability and intent to hold until maturity and are recorded at amortized cost. All debt securities are accounted for on a specific identification basis.

We account for our investments in equity securities in accordance with ASC Topic No. 321, Investments - Equity Securities (“ASC 321”) which requires the accounting for equity investments (other than those accounted for using the equity method of accounting) generally be measured at fair value for equity securities with readily determinable fair values. For equity securities without a readily determinable fair value that are not accounted for by the equity method, we measure the equity security using cost, less impairment, if any, and plus or minus observable price changes arising from orderly transactions in the same or similar investment from the same issuer. Any unrealized gains or losses will be reported in current earnings (see Note 5 - Investments of

-43-


the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference).

We assess whether an other-than-temporary impairment loss on an investment has occurred due to declines in fair value or other market conditions (see Note 5 - Investments of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference).

Variable Interest Entities (“VIE”)

A VIE requires consolidation by the entity’s primary beneficiary. We evaluate our investments in entities in which we are involved to determine if the entity is a VIE and if so, whether we hold a variable interest and are the primary beneficiary. We have determined that we hold a variable interest in our investment as a limited partner in the OCV Fund I, LP (“OCV Fund”, “OCV” or the “Fund”). In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE, both of the following characteristics must be present:

a) the Company has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impacts the VIEs economic performance (the power criterion); and

b) the Company has the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE, or the right to receive benefits of the VIE, that could potentially be significant to the VIE (the economic criterion).

We have concluded that, as a limited partner, although the obligations to absorb losses or benefit from the gains is not insignificant, we do not have “power” over OCV because we do not have the ability to direct the significant decisions which impact the economics of OCV. We believe that the OCV general partner, as a single decision maker, holds the ability to make the decisions about the activities that most significantly impact the OCV Fund’s economic performance. As a result, we have concluded that we will not consolidate OCV, as we are not the primary beneficiary of the OCV Fund, and will account for this investment under the equity-method of accounting. See Note 5, “Investments”, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

We recognize our equity in the net earnings or losses relating to the investment in OCV on a one-quarter lag due to the timing and availability of financial information from OCV. If we become aware of a significant decline in value, the loss will be recorded in the period in which we identify the decline.

Share-Based Compensation Expense  

We comply with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic No. 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). Accordingly, we measure share-based compensation expense at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and recognize the expense over the employee’s requisite service period using the straight-line method. The measurement of share-based compensation expense is based on several criteria including, but not limited to, the valuation model used and associated input factors, such as expected term of the award, stock price volatility, risk free interest rate, dividend rate and award cancellation rate. These inputs are subjective and are determined using management’s judgment. If differences arise between the assumptions used in determining share-based compensation expense and the actual factors, which become known over time, we may change the input factors used in determining future share-based compensation expense. Any such changes could materially impact our results of operations in the period in which the changes are made and in periods thereafter. We elected to adopt the alternative transition method for calculating the tax effects of share-based compensation.

Long-lived and Intangible Assets  

We account for long-lived assets in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic No. 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment (“ASC 360”), which addresses financial accounting and reporting for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets.

We assess the impairment of identifiable definite-lived intangibles and long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors we consider important which could individually or in combination trigger an impairment review include the following:

 
.
Significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results;

-44-


 
.
Significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business;
 
.
Significant negative industry or economic trends;
 
.
Significant decline in our stock price for a sustained period; and
 
.
Our market capitalization relative to net book value.

If we determined that the carrying value of definite-lived intangibles and long-lived assets may not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more of the above indicators of impairment, we would record an impairment equal to the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over its estimated fair value.

We have assessed whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that potentially indicate the carrying value of definite-lived intangibles and long-lived assets may not be recoverable and noted no indicators of potential impairment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets  

We evaluate our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment pursuant to FASB ASC Topic No. 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), which provides that goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but tested for impairment annually or more frequently if circumstances indicate potential impairment. In connection with the annual impairment test for goodwill, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we determine that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then we perform the impairment test upon goodwill. The impairment test is performed by comparing a reporting unit’s fair value to its carrying value; if the fair value is less than its carrying value, impairment is indicated. In connection with the annual impairment test for intangible assets, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than its carrying amount, then we perform the impairment test upon intangible assets.

In the fourth quarter of 2018, there was a change to our reporting units. As a result of this change, we allocated goodwill to our new reporting units using a relative fair value approach. In addition, we completed an assessment of any potential goodwill impairment for all reporting units immediately before and after the reallocation and determined no impairment existed. Further, we completed the required impairment review for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 and noted no impairment. Consequently, no impairment charges were recorded.

Contingent Consideration

Certain of our acquisition agreements include contingent earn-out arrangements, which are generally based on the achievement of future income thresholds. The contingent earn-out arrangements are based upon our valuations of the acquired companies and reduce the risk of overpaying for acquisitions if the projected financial results are not achieved.

The fair values of these earn-out arrangements are included as part of the purchase price of the acquired companies on their respective acquisition dates. For each transaction, we estimate the fair value of contingent earn-out payments as part of the initial purchase price and record the estimated fair value of contingent consideration as a liability on the consolidated balance sheets. We consider several factors when determining that contingent earn-out liabilities are part of the purchase price, including the following: (1) the valuation of our acquisitions is not supported solely by the initial consideration paid, and the contingent earn-out formula is a critical and material component of the valuation approach to determining the purchase price; and (2) the former shareholders of acquired companies that remain as key employees receive compensation other than contingent earn-out payments at a reasonable level compared with the compensation of our other key employees. The contingent earn-out payments are not affected by employment termination.

We measure our contingent earn-out liabilities in connection with acquisitions at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (see Note 7 - Fair Value Measurements of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference). We may use various valuation techniques depending on the terms and conditions of the contingent consideration including a Monte-Carlo simulation. This simulation uses probability distribution for each significant input to produce hundreds or thousands of possible outcomes and the results are analyzed to determine probabilities of different outcomes occurring. Significant

-45-


increases or decreases to these inputs in isolation would result in a significantly higher or lower liability with a higher liability capped by the contractual maximum of the contingent earn-out obligation. Ultimately, the liability will be equivalent to the amount paid, and the difference between the fair value estimate and amount paid will be recorded in earnings. The amount paid that is less than or equal to the liability on the acquisition date is reflected as cash used in financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Any amount paid in excess of the liability on the acquisition date is reflected as cash used in operating activities.

We review and re-assess the estimated fair value of contingent consideration on a quarterly basis, and the updated fair value could be materially different from the initial estimates or prior quarterly amounts. Changes in the estimated fair value of our contingent earn-out liabilities are reported in operating income. Adjustments to the estimated fair value related to changes in all other unobservable inputs are reported in operating income.

Income Taxes  

We account for income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC Topic No. 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax basis of recorded assets and liabilities. ASC 740 also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. Our valuation allowance is reviewed quarterly based upon the facts and circumstances known at the time. In assessing this valuation allowance, we review historical and future expected operating results and other factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are realizable.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Tax laws, regulations, and administrative practices in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. There are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as intercompany transactions, the relative amount of our foreign earnings, including earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, the applicability of special tax regimes, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize the related tax benefit, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, entry into new businesses and geographies, changes to our existing businesses and operations, acquisitions (including integrations) and investments and how they are financed, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, and changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations. In addition, a number of countries are actively pursuing changes to their tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals, such as the recently enacted the 2017 Tax Act. Finally, foreign governments may enact tax laws in response to the 2017 Tax Act that could result in further changes to global taxation and materially affect our financial position and results of operations.

On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted the 2017 Tax Act, which imposes a repatriation tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries, imposes a current tax on certain foreign earnings and lowers the general corporate income tax rate to 21%. In December 2017, the SEC staff issued SAB 118, which allows us to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date. We have completed our accounting for the tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act, including the repatriation tax, the net deferred tax remeasurement and the impact on our unrealized tax benefits. None of the adjustments we made to our provisional amounts were material to our consolidated financial statements.

Income Tax Contingencies 

We calculate current and deferred tax provisions based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed during the following year. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified in the subsequent year.

ASC 740 provides guidance on the minimum threshold that an uncertain income tax position is required to meet before it can be recognized in the financial statements and applies to all tax positions taken by a company. ASC 740 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain income tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the income tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. If it is not more likely than not that the benefit will be sustained on its technical merits, no benefit will be recorded. Uncertain income tax positions that relate only to timing of when an item is included on a tax return are considered to have met the recognition threshold. We recognize accrued

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interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions in income tax expense on our consolidated statement of income. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate uncertain income tax positions and establish or release reserves as appropriate under GAAP.

As a multinational corporation, we are subject to taxation in many jurisdictions, and the calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in various taxing jurisdictions. Our estimate of the potential outcome of any uncertain tax issue is subject to management’s assessment of relevant risks, facts and circumstances existing at that time. Therefore, the actual liability for U.S. or foreign taxes may be materially different from our estimates, which could result in the need to record additional tax liabilities or potentially to reverse previously recorded tax liabilities. In addition, we may be subject to examination of our tax returns by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and other domestic and foreign tax authorities.

Non-Income Tax Contingencies  

The Company does not collect and remit sales and use, telecommunication, or similar taxes in all jurisdictions in which it has sales, based on the Company’s belief that such taxes are not applicable or legally required. Several states and other taxing jurisdictions have presented or threatened the Company with assessments, alleging that the Company is required to collect and remit such taxes there. The aggregate assessments at December 31, 2018 were not material.

The June 2018 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., No. 17-494, along with the application of existing, new or future rulings and laws, could have adverse effects on our business, prospects and operating results. There have been, and will continue to be, substantial ongoing costs associated with complying with the various indirect tax requirements in the numerous markets in which we conduct or will conduct business.

The Company is currently under audit or is subject to audit for indirect taxes in several states and municipalities. The Company has a $4.6 million reserve established for these matters. It is reasonably possible that additional liabilities could be incurred resulting in additional expense, which could have a materially impact on our financial results.

Allowances for Doubtful Accounts  

We reserve for receivables we may not be able to collect. The reserves for our Cloud Services business are typically driven by the volume of credit card declines and past due invoices and are based on historical experience as well as an evaluation of current market conditions. The reserves for our Digital Media business are typically driven by past due invoices based on historical experience. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the adequacy of these reserves.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, to our accompanying consolidated financial statements for a description of recent accounting pronouncements and our expectations of their impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.

Results of Operations

Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

Cloud Services

Assuming a stable or improving economic environment, and, subject to our risk factors, we expect the revenue and profits as included in the results of operations below in our Cloud Services business to be stable for the foreseeable future (excluding the impact of acquisitions). The main focus of our Cloud Services offerings is to reduce or eliminate costs, increase sales and enhance productivity, mobility, business continuity and security of our customers as the technologies and devices they use evolve over time. As a result, we expect to continue to take steps to enhance our existing offerings and offer new services to continue to satisfy the evolving needs of our customers. Through our IP licensing operations, which are included in the Cloud Services business, we seek to make our IP available for license to third parties, and we expect to continue to attempt to obtain additional IP through a combination of acquisitions and internal development in an effort to increase available licensing opportunities and related revenues.

We expect acquisitions to remain an important component of our strategy and use of capital in this business; however, we cannot predict whether our current pace of acquisitions will remain the same within this business. In a given period, we may

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close greater or fewer acquisitions than in prior periods or acquisitions of greater or lesser significance than in prior periods. Moreover, future acquisitions of businesses within this space but with different business models may impact Cloud Services’ overall profit margins. Also, as IP licensing often involves litigation, the timing of licensing transactions is unpredictable and can and does vary significantly from period to period. This variability can cause the overall business’s financial results to materially vary from period to period.

Digital Media

Assuming a stable or improving economic environment, and, subject to our risk factors, we expect the revenue and profits in our Digital Media business to improve over the next several quarters as we integrate our recent acquisitions and over the longer term as advertising transactions continue to shift from offline to online. The main focus of our advertising programs is to provide relevant and useful advertising to visitors to our websites and those included within our advertising networks, reflecting our commitment to constantly improve their overall web experience. As a result, we expect to continue to take steps to improve the relevance of the ads displayed on our websites and those included within our advertising networks.

The operating margin we realize on revenues generated from ads placed on our websites is significantly higher than the operating margin we realize from revenues generated from those placed on third-party websites. Growth in advertising revenues from our websites has generally exceeded that from third-party websites. This trend has had a positive impact on our operating margins, and we expect that this will continue for the foreseeable future. However, the trend in advertising spend is shifting to mobile devices and other newer advertising formats which generally experience lower margins than those from desktop computers and tablets. We expect this trend to continue to put pressure on our margins.

We expect acquisitions to remain an important component of our strategy and use of capital in this business; however, we cannot predict whether our current pace of acquisitions will remain the same within this business. In a given period, we may close greater or fewer acquisitions than in prior periods or acquisitions of greater or lesser significance than in prior periods. Moreover, future acquisitions of businesses within this space but with different business models may impact Digital Media’s overall profit margins.

j2 Global Consolidated

We anticipate that the stable revenue trend in our Cloud Services business combined with the improving revenue and profits in our Digital Media business will result in overall improved revenue and profits for j2 Global on a consolidated basis, excluding the impact of any future acquisitions which can vary dramatically from period to period.

We expect operating profit as a percentage of revenues to generally decrease in the future primarily due to the fact that revenue with respect to our Digital Media business (i) is increasing as a percentage of our revenue on a consolidated basis and (ii) has historically operated at a lower operating margin.


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The following table sets forth, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, information derived from our statements of income as a percentage of revenues. This information should be read in conjunction with the accompanying financial statements and the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Revenues
100%
 
100%
 
100%
Cost of revenues
17
 
15
 
17
       Gross profit
83
 
85
 
83
Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
       Sales and marketing
28
 
30
 
24
       Research, development and engineering
4
 
4
 
4
       General and administrative
31
 
29
 
27
       Total operating expenses
63
 
63
 
55
Income from operations
20
 
22
 
28
Interest expense, net
5
 
6
 
5
Other expense (income), net
—
 
(2)
 
(1)
Income before income taxes
15
 
18
 
24
Income tax expense
4
 
5
 
7
Net loss in earnings of equity method investment
—
 
—
 
—
Net income
11%
 
12%
 
17%

Revenues
 
(in thousands, except percentages)
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Percentage Change 2018 versus 2017
 
Percentage Change 2017 versus 2016
Revenues
$
1,207,295

 
$
1,117,838

 
$
874,255

 
8%
 
28%

Our revenues consist of revenues from our Cloud Services business and from our Digital Media business. Cloud Services revenues primarily consist of revenues from “fixed” customer subscription revenues and “variable” revenues generated from actual usage of our services. We also generate Cloud Services revenues from IP licensing. Digital Media revenues primarily consist of advertising revenues, subscriptions earned through the granting of access to, or delivery of, certain data products or services to customers, fees paid for generating business leads, and licensing and sale of editorial content and trademarks.

Our revenues have increased over the past three years primarily due to a combination of acquisitions and organic growth within both the Digital Media and Cloud Services businesses.

Cost of Revenues
(in thousands, except percentages)
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Percentage Change 2018 versus 2017
 
Percentage Change 2017 versus 2016
Cost of revenue
$
201,074

 
$
172,313

 
$
147,100

 
17%
 
17%
As a percent of revenue
17%
 
15%
 
17%
 
 
 


Cost of revenues is primarily comprised of costs associated with content fees, data and voice transmission, numbers, editorial and production costs, network operations, customer service, and online processing fees. The increase in cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily due to an increase in costs associated with businesses acquired in and subsequent to fiscal 2017 that resulted in additional content fees. The increase in cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily due to an increase in costs associated with businesses acquired in and subsequent to fiscal 2016 that resulted in additional editorial and production costs.

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Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing.
(in thousands, except percentages)
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Percentage Change 2018 versus 2017
 
Percentage Change 2017 versus 2016
Sales and Marketing
$
338,304

 
$
330,296

 
$
206,871

 
2%
 
60%
As a percent of revenue
28%
 
30%
 
24%
 
 
 

 
Our sales and marketing costs consist primarily of internet-based advertising, sales and marketing, personnel costs and other business development-related expenses. Our internet-based advertising relationships consist primarily of fixed cost and performance-based (cost-per-impression, cost-per-click and cost-per-acquisition) advertising relationships with an array of online service providers. Advertising cost for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $149.7 million (primarily consisting of $100.5 million of third-party advertising costs and $40.8 million of personnel costs), $143.3 million (primarily consisting of $95.4 million of third-party advertising costs and $41.0 million of personnel costs) and $96.8 million (primarily consisting of $64.8 million of third-party advertising costs and $26.3 million of personnel costs), respectively. The increase in sales and marketing expenses from 2017 to 2018 was primarily due to increased personnel costs and advertising associated with the businesses acquired in and subsequent to fiscal 2017. The increase in sales and marketing expenses from 2016 to 2017 was primarily due to increased personnel costs and advertising associated with the acquisition of Everyday Health within the Digital Media business, which was acquired in December 2016.

Research, Development and Engineering.
(in thousands, except percentages)
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Percentage Change 2018 versus 2017
 
Percentage Change 2017 versus 2016
Research, Development and Engineering
$
48,370

 
$
46,004

 
$
38,046

 
5%
 
21%
As a percent of revenue
4%
 
4%
 
4%
 
 
 


Our research, development and engineering costs consist primarily of personnel-related expenses. The increase in research, development and engineering costs from 2017 to 2018 was primarily due to personnel costs associated with acquisitions within the Cloud Service business. The increase in research, development and engineering costs from 2016 to 2017 was primarily due to personnel costs associated with acquisitions within the Cloud Service and Digital Media businesses.
 
General and Administrative.
(in thousands, except percentages)
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Percentage Change 2018 versus 2017
 
Percentage Change 2017 versus 2016
General and Administrative
$
375,267

 
$
323,517

 
$
239,672

 
16%
 
35%
As a percent of revenue
31%
 
29%
 
27%
 
 
 


Our general and administrative costs consist primarily of personnel-related expenses, depreciation and amortization, changes in the fair value associated with contingent consideration, share-based compensation expense, bad debt expense, professional fees, severance and insurance costs. The increase in general and administrative expense from 2017 to 2018 was primarily due to additional amortization of intangible assets, increased depreciation expense and personnel costs relating to acquisitions closed during 2017 and 2018. The increase in general and administrative expense from 2016 to 2017 was primarily due to additional amortization of intangible assets and personnel costs relating to acquisitions closed during 2016 and 2015 and increased depreciation expense.

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Share-Based Compensation

The following table represents share-based compensation expense included in cost of revenues and operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Cost of revenues
$
510

 
$
500

 
$
436

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
      Sales and marketing
1,798

 
1,723

 
1,782

      Research, development and engineering
1,553

 
1,182

 
904

      General and administrative
24,232

 
19,332

 
10,528

Total
$
28,093

 
$
22,737

 
$
13,650


During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company accelerated the vesting of certain shares held by employees which were surrendered to the Company to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with such employees’ restricted stock. The Company recognized share-based compensation of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 due to this vesting acceleration.

In connection with Nehemia Zucker’s resignation as Chief Executive Officer effective as of December 31, 2017, all of his outstanding and unvested stock options and time-based restricted shares, along with the tranche of performance-vesting restricted shares that was then next scheduled to vest, vested in full on December 29, 2017. As a result, the Company has accelerated the recognition of share-based compensation expense associated with these awards which impacted 2017 by approximately $5.1 million.

Non-Operating Income and Expenses

Interest expense, net. Our interest expense, net is generated primarily from interest expense due to outstanding debt, partially offset by interest income earned on cash, cash equivalents and investments. Interest expense, net was $62.0 million, $67.8 million, and $41.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease from 2017 to 2018 was primarily due to decreased interest expense associated with the loss on extinguishment of the $250 million 8.0% Senior Notes recognized in 2017. The increase from 2016 to 2017 was due to increased interest expense associated with the issuance of the $650 million 6.0% Senior Notes and our line of credit borrowings, the loss on the extinguishment of the $250 million 8.0% Senior Notes and decreased interest income on cash, cash equivalents and investments.

Other expense (income), net. Our other expense (income), net is generated primarily from miscellaneous items, gain or losses on currency exchange and gains or losses on investments. Other expense (income), net was $4.7 million, $(22.0) million, and $(10.2) million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The change from 2017 to 2018 was attributable to gains earned in the prior period related to the sales of subsidiaries in our Digital Media and Cloud businesses. The change from 2016 to 2017 was attributable to an increase in gains earned related to the sales of subsidiaries in our Digital Media and Cloud businesses, partially offset by increased losses on currency exchange compared to the prior period as well as the sale of our strategic investment in Carbonite in the prior period, resulting in a gain on sale of $7.6 million, and a breakup fee received of $2.5 million in the prior period associated with the competitive bid for certain assets of Gawker Media.

Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate is based on pre-tax income, statutory tax rates, tax regulations (including those related to transfer pricing) and different tax rates in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. The tax bases of our assets and liabilities reflect our best estimate of the tax benefits and costs we expect to realize. When necessary, we establish valuation allowances to reduce our deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized. 

On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted the 2017 Tax Act, which imposes a repatriation tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries, imposes a current tax on certain foreign earnings and lowers the general corporate income tax rate to 21%. In December 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (SAB 118), which allows us to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date. We have completed our

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accounting for the tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act, including the repatriation tax, the net deferred tax remeasurement and the impact on our unrealized tax benefits. None of the adjustments we made to our provisional amounts were material to our consolidated financial statements.

As of December 31, 2018, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) of $142.2 million after considering substantial restrictions on the utilization of these NOLs due to “ownership changes”, as defined in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. We estimate that all of the above-mentioned federal NOLs will be available for use before their expiration. These NOLs expire through the year 2036.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had available unrecognized state research and development tax credits of $4.6 million and $2.3 million, respectively, which last indefinitely.

Income tax expense amounted to $44.8 million, $60.5 million and $59.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our effective tax rates for 2018, 2017 and 2016 were 25.2%, 30.3% and 27.9%, respectively.

The decrease in our annual effective income tax rate from 2017 to 2018 was primarily attributable to the following:

1.
a decrease during 2018 from the reduction in the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective on January 1, 2018; partially offset by:

2.
a decrease in the benefit for the portion of our income being taxed in foreign jurisdictions and subject to lower tax rates than in the U.S. (relative to income from U.S. domestic operations); and

3.
an increase in tax expense during 2018 due to tax law changes requiring certain income earned by foreign subsidiaries to be included in the income of the U.S. shareholder.

The increase in our annual effective income tax rate from 2016 to 2017 was primarily attributable to the following:

1.
an increase during 2017 in the transition tax due to the 2017 Tax Act; partially offset by:

2.
a decrease during 2017 in the valuation of deferred tax liabilities due to the decrease in the federal tax rate per the 2017 Tax Act; and

3.
a decrease during 2017 in the amount of deemed distribution income (Section 956) from our foreign subsidiaries.

In order to provide additional understanding in connection with our foreign taxes, the following represents the statutory and effective tax rate by significant foreign country:
 
 
Ireland
 
United Kingdom
 
Canada
Statutory tax rate
 
12.5%
 
19.0%
 
26.5%
Effective tax rate (1)
 
4.6%
 
19.4%
 
26.6%
(1) Effective tax rate excludes certain discrete items.

The statutory tax rate is the rate imposed on taxable income for corporations by the local government in that jurisdiction.  The effective tax rate measures the taxes paid as a percentage of pretax profit. The effective tax rate can differ from the statutory tax rate when a company can exempt some income from tax, claim tax credits, or due to the effect of book-tax differences that do not reverse and discrete items.

Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and in evaluating our tax positions on a worldwide basis. We believe our tax positions, including intercompany transfer pricing policies, are consistent with the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. Certain of these tax positions have in the past been, and are currently being, challenged, and this may have a significant impact on our effective tax rate if our tax reserves are insufficient.


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Equity Method Investment

Net loss in earnings of equity method investment. Net loss in earnings of equity method investment is generated from our investment in the OCV Fund for which we receive annual audited financial statements. The investment in the OCV Fund is presented net of tax and on a one-quarter lag due to the timing and availability of financial information from OCV. If the Company becomes aware of a significant decline in value, the loss will be recorded in the period in which the Company identifies the decline.

The net loss in earnings of equity method investment was $4.1 million and zero and zero, net of tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 the Company recognized management fees of $4.5 million, zero, and zero, net of tax benefit, respectively.

Cloud Services and Digital Media Results
Our businesses are based on the organization structure used by management for making operating and investment decisions and for assessing performance and have been aggregated into two businesses: (i) Cloud Services; and (ii) Digital Media.
We evaluate the performance of our businesses based on revenues, including both external and interbusiness net sales, and operating income. We account for interbusiness sales and transfers based primarily on standard costs with reasonable mark-ups established between the businesses. Identifiable assets by business are those assets used in the respective businesses operations. Corporate assets consist of cash and cash equivalents, deferred income taxes and certain other assets. All significant interbusiness amounts are eliminated to arrive at our consolidated financial results.
Cloud Services
The following results are presented for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
External net sales
$
597,975

 
$
578,956

 
$
566,938

Inter-business net sales
—

 
—

 
—

Net sales
597,975

 
578,956

 
566,938

Cost of revenues
122,154

 
118,746

 
120,562

Gross profit
475,821

 
460,210

 
446,376

Operating expenses
245,701

 
234,166

 
235,497

Operating income
$
230,120

 
$
226,044

 
$
210,879

Net sales of $598.0 million in 2018 increased $19.0 million, or 3.3%, from the prior comparable period primarily due to business acquisitions. Net sales of $579.0 million in 2017 increased $12.0 million, or 2.1%, from the prior comparable period primarily due to business acquisitions.
Gross profit of $475.8 million in 2018 increased $15.6 million from 2017 and gross profit of $460.2 million in 2017 increased $13.8 million from 2016 primarily due to an increase in net sales from acquisitions between the periods. The gross profit as a percentage of revenues for 2018 was consistent with the previous comparable period. The gross profit as a percentage of revenues for 2017 was consistent with the previous comparable period.
Operating expenses of $245.7 million in 2018 increased $11.5 million from 2017 primarily due to (a) additional expense associated with businesses acquired in and subsequent to the prior comparable period; and (b) an allocation of certain shared Corporate operating costs. Operating expenses of $234.2 million in 2017 decreased $1.3 million from 2016 primarily due to lower depreciation and amortization.
As a result of these factors, operating earnings of $230.1 million in 2018 increased $4.1 million, or 1.8%, from 2017, and operating earnings of $226.0 million in 2017 increased $15.2 million, or 7.2%, from 2016. Our Cloud Services business consists of several services which have similar economic characteristics, including the nature of the services and their production processes, the type of customers, as well as the methods used to distribute these services.

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Digital Media
    
The following results are presented for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
External net sales
$
609,314

 
$
538,882

 
$
307,317

Inter-business net sales
60

 
57

 
146

Net sales
609,374

 
538,939

 
307,463

Cost of revenues
78,919

 
53,574

 
26,538

Gross profit
530,455

 
485,365

 
280,925

Operating expenses
489,019

 
437,297

 
230,225

Operating income
$
41,436

 
$
48,068

 
$
50,700


Net sales of $609.4 million in 2018 increased $70.4 million, or 13.1%, and net sales of $538.9 million increased $231.5 million, or 75.3%, from the prior comparable period primarily due to business acquisitions subsequent to the prior comparable period.

Gross profit of $530.5 million in 2018 increased $45.1 million and gross profit of $485.4 million in 2017 increased $204.4 million from the prior comparable period primarily due to an increase in net sales between the periods. Gross profit as a percentage of revenues in 2018 and 2017 was lower than the prior comparable period due to additional content fees; partially offset by a decrease in campaign fulfillment costs. Gross profit as a percentage of revenues in 2017 and 2016 was consistent with the prior comparable periods.

Operating expenses of $489.0 million in 2018 increased $51.7 million from the prior comparable period primarily due to (a) additional expense associated with businesses acquired in and subsequent to 2017 comprised primarily of salary and related costs, marketing costs, changes in fair value of contingent consideration and amortization of intangible assets; and (b) an allocation of certain shared Corporate operating costs. Operating expenses of $437.3 million in 2017 increased $207.1 million from the prior comparable period primarily due to (a) increased sales and marketing costs primarily due to additional advertising and personnel costs associated with businesses acquired in and subsequent to 2016; and (b) amortization of intangible assets and depreciation associated with business acquisitions subsequent to the prior comparable period.

As a result of these factors, operating income of $41.4 million in 2018 decreased $6.6 million, or 13.8%, from 2017, and operating income of $48.1 million in 2017 decreased $2.6 million, or 5.2%, from 2016.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments

At December 31, 2018, we had cash and investments of $293.3 million compared to $408.7 million at December 31, 2017. The decrease in cash and investments resulted primarily from business acquisitions, dividends and interest paid, purchases of property and equipment, repurchase of common stock and purchase of equity method investments. At December 31, 2018, cash and investments consisted of cash and cash equivalents of $209.5 million and long-term investments of $83.8 million. Our investments consist of equity and debt securities. For financial statement presentation, we classify our debt securities primarily as short- and long-term based upon their maturity dates. Short-term investments mature within one year of the date of the financial statements and long-term investments mature one year or more from the date of the financial statements. We retain a substantial portion of our cash and investments in foreign jurisdictions for future reinvestment. As of December 31, 2018 cash and investments held within domestic and foreign jurisdictions were $177.3 million and $116.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 cash and investments held within domestic and foreign jurisdictions were $271.2 million and $137.5 million, respectively. 
 
The Company’s Board of Directors approved four quarterly cash dividends during the year ended December 31, 2018, totaling $1.68 per share of common stock. On February 6, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.4450 per share of common stock payable on March 12, 2019 to all stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 25, 2019. Future dividends are subject to Board approval.

On January 7, 2019, j2 Cloud Services, LLC entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with certain lenders from time to time party thereto (collectively, the “Lenders”) and MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as sole lead arranger and as administrative agent for the Lenders (the “Agent”). Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the Lenders have provided j2 with a credit facility of $100 million (the “Credit Facility”) expandable to $150 million. The proceeds from the Credit Facility are intended to be used for working capital and general corporate purposes of j2 Cloud and its subsidiaries, including to finance certain permitted acquisitions and capital expenditures in accordance with the terms of the Credit Agreement. As of March 1, 2019 the Credit Facility has not been drawn upon.

On September 25, 2017, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the Company’s entry into a commitment to invest $200 million in an investment fund (the “Fund”) over several years at a fairly ratable rate. The manager, OCV Management, LLC (“OCV”), and general partner of the Fund are entities with respect to which Richard S. Ressler, Chairman of the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of the Company, is indirectly the majority equity holder. As a limited partner in the Fund, the Company will pay an annual management fee to the manager equal to 2.0% (reduced by 10% each year beginning with the sixth year) of capital commitments. In addition, subject to the terms and conditions of the Fund’s limited partnership agreement, once the Company has received distributions equal to its invested capital, the Fund’s general partner will be entitled to a carried interest equal to 20%. The Fund has a six year investment period, subject to certain exceptions. The commitment was approved by the Audit Committee of the Board in accordance with the Company’s related-party transaction approval policy.

During 2018, the Company received capital call notices from the management of OCV Management, LLC. for $36.8 million, inclusive of certain management fees, of which $36.8 million has been paid for the year ended December 31, 2018.

We currently anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents and cash generated from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated needs for working capital, capital expenditure, investment requirements, stock repurchases and cash dividends for at least the next 12 months.


-55-


Cash Flows

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows generated from operations, together with cash and cash equivalents. Net cash provided by operating activities was $401.3 million, $264.4 million and $282.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our operating cash flows resulted primarily from cash received from our customers offset by cash payments we made to third parties for their services, employee compensation and interest payments associated with our debt. The increase in our net cash provided by operating activities in 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily attributable to an increase in deferred income tax balances; partially offset by a decrease in income tax payable. In addition, the increase was due to a decrease in accounts receivable, an increase in depreciation and amortization, changes in the fair value of contingent consideration and an increase in deferred revenue. The decrease in our net cash provided by operating activities in 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily attributable to decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses including a $20.0 million payment of certain contingent compensation obligations of Everyday Health as well as a payment of contingent consideration of $20.0 million associated with the acquisition of Ookla; an increase in deferred income tax balances and a decrease in income tax payable and liability for uncertain tax positions; partially offset by an increase in depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation and increase in other long term liabilities. Our prepaid tax payments were zero and $6.0 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments were $209.5 million, $350.9 million and $124.0 million at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Net cash used in investing activities was $(406.6) million, $(158.5) million and $(448.9) million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Net cash used in investing activities in 2018 was primarily attributable to business acquisitions, capital expenditures associated with the purchase of property and equipment and purchases of equity method investments. Net cash used in investing activities in 2017 was primarily attributable to business acquisitions, capital expenditures associated with the purchase of property and equipment and the purchase of intangible assets; partially offset by proceeds from the sale of businesses. Net cash used in investing activities in 2016 was primarily attributable to business acquisitions, purchase of available-for-sale investments, purchases of property and equipment and investments in intangible assets, partially offset by the sale of available-for-sale investments.

Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities was $(131.4) million, $111.8 million and $41.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities in 2018 was primarily attributable to dividends paid, repurchase of common stock and business acquisitions. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2017 was primarily attributable to proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt, additional borrowings under our line of credit and exercise of stock options; partially offset by the repayment in full of the line of credit and other debt, dividends paid, repurchases of stock and business acquisitions. Net cash used in by financing activities in 2016 was primarily attributable to proceeds from a line of credit, exercise of stock options and excess tax benefit from share-based compensation, partially offset by dividends paid, deferred payments for acquisitions and the repurchase of stock.

Stock Repurchase Program

On February 15, 2012, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to five million shares of our common stock through February 20, 2013 which was subsequently extended through February 20, 2020 (see Note 21 - Subsequent Events for discussion regarding the extension of the share repurchase program by an additional year). On November 29, 2018, the Company entered into a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan with a broker to facilitate the repurchase of up to 600,000 of Common Stock at a specified price under a new stock repurchase program (see Note 13 - Stockholders’ Equity of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K).


-56-


Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2018:
 
 
Payment Due by Period (in thousands)
Contractual Obligations
 
1 Year
 
2-3 Years
 
4-5 Years
 
More than 5 Years
 
Total
Long-term debt - principal (a)
 
$
—

 
$
402,500

 
$
—

 
$
650,000

 
$
1,052,500

Long-term debt - interest (b)
 
50,456

 
97,622

 
78,000

 
78,000

 
304,078

Operating leases (c)
 
19,267

 
30,077

 
23,631

 
5,456

 
78,431

Capital leases (d)
 
315

 
279

 
—

 
—

 
594

Telecom services and co-location facilities (e)
 
3,193

 
3,152

 
230

 
—

 
6,575

Holdback payment (f)
 
2,495

 
3,236

 
—

 
—

 
5,731

Contingent consideration (g)
 
20,000

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
20,000

Transition tax (h)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
11,675

 
11,675

Self-Insurance (i)
 
9,912

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
9,912

Other (j)
 
1,995

 
1,710

 
598

 
—

 
4,303

Total 
 
$
107,633

 
$
538,576

 
$
102,459

 
$
745,131

 
$
1,493,799

________________________
 
(a)
These amounts represent principal on long-term debt.
(b)
These amounts represent interest on long-term debt.
(c)
These amounts represent undiscounted future minimum rental commitments under noncancellable operating leases.
(d)
These amounts represent undiscounted future minimum rental commitments under noncancellable capital leases.
(e)
These amounts represent service commitments to various telecommunication providers.
(f)
These amounts represent the holdback amounts in connection with certain business acquisitions.
(g)
These amounts represent the contingent earn-out liabilities in connection with certain business acquisitions.
(h)
These amounts represent commitments related to the transition tax on unrepatriated foreign earnings. The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has issued guidance indicating that an overpayment of 2017 federal income tax will first be applied to unpaid transition tax with any excess applied to subsequent tax years or refunded. As of December 31, 2018, the 2017 federal tax return overpayment was reclassified from taxes payable (short-term liability) to taxes payable (long-term liability). The December 31, 2018 balance sheet amount for the transition tax long-term obligation has been reduced to reflect the 2017 federal overpayment.
(i)
These amounts represent health and dental insurance plans in connection to self-insurance.
(j)
These amounts primarily represent certain consulting and Board of Director fee arrangements, software license commitments and others.

As of December 31, 2018, our liability for uncertain tax positions was $59.6 million. The future payments related to uncertain tax positions have not been presented in the table above due to the uncertainty of the amounts and timing of cash settlement with the taxing authorities.

We have not presented contingent consideration associated with acquisitions (other than the $20.0 million in contingent consideration associated with the acquisition of Humble Bundle) in the table above due to the uncertainty of the amounts and the timing of cash settlements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We are not party to any material off-balance sheet arrangements.




-57-


Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The following discussion of the market risks we face contains forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s opinions only as of the date hereof. j2 Global undertakes no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Readers should carefully review the risk factors described in this document as well as in other documents we file from time to time with the SEC, including the Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and any Current Reports on Form 8-K filed or to be filed by us in 2019.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve our principal while at the same time maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. To achieve these objectives, we maintain our portfolio of cash equivalents and investments in a mix of instruments that meet high credit quality standards, as specified in our investment policy or otherwise approved by the Board of Directors. Our cash and cash equivalents are not subject to significant interest rate risk due to the short maturities of these instruments. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying value of our cash and cash equivalents approximated fair value. Our return on these investments is subject to interest rate fluctuations.

As of December 31, 2018, we had investments in debt securities with effective maturities greater than one year of approximately $21.4 million. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalent investments primarily in money market funds with maturities of 90 days or less of $209.5 million and $350.9 million, respectively. We do not have interest rate risk on our outstanding long-term debt as these arrangements have fixed interest rates.

We cannot ensure that future interest rate movements will not have a material adverse effect on our future business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. To date, we have not entered into interest rate hedging transactions to control or minimize certain of these risks.

Foreign Currency Risk

We conduct business in certain foreign markets, primarily in Canada, Australia and the European Union. Our principal exposure to foreign currency risk relates to investment and inter-company debt in foreign subsidiaries that transact business in functional currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, primarily the Australian Dollar, the Canadian Dollar, the Euro, the Hong Kong Dollar, the Japanese Yen, the New Zealand Dollar, the Norwegian Kroner and the British Pound Sterling. If we are unable to settle our short-term intercompany debts in a timely manner, we remain exposed to foreign currency fluctuations.

As we expand our international presence, we become further exposed to foreign currency risk by entering new markets with additional foreign currencies. The economic impact of currency exchange rate movements is often linked to variability in real growth, inflation, interest rates, governmental actions and other factors. These changes, if material, could cause us to adjust our financing and operating strategies.
    
As currency exchange rates change, translation of the income statements of the international businesses into U.S. Dollars affects year-over-year comparability of operating results, the impact of which is immaterial to the comparisons set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Historically, we have not hedged translation risks because cash flows from international operations were generally reinvested locally; however, we may do so in the future. Our objective in managing foreign exchange risk is to minimize the potential exposure to changes that exchange rates might have on earnings, cash flows and financial position.

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, foreign exchange losses amounted to $2.3 million, $5.8 million and $0.7 million, respectively. The decrease in losses to our earnings in the current period were primarily attributable to decreased inter-company balances between the periods in foreign subsidiaries that were in functional currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. Foreign exchange losses were not material to our earnings in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Cumulative translation adjustments, net of tax, included in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, was $(15.5) million, $25.6 million, and $(23.1) million respectively.


-58-


We currently do not have derivative financial instruments for hedging, speculative or trading purposes and therefore are not subject to such hedging risk. However, we may in the future engage in hedging transactions to manage our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.


-59-


Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM



Shareholders and Board of Directors
j2 Global, Inc.
Los Angeles, California

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of j2 Global, Inc. (the “Company”) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and schedule (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company and subsidiaries at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated March 1, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Change in Accounting Method Related to Revenue

As discussed in Notes 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method for accounting for revenue from contracts with customers effective January 1, 2018 as a result of adopting Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contract with Customers. The Company adopted this new revenue standard using a modified retrospective approach.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2014.

Los Angeles, California
March 1, 2019

-60-


j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31, 2018 and 2017
(In thousands, except share amounts)
 
2018
 
2017
ASSETS
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
209,474

 
$
350,945

Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $10,422 and $8,701, respectively
221,615

 
234,195

Prepaid expenses and other current assets
29,242

 
35,287

Total current assets
460,331

 
620,427

Long-term investments
83,828

 
57,722

Property and equipment, net
98,813

 
79,773

Trade names, net
142,888

 
123,947

Patent and patent licenses, net
7,346

 
10,871

Customer relationships, net
191,208

 
193,606

Goodwill
1,380,376

 
1,196,611

Other purchased intangibles, net
185,026

 
157,327

Other assets
11,014

 
12,809

TOTAL ASSETS
$
2,560,830

 
$
2,453,093

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
 
 

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
$
166,521

 
$
169,837

Income taxes payable, current
12,915

 
—

Deferred revenue, current
127,568

 
95,255

Other current liabilities
318

 
10

Total current liabilities
307,322

 
265,102

Long-term debt
1,013,129

 
1,001,944

Deferred revenue, noncurrent
13,200

 
47

Income taxes payable, noncurrent
11,675

 
43,781

Liability for uncertain tax positions
59,644

 
52,216

Deferred income taxes, noncurrent
69,048

 
38,264

Other long-term liabilities
51,068

 
31,434

TOTAL LIABILITIES
1,525,086

 
1,432,788

Commitments and contingencies
—

 
—

Preferred stock - Series A, $0.01 par value. Authorized 6,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively; total issued and outstanding is zero and zero at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
—

 
—

Preferred stock - Series B, $0.01 par value. Authorized 20,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively; total issued and outstanding is zero and zero at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
—

 
—

Common stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 95,000,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017; total issued 48,082,800 and 47,854,510 shares at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively; total outstanding 47,482,800 and 47,854,510 shares at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
481

 
479

Additional paid-in capital
354,210

 
325,854

Treasury stock, at cost (600,000 and zero shares, respectively, at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively).
(42,543
)
 
—

Retained earnings
769,575

 
723,062

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(45,979
)
 
(29,090
)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
1,035,744

 
1,020,305

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
$
2,560,830

 
$
2,453,093


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

-61-


j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Total revenues
$
1,207,295

 
$
1,117,838

 
$
874,255

 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost of revenues (1)
201,074

 
172,313

 
147,100

Gross profit
1,006,221

 
945,525

 
727,155

Operating expenses:
 
 
 

 
 

Sales and marketing (1)
338,304

 
330,296

 
206,871

Research, development and engineering (1)
48,370

 
46,004

 
38,046

General and administrative (1)
375,267

 
323,517

 
239,672

Total operating expenses
761,941

 
699,817

 
484,589

Income from operations
244,280

 
245,708

 
242,566

Interest expense, net
61,987

 
67,777

 
41,370

Other expense (income), net
4,706

 
(22,035
)
 
(10,243
)
Income before income taxes and net loss in earnings of equity method investment
177,587

 
199,966

 
211,439

Income tax expense
44,760

 
60,541

 
59,000

Net loss in earnings of equity method investment
4,140

 
—

 
—

Net income
$
128,687

 
$
139,425

 
$
152,439

 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income per common share:
 

 
 

 
 

Basic
$
2.64

 
$
2.89

 
$
3.15

Diluted
$
2.59

 
$
2.83

 
$
3.13

Weighted average shares outstanding:
 

 
 

 
 

Basic
47,950,746

 
47,586,242

 
47,668,357

Diluted
48,927,791

 
48,669,027

 
47,963,226

Cash dividends paid per common share
$
1.68

 
$
1.52

 
$
1.36

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) Includes share-based compensation expense as follows:
 
 
 
 
 
Cost of revenues
$
510

 
$
500

 
$
436

Sales and marketing
1,798

 
1,723

 
1,782

Research, development and engineering
1,553

 
1,182

 
904

General and administrative
24,232

 
19,332

 
10,528

Total
$
28,093

 
$
22,737

 
$
13,650

 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

-62-


j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016
(In thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
$
128,687

 
$
139,425

 
$
152,439

Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(15,471
)
 
25,559

 
(23,076
)
Change in fair value on available-for-sale investments, net of tax (benefit) expense of ($460), zero and $1,495 for the years ended 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively
(1,418
)
 
—

 
(2,449
)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
(16,889
)
 
25,559

 
(25,525
)
Comprehensive income
$
111,798

 
$
164,984

 
$
126,914


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


-63-


j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016
(In thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
$
128,687

 
$
139,425

 
$
152,439

Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
187,174

 
162,041

 
122,091

Amortization of financing costs and discounts
11,385

 
11,952

 
9,818

Share-based compensation
28,093

 
22,737

 
13,650

Provision for doubtful accounts
17,338

 
13,159

 
13,169

Deferred income taxes, net
25,050

 
(21,432
)
 
(13,779
)
Loss on extinguishment of debt and related interest expense
—

 
7,962

 
—

Gain on sale of businesses
—

 
(27,681
)
 
—

Changes in fair value of contingent consideration
18,944

 
2,300

 
4,850

Gain on available-for-sale investment
—

 
—

 
(7,716
)
Loss on equity investments
10,506

 
—

 
—

Decrease (increase) in:
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts receivable
4,034

 
(37,546
)
 
(30,687
)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
2,211

 
4,001

 
(957
)
Other assets
2,391

 
(2,712
)
 
(497
)
Increase (decrease) in:
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
(35,220
)
 
(34,116
)
 
6,363

Income taxes payable
(29,042
)
 
14,888

 
25,409

Deferred revenue
11,991

 
941

 
(4,213
)
Liability for uncertain tax positions
7,694

 
4,936

 
10,620

Other long-term liabilities
10,089

 
3,564

 
(18,173
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
401,325

 
264,419

 
282,387

Cash flows from investing activities:
 

 
 

 
 

Purchases of equity method investment
(36,635
)
 
—

 
—

Maturity of investments
—

 
—

 
241,817

Purchases of available-for-sale investments
(500
)
 
(4
)
 
(80,918
)
Purchases of property and equipment
(56,379
)
 
(39,595
)
 
(24,746
)
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash received
(312,430
)
 
(174,951
)
 
(580,691
)
Proceeds from sale of businesses, net of cash divested
—

 
58,300

 
—

Purchases of intangible assets
(669
)
 
(2,240
)
 
(4,321
)
Net cash used in investing activities
(406,613
)
 
(158,490
)
 
(448,859
)
Cash flows from financing activities:
 

 
 

 
 

Issuance of long-term debt, net
—

 
636,485

 
—

Payment of debt
(2,204
)
 
(255,000
)
 
—

Proceeds from line of credit, net
—

 
44,981

 
178,710

Repayment of line of credit
—

 
(225,000
)
 
—

Repurchase of common stock
(47,102
)
 
(9,850
)
 
(56,496
)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan
2,084

 
259

 
254

Exercise of stock options
1,540

 
1,108

 
3,570

Dividends paid
(81,679
)
 
(73,469
)
 
(65,835
)
Deferred payments for acquisitions
(3,558
)
 
(7,637
)
 
(20,832
)
Other
(443
)
 
(54
)
 
1,779

Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
(131,362
)
 
111,823

 
41,150

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
(4,821
)
 
9,243

 
(6,258
)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents
(141,471
)
 
226,995

 
(131,580
)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
350,945

 
123,950

 
255,530

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
$
209,474

 
$
350,945

 
$
123,950


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

-64-


j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016
(in thousands, except share amounts)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accumulated
 
 
Common stock
Additional
paid-in
Treasury stock
Retained
other comprehensive
Total
Stockholders’
 
Shares
Amount
capital
Shares
Amount
earnings
income/(loss)
Equity
Balance, January 1, 2016
47,950,677

$
479

$
292,064

—

$
—

$
626,789

$
(29,124
)
$
890,208

Net income
—

—

—

—

—

152,439

—

152,439

Other comprehensive income, net of tax expense $1,495
—

—

—

—

—

—

(25,525
)
(25,525
)
Dividends
—

—

—

—

—

(65,835
)
—

(65,835
)
Exercise of stock options
142,870

1

3,569

—

—

—

—

3,570

Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan
3,918

—

254

—

—

—

—

254

Vested restricted stock
270,098

3

(3
)
—

—

—

—

—

Repurchase and retirement of common stock
(1,015,584
)
(10
)
(3,344
)
—

—

(53,142
)
—

(56,496
)
Exchange of Series B preferred stock
91,737

1

(1
)
—

—

—

—

—

Share based compensation
—

—

13,519

—

—

131

—

13,650

Excess tax benefit on share based compensation
—

—

2,271

—

—

—

—

2,271

Balance, December 31, 2016
47,443,716

$
474

$
308,329

—

$
—

$
660,382

$
(54,649
)
$
914,536

Net income
—

—

—

—

—

139,425

—

139,425

Other comprehensive income, net of tax of zero
—

—

—

—

—

—

25,559

25,559

Dividends
—

—

—

—

—

(73,469
)
—

(73,469
)
Exercise of stock options
38,183

1

1,107

—

—

—

—

1,108

Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan
3,283

—

259

—

—

—

—

259

Vested restricted stock
397,781

4

(4
)
—

—

—

—

—

Repurchase and retirement of common stock
(117,076
)
(1
)
(6,441
)
—

—

(3,408
)
—

(9,850
)
Exchange of Series B preferred stock
88,623

1

(1
)
—

—

—

—

—

Share based compensation
—

—

22,605

—

—

132

—

22,737

Balance, December 31, 2017
47,854,510

$
479

$
325,854

—

$
—

$
723,062

$
(29,090
)
$
1,020,305

Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle
—

—

—

—

—

1,599

—

1,599

Net income
—

—

—

—

—

128,687

—

128,687

Other comprehensive income, net of tax benefit ($460)
—

—

—

—

—

—

(16,889
)
(16,889
)
Dividends
—

—

—

—

—

(82,573
)
—

(82,573
)
Exercise of stock options
67,898

1

1,539

—

—

—

—

1,540

Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan
33,262

—

2,084

—

—

—

—

2,084

Vested restricted stock
169,512

2

(2
)
—

—

—

—

—

Repurchase and retirement of common stock
(52,912
)
(1
)
(3,230
)
—

—

(1,328
)
—

(4,559
)
Exchange of Series B preferred stock
10,530

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Repurchase of shares
—

—

—

(600,000
)
(42,543
)
—

—

(42,543
)
Share based compensation
—

—

27,965

—

—

128

—

28,093

Balance, December 31, 2018
48,082,800

$
481

$
354,210

(600,000
)
$
(42,543
)
$
769,575

$
(45,979
)
$
1,035,744


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


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j2 GLOBAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016


1.       The Company

j2 Global, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“j2 Global”, the “Company”, “our”, “us”, or “we”), is a leading provider of internet services. Through our Cloud Services business, we provide cloud services to consumers and businesses and license our intellectual property (“IP”) to third parties. In addition, the Cloud Services business includes fax, voice, backup, security and email marketing products. Our Digital Media business specializes in the technology, gaming, broadband, business to business (“B2B”), healthcare, and international markets, offering content, tools and services to consumers and businesses.
2.    Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)
Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of j2 Global and its direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

On August 10, 2016, j2 Cloud Services, Inc., a Delaware corporation and subsidiary of the Company, converted into a Delaware limited liability company which continues as j2 Cloud Services, LLC.

On August 12, 2016, all of the equity interests in Ziff Davis, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, and all of the equity interests in Advanced Messaging Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation, held by j2 Cloud Services, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, were distributed to j2 Global, the parent company of j2 Cloud Services, LLC.

(b)
Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, including judgments about investment classifications and the reported amounts of net revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The Company believes that its most significant estimates are those related to revenue recognition, valuation and impairment of investments, its assessment of ownership interests as variable interest entities and the related determination of consolidation, share-based compensation expense, assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with business combinations, long-lived and intangible asset impairment, contingent consideration, income taxes and contingencies and allowance for doubtful accounts. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates based on historical experience and on various other factors that the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

(c)
Allowances for Doubtful Accounts

j2 Global reserves for receivables it may not be able to collect. The reserves for the Company’s Cloud Services business are typically driven by the volume of credit card declines and past due invoices and are based on historical experience as well as an evaluation of current market conditions. These reserves for the Company’s Digital Media business are typically driven by past due invoices based on historical experience. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the adequacy of these reserves.

(d)
Revenue Recognition

Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (“Topic 605”)

j2 Global recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, services have been provided, the sales price is fixed and determinable and collection is probable.
    

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Principal vs. Agent

The Company determines whether revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis by assessing whether the Company is acting as the principal or an agent in the transaction. If the Company is acting as the principal in a transaction, the Company reports revenue on a gross basis. If the Company is acting as an agent in a transaction, the Company reports revenue on a net basis. In determining whether the Company acts as the principal or an agent, the Company follows the accounting guidance under Topic 605 for principal-agent considerations and places the most weight on three factors: whether or not the Company (i) is the primary obligor in the arrangement, (ii) has latitude in determining pricing and (iii) bears credit risk.

ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”, “ASC 606” or the “new revenue standard”)

j2 Global recognizes revenue when the Company satisfies its obligation by transferring control of the goods or services to its customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services (see Note 3 - Revenues).

Principal vs. Agent

The Company determines whether revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis by assessing whether the Company is acting as the principal or an agent in the transaction. If the Company is acting as the principal in a transaction, the Company reports revenue on a gross basis. If the Company is acting as an agent in a transaction, the Company reports revenue on a net basis. In determining whether the Company acts as the principal or an agent, the Company follows the accounting guidance under Topic 606 for principal-agent considerations and assesses: (i) if another party is involved in providing goods or services to the customer and (ii) whether the Company controls the specified goods or services prior to transferring control to the customer.

Sales Taxes

The Company has made an accounting policy election to exclude from the measurement of the transaction price all taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are (i) both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and (ii) collected by the Company from a customer.

(e)
Fair Value Measurements

j2 Global complies with the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic No. 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), in measuring fair value and in disclosing fair value measurements. ASC 820 provides a framework for measuring fair value and expands the disclosures required for fair value measurements of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities.

As of December 31, 2018, the carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, interest receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, interest payable, customer deposits and long-term debt are reflected in the financial statements at cost. With the exception of certain investments and long-term debt, cost approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of such instruments. The fair value of the Company’s outstanding debt was determined using the quoted market prices of debt instruments with similar terms and maturities. As of the same dates, the carrying value of other long-term liabilities approximated fair value as the related interest rates approximate rates currently available to j2 Global.

(f)
Cash and Cash Equivalents

j2 Global considers cash equivalents to be only those investments that are highly liquid, readily convertible to cash and with maturities of three months or less at the purchase date.

(g)
Investments

j2 Global accounts for its investments in debt securities in accordance with ASC Topic No. 320, Investments - Debt Securities (“ASC 320”). Debt investments are typically comprised of corporate debt securities. j2 Global determines the appropriate classification of its investments at the time of acquisition and evaluates such determination at each balance sheet date. Trading securities are those investments that the Company intends to sell within a few hours or days and are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in investment income. Available-for-sale debt securities are those investments j2 Global does not intend to hold to maturity and can be sold. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income. Held-to-maturity securities are those investments which the Company has the ability

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and intent to hold until maturity and are recorded at amortized cost. All debt securities are accounted for on a specific identification basis.

The Company accounts for its investments in equity securities in accordance with ASC Topic No. 321, Investments - Equity Securities (“ASC 321”) which requires the accounting for equity investments (other than those accounted for using the equity method of accounting) generally be measured at fair value for equity securities with readily determinable fair values. For equity securities without a readily determinable fair value that are not accounted for by the equity method, the Company measures the equity security using cost, less impairment, if any, and plus or minus observable price changes arising from orderly transactions in the same or similar investment from the same issuer. Any unrealized gains or losses will be reported in current earnings (see Note 5 - Investments).

(h)
Variable Interest Entities (“VIE”)

A VIE requires consolidation by the entity’s primary beneficiary. The Company evaluates its investments in entities in which it is involved to determine if the entity is a VIE and if so, whether it holds a variable interest and is the primary beneficiary. The Company has determined that it holds a variable interest in its investment as a limited partner in the OCV Fund I, LP (“OCV Fund”, “OCV” or the “Fund”). In determining whether the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE, both of the following characteristics must be present:

a) the Company has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impacts the VIEs economic performance (the power criterion); and

b) the Company has the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE, or the right to receive benefits of the VIE, that could potentially be significant to the VIE (the economic criterion).

The Company has concluded that, as a limited partner, although the obligations to absorb losses or benefit from the gains is not insignificant, the Company does not have “power” over OCV because it does not have the ability to direct the significant decisions which impact the economics of OCV. j2 believes that the OCV general partner, as a single decision maker, holds the ability to make the decisions about the activities that most significantly impact the OCV Fund’s economic performance. As a result, the Company has concluded that it will not consolidate OCV, as it is not the primary beneficiary of the OCV Fund, and will account for this investment under the equity-method of accounting. See Note 5, “Investments”.

The Company recognizes its equity in the net earnings or losses relating to the investment in OCV on a one-quarter lag due to the timing and availability of financial information from OCV. If the Company becomes aware of a significant decline in value, the loss will be recorded in the period in which the Company identifies the decline.

(i)
Debt Issuance Costs and Debt Discount

j2 Global capitalizes costs incurred with borrowing and issuance of debt securities and records debt issuance costs and discounts as a reduction to the debt amount. These costs and discounts are amortized and included in interest expense over the life of the borrowing or term of the credit facility using the effective interest method.

(j)
Derivative Instruments

j2 Global currently holds an embedded derivative instrument related to contingent interest in connection with its 3.25% Convertible Notes issued on June 10, 2014. This embedded derivative instrument is carried at fair value with changes recorded to interest expense (see Note 7 - Fair Value Measurements).
 

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(k)
Concentration of Credit Risk

All of the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are invested at major financial institutions primarily within the United States, United Kingdom and Ireland. These institutions are required to invest the Company’s cash in accordance with the Company’s investment policy with the principal objectives being preservation of capital, fulfillment of liquidity needs and above market returns commensurate with preservation of capital. The Company’s investment policy also requires that investments in marketable securities be in only highly rated instruments, with limitations on investing in securities of any single issuer. However, these investments are not insured against the possibility of a total or near complete loss of earnings or principal and are inherently subject to the credit risk related to the continued credit worthiness of the underlying issuer and general credit market risks. At December 31, 2018, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were maintained in accounts in qualifying financial institutions that are insured up to the limit determined by the applicable governmental agency. These institutions are primarily in the United States and United Kingdom, however, the Company has accounts within several other countries including Australia, Austria, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden.

(l)
Foreign Currency

Some of j2 Global’s foreign subsidiaries use the local currency of their respective countries as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet dates. Revenues, costs and expenses are translated into U.S. Dollars at average exchange rates for the period. Gains and losses resulting from translation are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss). Net translation (loss)/gain was $(15.5) million, $25.6 million and $(23.1) million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Realized gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are recognized within other expense (income), net. Foreign exchange losses amounted to $2.3 million, $5.8 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

(m)
Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Equipment under capital leases is stated at the present value of the minimum lease payments. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives of property and equipment range from 1 to 10 years. Fixtures, which are comprised primarily of leasehold improvements and equipment under capital leases, are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives or for leasehold improvements, the related lease term, if less. The Company has capitalized certain internal use software and website development costs which are included in property and equipment. The estimated useful life of costs capitalized is evaluated for each specific project and ranges from 1 to 5 years.

(n)
Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets

j2 Global accounts for long-lived assets, which include property and equipment and identifiable intangible assets with finite useful lives (subject to amortization), in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic No. 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment (“ASC 360”), which requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to the expected undiscounted future net cash flows generated by the asset. If it is determined that the asset may not be recoverable, and if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent of the difference.

j2 Global assessed whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that potentially indicate the carrying amount of long-lived assets may not be recoverable. No impairment was recorded in fiscal year 2018, 2017 or 2016.

The Company classifies its long-lived assets to be sold as held for sale in the period (i) it has approved and committed to a plan to sell the asset, (ii) the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition, (iii) an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to sell the asset have been initiated, (iv) the sale of the asset is probable, (v) the asset is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, and (vi) it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. The Company initially measures a long-lived asset that is classified as held for sale at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less any costs to sell. Any loss resulting from this measurement is recognized in the period in which the held for sale criteria are met. Conversely, gains are not recognized on the sale of a long-lived asset until the date of sale. Upon designation as an asset held for sale, the Company stops recording depreciation expense on the asset. The Company assesses the fair value of a long-lived asset less any costs to sell at each reporting period and until the asset is no longer classified as held for sale.


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(o)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Intangible assets resulting from the acquisitions of entities accounted for using the purchase method of accounting are recorded at the estimated fair value of the assets acquired. Identifiable intangible assets are comprised of purchased customer relationships, trademarks and trade names, developed technologies and other intangible assets. Intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized over the period of estimated economic benefit ranging from 1 to 20 years. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic No. 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but tested annually for impairment or more frequently if j2 Global believes indicators of impairment exist. In connection with the annual impairment test for goodwill, the Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company determines that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then it performs the impairment test upon goodwill. The impairment test involves comparing the fair values of the applicable reporting units with their aggregate carrying values, including goodwill. The Company generally determines the fair value of its reporting units using the income approach methodology of valuation. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference. In accordance with ASC 350, the Company performed the annual impairment test for goodwill for fiscal year 2018 using a qualitative assessment primarily taking into consideration macroeconomic, industry and market conditions, overall financial performance and any other relevant company-specific events. The Company performed the annual impairment test for intangible assets with indefinite lives for fiscal 2018 using a qualitative assessment primarily taking into consideration macroeconomic, industry and market conditions, overall financial performance and any other relevant company-specific events. j2 Global concluded that there were no impairments in 2018, 2017 and 2016.

(p)
Contingent Consideration

j2 Global measures the contingent earn-out liabilities in connection with acquisitions at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (see Note 7 - Fair Value Measurements). The Company may use various valuation techniques depending on the terms and conditions of the contingent consideration including a Monte-Carlo simulation. This simulation uses a probability distribution for each significant input to produce hundreds or thousands of possible outcomes and the results are analyzed to determine probabilities of different outcomes occurring. Significant increases or decreases to these inputs in isolation would result in a significantly higher or lower liability with a higher liability capped by the contractual maximum of the contingent earn-out obligation. Ultimately, the liability will be equivalent to the amount paid, and the difference between the fair value estimate and amount paid will be recorded in earnings. The amount paid that is less than or equal to the liability on the acquisition date is reflected as cash used in financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Any amount paid in excess of the liability on the acquisition date is reflected as cash used in operating activities.

j2 Global reviews and re-assesses the estimated fair value of contingent consideration on a quarterly basis, and the updated fair value could be materially different from the initial estimates or prior amounts. Changes in the estimated fair value of our contingent earn-out liabilities are reported in operating income. Adjustments to the estimated fair value related to changes in all other unobservable inputs are reported in operating income.

(q)
Self-Insurance Program

j2 Global provides health and dental insurance plans to certain of its employees through a self-insurance structure. The Company has secured reinsurance in the form of a two tiered stop-loss coverage that limits the exposure arising from any claims made. Self-insurance claims filed and claims incurred but not reported are accrued based on management’s estimate of the discounted ultimate costs for self-insured claims incurred using actuarial assumptions followed in the insurance industry and historical experience. Although management believes it has the ability to reasonably estimate losses related to claims, it is possible that actual results could differ from recorded self-insurance liabilities.


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(r)
Income Taxes

j2 Global’s income is subject to taxation in both the U.S. (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in evaluating the Company’s tax positions and determining its provision for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. j2 Global establishes reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. These reserves for tax contingencies are established when the Company believes that certain positions might be challenged despite the Company’s belief that its tax return positions are fully supportable. j2 Global adjusts these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the outcome of a tax audit or lapse of a statute of limitations. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate.

j2 Global accounts for income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC Topic No. 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax basis of recorded assets and liabilities. ASC 740 also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance is reviewed quarterly based upon the facts and circumstances known at the time. In assessing this valuation allowance, j2 Global reviews historical and future expected operating results and other factors, including its recent cumulative earnings experience, expectations of future taxable income by taxing jurisdiction and the carryforward periods available for tax reporting purposes, to determine whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are realizable.

ASC 740 provides guidance on the minimum threshold that an uncertain income tax benefit is required to meet before it can be recognized in the financial statements and applies to all income tax positions taken by a company. ASC 740 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain income tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. If it is not more likely than not that the benefit will be sustained on its technical merits, no benefit will be recorded. Uncertain income tax positions that relate only to timing of when an item is included on a tax return are considered to have met the recognition threshold. j2 Global recognized accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions in income tax expense on its consolidated statements of income.

(s)
Share-Based Compensation

j2 Global accounts for share-based awards in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic No. 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). Accordingly, j2 Global measures share-based compensation expense at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and recognizes the expense over the employee’s requisite service period using the straight-line method. The measurement of share-based compensation expense is based on several criteria, including but not limited to the valuation model used and associated input factors, such as expected term of the award, stock price volatility, risk free interest rate, dividend rate and award cancellation rate. These inputs are subjective and are determined using management’s judgment. If differences arise between the assumptions used in determining share-based compensation expense and the actual factors, which become known over time, j2 Global may change the input factors used in determining future share-based compensation expense. Any such changes could materially impact the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the changes are made and in periods thereafter. The Company estimates the expected term based upon the historical exercise behavior of our employees.

j2 Global accounts for option grants to non-employees in accordance with FASB ASC Topic No. 505, Equity, whereby the fair value of such options is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model at the earlier of the date at which the non-employee’s performance is complete or a performance commitment is reached.

(t)
Earnings Per Common Share (“EPS”)

EPS is calculated pursuant to the two-class method as defined in ASC Topic No. 260, Earnings per Share (“ASC 260”), which specifies that all outstanding unvested share-based payment awards that contain rights to nonforfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents are considered participating securities and should be included in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method.

Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders, excluding participating securities, by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. The Company’s participating securities consist of its unvested share-based payment awards that contain rights to nonforfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents. Diluted

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EPS includes the determinants of basic EPS and, in addition, reflects the impact of other potentially dilutive shares outstanding during the period.  The dilutive effect of participating securities is calculated under the more dilutive of either the treasury method or the two-class method.

(u)
Research, Development and Engineering

Research, development and engineering costs are expensed as incurred. Costs for software development incurred subsequent to establishing technological feasibility, in the form of a working model, are capitalized and amortized over their estimated useful lives.

(v)
Segment Reporting

FASB ASC Topic No. 280, Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”), establishes standards for the way that public business enterprises report information about operating segments in their annual consolidated financial statements and requires that those enterprises report selected information about operating segments in interim financial reports. ASC 280 also establishes standards for related disclosures about products and services, geographic areas and major customers. The Company’s business segments are based on the organization structure used by the chief operating decision maker for making operating and investment decisions and for assessing performance. The chief operating decision maker views the Company in two businesses: Cloud Services and Digital Media. However, in accordance with the aggregation criteria within ASC Topic 280, j2 Global’s operating segments have been aggregated into three reportable segments: (i) Fax and Email Marketing; (ii) Voice, Backup, and Security; and (iii) Digital Media.

(w)
Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $149.7 million, $143.3 million and $96.8 million, respectively.

(x)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
    
In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as a new Topic, Topic 606. The new revenue recognition standard provides a five-step analysis of transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company has adopted this ASU and other related ASUs as of January 1, 2018 (the “adoption date”) using the cumulative effect method which applied to those contracts which were not completed as of the adoption date. Results for reporting periods beginning after the adoption date are presented under Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting under ASC 605 as noted above (see Note 3 - Revenues).

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The amendments in this ASU modify how entities measure equity investments and present changes in the fair value of financial liabilities. Under the new guidance, entities will have to measure equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted under the equity method at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income unless the investments qualify for the practical expedient exception. An entity may elect to measure an equity security without a readily determinable fair value that does not qualify for the practical expedient to estimate fair value under ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, and as such these investments may be measured at cost. This ASU is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company has adopted this ASU on a prospective basis in the first quarter of 2018 and has determined that investments within the scope of the standard will be recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings which may lead to increased volatility in other expense.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. This ASU establishes a right-of-use (“ROU”) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. This ASU and all the related amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases. This ASU is meant to clarify the guidance in ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. This ASU does not change the core principle of

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the guidance in Topic 842. Instead, the amendments provide clarifying guidance in a few narrow areas. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements. This ASU provides another transition method for entities who have not yet adopted the new leasing standard by allowing entities to initially apply the new standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. In addition, this ASU provides a practical expedient to lessors to not separate nonlease components from the associated lease components similar to the expedient that is afforded to lessees. However, the lessor practical expedient is limited to circumstances in which the nonlease component or components otherwise would be accounted for under the new revenue guidance and both (1) the timing and pattern of transfer are the same for the nonlease component(s) and associated lease component and (2) the lease component, if accounted for separately, would be classified as an operating lease. In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-20, Leases (Topic 842): Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors. This ASU amends guidance related to sales taxes and other similar taxes collected from lessees, certain lessor costs, and recognition of variable payments for contracts with lease and nonlease components. The ASU provides for an accounting policy election for lessors similar to that provided in ASU 2016-12; it clarifies that costs excluded from the consideration in a contract that are paid directly to a third party by a lessor and reimbursed by the lessee are lessor costs to be accounted for as vendor payments; requires lessors to exclude from variable payments and, thus from lease revenue, lessor costs paid by a lessee directly to a third party; and clarifies the accounting by lessors for variable payments that relate to both a lease component and a nonlease component. The Company will adopt the new lease standard and related amendments as of January 1, 2019. The Company continues to review the analysis performed by its businesses to determine the balance sheet impact as a result of adoption. The most significant changes relate to the recognition of new right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for operating leases. The Company expects to recognize right-of-use assets ranging from approximately $71 million to $78 million, with corresponding lease liabilities. The accounting for finance leases will remain substantially unchanged.

In addition, the Company has determined that it will elect and apply the available transition practical expedients upon adoption. By electing these practical expedients, the Company will:

•
not reassess whether expired or existing contracts contain leases under the new definition of a lease;
•
not reassess lease classification for expired or existing leases;
•
not reassess whether previously capitalized initial direct costs would qualify for capitalization under Topic 842;

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments in this ASU replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. The amendments in this ASU align the implementation date for nonpublic entities’ annual financial statements with the implementation date for their interim financial statements. In addition, the amendment clarifies that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Subtopic 326-20; instead impairment of receivables arising from operating leases should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 842: Leases. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of these ASUs is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory. The amendments in this ASU reduce the complexity in the accounting standards by allowing the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. Historically, the income tax consequence was not recognized until the asset was sold to an outside party. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has adopted this ASU on a modified retrospective basis in the first quarter of 2018 through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings and has determined that there is no impact on our financial statements and related disclosures as of January 1, 2018.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. The amendments in this ASU provide a robust framework to use in determining when a set of assets and activities is a business. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted and the standard should be applied prospectively. The Company has adopted this ASU on a prospective basis in the first quarter of 2018 and has determined that there is no impact on our financial statements and related disclosures.


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In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The amendments in this ASU simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test and eliminating the requirement for a reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment. Instead, under this pronouncement, an entity would perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and would recognize an impairment change for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized is not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. In addition, income tax effects will be considered, if applicable. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted and should be adopted on a prospective basis. The Company has adopted this ASU on a prospective basis in the third quarter of 2018 and has determined there to be no impact on our financial statements and related disclosures.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The amendments in this ASU allow reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the U.S. federal tax legislation, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“2017 Tax Act”). Consequently, the amendments eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Tax Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users. However, because the amendments only relate to the reclassification of the income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act, the underlying guidance that requires that the effect of a change in tax laws or rates to be included in income from continuing operations is not affected. This ASU is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted and should be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the 2017 Tax Act is recognized. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements and related disclosures.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-03, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The amendments in this ASU clarify certain aspects of the guidance issued in ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall. As is consistent with other clarifying standards, the amendments are not expected to have a significant effect on the current accounting practice. This ASU is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods beginning after June 15, 2018. Public entities with fiscal years beginning between December 15, 2017 and June 15, 2018 are not required to adopt these amendments until the interim period beginning after June 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted and should be adopted in conjunction with ASU 2016-01. The Company has adopted this ASU on a prospective basis in the first quarter of 2018 and has determined that investments within the scope of the standard will be recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings which may lead to increased volatility in other expense.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The amendments in this ASU expand the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. The amendments specify that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The amendments also clarify that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements and related disclosures.

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-09, Codification Improvements. The amendments in this ASU clarify certain aspects of the guidance related to: reporting comprehensive income, debt modification and extinguishment, income taxes related to stock compensation, income taxes related to business combinations, derivatives and hedging, fair value measurements, brokers and dealers liabilities, and plan accounting. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements and related disclosures.


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In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. The amendments in this ASU remove, add, and modify certain disclosures. The ASU removes the following disclosure requirements from Topic 820: (1) the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; (2) the policy for timing of transfers between levels; (3) the valuation process for Level 3 fair value measurements; and (4) certain other requirements for nonpublic entities. The ASU adds the following disclosure requirements: (1) the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period and (2) the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. For certain unobservable inputs, disclosure of other quantitative information may be more appropriate if the entity determines that other quantitative information would be a more reasonable and rational method to reflect the distribution of unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The ASU modifies disclosure requirements in Topic 820 relating to timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets, the disclosure of the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse, the intention of the measurement uncertainty disclosure, and certain other requirements for nonpublic entities. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of this ASU on our financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. The amendments in this ASU align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software). The amendments in this ASU require an entity (customer) in a hosting arrangement that is a service to (1) determine which implementation costs to capitalize as an asset related to the service contract and which costs to expense; (2) expense the capitalized implementation costs of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract over the term of the hosting arrangement; (3) apply the existing impairment guidance to the capitalized implementation costs as if the costs were long-lived assets; (4) present the expense related to the capitalized implementation costs in the same line item in the statement of income as the fees associated with the hosting element (service) of the arrangement and classify payments for capitalized implementation costs in the statement of cash flows in the same manner as payments made for fees associated with the hosting arrangements; and (5) present the capitalized implementation costs in the statement of financial position in the same line item that a prepayment for the fees of the associated hosting arrangement would be presented. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of this ASU on our financial statements and related disclosures.

(y)
Reclassifications

Certain prior year reported amounts have been reclassified to conform with the 2018 presentation.

3.    Revenues

Digital Media

Digital Media revenues are earned primarily from the delivery of advertising services, from subscriptions to services, data and information, and from licensing.

Revenue is earned from the delivery of advertising services on the Company’s owned and operated websites and on those websites that are part of Digital Media’s advertising network. Depending on the individual contracts with the customer, revenue for these services are recognized over the contract period when any of the following performance obligations are satisfied: (i) when an advertisement is placed for viewing; (ii) when a qualified sales lead is delivered; (iii) when a visitor “clicks through” on an advertisement; or (iv) when commissions are earned upon the sale of an advertised product.

Revenue from subscriptions is earned through the granting of access to, or delivery of, data products or services to customers. Subscriptions cover video games and related content, health information, data and other copyrighted material. Revenues under such agreements are recognized over the contract term for use of the service. Revenues are also earned from listing fees, subscriptions to online publications, and from other sources. Subscription revenues are recognized over time.

j2 Global generates Digital Media revenues through the license of certain assets to clients. Assets are licensed for clients’ use in their own promotional materials or otherwise. Such assets may include logos, editorial reviews, or other copyrighted material. Revenues under such license agreements are recognized over the contract term for use of the asset. Technology assets are also licensed to clients. These assets are recognized over the term of the access period. The Digital Media business also generates

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revenue from other sources which includes marketing and production services. Such other revenues are generally recognized over the period in which the products or services are delivered. Revenues are no longer generated in 2018 from certain marketing and production services as a result of the sale of certain Digital Media assets during 2017.

j2 Global also generates Digital Media revenues from transactions involving the sale of perpetual software licenses, related software support and maintenance, hardware used in conjunction with its software, and other related services. Revenue is recognized for these software transactions with multiple performance obligations after (i) the Company has had an approved contract and is committed to perform the respective obligations and (ii) the Company can identify and quantify each obligation and its respective selling price. Once the respective performance obligations have been identified and quantified, revenue will be recognized when the obligations are met, either over time or at a point in time depending on the nature of the obligation.

Revenues from software license performance obligations are generally recognized upfront at the point in time that the software is made available to the customer to download and use. Revenues for related software support and maintenance performance obligations are related to technical support provided to customers as needed and unspecified software product upgrades, maintenance releases and patches during the term of the support period when they are available. The Company is obligated to make the support services available continuously throughout the contract period. Therefore, revenues for support contracts are generally recognized ratably over the contractual period the support services are provided. Hardware product and related software performance obligations, such as an operating system or firmware, are highly interdependent and interrelated and are accounted for as a bundled performance obligation. The revenues for this bundled performance obligation are generally recognized at the point in time that the hardware and software products are delivered and ownership is transferred to the customer. Other service revenues are generally recognized over time as the services are performed.

The Company records revenue on a gross basis with respect to revenue generated (i) by the Company serving online display and video advertising across its owned and operated web properties, on third-party sites or on unaffiliated advertising networks; (ii) through the Company’s lead-generation business; and (iii) through the Company’s subscriptions. The Company records revenue on a net basis with respect to revenue paid to the Company by certain third-party advertising networks who serve online display and video advertising across the Company’s owned-and-operated web properties and certain third-party sites.

Cloud Services

The Company’s Cloud Services revenues substantially consist of monthly recurring subscription and usage-based fees, which are primarily paid in advance by credit card. The Company defers the portions of monthly, quarterly, semi-annually and annually recurring subscription and usage-based fees collected in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations and recognizes them in the period earned.

Along with our numerous proprietary Cloud Services solutions, the Company also generates revenues by reselling various third-party solutions, primarily through our security and online backup lines of business. These third-party solutions, along with our proprietary products, allow the Company to offer customers a variety of solutions to better meet their needs. The Company records revenue on a gross basis with respect to reseller revenue because the Company has control of the specified good or service prior to transferring control to the customer.

j2 Global’s Cloud Services also include patent license revenues generated under license agreements that provide for the payment of contractually determined fully paid-up or royalty-bearing license fees to j2 Global in exchange for the grant of non-exclusive, retroactive and future licenses to our intellectual property, including patented technology. Patent revenues may also consist of revenues generated from the sale of patents. Patent license arrangements are evaluated to determine if they grant the customer a right to access the Company’s intellectual property which is generally recognized over the life of the arrangement or a right to use the Company’s intellectual property which is generally recognized at the point in time the license is granted. With regard to royalty-bearing license arrangements, the Company recognizes revenues of license fees earned during the applicable period.

The Cloud Services business also generates revenues by licensing certain technology to third parties. Generally, revenue is recognized over time as the third party uses the licensed technology over the period.


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The cumulative effect of the changes made to our consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 for the adoption of Topic 606 is as follows (in thousands):
 
January 1, 2018
 
Adjustments due to ASU No. 2014-09
 
December 31, 2017
Balance Sheet
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts receivable, net
$
234,195

 
$
—

 
$
234,195

 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred revenue, current
93,656

 
(1,599
)
 
95,255

Deferred revenue, noncurrent
47

 
—

 
47

 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity
 
 
 
 
 
Retained earnings
$
724,661

 
$
1,599

 
$
723,062


The following tables summarize the impact of adopting Topic 606 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements (in thousands):
 
December 31, 2018
 
As Reported
 
Adjustments
 
Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606
Balance Sheet
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts receivable, net
$
221,615

 
$
—

 
$
221,615

 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred revenue, current
127,568

 
(5,455
)
 
122,113

Deferred revenue, noncurrent
13,200

 
—

 
13,200

 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity
 
 
 
 
 
Retained earnings
$
769,575

 
$
5,455

 
$
775,030


 
2018
 
As Reported
 
Adjustments
 
Amounts Without Adoption of ASC 606
Statement of Income
 
 
 
 
Revenues
 
 
 
 
 
Total revenues
$
1,207,295

 
$
7,054

 
$
1,214,349

Expenses
 
 
 
 
 
Total expenses
1,078,608

 
—

 
1,078,608

 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
$
128,687

 
$
7,054

 
$
135,741

Diluted EPS impact
$
2.59

 
$
0.14

 
$
2.73


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Revenues from external customers classified by revenue source are as follows (in thousands):
 
Years Ended December 31,
Digital Media
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Advertising
$
468,325

 
$
455,647

 
$
274,763

Subscription
138,689

 
70,794

 
32,700

Other 
2,360

 
12,498

 
—

Total Digital Media revenues
$
609,374

 
$
538,939

 
$
307,463

 
 
 
 
 
 
Cloud Services
 
 
 
 
 
Subscription
$
597,281

 
$
574,197

 
$
562,345

Other
694

 
4,759

 
4,593

Total Cloud Services revenues
$
597,975

 
$
578,956

 
$
566,938

 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate
$
6

 
$
—

 
$
—

Elimination of inter-business revenues
(60
)
 
(57
)
 
(146
)
Total Revenues
$
1,207,295

 
$
1,117,838

 
$
874,255

 
 
 
 
 
 
Timing of revenue recognition
 
 
 
 
 
Point in time
$
4,752

 
$
22,559

 
$
14,459

Over time
1,202,543

 
1,095,279

 
859,796

Total
$
1,207,295

 
$
1,117,838

 
$
874,255


The Company has recorded $80.0 million of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 which was previously included in the contract liability balance as of the adoption date.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company acquired $37.1 million of deferred revenue in connection with the Company’s business acquisitions (see Note 4 - Business Acquisitions) which are subject to purchase accounting adjustments.

Performance Obligations

The Company’s contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, revenues are allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price.

The Company satisfies its performance obligations within the Digital Media business upon delivery of services to its customers. In addition, the Company provides content to its advertising partners which the Company sells to its partners’ customer base and receives a revenue share based on the terms of the agreement.

The Company satisfies its performance obligations within the Cloud Services business upon delivery of services to its customers. Payment terms vary by type and location of our customers and the services offered. The term between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant. Due to the nature of the services provided, there are no obligations for returns.

Significant Judgments

In determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. Judgment is also required to determine the standalone selling price for each distinct performance obligation.


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Performance Obligations Satisfied Over Time

The Company’s Digital Media business consists primarily of performance obligations that are satisfied over time. This was determined based on a review of the contracts and the nature of the services offered, where the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit of the services provided. Satisfaction of these performance obligations is evidenced in the following ways:

Advertising

•
Website reporting by the Company, the customer, or a third-party contains the delivery evidence needed to satisfy the performance obligations within the advertising contract
•
Successfully delivered leads are evidenced by either delivery reports from the Company’s internal lead management systems or through e-mail communication and/or other evidence of delivery showing acceptance of leads by the customer
•
Commission is evidenced by direct site reporting from the affiliate or via direct confirmation from the customer

Subscription

•
Evidence of delivery is contained in the Company’s systems or from correspondence with the customer which tracks when a customer accepts delivery of any product, digital keys or download links

The Company has concluded revenue is recognized based on delivery of services over the contract period for advertising and on a straight-line basis over the contract period for subscriptions. The Company believes that the methods described are a faithful depiction of the transfer of goods and services.

The Company’s Cloud Services business consists primarily of performance obligations that are satisfied over time. This has been determined based on the fact that the nature of services offered are subscription based and include fax, voice, backup, security and email marketing products where the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit of the services provided regardless of whether the customer uses the services or not. Depending on the individual contracts with the customer, revenue for these services are recognized over the contract period when any of the following materially distinct performance obligations are satisfied:

•
Faxing capabilities are provided
•
Voice services are delivered
•
Email Marketing services are delivered
•
Security solutions, including email and endpoint are provided
•
Online data Backup capabilities are provided

The Company has concluded that the best measure of progress toward the complete satisfaction of the performance obligation over time is a time-based measure. The Company recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis throughout the subscription period and believes that the method used is a faithful depiction of the transfer of goods and services.

Performance Obligations Satisfied at a Point in Time

The Company’s Digital Media business has technology subscriptions that have standalone functionality. As a result, they are considered to be functional intellectual property where the performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time. This is evidenced once a digital key is delivered to the customer. Once the key is delivered to the customer, the customer has full control of the technology and the Company has no further performance obligations. The Company has concluded that revenue is recognized once the digital key is delivered. The Company believes that this method is a faithful depiction of the transfer of goods and services.


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Practical Expedients

Existence of a Significant Financing Component in a Contract

As a practical expedient, the Company has not assessed whether a contract has a significant financing component because the Company expects at contract inception that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of promised goods or services by the Company to the customer will be one year or less. In addition, the Company has determined that the payment terms that the Company provides to its customers are structured primarily for reasons other than the provision of finance to the Company. The Company typically charges a single upfront amount for the services because other payment terms would affect the nature of the risk assumed by the Company to provide service given the costs of the customer acquisition and the highly competitive and commoditized nature of the business we operate which allows customers to easily move from one provider to another. This additional risk may make it uneconomical to provide the service.

Costs to Fulfill a Contract

The Company’s revenues are primarily generated from customer contracts that are for one year or less. Costs primarily consist of incentive compensation paid based on the achievements of sales targets in a given period for related revenue streams and are recognized in the month when the revenue is earned. Incentive compensation is paid on the issuance or renewal of the customer contract. As a practical expedient, for amortization periods which are determined to be one year or less, the Company expenses any incremental costs of obtaining the contract with a customer when incurred. For those customer contracts greater than one year, the Company capitalizes and amortizes the expenses over the period of benefit.

Revenues Invoiced

The Company has applied the practical expedient for certain revenue streams to exclude the value of remaining performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected term of one year or less or (ii) contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue in proportion to the amount it has the right to invoice for services performed.

4.
    Business Acquisitions

The Company uses acquisitions as a strategy to grow its customer base by increasing its presence in new and existing markets, expand and diversify its service offerings, enhance its technology, and acquire skilled personnel.

The Company completed the following acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2018, paying the purchase price in cash in each transaction: (a) a share purchase of the entire issued capital of ThreatTrack Security Holdings, Inc., acquired on January 26, 2018, a Florida-based provider of cybersecurity solutions; (b) an asset purchase of Line2, Inc., acquired on June 18, 2018, a California-based provider of voice solutions; (c) a share purchase of all the membership interests of Mosaik Solutions, LLC, acquired on June 18, 2018, a Tennessee-based provider of mobile coverage data and network intelligence for mobile operators and network-dependent enterprises; (d) a share purchase of DemandShore Solutions Private Limited, acquired on July 19, 2018, an India-based provider of software and other solutions to sales and marketing professionals; (e) a share purchase of DW PRIME Holdings, Inc., acquired on August 20, 2018, a Florida-based accredited provider of continuing medical education for medical professionals; (f) a share purchase of The Communicator Corporation Limited, acquired on September 25, 2018, an United Kingdom-based provider of email marketing services; (g) a share purchase of Ekahau Inc., acquired on October 10, 2018, a Virginia-based provider of solutions for enterprise Wi-Fi network design, troubleshooting, and optimization; and (h) other immaterial acquisitions of digital health and data analysis businesses.

The consolidated statement of income since the date of each acquisition and balance sheet as of December 31, 2018, reflect the results of operations of all 2018 acquisitions. For the year ended December 31, 2018, these acquisitions contributed $56.2 million to the Company’s revenues. Net income contributed by these acquisitions was not separately identifiable due to j2 Global’s integration activities and is impracticable to provide. Total consideration for these transactions was $324.7 million, net of cash acquired and assumed liabilities and subject to certain post-closing adjustments which may increase or decrease the final consideration paid.


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The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration for all 2018 acquisitions (in thousands):
Assets and Liabilities
Valuation
 
 
Cash (1)
$
15,532

Accounts receivable
 
11,321

Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 
3,480

Property and equipment
 
4,755

Trade names
 
33,750

Customer relationships
 
66,516

Goodwill
 
194,282

Trademarks
 
3,285

Other intangibles
 
84,907

Other long-term assets
 
341

Deferred tax asset
 
821

Accounts payables and accrued expenses
 
(10,864
)
Deferred revenue
 
(37,113
)
Capital lease
 
(956
)
Income taxes payable
 
(1,458
)
Deferred tax liability
 
(22,990
)
Other long-term liabilities
 
(5,410
)
           Total
$
340,199

(1) Cash contains an immaterial amount of restricted cash associated with a pre-acquisition relationship with a vendor. The entire balance has been released during the third quarter of 2018.

During 2018, the purchase price accounting has been finalized for the following acquisitions: (i) WeCloud AB; (ii) ThreatTrack Security Holdings, Inc.; (iii) Humble Bundle Inc.; (iv) blackfriday.com; (v) OnTargetJobs, Inc.; (vi) Line2, Inc.; (vii) Mashable Inc.; and (viii) other immaterial email security, digital marketing, data analysis, and digital health businesses. The initial accounting for all other 2018 acquisitions is incomplete and subject to change, which may be significant. j2 Global has recorded provisional amounts which may be based upon past acquisitions with similar attributes for certain intangible assets (including trade names, software and customer relationships), preliminary acquisition date working capital and related tax items.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded adjustments to prior period acquisitions due to the finalization of the purchase accounting in the Cloud Services business which resulted in a net decrease in goodwill of $1.0 million. In addition, the Company recorded adjustments to the initial working capital related to prior period acquisitions in the Digital Media business, which resulted in a net increase in goodwill of $0.2 million (see Note 9 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets). Such adjustments had an immaterial impact to amortization expense within the consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and represents intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition. Goodwill recognized in connection with these acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2018 is $194.3 million, of which $38.3 million is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.


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Pro Forma Financial Information for All 2018 Acquisitions

The following unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions, that j2 Global believes are reasonable. However, this information is not necessarily indicative of the Company’s consolidated results of income in future periods or the results that actually would have been realized had j2 Global and the acquired businesses been combined companies during the periods presented. These pro forma results exclude any savings or synergies that would have resulted from these business acquisitions had they occurred on January 1, 2017 and do not take into consideration the exiting of any acquired lines of business. During 2017, the Company sold Cambridge BioMarketing Group, LLC (“Cambridge”), a subsidiary within the Digital Media business; j2 Australia Hosting Pty Ltd (dba “Web24”), a subsidiary within the Cloud Services business; and Tea Leaves, a subsidiary within the Digital Media business. These divestitures represented $22.7 million of revenue within the 2017 fiscal year. This unaudited pro forma supplemental information includes incremental intangible asset amortization and other charges as a result of the acquisitions, net of the related tax effects.

The supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma financial basis presents the combined results of j2 Global and its 2018 acquisitions as if each acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
Year ended
 
December 31,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
 
(unaudited)
 
(unaudited)
Revenues
$
1,264,544

 
$
1,218,530

Net income
$
121,727

 
$
123,378

EPS - Basic
$
2.50

 
$
2.56

EPS - Diluted
$
2.45

 
$
2.50


2017

The Company completed the following acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2017, paying the purchase price in cash in each transaction: (a) an asset purchase of sFax, acquired on March 31, 2017, an Austin-based provider of mobile cloud faxing for health care; (b) a share purchase of the entire issued capital of WeCloud AB, acquired on June 12, 2017, a Swedish-based provider of cloud-based internet security services; (c) an asset purchase of MyPhoneFax.com, acquired on June 30, 2017, a provider of online fax services; (d) an asset purchase of EZ Publishing (dba “StreamSend”), acquired on August 22, 2017, a provider of email marketing solutions; (e) a share purchase of all the issued capital of Humble Bundle Inc., acquired on October 13, 2017, a digital storefront for video games based in California; (f) an asset purchase of blackfriday.com, acquired on November 7, 2017, an online solution that markets popular Black Friday ads that are centrally located connecting shoppers with retailers; (g) a share purchase of all the issued capital of OnTargetJobs, Inc., acquired on December 4, 2017, a provider of online recruitment solutions for job seekers and employers in North America; (h) a share purchase of all the issued capital of Mashable Inc., acquired on December 5, 2017, a global, multi-platform media and entertainment company providing tech, digital culture and entertainment content around the globe; and (i) other immaterial acquisitions of online data backup, email marketing and email security businesses.

The consolidated statement of income since the date of each acquisition and balance sheet as of December 31, 2017, reflect the results of operations of all 2017 acquisitions. For the year ended December 31, 2017, these acquisitions contributed $34.7 million to the Company’s revenues. Net income contributed by these acquisitions was not separately identifiable due to j2 Global’s integration activities and is impracticable to provide. Total consideration for these transactions was $203.9 million, net of cash acquired and assumed liabilities and subject to certain post-closing adjustments which may increase or decrease the final consideration paid.


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The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration for all 2017 acquisitions (in thousands):
Assets and Liabilities
Valuation
 
 
Accounts receivable
$
14,130

Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 
10,243

Property and equipment
 
6,411

Trade names
 
20,610

Customer relationships
 
61,307

Goodwill
 
121,827

Trademarks
 
1,373

Other intangibles
 
36,998

Deferred tax asset
 
405

Accounts payables and accrued expenses
 
(27,995
)
Deferred revenue
 
(11,853
)
Deferred tax liability
 
(29,534
)
           Total
$
203,922


During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded adjustments to prior period acquisitions due to the finalization of the purchase accounting in the Cloud Services business which resulted in a net decrease in goodwill of $0.8 million. In addition, the Company recorded adjustments to the initial working capital related to prior period acquisitions in the Digital Media business, which resulted in a net decrease in goodwill of $4.7 million (see Note 9 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets). Such adjustments had an immaterial impact to amortization expense within the consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and represents intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition. Goodwill recognized in connection with these acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2017 is $121.8 million, of which $34.7 million is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

2016

The Company completed the following acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2016, paying the purchase price in cash for each transaction: (a) an asset purchase of VaultLogix, acquired on February 17, 2016, a Massachusetts-based provider of cloud data backup and storage for business clients; (b) a share purchase of the entire issued capital of Callstream Group Limited, acquired on March 3, 2016, a provider of cloud-based call management solutions to markets in the United Kingdom; (c) an asset purchase of Publicaster, acquired on April 1, 2016, a Maryland-based provider of email marketing services; (d) an asset purchase of SMTP, acquired on June 27, 2016, a Florida-based provider of cloud email services offering solutions ranging from sophisticated transactional email solutions to cost-effective Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (“SMTP”) relay services; (e) a share purchase of the entire issued capital of Integrated Global Concepts, Inc. (“IGC”), acquired on July 12, 2016, a Chicago-based provider of fax and voicemail services; (f) a share purchase of the entire issued capital of Front-safe A/S, acquired on July 15, 2016, a Denmark-based provider of cloud backup solutions; (g) an asset purchase of Fonebox Australia, acquired on October 18, 2016, an Australia-based provider of voice, call routing and virtual receptionist business; (h) a share purchase of all the outstanding shares of common stock of Everyday Health Inc. (“Everyday Health”), acquired on December 5, 2016, a New York-based provider of digital health and wellness solutions; and (i) other immaterial acquisitions of online data backup, email marketing, email security and digital media businesses.

The consolidated statement of income since the date of each acquisition and balance sheet, as of December 31, 2016, reflect the results of operations of all 2016 acquisitions. For the year ended December 31, 2016, these acquisitions contributed $52.9 million to the Company’s revenues. Net income contributed by these acquisitions was not separately identifiable due to j2 Global’s integration activities and is impracticable to provide. Total consideration for these transactions was $596.1 million, net of cash acquired and assumed liabilities and subject to certain post-closing adjustments which may increase or decrease the final consideration paid.


-83-


The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration for all 2016 acquisitions (in thousands):
Assets and Liabilities (1)
Valuation
 
 
Accounts receivable
$
70,922

Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 
11,730

Property and equipment
 
11,109

Trade names
 
5,866

Customer relationships
 
85,482

Goodwill
 
333,190

Trademarks
 
70,300

Other intangibles
 
91,264

Accounts payables and accrued expenses
 
(62,188
)
Deferred revenue
 
(6,904
)
Deferred tax liability
 
(14,503
)
Capital lease
 
(194
)
           Total
$
596,074

(1) In connection with the purchase of IGC, the majority of the value was associated with the 935,231 shares of j2 Global common stock held by IGC. The value associated with these shares was recorded as a separate transaction from the fax business and has been excluded from the schedule above.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded adjustments to prior period acquisitions primarily due to the finalization of the purchase accounting in the Cloud Services business which resulted in a net increase in goodwill in the amount of $0.8 million. In addition, the Company recorded adjustments to the initial working capital related to prior period acquisitions and updated the purchase accounting of Offers.com in the Digital Media business, which resulted in a net decrease in goodwill in the amount of $5.0 million with a corresponding increase in trade names, net and other purchased intangibles, net. Such adjustments had an immaterial impact to amortization expense within the consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 31, 2016.
  
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and represents intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition. Goodwill recognized in connection with these acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2016 is $333.2 million, of which $102.4 million is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

IGC
The Company acquired the entire issued capital of IGC on July 12, 2016 for a cash purchase price of approximately $6.3 million (excluding amounts allocated to the Company’s purchase of its common stock described below), net of cash acquired and assumed liabilities and is subject to certain post-closing adjustments which may increase or decrease the final consideration paid.

At the date of acquisition, IGC held 935,231 of the Company’s common stock which the Company determined should be treated as a separate transaction from the acquired fax and voicemail businesses. In order to determine the amount of purchase consideration allocable to the fax and voicemail business and the Company’s common stock, the Company used a relative fair value approach and concluded that the amounts of consideration allocable to the fax and voicemail business and the Company’s common stock were $6.3 million and $51.5 million, respectively. See Note 13 - Stockholders’ Equity for further discussion regarding the Company’s common stock acquired in connection with the IGC business combination.

Everyday Health

On December 5, 2016, the Company acquired all the outstanding shares of common stock of Everyday Health, $0.01 par value per share, at a purchase consideration $493.7 million (net of cash acquired and assumed liabilities) or $10.50 per share in cash.


-84-


Everyday Health is a leading provider of digital health and marketing and communication solutions. Everyday Health attracts a large and engaged audience of consumers and healthcare professionals to its premier health and wellness properties and utilizes its data and analytics expertise to deliver highly personalized content experiences and efficient and effective marketing and engagement solutions. Everyday Health enables consumers to manage their daily health and wellness needs, healthcare professionals to stay informed and make better decisions for their patients, and marketers, health payers and providers to communicate and engage with consumers and healthcare professionals to drive better health outcomes. Everyday Health’s content and solutions are delivered through multiple channels, including desktop, mobile web, mobile phone and tablet applications, as well as video and social media.

The Company acquired Everyday Health to bring together two leading digital media companies with complimentary visions and platforms to engage and monetize audiences. The combined company will be well positioned to deliver compelling benefits to customers with content that connects, informs and empowers audiences. The Company’s Digital Media business maintains leading positions in the technology, gaming, broadband, business to business, and international verticals with strong and well-established brands. Everyday Health adds a new vertical and set of market-leading trusted health properties to the portfolio while diversifying the company’s audience mix.

The consolidated statement of income, since the date of acquisition, and balance sheet, as of December 31, 2016, reflect the results of operations Everyday Health. For the year ended December 31, 2016, Everyday Health contributed $23.2 million to the Company’s revenues. Net income contributed by Everyday Health was not separately identifiable due to j2 Global’s integration activities and is impracticable to provide.

The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase consideration for the Everyday Health acquisition (in thousands):
Assets and Liabilities
Valuation
 
 
Cash
$
15,918

Accounts receivable
 
67,968

Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 
11,168

Property and equipment
 
6,494

Customer relationships
 
45,500

Goodwill
 
263,988

Trademarks
 
70,300

Other intangibles
 
88,267

Accounts payables and accrued expenses
 
(59,091
)
Deferred revenue
 
(5,297
)
Deferred tax liability
 
(11,500
)
           Total
$
493,715


Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and represents intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition. Goodwill recognized in connection with the Everyday Health acquisition during the year ended December 31, 2016 is $264.0 million, of which $65.4 million is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

Pro Forma Financial Information for Everyday Health Acquisition

The following unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions, which j2 Global believes are reasonable. However, this information is not necessarily indicative of the Company’s consolidated results of income in future periods or the results that actually would have been realized had j2 Global and Everyday Health been combined companies during the periods presented. These pro forma results exclude any savings or synergies that would have resulted from the Everyday Health business acquisition had it occurred on January 1, 2015 and do not take into consideration the exiting of any acquired lines of business. This unaudited pro forma supplemental information includes incremental intangible asset amortization and other charges as a result of the Everyday Health acquisition, net of the related tax effects.


-85-


The supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma financial basis presents the combined results of j2 Global and Everyday Health as if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2015 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
Year ended
 
December 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
(unaudited)
 
(unaudited)
Revenues
$
1,082,813

 
$
952,806

Net income
$
103,541

 
$
115,059

EPS - Basic
$
2.14

 
$
2.38

EPS - Diluted
$
2.13

 
$
2.35


Pro Forma Financial Information for All 2016 Acquisitions

The following unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions, that j2 Global believes are reasonable. However, this information is not necessarily indicative of the Company’s consolidated results of income in future periods or the results that actually would have been realized had j2 Global and the acquired businesses been combined companies during the periods presented. These pro forma results exclude any savings or synergies that would have resulted from these business acquisitions had they occurred on January 1, 2015 and do not take into consideration the exiting of any acquired lines of business. This unaudited pro forma supplemental information includes incremental intangible asset amortization and other charges as a result of the acquisitions, net of the related tax effects.

The supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma financial basis presents the combined results of j2 Global and its 2016 acquisitions as if each acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2015 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
Year ended
 
December 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
(unaudited)
 
(unaudited)
Revenues
$
1,102,510

 
$
1,009,169

Net income
$
108,822

 
$
111,817

EPS - Basic
$
2.25

 
$
2.31

EPS - Diluted
$
2.24

 
$
2.29


5.
    Investments

Investments consist of equity and debt securities. 

The Company has adopted ASU 2016-01 during the first quarter 2018 (see Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and determined that the equity securities that were received as part of the consideration for the sale of Tea Leaves Health, LLC (“Tea Leaves”) in fiscal year 2017 are without a readily determinable fair value because these securities are privately held, not traded on any public exchanges and not an investment in a mutual fund or similar investment. As a result, management has elected to alternatively measure this investment at cost, less impairment, adjusted for subsequent observable price changes to estimate fair value. The Company will make a “reasonable effort” to identify any observable price changes for identical or similar investments with the issuer that are known are can be reasonably known. The adoption of ASU 2016-01 was done on a prospective basis and any changes in the carrying value of the equity securities will be reported in our current earnings as Other expense (income), net. In addition, the Company determined that the shares of redeemable preferred stock that were also received as part of the consideration for the sale of Tea Leaves are corporate debt securities and are classified as available-for-sale securities.


-86-


The following table summarizes the gross unrealized losses and estimated fair values for the Company’s securities without a readily determinable fair value (in thousands):
 
Cost
 
Impairment
 
Adjustments
 
Fair Value
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity securities
$
34,977

 
$
—

 
$
(3,678
)
 
$
31,299

Total
$
34,977

 
$
—

 
$
(3,678
)
 
$
31,299

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity securities
$
34,977

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
34,977

Total
$
34,977

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
34,977


During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded an unrealized loss to earnings because an observable price for a similar instrument was observed in the market at an amount that was below the original carrying price of the investment (see Note 7 - Fair Value Measurements).

The following table summarizes the gross unrealized gains and losses and fair values for investments classified as available-for-sale (in thousands):
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate debt securities
$
23,256

 
$
21

 
$
(1,899
)
 
$
21,378

Total
$
23,256

 
$
21

 
$
(1,899
)
 
$
21,378

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Corporate debt securities
$
22,745

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
22,745

Total
$
22,745

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
22,745


At December 31, 2018, the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of other comprehensive income.

The following table summarizes j2 Global’s corporate debt securities designated as available-for-sale, classified by the contractual maturity date of the security (in thousands):
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Due within 1 year
$
—

 
$
—

Due within more than 1 year but less than 5 years
21,378

 
22,745

Due within more than 5 years but less than 10 years
—

 
—

Due 10 years or after
—

 
—

Total
$
21,378

 
$
22,745



-87-


Recognition and Measurement of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment of Debt Securities

Regardless of the classification of the debt securities as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity, the Company has assessed each position for impairment. j2 Global regularly reviews and evaluates each investment that has an unrealized loss. An unrealized loss exists when the current fair value of an individual security is less than its amortized cost basis. Unrealized losses that are determined to be temporary in nature are recorded, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income for available-for-sale securities.

Factors considered in determining whether a loss is temporary include:

•
the length of time and the extent to which fair value has been below cost;
•
the severity of the impairment;
•
the cause of the impairment and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer;
•
activity in the market of the issuer which may indicate adverse credit conditions; and
•
the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery.

j2 Global’s review for impairment generally entails:

•
identification and evaluation of investments that have indications of possible impairment;
•
analysis of individual investments that have fair values less than amortized cost, including consideration of the length of time the investment has been in an unrealized loss position and the expected recovery period;
•
discussion of evidential matter, including an evaluation of factors or triggers that could cause individual investments to qualify as having an other-than-temporary impairment and those that would not support an other-than-temporary impairment;
•
documentation of the results of these analyses, as required under business policies; and
•
information provided by third-party valuation experts.

For these debt securities, a critical component of the evaluation for other-than-temporary impairments is the identification of credit impairment, where management does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. Credit impairment is assessed using a combination of a discounted cash flow model that estimates the cash flows on the underlying securities and a market comparable method, where the security is valued based upon indications from the secondary market of what discounts buyers demand when purchasing similar securities. The cash flow model incorporates actual cash flows from the securities through the current period and then projects the remaining cash flows using relevant interest rate curves over the remaining term. These cash flows are discounted using a number of assumptions, some of which include prevailing implied credit risk premiums, incremental credit spreads and illiquidity risk premiums, among others.
 
Securities that have been identified as other-than-temporarily impaired are written down to their current fair value. For debt securities that are intended to be sold or that management believes it more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell prior to recovery, the full impairment is recognized immediately in earnings.
 
For available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities that management has no intent to sell and believes that it more-likely-than-not that it will not be required to sell prior to recovery, only the credit loss component of the impairment is recognized in earnings, while the rest of the fair value impairment is recognized in other comprehensive income. The credit loss component recognized in earnings is identified as the amount of principal cash flows not expected to be received over the remaining term of the security.


-88-


The following tables present gross unrealized losses and fair values for those investments that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, aggregated by investment category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position (in thousands):
 
As of December 31, 2018
 
Less than 12 Months
 
12 Months or Greater
 
Total
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Loss
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Loss
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Loss
Corporate debt securities
$
20,846

 
$
(1,899
)
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
20,846

 
$
(1,899
)
Total
$
20,846

 
$
(1,899
)
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
20,846

 
$
(1,899
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As of December 31, 2017
 
Less than 12 Months
 
12 Months or Greater
 
Total
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Loss
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Loss
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Loss
Corporate debt securities
$
22,745

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
22,745

 
$
—

Total
$
22,745

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
22,745

 
$
—


As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairment losses.

On September 25, 2017, the Company entered into a commitment to invest $200 million (approximately 66.7% of equity) in the OCV Fund. The total expected commitment to the OCV Fund is expected to be approximately $300 million. The primary purpose of the Fund is to provide a limited number of select investors with the opportunity to realize long-term appreciation from public and private companies, with a particular focus on the technology and life science industries. The general activities of the OCV Fund is to buy, sell, hold and otherwise invest in securities of every kind and nature and rights and options with respect thereto, including, without limitation, stock, notes, bonds, debentures and evidence of indebtedness; to exercise all rights, powers, privileges and other incidents of ownership or possession with respect to securities held or owned by the OCV Fund; to enter into, make and perform all contracts and other undertakings; and to engage in all activities and transactions as may be necessary, advisable or desirable to carry out the foregoing.

The manager, OCV Management, LLC, and general partner of the Fund are entities with respect to which Richard S. Ressler, Chairman of the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of the Company, is indirectly the majority equity holder and a related party. As a limited partner in the Fund, the Company will pay an annual management fee to the manager equal to 2.0% (reduced by 10% each year beginning with the sixth year) of capital commitments. In addition, subject to the terms and conditions of the Fund’s limited partnership agreement, once the Company has received distributions equal to its invested capital, the Fund’s general partner would be entitled to a carried interest equal to 20%. The Fund has a six year investment period, subject to certain exceptions. The commitment was approved by the Audit Committee of the Board in accordance with the Company’s related-party transaction approval policy.

During 2018, the Company received capital call notices from the management of OCV Management, LLC. for $36.8 million, inclusive of certain management fees, of which $36.8 million has been paid for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The Company recognizes its equity in the net earnings or losses relating to the investment in OCV on a one-quarter lag due to the timing and availability of financial information from OCV. If the Company becomes aware of a significant decline in value, the loss will be recorded in the period in which the Company identifies the decline.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 the Company recognized a net investment loss of $4.1 million, zero, and zero, net of tax benefit, respectively, inclusive of management fees. During the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 the Company recognized management fees of $4.5 million, zero, and zero, net of tax benefit, respectively. The loss is presented in the Company’s consolidated statement of income as loss from equity investments, net.


-89-


The following table discloses the carrying amount for the Company’s equity method investment (in thousands):
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Equity securities
$
31,151

 
$
—

Maximum exposure to loss
$
31,151

 
$
—


As a limited partner, the Company’s maximum exposure to loss is limited to its proportional ownership in the partnership. In addition, the Company is not required to contribute capital in an aggregate amount in excess of its capital commitment and any expected losses will not be in excess of the Capital Account. Finally, there are no call or put options, or other types of arrangements, which limit the Company’s ability to participate in losses and returns of the Fund.
 
6.
Assets Held for Sale

During the second quarter 2017, the Company committed to a plan to sell Cambridge BioMarketing Group, LLC (“Cambridge”), a subsidiary within the Digital Media business, as it was determined to be a non-core asset. On July 12, 2017, in a cash transaction, the Company sold Cambridge for a loss of $0.9 million which was recorded in other expense (income), net.

During the third quarter 2017, the Company committed to a plan to sell j2 Australia Hosting Pty Ltd (dba “Web24”), a subsidiary within the Cloud Services business, as it was determined to be a non-core asset. On September 1, 2017, in a cash transaction, the Company sold Web24 for a gain of $1.6 million which was recorded in other expense (income), net.

During the third quarter 2017, the Company committed to a plan to sell Tea Leaves, a subsidiary within the Digital Media business, as it was determined to be a non-core asset. On October 5, 2017, in a transaction consisting of a combination of cash and various equity securities, the Company sold Tea Leaves for a gain of $27.0 million which was recorded in other expense (income), net.

7.
Fair Value Measurements

j2 Global complies with the provisions of ASC 820, which defines fair value, provides a framework for measuring fair value and expands the disclosures required for fair value measurements of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. ASC 820 clarifies that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, ASC 820 establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:
 
§
Level 1 – Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
 
 
 
 
§
Level 2 – Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
 
 
 
 
§
Level 3 – Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.

The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

The Company’s money market funds are classified within Level 1. The Company values these Level 1 investments using quoted market prices.

Certain of the Company’s debt securities are classified within Level 2. The Company values these Level 2 investments based on model-driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

The fair value of our senior notes is determined using quoted market prices or dealer quotes for instruments with similar maturities and other terms and credit ratings, which are Level 2 inputs. The fair value of long-term debt was $1.1 billion and $1.2 billion, at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively (see Note 10 - Long-Term Debt).

-90-



In addition, the Convertible Notes contain terms that may require the Company to pay contingent interest on the Convertible Notes which is accounted for as a derivative with fair value adjustments being recorded to interest expense (see Note 10 - Long Term Debt). The fair value of this derivative is determined using a binomial lattice convertible bond pricing model using historical and implied market information, which are Level 2 inputs.

The Company classifies its contingent consideration liability in connection with acquisitions within Level 3 because factors used to develop the estimated fair value are unobservable inputs, such as volatility and market risks, and are not supported by market activity. The fair value of the contingent consideration liability was determined using option based approaches. This methodology was utilized because the distribution of payments is not symmetric and amounts are only payable upon certain earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) and certain other thresholds being reached. Such valuation approach included a Monte-Carlo simulation for the contingency since the financial metric driving the payments is path dependent. For similar reasons, certain of the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities are classified within Level 3. The fair value of these debt securities was derived using a hybrid approach consisting of two scenarios and subsequent allocation among each of the outstanding securities. Both scenarios consider unobservable inputs in the market such as time to liquidity, volatility, dividend yield, and breakpoints. Significant increases or decreases in either of the inputs noted above in isolation would result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.

The following tables present the fair values of the Company’s financial assets or liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):
December 31, 2018
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Fair Value
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Money market and other funds
$
450

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
450

Corporate debt securities
—

 
532

 
20,846

 
21,378

Total assets measured at fair value
$
450

 
$
532

 
$
20,846

 
$
21,828

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contingent consideration
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
50,035

 
$
50,035

Contingent interest derivative
—

 
768

 
—

 
768

Total liabilities measured at fair value
$
—

 
$
768

 
$
50,035

 
$
50,803

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Fair Value
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Money market and other funds
$
453

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
453

Corporate debt securities
—

 
22,745

 
—

 
22,745

Total assets measured at fair value
$
453

 
$
22,745

 
$
—

 
$
23,198

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contingent consideration
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
20,477

 
$
20,477

Contingent interest derivative
—

 
768

 
—

 
768

Total liabilities measured at fair value
$
—

 
$
768

 
$
20,477

 
$
21,245


At the end of each reporting period, management reviews the inputs to measure the fair value measurements of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities to determine when transfers between levels are deemed to have occurred. During the fourth quarter of 2018, $20.8 million of the Company’s debt securities were transferred from Level 2 investments to Level 3. For the year ended 2017, there were no transfers that occurred between levels.


-91-


The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company’s derivative instruments (in thousands):
 
Amount
 
Affected line item in the Statement of Income
Derivative Liabilities:
 
 
 
Level 2:
 
 
 
Balance as of January 1, 2017
$
958

 
 
Total fair value adjustments reported in earnings
(190
)
 
Interest expense, net
Balance as of December 31, 2017
$
768

 
 
Total fair value adjustments reported in earnings
—

 
Interest expense, net
Balance as of December 31, 2018
$
768

 
 

The following tables presents a reconciliation of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities related to contingent consideration that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):
 
Level 3
 
Affected line item in the Statement of Income
Balance as of January 1, 2017
$
17,450

 
 
Contingent consideration
17,577

 
 
Total fair value adjustments reported in earnings
2,300

 
General and administrative
Contingent consideration payments
(16,850
)
 
Not Applicable
Balance as of December 31, 2017
$
20,477

 
 
Contingent consideration
11,391

 
 
Total fair value adjustments reported in earnings
18,944

 
General and administrative
Contingent consideration payments
(777
)
 
Not Applicable
Balance as of December 31, 2018
$
50,035

 
 

In connection with the acquisition of Humble Bundle, on October 13, 2017, contingent consideration of up to an aggregate of $40.0 million may be payable upon achieving certain future EBITDA thresholds and had a fair value of $40.0 million and $19.7 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

In connection with the acquisition of blackfriday.com, on November 7, 2017, the Company achieved certain earnings targets and, as a result, contingent consideration of $0.8 million was paid to the seller during the first quarter of 2018 in connection with this acquisition. There are no further payments pending related to this acquisition.

In connection with the acquisition of bestblackfriday.com, on July 13, 2018, contingent consideration of up to an aggregate of $2.0 million may be payable upon achieving a certain number of visitors and had a fair value of $1.5 million at December 31, 2018.

In connection with the acquisition of DemandShore, on July 19, 2018, contingent consideration of up to an aggregate of
$1.9 million may be payable upon achieving certain future EBITDA and revenue thresholds and had a fair value of $1.3 million
at December 31, 2018.

In connection with the acquisition of DownDetector, on August 9, 2018, contingent consideration of up to an aggregate
of $3.7 million may be payable upon achieving certain number of average monthly unique visitors thresholds and had a fair value of $3.6 million at December 31, 2018.

In connection with the acquisition of Ekahau Inc., on October 10, 2018, contingent consideration of up to an aggregate of $15.0 million may be payable upon achieving certain future revenue thresholds and had a fair value of $3.7 million at December 31, 2018.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a net increase in the fair value of the contingent consideration of $18.9 million and reported such increase in general and administrative expenses.


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The following tables presents a reconciliation of the Company’s Level 3 financial assets related to certain available-for-sale debt securities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):
 
Level 3
 
Affected line item in the Statement of Income
Balance as of January 1, 2018
$
—

 
 
Transfer in to Level 3
20,846

 
 
Balance as of December 31, 2018
$
20,846

 
 

8.
    Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, stated at cost, at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
Computers and related equipment
$
272,067

 
$
215,631

Furniture and equipment
2,391

 
2,035

Leasehold improvements
14,706

 
16,163

 
289,164

 
233,829

Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(190,351
)
 
(154,056
)
 Total property and equipment, net
$
98,813

 
$
79,773


Depreciation and amortization expense was $41.3 million, $33.0 million and $26.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Total disposals of long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $0.4 million, $4.0 million and zero, respectively. The disposals during 2017 were primarily related to the sale of Cambridge, Web24, and Tea Leaves (see Note 6 - Assets Held for Sale).

9.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Intangible assets resulting from the acquisitions of entities accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting are recorded at the estimated fair value of the assets acquired. Identifiable intangible assets are comprised of purchased customer relationships, trademarks and trade names, developed technologies and other intangible assets. The fair values of these identified intangible assets are based upon expected future cash flows or income, which take into consideration certain assumptions such as customer turnover, trade names and patent lives. These determinations are primarily based upon the Company’s historical experience and expected benefit of each intangible asset. If it is determined that such assumptions are not accurate, then the resulting change will impact the fair value of the intangible asset. Identifiable intangible assets are amortized over the period of estimated economic benefit, which ranges from one to 20 years.

During 2018, the Company separated certain reporting units held within the Cloud Services business (See Note 17 - Segment Information). As a result, the Company allocated goodwill to its new reporting units using a relative fair value approach. Further, the Company completed an assessment of any potential goodwill impairment for all reporting units immediately before and after the reallocation and determined no impairment existed. Prior period information has been retrospectively revised to reflect the Company’s new reportable segments.

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The changes in carrying amounts of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands):
 
Fax and Email Marketing
 
Voice, Backup, and Security
 
Total Cloud Services
 
Digital Media
 
Consolidated
Balance as of January 1, 2017
$
319,734

 
$
239,418

 
$
559,152

 
$
563,658

 
$
1,122,810

Goodwill acquired (Note 4)
22,724

 
11,311

 
34,035

 
87,792

 
121,827

Goodwill written off related to sale of a business unit (1)(2)(3)
—

 
(3,614
)
 
(3,614
)
 
(54,127
)
 
(57,741
)
Purchase Accounting Adjustments (4)
(741
)
 
(25
)
 
(766
)
 
(4,667
)
 
(5,433
)
Foreign exchange translation
5,097

 
9,849

 
14,946

 
202

 
15,148

Balance as of December 31, 2017
$
346,814

 
$
256,939

 
$
603,753

 
$
592,858

 
$
1,196,611

Goodwill acquired (Note 4)
5,561

 
67,817

 
73,378

 
120,904

 
194,282

Purchase accounting adjustments (4)
—

 
(1,014
)
 
(1,014
)
 
240

 
(774
)
Foreign exchange translation
(2,146
)
 
(6,983
)
 
(9,129
)
 
(614
)
 
(9,743
)
Allocation to new reportable segments
16,041

 
(16,041
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Balance as of December 31, 2018
$
366,270

 
$
300,718

 
$
666,988

 
$
713,388

 
$
1,380,376

(1) On July 12, 2017, in a cash transaction, the Company sold Cambridge which resulted in $17.8 million of goodwill being written off in connection with this sale (see Note 6 - Assets Held for Sale).
(2) On September 1, 2017, in a cash transaction, the Company sold Web24 which resulted in $3.6 million of goodwill being written off in connection with this sale (see Note 6 - Assets Held for Sale).
(3) On October 5, 2017, in a cash and equity transaction, the Company sold Tea Leaves, which resulted in $36.3 million of goodwill being written off in connection with this sale (see Note 6 - Assets Held for Sale).
(4) Purchase accounting adjustments relate to adjustments to goodwill in connection with prior year business acquisitions (see Note 4 - Business Acquisitions).

Intangible assets are summarized as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 as follows (in thousands):

Intangible Assets with Indefinite Lives:
 
2018
 
2017
Trade names
$
27,379

 
$
27,379

Other
4,306

 
5,432

Total
$
31,685

 
$
32,811


Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization:
                                                                                                            
As of December 31, 2018, intangible assets subject to amortization relate primarily to the following (in thousands):
 
Weighted-Average
  Amortization
Period
 
Historical
Cost
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Trade names
10.9 years
 
$
181,231

 
$
65,722

 
$
115,509

Patent and patent licenses
6.5 years
 
67,887

 
60,541

 
7,346

Customer relationships (1)
9.1 years
 
507,330

 
316,122

 
191,208

Other purchased intangibles
4.4 years
 
307,554

 
126,834

 
180,720

Total
 
 
$
1,064,002

 
$
569,219

 
$
494,783

(1) Historically, the Company has amortized its customer relationship assets in a pattern that best reflects the pace in which the assets’ benefits are consumed. This pattern results in a substantial majority of the amortization expense being recognized in the first four to five years, despite the overall life of the asset.


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As of December 31, 2017, intangible assets subject to amortization relate primarily to the following (in thousands):
 
Weighted-Average
  Amortization
Period
 
Historical
Cost
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Trade names
11.2 years
 
$
147,997

 
$
51,429

 
$
96,568

Patent and patent licenses
6.6 years
 
67,724

 
56,853

 
10,871

Customer relationships (1)
8.9 years
 
447,070

 
253,464

 
193,606

Other purchased intangibles
4.8 years
 
218,628

 
66,733

 
151,895

Total
 
 
$
881,419

 
$
428,479

 
$
452,940

(1) Historically, the Company has amortized its customer relationship assets in a pattern that best reflects the pace in which the assets’ benefits are consumed. This pattern results in a substantial majority of the amortization expense being recognized in the first four to five years, despite the overall life of the asset.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company completed acquisitions which were individually immaterial. The identified intangible assets recognized as part of these acquisition and their respective estimated weighted average amortizations were as follows (in thousands):
 
Weighted-Average
  Amortization
Period
 
Fair Value
Trade names
9.6 years
 
$
33,750

Customer relationships
10.6 years
 
66,516

Trademark
7.1 years
 
3,285

Other purchased intangibles
3.3 years
 
84,907

Total
 
 
$
188,458


Expected amortization expenses for intangible assets subject to amortization at December 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands):
Fiscal Year:
 
2019
$
145,855

2020
95,104

2021
67,486

2022
40,447

2023
32,135

Thereafter
113,756

Total expected amortization expense
$
494,783


Amortization expense was $145.9 million, $129.0 million and $95.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

10.
    Long-Term Debt

6.0% Senior Notes

On June 27, 2017, j2 Cloud Services, LLC (“j2 Cloud”) and j2 Cloud Co-Obligor, Inc. (the “Co-Issuer” and together with j2 Cloud, the “Issuers”), wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company, completed the issuance and sale of $650 million aggregate principal amount of their 6.0% senior notes due in 2025 (the “6.0% Senior Notes”) in a private placement offering exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933. j2 Cloud received proceeds of $636.5 million, after deducting the initial purchasers’ discounts, commissions and offering expenses. The 6.0% Senior Notes are presented as long-term debt, net of deferred issuance costs, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018. The proceeds were used to redeem all of

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j2 Cloud’s 8.0% notes due in 2020, and to distribute sufficient net proceeds to j2 Global to pay off all amounts outstanding under its existing credit facility, with the remaining net proceeds to be used for general corporate purposes, including acquisitions.
 
The 6.0% Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.0% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, commencing on January 15, 2018. The 6.0% Senior Notes mature on July 15, 2025, and are senior unsecured obligations of the Issuers which are guaranteed on an unsecured basis by certain subsidiaries of j2 Cloud (as defined in the Indenture agreement dated June 27, 2017, the “Indenture”). If j2 Cloud or any of its restricted subsidiaries acquires or creates a domestic restricted subsidiary, other than an insignificant subsidiary (as defined in the Indenture), after the issue date, or any insignificant subsidiary ceases to fit within the definition of insignificant subsidiary, such restricted subsidiary is required to unconditionally guarantee, jointly and severally, on an unsecured basis, the Issuers’ obligations under the 6.0% Senior Notes.

The Issuers may redeem some or all of the 6.0% Senior Notes at any time on or after July 15, 2020 at specified redemption prices plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding the redemption date. Before July 15, 2020, in connection with certain equity offerings, the Issuers also may redeem up to 35% of the 6.0% Senior Notes at a price equal to 106.0% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding the redemption date. In addition, at any time prior to July 15, 2020, the Issuers may redeem some or all of the 6.0% Senior Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, plus an applicable “make-whole” premium.

The Indenture contains certain restrictive and other covenants applicable to j2 Cloud and subsidiaries designated as restricted subsidiaries including, but not limited to, restrictions on (i) paying dividends or making distributions on j2 Cloud’s membership interests or repurchasing j2 Cloud’s membership interests; (ii) making certain restricted payments; (iii) creating liens or entering into sale and leaseback transactions; (iv) entering into transactions with affiliates; (v) merging or consolidating with another company; and (vi) transferring and selling assets. These covenants include certain exceptions. Violation of these covenants could result in a default which could result in the acceleration of outstanding amounts if such default is not cured or waived within the time periods outlined in the Indenture. Restricted payments, specifically dividend payments, are applicable only if j2 Cloud and subsidiaries designated as restricted subsidiaries has a leverage ratio of greater than 3.0 to 1.0. In addition, if such leverage ratio is in excess of 3.0 to 1.0, the restriction on restricted payments is subject to various exceptions, including an exception for the payment of restricted payments up to $75 million. These contractual provisions did not, as of December 31, 2018, restrict j2 Cloud’s ability to pay dividends to j2 Global, Inc. The company is in compliance with its debt covenants as of December 31, 2018.

As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the estimated fair value of the 6.0% Senior Notes was approximately $645.5 million and $684.1 million, respectively, and was based on the quoted market prices of debt instruments with similar terms, credit rating and maturities of the 6.0% Senior Notes which are Level 2 inputs (see Note 7 - Fair Value Measurements).

8.0% Senior Notes

On August 1, 2017, j2 Cloud redeemed all of its outstanding $250 million 8.0% senior unsecured notes due in 2020 for $265 million, including a redemption premium and relevant accrued interest which resulted in a loss on extinguishment of $8.0 million recorded which was recorded in Interest expense, net.

3.25% Convertible Notes

On June 10, 2014, j2 Global issued $402.5 million aggregate principal amount of 3.25% convertible senior notes due June 15, 2029 (the “Convertible Notes”). j2 Global received proceeds of $391.4 million in cash, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions. The net proceeds were available for general corporate purposes. The Convertible Notes bear interest at a rate of 3.25% per annum, payable semiannually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year. Beginning with the six-month interest period commencing on June 15, 2021, the Company must pay contingent interest on the Convertible Notes during any six-month interest period if the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Notes for each of the five trading days immediately preceding the first day of such interest period equals or exceeds $1,300. Any contingent interest payable on the Convertible Notes will be in addition to the regular interest payable on the Convertible Notes.

Holders may surrender their Convertible Notes for conversion at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date only if one or more of the following conditions is satisfied: (i) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2014 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the closing sale price of j2 Global common stock for at least 20 trading days in the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the calendar quarter immediately preceding the calendar quarter in which the conversion occurs is more than 130% of the applicable conversion price of the Convertible Notes on each such trading day; (ii) during the five consecutive business day

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period following any ten consecutive trading day period in which the trading price for the Convertible Notes for each such trading day was less than 98% of the product of (a) the closing sale price of j2 Global common stock on each such trading day and (b) the applicable conversion rate on each such trading day; (iii) if j2 Global calls any or all of the Convertible Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the business day prior to the redemption date; (iv) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events; or (v) during either the period beginning on, and including, March 15, 2021 and ending on, but excluding, June 20, 2021 or the period beginning on, and including, March 15, 2029 and ending on, but excluding, the maturity date. j2 Global will settle conversions of Convertible Notes by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of j2 Global common stock or a combination thereof at j2 Global’s election. The Company currently intends to satisfy its conversion obligation by paying and delivering a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, where cash will be used to settle each $1,000 of principal and the remainder, if any, will be settled via shares of the Company’s common stock.

As of December 31, 2018, the conversion rate is 14.7014 shares of j2 Global common stock for each $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, which represents a conversion price of approximately $68.02 per share of j2 Global common stock. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment for certain events as set forth in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes, but will not be adjusted for accrued interest. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur on or prior to June 20, 2021, j2 Global will increase the conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert its Convertible Notes in connection with such a corporate event.

j2 Global may not redeem the Convertible Notes prior to June 20, 2021. On or after June 20, 2021, j2 Global may redeem for cash all or part of the Convertible Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the Convertible Notes.

Holders have the right to require j2 Global to repurchase for cash all or part of their Convertible Notes on each of June 15, 2021 and June 15, 2024 at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the relevant repurchase date. In addition, if a fundamental change, as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes, occurs prior to the maturity date, holders may require j2 Global to repurchase for cash all or part of their Convertible Notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

The Convertible Notes are the Company’s general senior unsecured obligations and rank: (i) senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Convertible Notes; (ii) equal in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated; (iii) effectively junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and (iv) structurally junior to all existing and future indebtedness (including trade payables) incurred by the Company’s subsidiaries.

Accounting for the Convertible Notes

In accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, convertible debt that can be settled for cash is required to be separated into the liability and equity component at issuance, with each component assigned a value. The value assigned to the liability component is the estimated fair value, as of the issuance date, of similar debt without the conversion feature. The difference between the cash proceeds and estimated fair value of the liability component, representing the value of the conversion premium assigned to the equity component, is recorded as a debt discount on the issuance date. This debt discount is amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the period from the issuance date through the first stated repurchase date on June 15, 2021.

j2 Global estimated the borrowing rates of similar debt without the conversion feature at origination to be 5.79% for the Convertible Notes and determined the debt discount to be $59.0 million. As a result, a conversion premium after tax of $37.7 million was recorded in additional paid-in capital. The aggregate debt discount is amortized as interest expense over the period from the issuance date through the first stated repurchase date on June 15, 2021 which management believes is the expected life of the Convertible Notes using an interest rate of 5.81%. As of December 31, 2018, the remaining period over which the unamortized debt discount will be amortized is 2.5 years.

The Convertible Notes are carried at face value less any unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs. The fair value of the Convertible Notes at each balance sheet date is determined based on recent quoted market prices or dealer quotes for the Convertible Notes, which are Level 1 inputs (see Note 7 - Fair Value Measurements). If such information is not available, the fair value is determined using cash-flow models of the scheduled payments discounted at market interest rates for comparable debt

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without the conversion feature. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the estimated fair value of the Convertible Notes was approximately $457.0 million and $504.5 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the if-converted value of our Convertible Notes exceeded the principal amount of $402.5 million by $8.0 million and $38.1 million, respectively.

The following table provides additional information related to our Convertible Notes (in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
Additional paid-in capital
$
37,700

 
$
37,700

 
 
 
 
Principal amount of Convertible Notes
$
402,500

 
$
402,500

Unamortized discount of the liability component
23,534

 
32,189

Carrying amount of debt issuance costs
4,205

 
5,667

Net carrying amount of Convertible Notes
$
374,761

 
$
364,644


The following table provides the components of interest expense related to our Convertible Notes (in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Cash interest expense (coupon interest expense)
$
13,081

 
$
13,081

 
$
13,081

Non-cash amortization of discount on Convertible Notes
8,655

 
8,167

 
7,707

Amortization of debt issuance costs
1,462

 
1,335

 
1,217

Total interest expense related to Convertible Notes
$
23,198

 
$
22,583

 
$
22,005


The Company has recorded additional interest expense associated with the contingent interest feature of the Convertible Notes for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 of zero, $(0.2) million, and $(0.5) million, respectively (see Note 7 - Fair Value Measurements).

Long-term debt as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 consists of the following (in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
Senior Notes:
 
 
 
6.0% Senior Notes
$
650,000

 
$
650,000

3.25% Convertible Notes
402,500

 
402,500

Less: Unamortized discount
(33,191
)
 
(42,902
)
Deferred issuance costs
(6,180
)
 
(7,654
)
Total long-term debt
$
1,013,129

 
$
1,001,944

Less: Current portion
—

 
—

Total long-term debt, less current portion
$
1,013,129

 
$
1,001,944


At December 31, 2018, future principal payments for debt were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
$
—

2020
—

2021
402,500

2022
—

2023
—

Thereafter
650,000

 
$
1,052,500



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Interest expense was $63.5 million, $59.2 million and $42.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.


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11.
    Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

From time to time, j2 Global and its affiliates are involved in litigation and other legal disputes or regulatory inquiries that arise in the ordinary course of business. Any claims or regulatory actions against j2 Global and its affiliates, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming and costly, and could divert significant operational resources. The outcomes of such matters are subject to inherent uncertainties, carrying the potential for unfavorable rulings that could include monetary damages and injunctive relief.

On February 17, 2011, Emmanuel Pantelakis (“Pantelakis”) filed suit against a j2 Global affiliate in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice (No. 11-50673), alleging that the j2 Global affiliate breached a contract relating to Pantelakis’s use of the Campaigner service. The j2 Global affiliate filed a responsive pleading on March 23, 2011 and responses to undertakings on July 16, 2012. On November 6, 2012, Pantelakis filed a second amended statement of claim, reframing his lawsuit as a negligence action. The j2 Global affiliate filed an amended statement of defense on April 8, 2013. Discovery has closed. A judicial pre-trial conference took place on September 27, 2018. There is an anticipated trial date of January 2020.

On January 17, 2013, the Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Revenue (“Commissioner”) issued a notice of assessment to a j2 Global affiliate for sales and use tax for the period of July 1, 2003 through December 31, 2011. On July 22, 2014, the Commissioner denied the j2 Global affiliate’s application for abatement. On September 18, 2014, the j2 Global affiliate petitioned the Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board for abatement of the tax asserted in the notice of assessment (No. C325426). A trial was held on December 16, 2015. On May 18, 2017, the Appellate Board decided in favor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the Company paid and expensed the tax assessment. The j2 Global affiliate has requested the findings of fact and conclusions of law from the Appellate Board.

On January 21, 2016, Davis Neurology, P.A. filed a putative class action against two j2 Global affiliates in the Circuit Court for the County of Pope, State of Arkansas (58-cv-2016-40), alleging violations of the TCPA. The case was ultimately removed to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas (the “Eastern District of Arkansas”) (No. 4:16-cv-00682). On June 6, 2016, the j2 Global affiliates filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings. On March 20, 2017, the Eastern District of Arkansas dismissed all claims against the j2 Global affiliates. On July 23, 2018, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the judgment and remanded to district court with instructions to return the case to state court. The j2 Global affiliates have filed a petition for rehearing or rehearing en banc. On December 11, 2018, the Eight Circuit Court of Appeals denied the j2 Global affiliates’ petition for panel rehearing and petition for rehearing en banc. On January 29, 2019, the case was remanded to the Arkansas state court.

j2 Global does not believe, based on current knowledge, that the foregoing legal proceedings or claims, after giving effect to existing accrued liabilities, are likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, depending on the amount and timing, an unfavorable resolution of some or all of these matters could have a material effect on j2 Global’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows in a particular period.

The Company has not accrued for any material loss contingencies relating to these legal proceedings because materially unfavorable outcomes are not considered probable by management. It is the Company’s policy to expense as incurred legal fees related to various litigations.

Credit Agreement

On December 5, 2016, j2 Global entered into a Credit Agreement (the Credit Agreement) with MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and certain other lenders from time to time party thereto (collectively, the Lenders). Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the Lenders provided j2 Global with a credit facility of $225.0 million. On June 27, 2017, the Company paid off the entire line of credit of $225.0 million, in addition to interest and miscellaneous fees of $0.5 million and terminated the Credit Agreement.

On January 7, 2019 j2 Cloud Services, LLC entered into a $100.0 million credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) (see Note 21 - Subsequent Events).

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Operating Leases

j2 Global leases certain facilities and equipment under non-cancelable operating leases which expire at various dates through 2026. Office and equipment leases are typically for terms of three to five years and generally provide renewal options for terms up to an additional five years. In most cases, the Company expects leases that expire will be renewed or replaced by other leases with similar terms. Future minimum lease payments at December 31, 2018 under non-cancelable operating leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) are as follows (in thousands):
 
Lease Payments
Fiscal Year:
 
2019
$
19,267

2020
16,196

2021
13,881

2022
12,654

2023
10,977

Thereafter
5,456

Total minimum lease payments
$
78,431


Rental expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $21.0 million, $15.3 million and $10.6 million, respectively.

Sublease

Total sublease income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $2.8 million and $0.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively. Total estimated aggregate sublease income to be received in the future is $8.6 million.

Non-Income Related Taxes

The Company does not collect and remit sales and use, telecommunication, or similar taxes in all jurisdictions in which it has sales, based on the Company’s belief that such taxes are not applicable or legally required. Several states and other taxing jurisdictions have presented or threatened the Company with assessments, alleging that the Company is required to collect and remit such taxes there. The aggregate assessments at December 31, 2018 were not material.

The June 2018 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., No. 17-494, along with the application of existing, new or future rulings and laws could have adverse effects on our business, prospects and operating results. There have been, and will continue to be, substantial ongoing costs associated with complying with the various indirect tax requirements in the numerous markets in which we conduct or will conduct business.

The Company is currently under audit or is subject to audit for indirect taxes in several states and municipalities. The Company has a $4.6 million reserve established for these matters. It is reasonably possible that additional liabilities could be incurred resulting in additional expense, which could materially impact on our financial results.

12.
Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted major tax reform legislation, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act” or “2017 Tax Act”). The 2017 Tax Act imposes a repatriation tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries, imposes a current tax on certain foreign earnings and lowers the general corporate income tax rate to 21%. In December 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, which allows the Company to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date. j2 Global has completed its accounting for the tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act, including the repatriation tax, the net deferred tax remeasurement and the impact on its unrecognized tax benefits. None of the adjustments made to provisional amounts were material to its consolidated financial statements.
Income tax expense amounted to $44.8 million, $60.5 million and $59.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rates for 2018, 2017 and 2016 were 25.2%, 30.3% and 27.9%, respectively.


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The provision for income tax consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Current:
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
$
17,233

 
$
55,804

 
$
46,293

State
(617
)
 
3,265

 
3,874

Foreign
3,094

 
22,904

 
22,612

Total current
19,710

 
81,973

 
72,779

 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred:
 

 
 

 
 

Federal
16,083

 
(15,682
)
 
(6,822
)
State
2,965

 
962

 
(330
)
Foreign
6,002

 
(6,712
)
 
(6,627
)
Total deferred
25,050

 
(21,432
)
 
(13,779
)
Total provision
$
44,760

 
$
60,541

 
$
59,000


A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate with j2 Global’s effective income tax rate is as follows:
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Statutory tax rate
21
 %
 
35
 %
 
35
 %
State income taxes, net
1.2

 
0.8

 
1.1

Foreign rate differential
(7.7
)
 
(16.1
)
 
(14.6
)
Foreign income inclusion
1.5

 
7.2

 
9.4

Foreign tax credit
(1.4
)
 
(6.2
)
 
(5.5
)
Reserve for uncertain tax positions
4.1

 
3.9

 
4.7

Valuation allowance
0.2

 
(0.9
)
 
(1.0
)
IRC Section 199 deductions
—

 
(1.6
)
 
(1.1
)
The 2017 Tax Act - provisional transition tax
—

 
24.6

 
—

The 2017 Tax Act - tax rate impact on deferred taxes
—

 
(16.1
)
 
—

Contingent liabilities
2.4

 
—

 
—

Unrecognized loss on intercompany sale
1.9

 
—

 
—

Other
2.0

 
(0.3
)
 
(0.1
)
Effective tax rates
25.2
 %
 
30.3
 %
 
27.9
 %

The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to impacts of the jurisdictional mix of income and the disallowance of certain losses and expenses. The effective tax rate for 2017 differs from the federal statutory rate primarily as a result of the 2017 Tax Act. The effective tax rate for 2016 differs from the federal statutory rate primarily as a result of indefinitely invested earnings of the Company’s foreign operations.


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Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. Temporary differences and carryforwards which give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
 
Net operating loss carryforwards
$
36,038

 
$
29,317

Tax credit carryforwards
4,784

 
2,645

Accrued expenses
5,717

 
3,165

Allowance for bad debt
1,776

 
1,570

Share-based compensation expense
5,038

 
6,476

Basis difference in fixed assets
—

 
1,881

Impairment of investments
1,466

 
48

Deferred revenue
1,948

 
728

State taxes
2,097

 
1,777

Other
9,917

 
14,165

 
68,781

 
61,772

Less: valuation allowance
(44
)
 
(197
)
Total deferred tax assets
$
68,737

 
$
61,575

 
 
 
 

Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 

Basis difference in fixed assets
$
(6,568
)
 
$
—

Basis difference in intangible assets
(96,869
)
 
(70,252
)
Prepaid insurance
(2,149
)
 
(616
)
Convertible debt
(31,994
)
 
(27,504
)
Other
(205
)
 
(1,467
)
Total deferred tax liabilities
(137,785
)
 
(99,839
)
Net deferred tax liabilities
$
(69,048
)
 
$
(38,264
)

The Company had approximately $68.7 million and $61.6 million in deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related primarily to net operating loss carryforwards, tax credit carryforwards and accrued expenses treated differently between its financial statements and its tax returns. Based on the weight of available evidence, the Company assesses whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. If necessary, j2 Global records a valuation allowance sufficient to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount that is more likely that not to be realized. The deferred tax assets should be realized through future operating results and the reversal of temporary differences.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) of $142.2 million, after considering substantial restrictions on the utilization of these NOLs due to “ownership changes”, as defined in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”). j2 Global currently estimates that all of the above-mentioned federal NOLs will be available for use before their expiration. These NOLs expire through the year 2036.

In addition, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had state research and development tax credits of $4.6 million and $2.3 million, respectively, which last indefinitely.

Certain tax payments are prepaid during the year and included within prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company’s prepaid tax payments were zero and $6.0 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Uncertain Income Tax Positions

Tax positions are evaluated in a two-step process. The Company first determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If a tax position meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, it is then

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measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company classifies gross interest and penalties and unrecognized tax benefits that are not expected to result in payment or receipt of cash within one year as non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2018, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $51.3 million, of which $46.8 million, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2017, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $45.0 million, of which $39.8 million, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2016, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $41.2 million, of which $37.0 million, if recognized would affect the Company’s effective tax rate.

The aggregate changes in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits, which excludes interest and penalties, for 2018, 2017 and 2016, is as follows (in thousands):
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Beginning balance
$
45,012

 
$
41,218

 
$
32,536

Increases related to tax positions during a prior year
2,508

 
—

 
2,082

Decreases related to tax positions taken during a prior year
—

 
(401
)
 
—

Increases related to tax positions taken in the current year
3,751

 
7,223

 
6,703

Settlements
—

 
(2,639
)
 
—

Decreases related to expiration of statute of limitations
—

 
(389
)
 
(103
)
Ending balance
$
51,271

 
$
45,012

 
$
41,218


The Company includes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the provision for income taxes. As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the total amount of interest and penalties accrued was $8.4 million, $7.2 million and $5.3 million, respectively, which is classified as non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. In connection with tax matters, the Company recognized interest and penalty expense in 2018, 2017 and 2016 of $1.2 million, $2.1 million and $1.9 million, respectively.

Uncertain income tax positions are reasonably possible to significantly change during the next 12 months as a result of completion of income tax audits and expiration of statutes of limitations. At this point it is not possible to provide an estimate of the amount, if any, of significant changes in reserves for uncertain income tax positions as a result of the completion of income tax audits that are reasonably possible to occur in the next 12 months. In addition, the Company cannot currently estimate the amount of, if any, uncertain income tax positions which will be released in the next 12 months as a result of expiration of statutes of limitations due to ongoing audits. As a result of ongoing federal, state and foreign income tax audits (discussed below), it is reasonably possible that the Company’s entire reserve for uncertain income tax positions for the periods under audit will be released. It is also reasonably possible that the Company’s reserves will be inadequate to cover the entire amount of any such income tax liability.

Income before income taxes included income from domestic operations of $19.9 million, $61.9 million and $84.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and income from foreign operations of $157.7 million, $138.1 million and $126.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Income Tax Audits:

The Company is in various stages of audit by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for its 2012 through 2016 tax years.

The Company is under audit by the California Franchise Tax Board (“FTB”) for tax years 2012 and 2013. The FTB, however, has agreed to suspend its audit for 2012 and 2013 pending the outcome of the IRS audit for such tax years. In August 2018, the FTB notified the Company that it will commence an audit of tax years 2015 and 2016.

The Company was under income tax audit by the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance (“NYS”) for tax years 2011 through 2014. During 2018, NYS concluded its audit of tax years 2011 through 2014. The Company was assessed an insignificant amount of income tax and interest, which was paid.

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The Company is currently under audit by the French tax authorities for tax years 2011 to 2016. The Company has accrued a reserve for any potential liability that may arise from this audit. The audit is in the final stages.

It is reasonably possible that these audits may conclude in the next 12 months and that the uncertain tax positions the Company has recorded in relation to these tax years may change compared to the liabilities recorded for these periods. If the recorded uncertain tax positions are inadequate to cover the associated tax liabilities, the Company would be required to record additional tax expense in the relevant period, which could be material. If the recorded uncertain tax positions are adequate to cover the associated tax liabilities, the Company would be required to record any excess as reduction in tax expense in the relevant period, which could be material. However, it is not currently possible to estimate the amount, if any, of such change.

13.
    Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock Exchange

In November 2014, the Company provided holders of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock (“j2 Series A Stock”) and the Company’s Series B Preferred Stock (“j2 Series B Stock”) an exchange right in which shares may be exchanged for j2 common stock. The exchange right associated with the shares of j2 Series A Stock provided that such shares were immediately exercisable at an exchange ratio of 20.4319 shares of j2 common stock per share of j2 Series A Stock (the “Series A Exchange Ratio”). Both holders of the j2 Series A Stock exercised this exchange right which resulted in the issuance of 235,665 shares of j2 common stock. The exchange right associated with the vested shares of the j2 Series B Stock is exercisable during specified exchange periods at an exchange ratio of 31.8094 shares of j2 common stock per share of j2 Series B Stock (the “Series B Exchange Ratio”). Holders of vested j2 Series B Stock exercised this exchange right which resulted in the issuance of 10,530 and 88,623 shares of j2 common stock during fiscal years 2018 and 2017, respectively.

In connection with the exercise of the exchange right and the resulting extinguishment of the j2 Series A Stock, the Company recorded the difference between the carrying value of the Series A and the fair value of the j2 common stock exchanged within retained earnings as a preferred stock dividend. In connection with the exercise of the exchange right associated with j2 Series B Stock, the Company recognized incremental fair value in the amount of $6.3 million and recorded additional share-based compensation in the amount of $1.9 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, all incremental fair value associated with the exchange right of j2 Series B Stock has been recognized.

The Series B Exchange Ratio is adjusted in the event of a subdivision of the outstanding j2 common stock or j2 Series B Stock, a declaration of a dividend payable in shares of j2 common stock or j2 Series B Stock, a declaration of a dividend payable in a form other than shares in an amount that has a material effect on the value of shares of j2 common stock or j2 Series B Stock, a combination or consolidation of the outstanding j2 common stock or j2 Series B Stock into a lesser number of shares of j2 common stock or j2 Series B Stock, respectively, specified changes in control, a recapitalization, a reclassification, or a similar occurrence, the Company shall adjust the Series B Exchange Ratio as it deems appropriate in its sole discretion.

Common Stock Repurchase Program

In February 2012, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a program authorizing the repurchase of up to five million shares of j2 Global common stock through February 20, 2013 (the “2012 Program”) which was subsequently extended through February 20, 2020 (see Note 21 - Subsequent Events). On November 29, 2018, the Company entered into a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan with a broker to facilitate the repurchase program. 600,000 shares were repurchased under the share repurchase program for the year ended December 31, 2018 at an aggregate cost of $42.5 million. No shares were repurchased under the share repurchase program for the year ended December 31, 2017. Cumulatively at December 31, 2018, 2.7 million shares were repurchased at an aggregate cost of $101.1 million (including an immaterial amount of commission fees).

In July 2016, the Company acquired and subsequently retired 935,231 shares of j2 Global common stock in connection with the acquisition of Integrated Global Concepts, Inc. (see Note 4 - Business Acquisitions).

As a result of the acquisition of j2 Global common stock through the Company’s business combinations and share repurchase program, the number of shares available for purchase under the 2012 Program is 1,338,689  shares of j2 Global common stock available for purchase under this program.


-105-


Periodically, participants in j2 Global’s stock plans surrender to the Company shares of j2 Global stock to pay the exercise price or to satisfy tax withholding obligations arising upon the exercise of stock options or the vesting of restricted stock. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company purchased 52,912 shares from plan participants for this purpose.

Dividends
 
The following is a summary of each dividend declared during fiscal year 2018 and 2017:
Declaration Date
 
Dividend per Common Share
 
Record Date
 
Payment Date
February 9, 2017
 
$
0.3650

 
February 22, 2017
 
March 9, 2017
May 4, 2017
 
$
0.3750

 
May 19, 2017
 
June 2, 2017
August 2, 2017
 
$
0.3850

 
August 14, 2017
 
September 1, 2017
October 31, 2017
 
$
0.3950

 
November 17, 2017
 
December 5, 2017
February 2, 2018
 
$
0.4050

 
February 22, 2018
 
March 9, 2018
May 3, 2018
 
$
0.4150

 
May 18, 2018
 
June 1, 2018
August 8, 2018
 
$
0.4250

 
August 20, 2018
 
September 4, 2018
October 29, 2018
 
$
0.4350

 
November 19, 2018
 
December 5, 2018

On February 6, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.4450 per share of common stock payable on March 12, 2019 to all stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 25, 2019 (see Note 21 - Subsequent Events). Future dividends will be subject to Board approval.

14.
    Stock Options and Employee Stock Purchase Plan

j2 Global’s share-based compensation plans include the 2007 Stock Plan, the 2015 Stock Plan and the 2001 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Each plan is described below.

(a)
The 2007 Stock Option Plan and the 2015 Stock Option Plan

In October 2007, j2 Global’s Board of Directors adopted the j2 Global, Inc. 2007 Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Plan”). The 2007 Plan provides for the granting of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other share-based awards. The number of authorized shares of common stock that may be used for 2007 Plan purposes is 4,500,000. Options under the 2007 Plan may be granted at exercise prices determined by the Board of Directors, provided that the exercise prices shall not be less than the fair market value of j2 Global’s common stock on the date of grant for incentive stock options and not less than 85% of the fair market value of j2 Global’s common stock on the date of grant for non-statutory stock options. The 2007 Plan terminated on February 14, 2017.

In May 2015, j2 Global’s Board of Directors adopted the j2 Global, Inc. 2015 Stock Option Plan (the “2015 Plan”). The 2015 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance share units and other share-based awards and is intended as a successor plan to the 2007 Stock Plan since no further grants will be made under the 2007 Stock Plan. 4,200,000 shares of common stock are authorized to be used for 2015 Plan purposes. Options under the 2015 Plan may be granted at exercise prices determined by the Board of Directors, provided that the exercise prices shall not be less than the higher of the par value or 100% of the fair market value of j2 Global’s common stock subject to the option on the date the option is granted.

At December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, options to purchase 298,577, 361,875 and 353,258 shares of common stock were exercisable under and outside of the 2015 Plan and the 2007 Plan combined, at weighted average exercise prices of $32.15, $29.92, and $26.10, respectively. Stock options generally expire after 10 years and vest over a 5-year period.

All stock option grants are approved by “outside directors” within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m).
 

-106-


Stock Options
 
Stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is summarized as follows:
 
Number of Shares
 
Weighted-Average
Exercise Price
 
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (In Years)
 
  Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
Options outstanding at January 1, 2016
566,428

 
$
29.74

 
 
 
 
      Granted
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
      Exercised
(142,870
)
 
26.04

 
 
 
 
      Canceled
(9,700
)
 
26.92

 
 
 
 
Options outstanding at December 31, 2016
413,858

 
$
31.09

 
 
 
 
      Granted
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
      Exercised
(38,183
)
 
29.03

 
 
 
 
      Canceled
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
Options outstanding at December 31, 2017
375,675

 
$
31.30

 
 
 
 
      Granted
400,000

 
75.03

 
 
 
 
      Exercised
(67,898
)
 
22.68

 
 
 
 
      Canceled
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
Options outstanding at December 31, 2018
707,777

 
$
56.84

 
5.8
 
$11,136,166
Exercisable at December 31, 2018
298,577

 
$
32.15

 
1.5
 
$11,117,490
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2018
575,851

 
$
52.68

 
5.1
 
$11,134,316

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, j2 Global granted 400,000, zero and zero options, respectively, to purchase shares of common stock pursuant to the 2015 Plan. These stock options vest 20% per year and expire 10 years from the date of grant.

The per share weighted-average grant-date fair values of stock options granted during the period ended December 31, 2018 was $19.39. There were no stock options granted during the years 2017 and 2016.

The total intrinsic values of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $3.8 million,$2.1 million, and $5.6 million, respectively. The total fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $0.1 million, $0.6 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

Cash received from options exercised under all share-based payment arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $1.5 million, $1.1 million and $3.6 million, respectively. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from option exercises under the share-based payment arrangements totaled $0.9 million, $0.7 million and $1.9 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.


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The following table summarizes information concerning outstanding and exercisable options as of December 31, 2018:
 
 
Options Outstanding
 
Exercisable Options
Range of
Exercise Prices
 
Number Outstanding December 31, 2018
 
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 
Number
Exercisable
December 31,
2018
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
$17.19
 
20,000

 
0.18 years
 
$
17.19

 
20,000

 
$
17.19

21.67
 
50,040

 
0.35 years
 
21.67

 
50,040

 
21.67

22.92
 
84,092

 
1.35 years
 
22.92

 
84,092

 
22.92

25.09
 
2,600

 
3.36 years
 
25.09

 
2,600

 
25.09

29.34
 
75,585

 
2.36 years
 
29.34

 
75,585

 
29.34

29.53
 
9,710

 
3.17 years
 
29.53

 
9,710

 
29.53

31.07
 
3,750

 
2.82 years
 
31.07

 
3,750

 
31.07

67.35
 
62,000

 
2.51 years
 
67.35

 
52,800

 
67.35

75.03
 
400,000

 
9.00 years
 
75.03

 
—

 
—

$17.19 - $75.03
 
707,777

 
5.82 years
 
$
56.84

 
298,577

 
$
32.15


As discussed in Note 13, “Stockholders’ Equity”, the Company provided holders of j2 Series B Stock an exchange right in which j2 Series B Stock may be exchanged for j2 common stock during specified exchange periods. The Company determined that such exchange right represents a grant under the 2007 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2014, and accordingly, reduced the awards available under the 2007 Plan. At December 31, 2018, there were 2,270,716 additional shares underlying options, shares of restricted stock and other share-based awards available for grant under the 2015 Plan, and no additional shares are available for grant under or outside of the 2007 Plan.

The Company recognized $0.9 million, $0.4 million and $0.4 million of compensation expense related to stock options for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, there was $6.9 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested share-based compensation options granted under the 2015 Plan and the 2007 Plan. That expense is expected to be recognized ratably over a weighted average period of 6.87 years (i.e., the remaining requisite service period).

Fair Value Disclosure
 
j2 Global uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of each option grant. The expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. The Company estimates the expected term based upon the historical exercise behavior of our employees. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a term equal to the expected term of the option assumed at the date of grant. The Company uses an annualized dividend yield based upon the per share dividends declared by its Board of Directors. Estimated forfeiture rates were 11.8%, 14.3% and 12.7% as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The weighted-average fair values of stock options granted have been estimated utilizing the following assumptions:
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Risk-free interest rate
2.4%
 
—%
 
—%
Expected term (in years)
6.7
 
0.0
 
0.0
Dividend yield
2.2%
 
—%
 
—%
Expected volatility
29.2%
 
—%
 
—%
Weighted average volatility
29.2%
 
—%
 
—%


-108-


Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
 
j2 Global has awarded restricted stock and restricted stock units to its Board of Directors and senior staff pursuant to the 2007 Plan and the 2015 Plan. Compensation expense resulting from restricted stock and restricted unit grants is measured at fair value on the date of grant and is recognized as share-based compensation expense over the applicable vesting period. Beginning in fiscal year 2012 vesting periods are approximately one year for awards to members of the Company’s Board of Directors and five years for senior staff. The Company granted 850,300, 300,330 and 317,914 shares of restricted stock and restricted units during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and recognized $26.4 million, $22.2 million and $13.2 million, respectively of related compensation expense. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had unrecognized share-based compensation cost of $61.6 million associated with these awards. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 5.5 years for awards and 3.3 years for units. The total fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $9.7 million, $15.1 million and $8.0 million, respectively. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from the vesting of restricted stock awards and units totaled $2.4 million, $2.3 million and $3.5 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. In accordance with ASC 718, share-based compensation is recognized on dividends paid related to nonvested restricted stock not expected to vest, which amounted to approximately $0.1 million, $0.1 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company accelerated the vesting of certain shares held by employees which were surrendered to the Company to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with such employees’ restricted stock. The Company recognized share-based compensation of $1.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 due to this vesting acceleration.

In connection with Nehemia Zucker’s resignation as Chief Executive Officer effective as of December 31, 2017, all of his outstanding and unvested stock options and time-based restricted shares, along with the tranche of performance-vesting restricted shares that was then next scheduled to vest, vested in full on December 29, 2017. As a result, the Company accelerated the recognition of share-based compensation expense associated with these awards which impacted 2017 by approximately $5.1 million.

Restricted Stock - Awards with Market Conditions

j2 Global has awarded certain key employees market-based restricted stock awards pursuant to the 2015 Plan. The market-based awards have vesting conditions that are based on specified stock price targets of the Company’s common stock. Market conditions were factored into the grant date fair value using a Monte Carlo valuation model, which utilized multiple input variables to determine the probability of the Company achieving the specified stock price targets with a 20-day and 30-day lookback (trading days). Stock-based compensation expense related to an award with a market condition will be recognized over the requisite service period using the graded-vesting method regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied, provided that the requisite service period has been completed. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 the Company awarded 473,501, 85,825, and 106,780 market-based restricted stock awards, respectively. The per share weighted average grant-date fair values of the market-based restricted stock awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $52.95, $72.20 and $44.67, respectively.

The weighted-average fair values of market-based restricted stock awards granted have been estimated utilizing the following assumptions:
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
Underlying stock price at valuation date
$
82.11

 
$
91.17

 
$
63.73

Expected volatility
28.4
%
 
29
%
 
29.8
%
Risk-free interest rate
2.89
%
 
2.17
%
 
1.51
%


-109-


 Restricted stock award activity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is set forth below:
 
Shares
 
Weighted-Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2016
704,804

 
$
39.08

Granted
296,414

 
41.27

Vested
(255,503
)
 
31.27

Canceled
(40,700
)
 
63.95

Nonvested at December 31, 2016
705,015

 
$
41.40

Granted
289,230

 
61.34

Vested
(381,411
)
 
39.71

Canceled
(7,268
)
 
76.08

Nonvested at December 31, 2017
605,566

 
$
51.57

Granted
830,256

 
63.55

Vested
(157,972
)
 
61.29

Canceled
(70,839
)
 
74.84

Nonvested at December 31, 2018
1,207,011

 
$
64.82

  
Restricted stock unit activity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is set forth below:
 
Number of
Shares
 
Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life (in Years)
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2016
56,245

 
 
 
 
Granted
21,500

 
 
 
 
Vested
(14,595
)
 
 
 
 
Canceled
(11,200
)
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2016
51,950

 
 
 
 
Granted
11,100

 
 
 
 
Vested
(16,370
)
 
 
 
 
Canceled
(8,280
)
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2017
38,400

 
 
 
 
Granted
20,044

 
 
 
 
Vested
(11,540
)
 
 
 
 
Canceled
(5,673
)
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2018
41,231

 
2.0
 
$
2,860,607

Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2018
32,809

 
1.7
 
$
2,276,290



-110-


Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)
 
In May of 2001, j2 Global established the j2 Global, Inc. 2001 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (the “Purchase Plan”), which provides for the issuance of a maximum of 2,000,000 shares of common stock. Under the Purchase Plan, eligible employees can have up to 15% of their earnings withheld, up to certain maximums, to be used to purchase shares of j2 Global’s common stock at certain plan-defined dates. The price of the common stock purchased under the Purchase Plan for the offering periods is equal to 95% of the fair market value of the common stock at the end of the offering period.

On February 2, 2018, the Company approved an amendment to the Company’s Amended and Restated 2001 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, to be effective May 1, 2018, such that (i) the purchase price for each offering period shall be 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of a share of common stock of the Company (a “Share”) on the beginning or the end of the offering period, rather than 95% of the fair market value of a Share at the end of the offering period, and (ii) each offering period will be six months, rather than three months.

j2 Global performed an analysis of the Amendment terms and determined that a plan provision exists which allows for the more favorable of two exercise prices, commonly referred to as a “look-back” feature. The purchase price discount and the look-back feature cause the Purchase Plan to be compensatory and the Company to recognize compensation expense. The compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company recognized $0.7 million, zero and zero of compensation expense related to the Purchase Plan for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the estimated fair value of the purchase right issued under the ESPP. The expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a term equal to the expected term of the option assumed at the date of grant. The Company uses an annualized dividend yield based upon the per share dividends declared by its Board of Directors. Estimated forfeiture rates were 1.96% as of December 31, 2018.

During 2018, 2017 and 2016, 33,262, 3,283 and 3,918 shares, respectively were purchased under the Purchase Plan at price ranging from $61.91 to $75.99 per share during 2018. As of December 31, 2018, 1,589,981 shares were available under the Purchase Plan for future issuance.

15.
    Defined Contribution 401(k) Savings Plan

j2 Global has several 401(k) Savings Plans that qualify under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Eligible employees may contribute a portion of their salary through payroll deductions, subject to certain limitations. The Company may make annual contributions at its sole discretion to these plans. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company incurred expenses of $3.6 million, $3.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively, for contributions to these 401(k) Savings Plans.


-111-


16.
    Earnings Per Share
 
The components of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows (in thousands, except share and per share data):
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Numerator for basic and diluted net income per common share:
 

 
 

 
 

Net income attributable to j2 Global, Inc. common shareholders
$
128,687

 
$
139,425

 
$
152,439

Net income available to participating securities (a)
(1,885
)
 
(1,792
)
 
(2,242
)
Net income available to j2 Global, Inc. common shareholders
126,802

 
137,633

 
150,197

Denominator:
 

 
 

 
 

Weighted-average outstanding shares of common stock
47,950,746

 
47,586,242

 
47,668,357

Dilutive effect of:
 
 
 
 
 

Equity incentive plans
146,906

 
228,166

 
201,660

Convertible debt (b)
830,139

 
854,619

 
93,209

Common stock and common stock equivalents
48,927,791

 
48,669,027

 
47,963,226

Net income per share:
 

 
 

 
 

Basic
$
2.64

 
$
2.89

 
$
3.15

Diluted
$
2.59

 
$
2.83

 
$
3.13


(a) 
Represents unvested share-based payment awards that contain certain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid)

(b) 
Represents the incremental shares issuable upon conversion of the Convertible Notes due June 15, 2029 by applying the treasury stock method when the average stock price exceeds the conversion price of the Convertible Notes (see Note 10 - Long Term Debt)

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, there were zero options outstanding, respectively, which were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the common stock.


-112-


17.
    Segment Information

In accordance with ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting: (Topic 280), the Company’s businesses are based on the organizational structure used by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for making operating and investment decisions and for assessing performance. The CODM views the Company as two businesses: Cloud Services and Digital Media. However, in accordance with the aggregation criteria within ASC Topic 280, j2 Global’s operating segments have now been aggregated into three reportable segments: (i) Fax and Email Marketing; (ii) Voice, Backup, and Security; and (iii) Digital Media. Prior period segment information has been retrospectively revised to reflect the Company’s new reportable segments.
 
The Company’s Cloud Services business is driven primarily by subscription revenues that are relatively higher margin, stable and predictable from quarter to quarter with some seasonal weakness in the fourth quarter. The Cloud Services business also includes the results of our IP licensing business, which can vary dramatically in both revenues and profitability from period to period. The Company’s Digital Media business is driven primarily by advertising and subscription revenues, has relatively higher sales and marketing expense and has seasonal strength in the fourth quarter.
The accounting policies of the businesses are the same as those described in Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. The Company evaluates performance based on revenue, gross margin and profit or loss from operations before income taxes, not including nonrecurring gains and losses and foreign exchange gains and losses.

-113-


Information on reportable segments and reconciliation to consolidated income from operations is as follows (in thousands):
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Revenue by reportable segment:
 
 
 
 
 
Fax and Email Marketing
$
360,479

 
$
350,542

 
$
328,531

Voice, Backup, and Security
237,496

 
228,414

 
238,407

Cloud Services Total
597,975

 
578,956

 
566,938

 
 
 
 
 
 
Digital Media
609,374

 
538,939

 
307,463

Elimination of inter-segment revenues
(60
)
 
(57
)
 
(146
)
Total segment revenues
1,207,289

 
1,117,838

 
874,255

Corporate (1)
6

 
—

 
—

Total revenues
1,207,295

 
1,117,838

 
874,255

 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross profit by reportable segment:
 
 
 
 
 
Fax and Email Marketing
323,855

 
311,942

 
281,740

Voice, Backup, and Security
151,966

 
148,268

 
164,637

Cloud Services Total
475,821

 
460,210

 
446,377

 
 
 
 
 
 
Digital Media
530,455

 
485,365

 
280,924

Elimination of inter-segment gross profit
(60
)
 
(50
)
 
(146
)
Total segment gross profit
1,006,216

 
945,525

 
727,155

Corporate
5

 
—

 
—

Total gross profit
1,006,221

 
945,525

 
727,155

 
 
 
 
 
 
Direct costs by reportable segment (2):
 
 
 
 
 
Fax and Email Marketing
128,898

 
135,157

 
125,067

Voice, Backup, and Security
116,803

 
99,009

 
110,431

Cloud Services Total
245,701

 
234,166

 
235,498

 
 
 
 
 
 
Digital Media
489,019

 
437,297

 
230,224

Elimination of inter-segment direct costs
(60
)
 
(50
)
 
(146
)
Total segment direct costs
734,660

 
671,413

 
465,576

Corporate
27,281

 
28,404

 
19,013

Total direct costs
761,941

 
699,817

 
484,589

 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating income by reportable segment:
 
 
 
 
 
Fax and Email Marketing
194,957

 
176,785

 
156,673

Voice, Backup, and Security
35,163

 
49,259

 
54,206

Cloud Services Total (2)
230,120

 
226,044

 
210,879

 
 
 
 
 
 
Digital Media
41,436

 
48,068

 
50,700

Total segment operating income
271,556

 
274,112

 
261,579

Corporate (1)
(27,276
)
 
(28,404
)
 
(19,013
)
Total income from operations
$
244,280

 
$
245,708

 
$
242,566

 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) Corporate includes costs associated with general and administrative and other expenses that are managed on a global basis and that are not directly attributable to any particular segment. In addition, the Company determined certain patent assets and related income and expenses associated with Advanced Marketing Technologies, Inc. should be reclassified from the Cloud Services segment to Corporate resulting in an increase in expenses over the prior periods.
(2) Direct costs for each segment include other operating expenses that are directly attributable to the segment, such as employee compensation expense, local sales and marketing expenses, engineering and network operations expense, depreciation and amortization and other administrative expenses.


-114-


The CODM does not use Balance Sheet and Cash Flow information in connection with operating and investment decisions other than as presented for Cloud Services and Digital Media. Accordingly, the following segment information is presented for Cloud Services and Digital Media.
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
Cloud Services
$
1,047,245

 
$
1,078,577

  
 
Digital Media
1,455,620

 
1,317,113

  
 
Total assets from Cloud Services and Digital Media
2,502,865

 
2,395,690

  
 
Corporate
57,965

 
57,403

  
 
Total assets
$
2,560,830

 
$
2,453,093

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Capital expenditures:
 
 
 
 
 
Cloud Services
$
13,832

 
$
7,031

 
$
6,113

Digital Media
42,547

 
32,564

 
18,633

Total capital expenditures from Cloud Services and Digital Media
56,379

 
39,595

 
24,746

Corporate
—

 
—

 
—

Total capital expenditures
$
56,379

 
$
39,595

 
$
24,746

 
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization:
 
 
 
 
 
Cloud Services
$
60,754

 
$
68,436

 
$
79,533

Digital Media
122,843

 
93,605

 
42,558

Total depreciation and amortization from Cloud Services and Digital Media
183,597

 
162,041

 
122,091

Corporate
3,577

 
—

 
—

Total depreciation and amortization
$
187,174

 
$
162,041

 
$
122,091


j2 Global maintains operations in the U.S., Canada, Ireland, Japan and other countries. Geographic information about the U.S. and all other countries for the reporting periods is presented below. Such information attributes revenues based on markets where revenues are reported (in thousands).
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Revenues:
 

 
 

 
 
United States
$
924,051

 
$
830,800

 
$
607,285

Canada
73,742

 
78,099

 
76,775

Ireland
69,291

 
74,430

 
71,340

All other countries
140,211

 
134,509

 
118,855

Total
$
1,207,295

 
$
1,117,838

 
$
874,255

 
December 31,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
Long-lived assets:
 

 
 

United States
$
530,785

 
$
452,143

All other countries
62,810

 
80,571

Total
$
593,595

 
$
532,714



-115-


18.
    Supplemental Cash Flows Information

Cash paid for interest during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $54.0 million, $35.8 million and $33.1 million, respectively, substantially all of which related to interest on outstanding debt and foreign taxes.

Cash paid for income taxes net of refunds received was $37.6 million, $51.1 million and $37.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The Company acquired property and equipment for $0.4 million, $0.3 million and $0.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which had not been yet paid at the end of each such year.
 
During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, j2 Global recorded the tax benefit from the exercise of stock options and restricted stock as a reduction of its income tax liability of $3.3 million, $2.9 million and $5.4 million, respectively.

In connection with the sale of Tea Leaves during the fourth quarter 2017, the Company received certain equity and debt securities as non-cash consideration valued in the amount of $57.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 (see Note 5 - Investments).

-116-


19.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated balances of other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 (in thousands):
 
Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments
 
Foreign Currency Translation
 
Total
Balance as of January 1, 2016
$
2,449

 
$
(31,573
)
 
$
(29,124
)
     Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
744

 
(23,076
)
 
(22,332
)
     Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income
(3,193
)
 
—

 
(3,193
)
Net current period other comprehensive loss
(2,449
)
 
(23,076
)
 
(25,525
)
Balance as of December 31, 2016
$
—

 
$
(54,649
)
 
$
(54,649
)
     Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
—

 
25,559

 
25,559

Net current period other comprehensive income
—

 
25,559

 
25,559

Balance as of December 31, 2017
$
—

 
$
(29,090
)
 
$
(29,090
)
     Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications
(1,418
)
 
(15,471
)
 
(16,889
)
Net current period other comprehensive loss
(1,418
)
 
(15,471
)
 
(16,889
)
Balance as of December 31, 2018
$
(1,418
)
 
$
(44,561
)
 
$
(45,979
)

The following table provides details about reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 (in thousands):
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss Components
 
Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Income) loss
 
Affected Line Item in the Statement of Income
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 
Year Ended December 31, 2016
 
 
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
(5,149
)
 
Other income, net
 
 
—

 
—

 
(5,149
)
 
Income before income taxes

 
 
—

 
—

 
1,956

 
Income tax expense
 
 
—

 
—

 
(3,193
)
 
Net income
Total reclassifications for the period
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
(3,193
)
 
Net income


-117-


20.
    Quarterly Results (unaudited)

The following tables contain selected unaudited statement of income information for each quarter of 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except share and per share data). j2 Global believes that the following information reflects all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the information for the periods presented. The operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.
 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
Fourth
Quarter
 
Third
Quarter
 
Second
Quarter
 
First
Quarter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenues
$
346,059

 
$
292,724

 
$
287,889

 
$
280,623

Gross profit
 
290,097

 
 
243,507

 
 
240,140

 
 
232,478

Net income
 
50,614

 
 
30,723

 
 
28,479

 
 
18,871

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income per common share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
1.04

 
$
0.63

 
$
0.59

 
$
0.39

Diluted
$
1.03

 
$
0.61

 
$
0.57

 
$
0.38

Weighted average shares outstanding
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
 
47,967,014

 
 
48,009,953

 
 
47,951,326

 
 
47,873,007

Diluted
 
48,505,023

 
 
49,279,217

 
 
49,218,521

 
 
48,706,717

 
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 
Fourth
Quarter
 
Third
Quarter
 
Second
Quarter
 
First
Quarter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenues
$
316,380

 
$
273,616

 
$
273,174

 
$
254,669

Gross profit
 
270,406

 
 
231,245

 
 
230,015

 
 
213,859

Net income
 
49,871

 
 
32,358

 
 
31,376

 
 
25,820

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income per common share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
1.03

 
$
0.67

 
$
0.65

 
$
0.54

Diluted
$
1.02

 
$
0.66

 
$
0.63

 
$
0.52

Weighted average shares outstanding
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
 
47,721,700

 
 
47,609,819

 
 
47,547,118

 
 
47,463,231

Diluted
 
48,437,580

 
 
48,521,082

 
 
48,948,315

 
 
48,766,031


21.    Subsequent Events
 
On January 7, 2019, j2 Cloud Services, LLC entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with certain lenders from time to time party thereto (collectively, the “Lenders”) and MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as sole lead arranger and as administrative agent for the Lenders (the “Agent”). Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the Lenders have provided j2 with a credit facility of $100.0 million (the “Credit Facility”) expandable to $150 million. The proceeds from the Credit Facility are intended to be used for working capital and general corporate purposes of j2 Cloud and its subsidiaries, including to finance certain permitted acquisitions and capital expenditures in accordance with the terms of the Credit Agreement. As of March 1, 2019 the Credit Facility has not been drawn upon.

On January 22, 2019, in a cash transaction, the Company acquired certain assets of iContact, LLC a North Carolina-based business providing email marketing solutions.

On January 28, 2019, the Company received a capital call notice from the management of OCV Management, LLC. for approximately $1.1 million which was paid on February 11, 2019. On February 4, 2019, the Company received a capital call notice from the management of OCV Management, LLC. for approximately $7.7 million which was paid on February 25, 2019.


-118-


On February 6, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.4450 per share of common stock payable on March 12, 2019 to all stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 25, 2019. The Company also announced that it extended the Company’s share repurchase program set to expire February 20, 2019 by an additional year.




-119-


Item 9. Changes In And Disagreements With Accountants On Accounting And Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A.
Controls and Procedures

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, j2 Global’s management, with the participation of Vivek Shah, our principal executive officer, and R. Scott Turicchi, our principal financial officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, Mr. Shah and Mr. Turicchi concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

j2 Global’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) for j2 Global. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, management has conducted an assessment, including testing, using the criteria in Internal Control – Integrated Framework, issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) using the 2013 framework. Our system of internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Based on its assessment, management has concluded that j2 Global’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. Management did not assess the effectiveness of
internal control over financial reporting of all the 2018 acquisitions (see Note 4 - Business Acquisitions) because of the timing of these acquisitions. These acquisitions combined constituted 13.2% of total assets as of December 31, 2018 and 4.7% of revenues for the year then ended. Our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 have been audited by BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in the attestation report which is included herein.

(c) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) which occurred during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.


-120-


(d) Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM



Shareholders and Board of Directors
j2 Global, Inc.
Los Angeles, California

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited j2 Global, Inc.’s (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and schedule, and our report dated March 1, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

As indicated in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of all the 2018 acquisitions, which are included in the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2018, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended. These acquisitions combined constituted approximately 13.2% of total assets as of December 31, 2018, and approximately 4.7% of revenues for the year then ended. Management did not assess the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of all the 2018 acquisitions because of the timing of these acquisitions. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of all the 2018 acquisitions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide

-121-


reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Los Angeles, California
March 1, 2019



-122-


Item 9B. Other Information

None.

PART III

Item 10.
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in our proxy statement (“2019 Proxy Statement”) for the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in our 2019 Proxy Statement.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in our 2019 Proxy Statement.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in our 2019 Proxy Statement.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in our 2019 Proxy Statement.

PART IV

Item 15.
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a) 1. Financial Statements.

The following financial statements are filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Income
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

2.   Financial Statement Schedule
 
The following financial statement schedule is filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
 
Schedule II-Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

All other schedules are omitted because they are not required or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.


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3.   Exhibits

The following exhibits are filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K or are incorporated herein by reference as indicated below (numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K). We shall furnish copies of exhibits for a reasonable fee (covering the expense of furnishing copies) upon request.

Exhibit No.
Exhibit Title
 
 
101.INS
XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

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____________________

(1)    Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Commission on April 16, 1999,
Registration No. 333-76477.
(2)    Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A filed with the Commission on April 30, 2001.
(3)    Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 1, 2002.
(4)    Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 3, 2006.
(5)    Incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to j2 Global’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Commission
on September 18, 2007.
(6)    Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on December 7, 2011.
(7)    Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 27, 2012.
(8)    Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 10, 2014.
(9)    Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Registration Statement on Form S-3ASR filed with the Commission on June 10,
2014, Registration No. 333-196640.
(10)    Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 17, 2014.
(11)    Incorporated by reference to Annex A to j2 Global’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Commission
on March 26, 2015.
(12)    Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Commission on May
6, 2015.
(13) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 27, 2016.
(14) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on December 5, 2016.
(15)    Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 1, 2017.
(16) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 27, 2017.
(17) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 8, 2018.
(18) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 1, 2018.
(19) Incorporated by reference to j2 Global’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on January 9, 2019.

Item 16.
Form 10-K Summary

None.




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SIGNATURE


Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on March 1, 2019.
 
 
j2 Global, Inc.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ VIVEK SHAH
 
 
 
Vivek Shah
 
 
 
Chief Executive Officer 
 
 
 
(Principal Executive Officer)

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated, in each case on March 1, 2019.
Signature
 
Title
 
 
 
   /s/    VIVEK SHAH
 
Chief Executive Officer and a Director
Vivek Shah
 
(Principal Executive Officer)
 
 
 
/s/    R. SCOTT TURICCHI
 
President and Chief Financial Officer
R. Scott Turicchi
 
(Principal Financial Officer)
 
 
 
/s/    STEVE P. DUNN
 
Chief Accounting Officer
Steve P. Dunn
 
 
 
 
 
/s/    RICHARD S. RESSLER
 
Chairman of the Board and a Director
Richard S. Ressler
 
 
 
 
 
/s/    DOUGLAS Y. BECH
 
Director
Douglas Y. Bech
 
 
 
 
 
   /s/    ROBERT J. CRESCI
 
Director
Robert J. Cresci
 
 
 
 
 
/s/    SARAH FAY
 
Director
Sarah Fay
 
 
 
 
 
/s/    JON MILLER
 
Director
Jon Miller
 
 
 
 
 
   /s/    STEPHEN ROSS
 
Director
Stephen Ross
 
 
 
 
 
/s/    WILLIAM B. KRETZMER
 
Director
William B. Kretzmer
 
 

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SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
(In thousands)

Description
 
Balance at
Beginning
of Period
 
Additions:
Charged to
Costs and
Expenses
 
Deductions:
Write-offs (1)
and recoveries
 
Balance
at End
of Period
Year Ended December 31, 2018:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for doubtful accounts
 
$
8,701

 
$
17,338

 
$
(15,617
)
 
$
10,422

Deferred tax asset valuation allowance
 
$
197

 
$
—

 
$
(153
)
 
$
44

Year Ended December 31, 2017:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for doubtful accounts
 
$
7,988

 
$
13,159

 
$
(12,446
)
 
$
8,701

Deferred tax asset valuation allowance
 
$
12,028

 
$
70

 
$
(11,901
)
 
$
197

Year Ended December 31, 2016:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for doubtful accounts
 
$
4,261

 
$
13,168

 
$
(9,441
)
 
$
7,988

Deferred tax asset valuation allowance
 
$
14,242

 
$
339

 
$
(2,553
)
 
$
12,028

______________________

(1)     Represents specific amounts written off that were considered to be uncollectible.





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