Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared by management in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 include the accounts of ApolloMed, its consolidated subsidiaries NMM, AMM, APAACO, and Apollo Care Connect, including ApolloMed's consolidated VIE, AP-AMH, NMM’s subsidiaries, APCN-ACO and AP-ACO, NMM’s consolidated VIE, APC, APC’s subsidiary, UCAP, and APC’s consolidated VIEs, CDSC, APC-LSMA, ICC, and APC-LSMA's consolidated subsidiaries Alpha Care and Accountable Health Care.

All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The more significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include collectability of receivables, recoverability of long-lived and intangible assets, business combination and goodwill valuation and impairment, accrual of medical liabilities (including historical medical loss ratios (“MLR”), and incurred, but not reported (“IBNR”) claims), determination of full-risk revenue and receivables (including constraints and completion factors), income taxes and valuation of share-based compensation. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, and makes adjustments when facts and circumstances dictate. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions.

Variable Interest Entities

On an ongoing basis, as circumstances indicate the need for reconsideration, the Company evaluates each legal entity that is not wholly owned by it in accordance with the consolidation guidance. The evaluation considers all of the Company’s variable interests, including equity ownership, as well as management services agreements (“MSA”). To fall within the scope of the consolidation guidance, an entity must meet both of the following criteria:


•	The entity has a legal structure that has been established to conduct business activities and to hold assets; such entity can be in the form of a partnership, limited liability company, or corporation, among others; and


•	The Company has a variable interest in the legal entity – i.e., variable interests that are contractual, such as equity ownership, or other financial interests that change with changes in the fair value of the entity’s net assets.

If an entity does not meet both criteria above, the Company applies other accounting guidance, such as the cost or equity method of accounting. If an entity does meet both criteria above, the Company evaluates such entity for consolidation under either the variable interest model if the legal entity meets any of the following characteristics to qualify as a VIE, or under the voting model for all other legal entities that are not VIEs.

A legal entity is determined to be a VIE if it has any of the following three characteristics:


•	The entity does not have sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support;


•	The entity is established with non-substantive voting rights (i.e., where the entity deprives the majority economic interest holder(s) of voting rights); or


•	The equity holders, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. Equity holders meet this criterion if they lack any of the following:


•	The power, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly influence the entity’s economic performance, as evidenced by:


•	Substantive participating rights in day-to-day management of the entity’s activities; or


•	Substantive kick-out rights over the party responsible for significant decisions;


•	The obligation to absorb the entity’s expected losses; or


•	The right to receive the entity’s expected residual returns.

If the Company concludes that any of the three characteristics of a VIE are met, the Company will conclude that the entity is a VIE and evaluate it for consolidation under the variable interest model.

Variable interest model

If an entity is determined to be a VIE, the Company evaluates whether the Company is the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary analysis is a qualitative analysis based on power and economics. The Company consolidates a VIE if both power and benefits belongs to the Company – that is, the Company (i) has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly influence the VIE’s economic performance (power), and (ii) has the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE (benefits). The Company consolidates VIEs whenever it is determined that the Company is the primary beneficiary. Refer Note 18 – “Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)” to the consolidated financial statements for information on the Company’s consolidated VIE. If there are variable interests in a VIE but the Company is not the primary beneficiary, the Company may account for the investment using the equity method of accounting, refer to Note 6 – “Investments in Other Entities” for entities that qualify as VIEs but the Company is not the primary beneficiary.

Business Combinations

The Company uses the acquisition method of accounting for all business combinations, which requires assets and liabilities of the acquiree to be recorded at fair value, to measure the fair value of the consideration transferred, including contingent consideration, to be determined on the acquisition date, and to account for acquisition related costs separately from the business combination.

Reportable Segments

The Company operates under one reportable segment, the healthcare delivery segment, and implements and operates innovative health care models to create a patient-centered, physician-centric experience. The Company reports its consolidated financial statements in the aggregate, including all activities in one reportable segment.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts disclosed in prior period financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no material effect on net income, cash flows or total assets.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of money market funds and certificates of deposit. The Company considers all highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible into known amounts of cash and mature within ninety days from their date of purchase to be cash equivalents.

The Company maintains its cash in deposit accounts with several banks, which at times may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured limits. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on its cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s deposit accounts with banks exceeded the FDIC’s insured limit by approximately $226.5 million, which included approximately $116.5 million in certificates of deposit that was treated as marketable securities (see section below) and $118.6 million, respectively. The Company has not experienced any losses to date and performs ongoing evaluations of these financial institutions to limit the Company’s concentration of risk exposure.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of cash held as collateral to secure standby letters of credits as required by certain contracts. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there was $0.1 million and $0, respectively, included in restricted cash short-term in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Investments in Marketable Securities

The appropriate classification of investments is determined at the time of purchase and such designation is reevaluated at each balance sheet date. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, marketable securities in the amount of approximately $116.5 million and $1.1 million, consist of certificates of deposit with various financial institutions with maturity dates from four months to twenty-four months (see fair value measurements of financial instruments below). Investments in certificates of deposits are classified as Level 1 investments in the fair value hierarchy.

Receivables and Receivables – Related Parties

The Company’s receivables are comprised of accounts receivable, capitation and claims receivable, risk pool settlements and incentive receivables, management fee income and other receivables. Accounts receivable are recorded and stated at the amount expected to be collected.

The Company’s receivables – related parties are comprised of risk pool settlements and incentive receivables, management fee income and other receivables. Receivables – related parties are recorded and stated at the amount expected to be collected.

Capitation and claims receivable relate to each health plan’s capitation, which is received by the Company in the month following the month of service. Risk pool settlements and incentive receivables mainly consist of the Company’s full risk pool receivable that is recorded quarterly based on reports received from our hospital partners and management’s estimate of the Company’s portion of the estimated risk pool surplus for open performance years. Settlement of risk pool surplus or deficits occurs approximately 18 months after the risk pool performance year is completed. Other receivables include fee-for-services (“FFS”) reimbursement for patient care, claims recovery, certain expense reimbursements, and stop loss insurance premium reimbursements.

The Company maintains reserves for potential credit losses on accounts receivable. Management reviews the composition of accounts receivable and analyzes historical bad debts, customer concentrations, customer credit worthiness, current economic trends and changes in customer payment patterns to evaluate the adequacy of these reserves. The Company also regularly analyzes the ultimate collectability of accounts receivable after certain stages of the collection cycle using a look-back analysis to determine the amount of receivables subsequently collected and adjustments are recorded when necessary. Reserves are recorded primarily on a specific identification basis.

Amounts are recorded as a receivable when the Company is able to determine amounts receivable under these contracts and/or agreements based on information provided and collection is reasonably likely to occur. The Company continuously monitors its collections of receivables and its policy is to write off receivables when they are determined to be uncollectible. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company's allowance for doubtful accounts were approximately $2.9 million and approximately $4.3 million, respectively.

Concentrations of Risks

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts by service type and payor type. This level of detail provides useful information pertaining to how the Company generates revenue by significant revenue stream and by type of direct contracts. The consolidated statements of income present disaggregated revenue by service type. All of the revenues are generated from healthcare delivery in the state of California. The following table presents disaggregated revenue generated by each payor type:



	Years Ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Commercial	$107,339,950		$113,000,115		$116,947,692
Medicare	226,001,659		226,353,120		120,448,509
Medicaid	192,595,964		134,904,142		92,590,894
Other third parties	34,680,524		45,650,375		26,368,835
Revenue	$	560,618,097	$	519,907,752	$	356,355,930

The Company had major payors that contributed the following percentages of net revenue:



	Years Ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Payor A	13.6	%	14.6	%	14.1	%
Payor B	13.4	%	18.7	%	18.1	%
Payor C	*%		*%		11.1	%
Payor D	*%		14.1	%	11.3	%
Payor E	11.7	%	14.1	%	*%
Payor F	12.9	%	*%		*%


*	Less than 10% of total net revenues

The Company had major payors that contributed to the following percentages of gross receivables:



	As of December 31,
	2019		2018
Payor G	30.4	%	34.1	%
Payor H	36.0	%	42.2	%

Land, Property and Equipment, Net

Land is carried at cost and is not depreciated as it is considered to have an infinite useful life.

Property and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is provided principally on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from three to ten years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the terms of the respective leases or the expected useful lives of those improvements.

Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Upon sale or retirement, the asset cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization is removed from the accounts, and any related gain or loss is included in the determination of consolidated net income.

Fair Value Measurements of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, investment in marketable securities, receivables, loans receivable – related parties, accounts payable, certain accrued expenses, capital lease obligations, bank loan, and current portion of long-term debt. The carrying values of the financial instruments classified as current in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are considered to be at their fair values, due to the short maturity of these instruments. The carrying amounts of the loans receivable – related parties, finance lease liabilities, net of current portion, operating lease liabilities, net of current portion, line of credit – related party, and long-term debt approximate fair value as they bear interest at rates that approximate current market rates for debt with similar maturities and credit quality.

Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”), applies to all financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured and reported on a fair value basis and requires disclosure that establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure about fair value measurements. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for disclosures of the inputs to valuations used to measure fair value.

This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows:

Level 1 —Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that can be accessed at the measurement date.

Level 2 —Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates and yield curves), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs).

Level 3 —Unobservable inputs that reflect assumptions about what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. These inputs would be based on the best information available, including the Company’s own data.

The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2019 are presented below:



	Fair Value Measurements
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Money market accounts*	$	50,731,008	$	—	$	—	$	50,731,008
Marketable securities – certificates of deposit	116,468,555		—		—		116,468,555
Marketable securities – equity securities	70,118		—		—		70,118

Total	$	167,269,681	$	—	$	—	$	167,269,681

The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2018 are presented below:



	Fair Value Measurements
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Money market accounts*	$	85,500,745	$	—	$	—	$	85,500,745
Marketable securities – certificates of deposit	1,066,103		—		—		1,066,103
Marketable securities – equity securities	60,999		—		—		60,999

Total	$	86,627,847	$	—	$	—	$	86,627,847


*	Included in cash and cash equivalents

There were no Level 2 or Level 3 inputs measured on a recurring or non-recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

There have been no changes in Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 classifications and no changes in valuation techniques for these assets for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets

Intangible assets with finite lives include network/payor relationships, management contracts and member relationships and are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization and impairment losses. These intangible assets are amortized on the accelerated method using the discounted cash flow rate.

Intangible assets with finite lives also include a patient management platform and tradename/trademarks whose valuations were determined using the cost to recreate method and the relief from royalty method, respectively. These assets are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization and impairment losses and is amortized using the straight-line method.

Finite-lived intangibles and long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the expected future cash flows from the use of such assets (undiscounted and without interest charges) are less than the carrying value, a write-down would be recorded to reduce the carrying value of the asset to its estimated fair value. Fair value is determined based on appropriate valuation techniques. The Company determined that there was no impairment of its finite-lived intangible or long-lived assets during the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2017 the Company wrote off the remaining carrying value of the intangible assets of APCN-ACO and AP-ACO of $2.4 million (included in impairment of goodwill and intangible assets in the accompanying consolidated statement of income), as these member relationships are no longer utilized by an entity controlled by NMM and therefore do not provide any future economic benefit.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Under FASB ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed at least annually for impairment.

At least annually, at the Company’s fiscal year end, or sooner if events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment has occurred, the Company performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to complete quantitative impairment assessments for each of the Company’s three main reporting units (1) management services, (2) IPA, and (3) ACO. The Company is required to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test only if the conclusion from the qualitative assessment is that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than the carrying value of its assets. Should this be the case, a quantitative analysis is performed to identify whether a potential impairment exists by comparing the estimated fair values of the reporting units with their respective carrying values, including goodwill.

The impairment test involves comparing the fair values of the applicable reporting units with their aggregate carrying values, including goodwill. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds the reporting unit's fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference. The fair values of goodwill are determined using valuation techniques based on estimates, judgments and assumptions management believes are appropriate in the circumstances.

At least annually, indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment. Impairment for intangible assets with indefinite lives exists if the carrying value of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value. The fair values of indefinite-lived intangible assets are determined using valuation techniques based on estimates, judgments and assumptions management believes are appropriate in the circumstances.

The Company wrote off indefinite-lived intangible assets of approximately $2.0 million related to Medicare licenses, acquired as part of the Merger, and approximately $3.8 million of goodwill related to MMG during the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, as the Company will no longer utilized these assets and therefore these assets will not provide any future economic benefits. The write-offs are included in impairment of goodwill and intangible assets in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (refer to Note 3 and 5). There was no impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Investments in Other Entities – Equity Method

Equity Method

The Company accounts for certain investments using the equity method of accounting when it is determined that the investment provides the Company with the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. Significant influence is generally deemed to exist if the Company has an ownership interest in the voting stock of the investee of between 20% and 50%, although other factors, such as representation on the investee’s board of directors, are considered in determining whether the equity method of accounting is appropriate. Under the equity method of accounting, the investment, originally recorded at cost, is adjusted to recognize the Company’s share of net earnings or losses of the investee and is recognized in the accompanying consolidated statements of income under “Loss from equity method investments” and also is adjusted by contributions to and distributions from the investee. Equity method investments are subject to impairment evaluation. During the years ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized an impairment loss of approximately $0.3 million related to its investment in PASC as the Company does not believe it will recover its investment balance. Such impairment loss is included in loss from equity method investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. There was no impairment loss recorded related to equity method investments for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Medical Liabilities

APC, Alpha Care, Accountable Health Care, APAACO and MMG are responsible for integrated care that the associated physicians and contracted hospitals provide to its enrollees. APC, Alpha Care, Accountable Health Care, APAACO and MMG provide integrated care to HMOs, Medicare and Medi-Cal enrollees through a network of contracted providers under sub-capitation and direct patient service arrangements. Medical costs for professional and institutional services rendered by contracted providers are recorded as cost of services expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

An estimate of amounts due to contracted physicians, hospitals, and other professional providers is included in medical liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Medical liabilities include claims reported as of the balance sheet date and estimated IBNR claims. Such estimates are developed using actuarial methods and are based on numerous variables, including the utilization of health care services, historical payment patterns, cost trends, product mix, seasonality, changes in membership, and other factors. The estimation methods and the resulting reserves are periodically reviewed and updated. Many of the medical contracts are complex in nature and may be subject to differing interpretations regarding amounts due for the provision of various services. Such differing interpretations may not come to light until a substantial period of time has passed following the contract implementation.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, as APAACO’s NGACO program was new and there was insufficient claims history, the medical liabilities for the NGACO program were estimated and recorded at 100% of the revenue less actual claims processed for or paid to in-network providers. The Company was notified by CMS that under the NGACO alternative payment arrangement the Company was paid an excess amount of approximately $34.5 million and $7.8 million related to the first performance year (January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017) and second performance year (February 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018) with 18 month claims run outs, respectively. The excess amount for the first performance year was paid by the Company on December 4, 2018, the excess for the second performance year will be paid in February 2020 and have been accrued in accounts payable and accrued expense account in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. The excess amount related to the first performance year was previously accrued as part of the medical liabilities accrual on December 31, 2017. In 2018 and 2019, the Company had sufficient claims history and was able to estimate such IBNR amount using the aforementioned method.

Revenue Recognition

The Company receives payments from the following sources for services rendered: (i) commercial insurers; (ii) the federal government under the Medicare program administered by CMS; (iii) state governments under the Medicaid and other programs; (iv) other third party payors (e.g., hospitals and IPAs); and (v) individual patients and clients.

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the new revenue recognition standard Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”, using the modified retrospective method. Modified retrospective adoption requires entities to apply the standard retrospectively to the most current period presented in the financial statements, requiring the cumulative effect of the retrospective application as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings and noncontrolling interests at the date of initial application. Revenue from substantially all of the Company’s contracts with customers continues to be recognized over time as services are rendered. The Company has elected to apply the modified retrospective method only to contracts not completed as of January 1, 2018. The 2017 comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for that period (“ASC 605”) (See Note 16).

Under the new revenue standard, the Company has elected to apply the following practical expedients and optional exemptions:


•	Recognize incremental costs of obtaining a contract with amortization periods of one year or less as expense when incurred. These costs are recorded within general and administrative expenses.


•	Recognize revenue in the amount of consideration to which the Company has a right to invoice the customer if that amount corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the Company’s services completed to date.

•

Exemptions from disclosing the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less, (ii) contracts for which revenue is recognized in the amount of consideration to which the Company has a right to invoice for services performed, and (iii) contracts for which variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct service that forms part of a single performance obligation.


•	Use a portfolio approach for the fee-for-service (FFS) revenue stream to group contracts with similar characteristics and analyze historical cash collections trends.


•	No adjustment is made for the effects of a significant financing component as the period between the time of service and time of payment is typically one year or less.

Nature of Services and Revenue Streams

Revenue primarily consists of capitation revenue, risk pool settlements and incentives, NGACO All-Inclusive Population-Based Payments (“AIPBP”) revenue, management fee income, and FFS revenue. Revenue is recorded in the period in which services are rendered or the period in which the Company is obligated to provide services. The form of billing and related risk of collection for such services may vary by type of revenue and the customer. The following is a summary of the principal forms of the Company’s billing arrangements and how revenue is recognized for each.

Capitation, net

Managed care revenues of the Company consist primarily of capitated fees for medical services provided by the Company under a capitated arrangement directly made with various managed care providers including HMOs. Capitation revenue is typically prepaid monthly to the Company based on the number of enrollees selecting the Company as their healthcare provider. Under both ASC 605 and ASC 606, capitation revenue is recognized in the month in which the Company is obligated to provide services to plan enrollees under contracts with various health plans. Minor ongoing adjustments to prior months’ capitation, primarily arising from contracted HMOs finalizing their monthly patient eligibility data for additions or subtractions of enrollees, are recognized in the month they are communicated to the Company. Additionally, Medicare pays capitation using a “Risk Adjustment” model, which compensates managed care organizations and providers based on the health status (acuity) of each individual enrollee. Health plans and providers with higher acuity enrollees will receive more and those with lower acuity enrollees will receive less. Under Risk Adjustment, capitation is determined based on health severity, measured using patient encounter data. Capitation is paid on a monthly basis based on data submitted for the enrollee for the preceding year and is adjusted in subsequent periods after the final data is compiled. Positive or negative capitation adjustments are made for Medicare enrollees with conditions requiring more or less healthcare services than assumed in the interim payments. Since the Company cannot reliably predict these adjustments, periodic changes in capitation amounts earned as a result of Risk Adjustment are recognized when those changes are communicated by the health plans to the Company.

PMPM managed care contracts generally have a term of one year or longer. All managed care contracts have a single performance obligation that constitutes a series for the provision of managed healthcare services for a population of enrolled members for the duration of the contract. The transaction price for PMPM contracts is variable as it primarily includes PMPM fees associated with unspecified membership that fluctuates throughout the contract. In certain contracts, PMPM fees also include adjustments for items such as performance incentives, performance guarantees and risk shares. The Company generally estimates the transaction price using the most likely methodology and amounts are only included in the net transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once any uncertainty is resolved. The majority of the Company’s net PMPM transaction price relates specifically to the Company’s efforts to transfer the service for a distinct increment of the series (e.g. day or month) and is recognized as revenue in the month in which members are entitled to service.

Risk Pool Settlements and Incentives

APC enters into full risk capitation arrangements with certain health plans and local hospitals, which are administered by a third party, where the hospital is responsible for providing, arranging and paying for institutional risk and APC is responsible for providing, arranging and paying for professional risk. Under a full risk pool sharing agreement, APC generally receives a percentage of the net surplus from the affiliated hospital’s risk pools with HMOs after deductions for the affiliated hospitals costs. Advance settlement payments are typically made quarterly in arrears if there is a surplus. Under ASC 605, the Company has historically recognized revenue from risk pool settlements under arrangements with health plans and hospitals when such amounts are known as the related revenue amounts were not deemed to be fixed and determinable until that time. Under ASC 606, risk pool settlements under arrangements with health plans and hospitals are recognized using the most likely amount methodology and amounts are only included in revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once any uncertainty is resolved. The assumptions for historical MLR, IBNR completion factor and constraint percentages were used by management in applying the most likely amount methodology.

Under capitated arrangements with certain HMOs APC participates in one or more shared risk arrangements relating to the provision of institutional services to enrollees (shared risk arrangements) and thus can earn additional revenue or incur losses based upon the enrollee utilization of institutional services. Shared risk capitation arrangements are entered into with certain health plans, which are administered by the health plan, where APC is responsible for rendering professional services, but the health plan does not enter into a capitation arrangement with a hospital and therefore the health plan retains the institutional risk. Shared risk deficits, if any, are not payable until and unless (and only to the extent of any) risk sharing surpluses are generated. At the termination of the HMO contract, any accumulated deficit will be extinguished.

Under ASC 605, the Company has historically recognized revenue from risk pool settlements under arrangements with HMOs when such amounts are known. Under ASC 606, risk pool settlements under arrangements with HMOs are recognized, using the most likely methodology, and only included in revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur. Given the lack of access to the health plans’ data and control over the members assigned to APC, the adjustments and/or the withheld amounts are unpredictable and as such APC’s risk share revenue is deemed to be fully constrained until APC is notified of the amount by the health plan. Risk pools for the prior contract years are generally final settled in the third or fourth quarter of the following year.

In addition to risk-sharing revenues, the Company also receives incentives under “pay-for-performance” programs for quality medical care, based on various criteria. As an incentive to control enrollee utilization and to promote quality care, certain HMOs have designed quality incentive programs and commercial generic pharmacy incentive programs to compensate the Company for our efforts to improve the quality of services and efficient and effective use of pharmacy supplemental benefits provided to HMO members. The incentive programs track specific performance measures and calculate payments to the Company based on the performance measures. Under ASC 605, the Company has historically recognized incentives under “pay-for-performance” programs when such amounts are known as the related revenue amounts were not deemed to be fixed and determinable until that time. Under ASC 606, incentives under “pay-for-performance” programs are recognized using the most likely methodology. However, as the Company does not have sufficient insight from the health plans on the amount and timing of the shared risk pool and incentive payments these amounts are considered to be fully constrained and only recorded when such payments are known and/or received.

Generally, for the foregoing arrangements, the final settlement is dependent on each distinct day’s performance within the annual measurement period but cannot be allocated to specific days until the full measurement period has occurred and performance can be assessed. As such, this is a form of variable consideration estimated at contract inception and updated through the measurement period (i.e. the contract year), to the extent the risk of reversal does not exist and the consideration is not constrained.

NGACO AIPBP Revenue

APAACO and CMS entered into a Next Generation ACO Model Participation Agreement (the “Participation Agreement”) with an initial term of two performance years through December 31, 2018, which has been extended for another two renewal years.

For each performance year, the Company shall submit to CMS its selections for risk arrangement; the amount of the profit/loss cap; alternative payment mechanism; benefits enhancements, if any; and its decision regarding voluntary alignment under the NGACO Model. The Company must obtain CMS consent before voluntarily discontinuing any benefit enhancement during a performance year.

Under the NGACO Model, CMS aligns beneficiaries to the Company to manage (direct care and pay providers) based on a budgetary benchmark established with CMS. The Company is responsible for managing medical costs for these beneficiaries. The beneficiaries will receive services from physicians and other medical service providers that are both in-network and out-of-network. The Company receives capitation from CMS on a monthly basis to pay claims from in-network providers. The Company records such capitation received from CMS as revenue as the Company is primarily responsible and liable for managing the patient care and for satisfying provider obligations, is assuming the credit risk for the services provided by in-network providers through its arrangement with CMS, and has control of the funds, the services provided and the process by which the providers are ultimately paid. Claims from out-of-network providers are processed and paid by CMS and the Company’s shared savings or losses in managing the services provided by out-of-network providers are generally determined on an annual basis after reconciliation with CMS. Pursuant to the Company’s risk share agreement with CMS, the Company will be eligible to receive the savings or be liable for the deficit according to the budget established by CMS based on the Company’s efficiency or lack thereof, respectively, in managing how the beneficiaries aligned to the Company by CMS are served by in-network and out-of-network providers. The Company’s savings or losses on providing such services are both capped by CMS, and are subject to significant estimation risk, whereby payments can vary significantly depending upon certain patient characteristics and other variable factors. Accordingly, the Company recognizes such surplus or deficit upon substantial completion of reconciliation and determination of the amounts. Under both ASC 605 and ASC 606, the Company records NGACO capitation revenues monthly, as that is when the Company is obligated to provide services to its members. Excess, over claims paid plus an estimate for the related IBNR (see Note 9), monthly capitation received are deferred and recorded as a liability until actual claims are paid or incurred. CMS will determine if there were any excess capitation paid for the performance year and the excess is refunded to CMS.

For each performance year, CMS shall pay the Company in accordance with the alternative payment mechanism, if any, for which CMS has approved the Company; the risk arrangement for which the Company has been approved by CMS; and as otherwise provided in the Participation Agreement. Following the end of each performance year and at such other times as may be required under the Participation Agreement, CMS will issue a settlement report to the Company setting forth the amount of any shared savings or shared losses and the amount of other monies. If CMS owes the Company shared savings or other monies, CMS shall pay the Company in full within 30 days after the date on which the relevant settlement report is deemed final, except as provided in the Participation Agreement. If the Company owes CMS shared losses or other monies owed as a result of a final settlement, the Company shall pay CMS in full within 30 days after the relevant settlement report is deemed final. If the Company fails to pay the amounts due to CMS in full within 30 days after the date of a demand letter or settlement report, CMS shall assess simple interest on the unpaid balance at the rate applicable to other Medicare debts under current provisions of law and applicable regulations. In addition, CMS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury may use any applicable debt collection tools available to collect any amounts owed by the Company.

The Company participates in the AIPBP track of the NGACO Model. Under the AIPBP track, CMS estimates the total annual expenditures for APAACO’s assigned patients and pays that projected amount to the Company in monthly installments, and the Company is responsible for all Part A and Part B costs for in-network participating providers and preferred providers contracted by the Company to provide services to the assigned patients.

As APAACO does not have sufficient insight into the financial performance of the shared risk pool with CMS because of unknown factors related to IBNR, risk adjustment factors, stop loss provisions, among other factors, an estimate cannot be developed. Due to these limitations, APAACO cannot determine the amount of surplus or deficit that will probably not be reversed in the future and therefore this shared risk pool revenue is considered fully constrained. The Company received $0.9 million and $5.9 million in risk pool savings, related to the 2018 and 2017 performance year, respectively, and have recognized it as revenue in risk pool settlements and incentives in the accompanying consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

In October 2017, CMS notified the Company that it would not be renewed for participation in the AIPBP mechanism of the NGACO Model for performance year 2018 due to certain alleged deficiencies in performance. The Company submitted a reconsideration request. In December 2017, the Company received the official decision on its reconsideration request that CMS reversed the prior decision against the Company’s continued participation in the AIPBP mechanism. As a result, beginning in February 2018, the Company was eligible to receive monthly AIPBP at a rate of approximately $7.3 million per month from CMS, which was reduced to $5.5 million per month beginning October 1, 2018. The Company will need to continue to comply with all terms and conditions in the Participation Agreement and various regulatory requirements to be eligible to participate in the AIPBP mechanism and/or NGACO Model. The Company continues to be eligible in receiving AIPBP under the NGACO Model for performance year 2019, with the effective date of the performance year beginning April 1, 2019. The monthly AIPBP received by the Company for performance year 2019 was approximately $8.3 million per month for the period from April 1, 2019 through August 30, 2019. Subsequently, CMS adjusted the AIPBP to approximately $3.7 million for the period starting September 1, 2019 based on CMS' updated estimate of total claims to be incurred. The Company has received approximately $56.1 million in total AIPBP for the year ended December 31, 2019 of which $56.1 million has been recognized as revenue. The Company also recorded assets of approximately $6.5 million related to recoverable claims paid during the year ended December 31, 2019 which will be administered following instructions from CMS, a receivable of $8.5 million related to IBNR incurred, $3.0 million related to final settlement of the 2017 performance year, and $0.9 million related to the Company's shared risk earnings for the 2018 performance year. These balances are included in “Other receivables” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

Management Fee Income

Management fee income encompasses fees paid for management, physician advisory, healthcare staffing, administrative and other non-medical services provided by the Company to IPAs, hospitals and other healthcare providers. Such fees may be in the form of billings at agreed-upon hourly rates, percentages of revenue or fee collections, or amounts fixed on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis. The revenue may include variable arrangements measuring factors such as hours staffed, patient visits or collections per visit against benchmarks, and, in certain cases, may be subject to achieving quality metrics or fee collections. Under both ASC 605 and ASC 606, such variable supplemental revenues are recognized as revenue in the period when such amounts are determined to be fixed and therefore contractually obligated as payable by the customer under the terms of the respective agreement. The Company’s MSA revenue also includes revenue sharing payments from the Company’s partners based on their non-medical services.

The Company provides a significant service of integrating the services selected by the Company’s clients into one overall output for which the client has contracted. Therefore, such management contracts generally contain a single performance obligation. The nature of the Company’s performance obligation is to stand ready to provide services over the contractual period. Also, the Company’s performance obligation forms a series of distinct periods of time over which the Company stands ready to perform. The Company’s performance obligation is satisfied as the Company completes each period’s obligations.

Consideration from management contracts is variable in nature because the majority of the fees are generally based on revenue or collections, which can vary from period to period. The Company has control over pricing. Contractual fees are invoiced to the Company’s clients generally monthly and payment terms are typically due within 30 days. The variable consideration in the Company’s management contracts meets the criteria to be allocated to the distinct period of time to which it relates because (i) it is due to the activities performed to satisfy the performance obligation during that period and (ii) it represents the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled.

The Company’s management contracts generally have long terms (e.g., ten years), although they may be terminated earlier under the terms of the respective contracts. Since the remaining variable consideration will be allocated to a wholly unsatisfied promise that forms part of a single performance obligation recognized under the series guidance, the Company has applied the optional exemption to exclude disclosure of the allocation of the transaction price to remaining performance obligations.

Fee-for-Service Revenue

FFS revenue represents revenue earned under contracts in which the Company bills and collects the professional component of charges for medical services rendered by the Company’s contracted physicians and employed physicians. Under the FFS arrangements, the Company bills, and receive payments from, the hospitals and third-party payors for physician staffing and further bills patients or their third-party payors for patient care services provided. Under both ASC 605 and ASC 606, FFS revenue related to the patient care services is reported net of contractual allowances and policy discounts and are recognized in the period in which the services are rendered to specific patients. All services provided are expected to result in cash flows and are therefore reflected as net revenue in the financial statements. The recognition of net revenue (gross charges less contractual allowances) from such services is dependent on such factors as proper completion of medical charts following a patient visit, the forwarding of such charts to the Company’s billing center for medical coding and entering into the Company’s billing system and the verification of each patient’s submission or representation at the time services are rendered as to the payor(s) responsible for payment of such services. Revenue is recorded based on the information known at the time of entering of such information into the Company’s billing systems as well as an estimate of the revenue associated with medical services.

The Company is responsible for confirming member eligibility, performing program utilization review, potentially directing payment to the provider and accepting the financial risk of loss associated with services rendered, as specified within the Company’s client contracts. The Company has the ability to adjust contractual fees with clients and possess the financial risk of loss in certain contractual obligations. These factors indicate the Company is the principal and, as such, the Company records gross fees contracted with clients in revenues.

Consideration from FFS arrangements is variable in nature because fees are based on patient encounters, credits due to clients and reimbursement of provider costs, all of which can vary from period to period. Patient encounters and related episodes of care and procedures qualify as distinct goods and services, provided simultaneously together with other readily available resources, in a single instance of service, and thereby constitute a single performance obligation for each patient encounter and, in most instances, occur at readily determinable transaction prices. As a practical expedient, the Company adopted a portfolio approach for the FFS revenue stream to group contracts with similar characteristics and analyze historical cash collections trends. The contracts within the portfolio share the characteristics conducive to ensuring that the results do not materially differ under the new standard if it were to be applied to individual patient contracts related to each patient encounter. Accordingly, there was not a change in the Company's method to recognize revenue under ASC 606 from the previous accounting guidance.

Estimating net FFS revenue is a complex process, largely due to the volume of transactions, the number and complexity of contracts with payors, the limited availability at times of certain patient and payor information at the time services are provided, and the length of time it takes for collections to fully mature. These expected collections are based on fees and negotiated payment rates in the case of third-party payors, the specific benefits provided for under each patient's healthcare plans, mandated payment rates in the case of Medicare and Medicaid programs, and historical cash collections (net of recoveries) in combination with expected collections from third party payors.

The relationship between gross charges and the transaction price recognized is significantly influenced by payor mix, as collections on gross charges may vary significantly, depending on whether and with whom the patients the Company provides services to in the period are insured and the Company's contractual relationships with those payors. Payor mix is subject to change as additional patient and payor information is obtained after the period services are provided. The Company periodically assesses the estimates of unbilled revenue, contractual adjustments and discounts, and payor mix by analyzing actual results, including cash collections, against estimates. Changes in these estimates are charged or credited to the consolidated statement of income in the period that the assessment is made. Significant changes in payor mix, contractual arrangements with payors, specialty mix, acuity, general economic conditions and health care coverage provided by federal or state governments or private insurers may have a significant impact on estimates and significantly affect the results of operations and cash flows.

Contract Assets

Typically, revenues and receivables are recognized once the Company has satisfied its performance obligation. Accordingly, the Company’s contract assets are comprised of receivables and receivables – related parties. Generally, the Company does not have material amounts of other contract assets.

The Company's billing and accounting systems provide historical trends of cash collections and contractual write-offs, accounts receivable aging and established fee adjustments from third-party payors. These estimates are recorded and monitored monthly as revenues are recognized. The principal exposure for uncollectible fee for service visits is from self-pay patients and, to a lesser extent, for co-payments and deductibles from patients with insurance.

Contract Liabilities (Deferred Revenue)

Contract liabilities are recorded when cash payments are received in advance of the Company’s performance, or in the case of the Company’s NGACO, the excess of AIPBP capitation received and the actual claims paid or incurred. The Company’s contract liability balance was $8.9 million and $9.1 million as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and is presented within the “Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses” line item of the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Approximately $0.5 million of the Company’s contracted liability accrued in 2018 has been recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2019.

Income Taxes

Federal and state income taxes are computed at currently enacted tax rates less tax credits using the asset and liability method. Deferred taxes are adjusted both for items that do not have tax consequences and for the cumulative effect of any changes in tax rates from those previously used to determine deferred tax assets or liabilities. Tax provisions include amounts that are currently payable, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities that arise because of temporary differences between the timing of when items of income and expense are recognized for financial reporting and income tax purposes, changes in the recognition of tax positions and any changes in the valuation allowance caused by a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts expected to be realized.

The Company uses a recognition threshold of more-likely-than-not and a measurement attribute on all tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return in order to be recognized in the financial statements. Once the recognition threshold is met, the tax position is then measured to determine the actual amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements.

Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the periods presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the effect of dilutive securities outstanding during the periods presented, using treasury stock method. See Note 17 for a discussion of shares treated as treasury shares for accounting purposes.

The weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (the denominator of the EPS calculation) during the period in which the reverse acquisition occurred (2017) was computed as follows:


a)	The number of common shares outstanding from the beginning of that period to the acquisition date was computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares of the legal acquiree (accounting acquirer - NMM) outstanding during the period multiplied by the exchange ratio established in the Merger.


b)	The number of common shares outstanding from the acquisition date to the end of that period was the actual number of common shares of the legal acquirer (the accounting acquire -ApolloMed) outstanding during that period.

Noncontrolling Interests

The Company consolidates entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. The Company consolidates subsidiaries in which the Company holds, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the voting rights, and variable interest entities (VIEs) in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Noncontrolling interests represent third-party equity ownership interests (including certain VIEs) in the Company’s consolidated entities. The amount of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests is disclosed in the consolidated statements of income.

Mezzanine Equity

Based on the shareholder agreements for APC, in the event of a disqualifying event, as defined in the agreements, APC could be required to repurchase the shares from their respective shareholders based on certain triggers outlined in the shareholder agreements. As the redemption feature of the shares is not solely within the control of APC, the equity of APC does not qualify as permanent equity and has been classified as mezzanine or temporary equity. Accordingly, the Company recognizes noncontrolling interests in APC as mezzanine equity in the consolidated financial statements. APC’s shares are not redeemable and it is not probable that the shares will become redeemable as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASC 842”), which amends the existing accounting standards for leases to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet. Most prominent among the changes in the standard is the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases. Under the standard, disclosures are required to meet the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases.

The Company adopted ASC 842 effective January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis using the following practical expedients as permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard; (i) not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases; not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; not reassess initial direct costs for existing leases; and (ii) use hindsight in determining the lease term and in assessing impairment of the entity’s right-of-use assets. The Company has also implemented additional internal controls to enable future preparation of financial information in accordance with ASC 842.

The standard had a material impact on our consolidated balance sheets, but did not materially impact our consolidated results of operations and had no impact on cash flows. The most significant impact was the recognition of right-of-use assets of $9.0 million and lease liabilities of $8.9 million for operating leases on the date of adoption, while our accounting for finance leases remained substantially unchanged. The 2018 comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for that period (ASC 840). See Note 19 for further details.

In addition, the Company elected practical expedients for ongoing accounting that is provided by the new standard comprised of the following: (1) the election for classes of underlying asset to not separate non-lease components from lease components, and (2) the election for short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases under 12 months term.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326)-Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”). The new standard requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. ASU 2016-13 became effective on January 1, 2020. Based on the composition of the Company's investment portfolio and historical credit loss activity of receivables, the adoption of ASU 2016-13 is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, “Earnings Per Share (Topic 260): Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480); Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): (Part 1) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Non-controlling Interests with a Scope Exception” (“ASU 2017-11”). The amendments in Part I of this Update change the classification analysis of certain equity-linked financial instruments (or embedded features) with down round features. When determining whether certain financial instruments should be classified as liabilities or equity instruments, a down round feature no longer precludes equity classification when assessing whether the instrument is indexed to an entity’s own stock. The amendments also clarify existing disclosure requirements for equity-classified instruments. The amendments in Part 1 of this update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company adopted ASU 2017-11 on January 1, 2019. The adoption of ASU 2017-11 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, “Consolidation (Topic 810): Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities” (“ASU 2018-17”). This ASU reduces the cost and complexity of financial reporting associated with consolidation of variable interest entities (VIEs). A VIE is an organization in which consolidation is not based on a majority of voting rights. The new guidance supersedes the private company alternative for common control leasing arrangements issued in 2014 and expands it to all qualifying common control arrangements. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2018-17 is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes" ("ASU 2019-12"). This ASU simplifies the accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exceptions to the guidance in ASC 740 related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the adoption of ASU 2019-12 will have on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-01, "Investments - Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815)" ("ASU 2020-01"). This ASU clarifies the interaction between accounting for equity securities, equity method investments and certain derivative instruments. This amendment in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the adoption of ASU 2020-01 will have on the Company's consolidation financial statements.

With the exception of the new standards discussed above, there have been no other new accounting pronouncements that have significance, or potential significance, to the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows.