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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2019
Income Taxes  
Income Taxes

8. Income Taxes

Provisional income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $10.6 million and $29.5 million, respectively, compared to minimal amounts for the same periods in 2018 as a full valuation allowance was maintained on the Company's gross deferred taxes. The difference between the Company’s effective income tax rate of 18% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% is primarily attributable to state income tax, non-deductible expenses and noncontrolling interest.