During the first quarter of 2020, Innoviva acquired 8,710,800 shares of common stock as well as warrants to purchase 8,710,800 additional shares of common stock of Armata Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Armata”) for approximately $25.0 million in cash. Armata is a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on precisely targeted bacteriophage therapeutics for antibiotic-resistant infections.

During the first quarter of 2021, ISO entered into a securities purchase agreement with Armata to acquire 6,153,847 shares of Armata common stock and warrants to purchase 6,153,847 additional shares of Armata common stock for approximately $20.0 million. Armata also entered into a voting agreement with the Company and ISO, pursuant to which the Company and ISO agreed not to vote or take any action by written consent with respect to any common shares held by the Company and ISO that represent, in the aggregate, more than 49.5% of the total number of shares of Armata’s common stock for voting on the matters related to election or removal of Armata’s board members. The voting agreement will expire the earlier of the second anniversary of the agreement effective date and approval by the FDA of any of Armata’s product candidates for marketing and commercial distribution. During the fourth quarter of 2021, ISO also purchased an additional 1,212,122 shares of Armata common stock for approximately $4.0 million.

On February 9, 2022, ISO entered into a securities purchase agreement with Armata to acquire 9,000,000 shares of Armata common stock and warrants to purchase 4,500,000 additional shares of common stock with an exercise price of $5.00 per share for $45.0 million. The investment closed in two tranches on February 9, 2022 and March 31, 2022. The investment is intended to aid Armata in advancing its clinical pipeline and strengthening its bacteriophage platform. On February 9, 2022, Armata also entered a second amended and restated voting agreement with the Company and ISO, pursuant to which the Company and ISO agreed not to vote or take any action by written consent with respect to any common shares held by the Company and ISO that represent, in the aggregate, more than 49.5% of the total number of shares of Armata’s common stock for voting on the matters related to election or removal of Armata’s board members or amend the bylaws of Armata to reduce the maximum number of directors or set the number of directors who may serve on the board of Armata. The voting agreement will expire the earlier of the second anniversary of the agreement effective date and approval by the FDA of any of Armata’s product candidates for marketing and commercial distribution. In addition, as of February 9, 2022, Armata entered into an amended and restated investor rights agreement with the Company and ISO, pursuant to which for as long as the Company and ISO hold at least 12.5% of the outstanding shares of Armata’s common stock on a fully-diluted, the Company and ISO shall have the right to designate two directors to Armata’s board of directors, and for so long as the Company and ISO hold at least 8%, but less than 12.5%, of the outstanding shares of Armata’s common stock on a fully-diluted basis, the Company and ISO shall have the right to designate one director to Armata’s board of directors, subject to certain conditions and qualifications set forth in the amended and restated investor rights agreement. As of June 30, 2023, three of the seven members of Armata’s board of directors are also members of the board of directors of Innoviva. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company and ISO owned approximately 69.4%, of Armata’s common stock.

On January 10, 2023, we entered into a Secured Convertible Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Armata, under which we extended a one-year convertible note (the "Armata Convertible Note") in an aggregate amount of $30.0 million at an interest rate of 8.0% per annum. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the balance on the Armata Convertible Note, including all accrued and unpaid interest thereon, will convert into shares of Armata's common stock upon the occurrence of a qualified financing, as defined in the Credit Agreement. Any portion of the balance on the Armata Convertible Note, including all accrued and unpaid interest thereon, may also be converted into shares of Armata's common stock at our option once a registration statement covering the resale of such securities has been declared effective by the SEC. The Armata Convertible Note is secured by substantially all of the assets of Armata and its domestic and foreign material subsidiaries.

The investments in Armata's common stock and warrants provide Innoviva and ISO the ability to have significant influence, but not control over Armata’s operations. Armata’s business and affairs are managed under the direction of its board of directors, which Innoviva and ISO do not control. Based on our evaluation, we determined that Armata is a VIE, but Innoviva and ISO are not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. We have not provided financial or other support that we were not previously contractually required to provide during the periods presented. Our maximum exposure to loss is equal to the amount we invested in the entity.

We account for Armata’s common stock and warrants under the equity method using the fair value option. The fair value of Armata’s common stock is measured based on its closing market price. The warrants purchased in 2020, 2021 and 2022 have an exercise price of $2.87, $3.25 and $5.00 per share, respectively. All warrants are exercisable immediately within five years from the issuance date of the warrants and include a cashless exercise option. We use the Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model to estimate the fair value of these warrants with the following input assumptions: Armata’s closing market price on the valuation date, the risk-free interest rate computed based on the U.S. Treasury yield, the remaining contractual term as the expected term, and the expected stock price volatility calculated based on the historical volatility of the common stock of Armata and its peer companies. We account for the Armata Convertible Note as a trading security, measured at fair value using a Monte Carlo simulation model with the probability of certain qualified events and the assumptions of risk-free rate, volatility of stock price and timing of certain qualified events.

As of June 30, 2023, the fair values of our holdings of Armata common stock, warrants and the Armata Convertible Note were estimated at $28.6 million, $6.5 million and $31.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the fair values of our holdings of Armata common stock and warrants were estimated at $31.1 million and $8.1 million, respectively. For the Armata common stock and warrants, we recorded $19.9 million and $4.1 million in unrealized loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, as changes in fair values of equity method investments, net, in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we recorded $42.8 million and $47.0 million unrealized loss, respectively, as changes in fair values of equity and long-term investments, net, in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. For the Armata Convertible Note, we recorded $1.7 million unrealized loss and $1.1 million unrealized gain as changes in fair values of equity and long-term investments, net, in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of income for three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

During the third quarter of 2020, TRC purchased 20,469,432 shares of Series C preferred stock and a warrant to purchase 5,117,358 additional shares of Series C preferred stock of InCarda Therapeutics, Inc. (“InCarda”) (the “InCarda 2020 Warrant”) for $15.8 million, which included $0.8 million of transaction costs. InCarda is a privately held biopharmaceutical company focused on developing inhaled therapies for cardiovascular diseases. The investment is intended to fund the ongoing clinical development of InRhythmTM (flecainide for inhalation), InCarda’s lead program, for the treatment of a recent-onset episode of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. On July 20, 2022, under the terms of the TRC Equity Purchase Agreement, TRC transferred to Innoviva’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Innoviva TRC Holdings, LLC (“ITH”) all of TRC’s ownership interests and investments in InCarda. ITH has the right to designate one member to InCarda’s board of directors. As of June 30, 2023, none of InCarda’s six board members was designated by ITH. We did not exercise the InCarda 2020 Warrant which expired in March 2023 and wrote off its carrying value of $0.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

On March 9, 2022, TRC entered into a Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement (the “InCarda Agreement”) with InCarda to acquire a convertible promissory note (the “InCarda Convertible Note”) and warrants (the “InCarda 2022 Warrant”) for $0.7 million. The InCarda 2022 Warrant expires on March 9, 2027 and is measured at fair value.

On June 15, 2022, the principal amount and the accrued interest of the InCarda Convertible Note were converted into equity securities. In addition, TRC participated in InCarda’s Series D preferred stock financing by investing $2.3 million. In connection with the new round of financing, InCarda recapitalized its equity structure resulting in TRC owning 4,093,886 shares of InCarda’s common stock, 37,350 shares of its Series A-1 preferred stock, 20,469,432 shares of its Series C preferred stock, 8,771,780 shares of its Series D-1 preferred stock, 3,369,802 shares of its Series D-2 preferred stock, a warrant to purchase 5,117,358 shares of its Series C preferred stock at $0.73 per share and a warrant to purchase 2,490,033 shares of its Series D-1 preferred stock at $0.20 per share.

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we held 8.1% and 9.0% of InCarda equity ownership, respectively. Our investment in InCarda does not provide us with the ability to control or have significant influence over InCarda’s operations. Based on our evaluation, we determined that InCarda is a VIE, but we are not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. We have not provided financial or other support that we were not previously contractually required to provide during the periods presented. Our maximum exposure to loss is equal to the amount we invested in the entity.

We account for our investments in InCarda under the measurement alternative. Under the measurement alternative, the equity investment is initially recorded at its allocated cost, but the carrying value may be adjusted through earnings upon an impairment or when there is an observable price change involving the same or a similar investment with the same issuer. Due to InCarda’s equity recapitalization in the second quarter of 2022, TRC reassessed the value of its investments in InCarda using the Option Pricing Model Backsolve valuation methodology. Key assumptions used in the valuation model included an expected holding period of two years, a risk-free interest rate of 3.2%, a dividend yield of 0.0% and an estimated volatility of 122.0%. The estimated volatility was calculated based on the historical volatility of a selected peer group of public companies comparable to InCarda. We recognized an impairment charge of $9.0 million during the second quarter of 2022.

Due to certain changes in InCarda’s business operations during the second quarter of 2023, TRC reassessed the value of its investments in InCarda using the Option Pricing Model methodology. Key assumptions used in the valuation model included an expected holding period of two years, a risk-free interest rate of 4.9%, a dividend yield of 0.0% and an estimated volatility of 114.2%. The estimated volatility was calculated based on the historical volatility of a selected peer group of public companies comparable to InCarda. We recognized an impairment charge of $2.9 million during the second quarter of 2023.

As of June 30, 2023, we recorded $4.8 million in fair value of InCarda’s Series C preferred stock and $0.2 million in fair value of Series D warrants (the “InCarda Preferred Stock Warrants”). As of December 31, 2022, we recorded $6.8 million in fair value of InCarda’s Series C preferred stock and $0.6 million in fair value of the InCarda Preferred Stock Warrants. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we recognized $2.7 million and $3.2 million, respectively, for InCarda’s Series D-1 preferred stock, Series D-2 preferred stock, and common stock using the measurement alternative. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we recorded $2.9 million and $3.0 million in net unrealized loss, respectively, as changes in fair values of equity and long-term investments, net, in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we recorded $9.6 million and $9.0 million in net unrealized loss, respectively, as changes in fair values of equity and long-term investments, net, in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.

On March 18, 2021, TRC entered into a securities purchase agreement with ImaginAb, to purchase 4,051,724 shares of ImaginAb Series C preferred stock for $4.7 million. On the same day, TRC also entered into a securities purchase agreement with one of ImaginAb’s common stockholders to purchase 4,097,157 shares of ImaginAb common stock for $1.3 million. ImaginAb is a privately held biotechnology company focused on clinically managing cancer and autoimmune diseases via molecular imaging. $0.4 million was incurred for investment due diligence costs and execution and recorded as part of the equity investment in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

On July 20, 2022, under the terms of the TRC Equity Purchase Agreement, TRC transferred to ITH all of TRC’s ownership interests and investments in ImaginAb.

On March 14, 2023, ITH entered into a securities purchase agreement with ImaginAb to purchase 270,568 shares of ImaginAb Series C-2 preferred stock for $0.6 million. As of June 30, 2023, one of ImaginAb’s six board members was designated by ITH. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we held 12.6% and 12.7%, respectively, of ImaginAb equity ownership.

Our investment in ImaginAb does not provide us with the ability to control or have significant influence over ImaginAb’s operations. Based on our evaluation, we determined that ImaginAb is a VIE, but we are not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. We have not provided financial or other support that we were not previously contractually required to provide during the periods presented. Our maximum exposure to loss is equal to the amount we invested in the entity.

Because ImaginAb’s equity securities are not publicly traded and do not have a readily determinable fair value, we account for our investment in ImaginAb’s Series C preferred stock, Series C-2 preferred stock and common stock using the measurement alternative. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $7.0 million and $6.4 million, respectively, was recorded as equity and long-term investments in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and there was no change to the fair value of our investment.

On November 24, 2021, TRC entered into a Convertible Promissory Note Purchase Agreement with Gate to acquire a convertible promissory note (the “Gate Convertible Note”) with a principal amount of $15.0 million. Gate is a privately held biopharmaceutical company focused on developing the next generation of targeted nervous system therapies, leveraging precision medicine approaches to develop breakthrough drugs for psychiatric and neurologic diseases. The investment is intended to fund Gate's ongoing development and research. The Gate Convertible Note bears an annual interest rate of 8% and will convert into shares of common stock of Gate upon a qualified event or into shares of shadow preferred stock of Gate (“Shadow Preferred”) upon a qualified financing. A qualifying event can be a qualified initial price offering, a qualified merger, or a merger with a special-purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”). Shadow Preferred means preferred stock having identical rights, preferences and restrictions as the preferred stock that would be issued in a qualified financing.

The number of common stock shares to be issued in a qualified event shall be equal to the amount due on the conversion date divided by the lesser of a capped conversion price (the “Capped Conversion Price”) and the qualified event price (the “Qualified Event Price”). The Capped Conversion Price is calculated as $50.0 million divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding at such time on a fully diluted basis. The Qualified Event Price is the price per share determined by the qualified event. A qualified financing is a sale or series of sales of preferred stock where (i) at least 50 percent of counterparties are not existing shareholders, (ii) net proceeds to Gate are at least $35.0 million, and (iii) the stated or implied equity valuation of Gate is at least $80.0 million.

On July 20, 2022, under the terms of the TRC Equity Purchase Agreement, TRC transferred to ITH all of TRC’s debt investments in Gate.

On February 2, 2023, ITH entered into a Note Amendment Agreement (the “Note Amendment Agreement”) with Gate to amend the Gate Convertible Note. Pursuant to the Note Amendment Agreement, the principal amount of the Gate Convertible Note was increased from $15.0 million to $21.5 million, which represents the original principal, accrued interest as of the amendment date and an additional cash investment of $5.0 million. All other material terms of the Gate Convertible Note were unchanged.

We have accounted for the Gate Convertible Note as a trading security, measured at fair value using a Monte Carlo simulation model with the probability of certain qualified events and the assumptions of equity value of Gate, risk-free rate, expected stock price, volatility of its peer companies, and the time until a financing is raised. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of the Gate Convertible Note was estimated at $22.1 million and $15.7 million, respectively, and recorded as equity and long-term investments in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. We recorded $0.6 million net unrealized gain as changes in fair values of equity and long-term investments, net in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of income for the three months ended June 30, 2023. We recorded $0.3 million and $0.1 million unrealized gain as changes in fair values of equity and long-term investments, net, in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.

On February 18, 2022, TRC entered into an investment and shareholders agreement with Nanolive to purchase 18,750,000 shares of Nanolive Series C preferred stock for $9.8 million (equivalent to 9.0 million CHF). Nanolive SA is a Swiss privately held life sciences company focused on developing breakthrough imaging solutions that accelerate research in growth industries such as drug discovery and cell therapy. $0.7 million was incurred for investment due diligence costs and execution and recorded as part of the equity and long-term investment in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. On July 20, 2022, under the terms of the TRC Equity Purchase Agreement, TRC transferred to ITH all of TRC’s ownership interests and investments in Nanolive. ITH has the right to designate one member to Nanolive’s board. ITH also has the right to designate another member, who will be mutually acceptable to ITH and another stockholder, to Nanolive’s board. As of June 30, 2023, one of Innoviva designees is serving on Nanolive’s seven-member board. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we held 15.3% and 15.5%, respectively, of Nanolive equity ownership.

Our investment in Nanolive does not provide us with the ability to control or have significant influence over Nanolive’s operations. Based on our evaluation, we determined that Nanolive is a VIE, but we are not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. We have not provided financial or other support that we were not previously contractually required to provide during the periods presented. Our maximum exposure to loss is equal to the amount we invested in the entity.

Because Nanolive’s equity securities are not publicly traded and do not have a readily determinable fair value, we account for our investment in Nanolive’s Series C preferred stock using the measurement alternative. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $10.6 million was recorded as equity and long-term investments in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and there was no change to the fair value of our investment.

The estimated fair value of available-for-sale securities is based on quoted market prices for these or similar investments that were based on prices obtained from a commercial pricing service. Available-for-sale securities are summarized below:


	June 30, 2023
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Estimated
(In thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value
Money market funds(1)	$	118,931	$	—	$	—	$	118,931
Total	$	118,931	$	—	$	—	$	118,931

(1) Money market funds are included in cash and cash equivalents in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.


	December 31, 2022
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Estimated
(In thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value
Money market funds (1)	$	263,469	$	—	$	—	$	263,469
Total	$	263,469	$	—	$	—	$	263,469

(1) Money market funds are included in cash and cash equivalents in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of June 30, 2023, all investments were money market funds, and there was no credit loss recognized.

Our available-for-sale securities, equity and long-term investments and contingent value rights are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and our debt is carried at amortized cost basis.


	Estimated Fair Value Measurements as of June 30, 2023 Using:
	Quoted Price in Active Markets for		Significant Other		Significant
	Identical		Observable		Unobservable
Types of Instruments	Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Money market funds	$	118,931	$	—	$	—	$	118,931
Investments held by ISP Fund LP (1)		261,994		—		2,027		264,021
Equity investment - Armata Common Stock		28,588		—		—		28,588
Equity investment - Armata Warrants		—		6,473		—		6,473
Convertible debt investment - Armata Note		—		—		31,173		31,173
Convertible debt investment - Gate Note		—		—		22,145		22,145
Total assets measured at estimated fair value	$	409,513	$	6,473	$	55,345	$	471,331
Liabilities
Debt
2025 Notes	$	—	$	189,915	$	—	$	189,915
2028 Notes		—		216,021		—		216,021
Total fair value of debt	$	—	$	405,936	$	—	$	405,936
Contingent value rights		—		—		595		595
Total liabilities measured at estimated fair value	$	—	$	405,936	$	595	$	406,531

(1)

The investments held by ISP Fund LP consisted of $319.4 million in equity investments, which included $7.2 million in money market funds, and $55.4 million receivable from the maturity of convertible notes. Our total capital contribution of $300 million is subject to a 36-month lock-up period from the date of such capital contributions.


	Estimated Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2022 Using:
	Quoted Price
	in Active		Significant
	Markets for		Other		Significant
	Identical		Observable		Unobservable
Types of Instruments	Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Money market funds	$	263,469	$	—	$	—	$	263,469
Investments held by ISP Fund LP (1)		265,982		—		54,578		320,560
Equity investment - Armata Common Stock		31,095		—		—		31,095
Equity investment - Armata Warrants		—		8,059		—		8,059
Equity investment - InCarda Warrants		—		—		605		605
Convertible debt investment - Gate Note		—		—		15,700		15,700
Total assets measured at estimated fair value	$	560,546	$	8,059	$	70,883	$	639,488
Liabilities
Debt
2023 Notes	$	—	$	96,089	$	—	$	96,089
2025 Notes		—		197,807		—		197,807
2028 Notes		—		211,768		—		211,768
Total fair value of debt	$	—	$	505,664	$	—	$	505,664
Contingent value rights		—		—		595		595
Total liabilities at estimated fair value	$	—	$	505,664	$	595	$	506,259

(1)

The investments held by ISP Fund LP consisted of $295.4 million equity investments, which included private placement positions and convertible notes of $54.6 million, and $25.1 million in money market funds. Our total capital contributions of $300.0 million is subject to a 36-month lock-up period from the date of such capital contributions.

The fair values of our equity investments in Armata’s common stock and publicly traded investments held by ISP Fund LP are based on the quoted prices in active markets and are classified as Level 1 financial instruments. The fair values of the warrants in Armata classified within Level 2 are based upon observable inputs that may include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including market research publications.

InCarda’s certain equity securities, the Gate Convertible Note, the Armata Convertible Note, private placement positions and convertible notes held by ISP Fund LP, and contingent value rights are classified as Level 3 financial instruments as these securities are not publicly traded and the assumptions used in the valuation model for valuing these securities are based on significant unobservable and observable inputs including those of publicly traded peer companies.

The fair values of our 2025 Notes and 2028 Notes are based on recent trading prices of the respective instruments. The fair values of our 2023 Notes, which were fully paid off in January 2023, were also based on their trading prices.