During the first quarter of 2020, Innoviva acquired 8,710,800 shares of common stock as well as warrants to purchase 8,710,800 additional shares of common stock of Armata Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Armata”) for approximately $25.0 million in cash. Armata is a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on precisely targeted bacteriophage therapeutics for antibiotic-resistant infections.

On January 26, 2021, Innoviva Strategic Opportunities LLC (“ISO”), our wholly owned subsidiary, entered into a securities purchase agreement with Armata to acquire 6,153,847 shares of Armata common stock and warrants to purchase 6,153,847 additional shares of Armata common stock for approximately $20.0 million. The investment was closed in two tranches on January 26, 2021 and March 17, 2021. The additional investment increased Innoviva and ISO’s combined ownership to 59.6% as of March 31, 2021. Armata also entered into a voting agreement with the Company and ISO, pursuant to which the Company and ISO agreed not to vote or take any action by written consent with respect to any common shares held by the Company and ISO that represent, in the aggregate, more than 49.5% of the total number of voting shares of Armata’s common stock for voting on the matters related to election or removal of Armata’s board members. The voting agreement will expire the earlier of the second anniversary of the agreement effective date and approval by the FDA of any of Armata's product candidates for marketing and commercial distribution.

On October 28, 2021, ISO purchased an additional 1,212,122 shares of Armata common stock for approximately $4.0 million. The investments support Armata’s ongoing advancement of its bacteriophage development programs. As of December 31, 2021, three of the eight members of Armata’s board of directors are also members of the board of directors of Innoviva. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we owned approximately 59.3% and 46.6%, respectively, of Armata’s common stock.

The investments in Armata provide Innoviva and ISO the ability to have significant influence, but not control over Armata’s operations. Armata's business and affairs are managed under the direction of its board of directors, which Innoviva and ISO do not control. Based on our evaluation, we determined that Armata is a VIE, but Innoviva and ISO are not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. We continue to elect the fair value option to account for both Armata’s common stock and warrants. The fair value of Armata’s common stock is measured based on its closing market price. The warrants purchased in 2020 and 2021 have an exercise price of $2.87 and $3.25 per share, respectively. All warrants are exercisable immediately within five years from the issuance date of the warrants and include a cashless exercise option. We use the Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model to estimate the fair value of these warrants with the following input assumptions: Armata’s closing market price on the valuation date, the risk-free interest rate computed based on the U.S. Treasury yield, the remaining contractual term as the expected term, and the expected stock price volatility calculated based on the historical volatility of the common stock of Armata and its peer companies.

As of December 31, 2021, the fair values of our holdings of Armata common stock and warrants were estimated at $88.1 million and $58.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the fair values of our holdings of Armata common stock and warrants were estimated at $26.0 million and $18.0 million, respectively. The total fair value of both financial instruments in the amount of $146.7 million and $44.0 million was recorded as equity and long-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We recorded $78.7 million and $19.0 million unrealized gains as changes in fair values of equity and long-term investments, net on the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

During the second quarter of 2020, we purchased 14,000,000 shares of common stock as well as warrants to purchase 14,000,000 additional shares of common stock of Entasis Therapeutics, Inc. (“Entasis”) for approximately $35.0 million in cash. Entasis is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of novel antibacterial products.

During the third quarter of 2020, we purchased 4,672,897 shares of Entasis common stock as well as warrants to purchase 4,672,897 additional shares of its common stock for approximately $12.5 million in cash. Innoviva has a right to designate two members to Entasis' board. As of December 31, 2021, no Innoviva designees are serving on Entasis' six-member board.

On May 3, 2021, ISO entered into a securities purchase agreement with Entasis to acquire 10,000,000 shares of Entasis common stock and warrants to purchase 10,000,000 additional shares of Entasis common stock for approximately $20.0 million. The investment was closed in two tranches on May 3, 2021 and June 11, 2021. This investment supports the continued development of Entasis' novel pipeline of pathogen-targeted antibacterial product candidates. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we owned approximately 59.9% and 51.0%, respectively, of Entasis’s common stock.

The investments in Entasis provide Innoviva the ability to have significant influence, but not control over Entasis’s operations. Entasis's business and affairs are managed under the direction of its board of directors, which Innoviva and ISO do not control. Based on our evaluation, we determined that Entasis is a VIE, but Innoviva is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. We elected the fair value option to account for both Entasis’s common stock and warrants at fair value. The fair value of Entasis’s common stock is measured based on its closing market price at each balance sheet date. The warrants have an exercise price of $2.50 per share and $2.675 per share for those warrants acquired in the second and third quarter of 2020, respectively. The warrants acquired in the second quarter of 2021 have an exercise price of $2.00 per share. All of the warrants are exercisable immediately within five years from the issuance date of the warrants and include a cashless exercise option. We use the Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model to estimate the fair value of these warrants with the following input assumptions: Entasis’s closing market price on the valuation date, the risk-free interest rate computed based on the U.S. Treasury yield, the remaining contractual term as the expected term, and the expected stock price volatility calculated based on the historical volatility of the common stock of Entasis and its peer companies.

As of December 31, 2021, the fair values of our holdings of Entasis common stock and warrants were estimated at $62.8 million and $40.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the fair values of our holdings of Entasis common stock and warrants were estimated at $46.1 million and $31.9 million, respectively. The total fair value of both financial instruments in the amount of $103.7 million and $78.0 million was recorded as equity and long-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We recorded $5.7 million and $30.5 million unrealized gains as changes in fair values of equity and long-term investments, net on the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

During the third quarter of 2020, TRC purchased 20,469,432 shares of Series C preferred stock and warrants to purchase 5,117,358 additional shares of Series C preferred stock of InCarda Therapeutics, Inc. (“InCarda”) for $15.8 million, which includes $0.8 million of transaction costs. InCarda is a privately held biopharmaceutical company focused on developing inhaled therapies for cardiovascular diseases. The investment is intended to fund the ongoing clinical development of InRhythm™ (flecainide for inhalation), the company’s lead program, for the treatment of a recent-onset episode of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. TRC has the right to designate one member to InCarda’s board. As of December 31, 2021, one of InCarda's eight board members is designated by TRC. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, TRC held 13.0% and 13.4% of InCarda equity ownership.

The investment in InCarda does not provide TRC the ability to control or have significant influence over InCarda's operations. Based on our evaluation, we determined that InCarda is a VIE, but TRC is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. We have accounted for the investment in Series C preferred shares in InCarda using the measurement alternative because the securities are not publicly traded and do not have a readily determinable fair value. Under the measurement alternative, the equity investment is initially recorded at its allocated cost, but the carrying value may be adjusted through earnings upon an impairment or when there is an observable price change involving the same or a similar investment with the same issuer. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recorded $15.8 million for our investment in InCarda's series C preferred stock as equity and long-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets. There was no impairment or other change to the value of the InCarda's Series C preferred stock as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The warrants are recorded at fair value and subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date. The warrants are exercisable immediately with an exercise price of $0.7328 per share. In September 2021, TRC and InCarda entered into an amendment to extend the expiration date of the warrants from October 6, 2021 to March 31, 2022. We use the Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model to estimate the fair value of the warrants with the following input assumptions: the exercise price of the warrants, the risk-free interest rate computed based on the U.S. Treasury yield, the remaining contractual term as the expected term, and the expected stock price volatility calculated based on the historical volatility of the common stock of its public peer companies.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the fair value of InCarda’s warrants was estimated at $0.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively, and recorded as equity and long-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets. We recorded $0.7 million unrealized loss and $1.1 million unrealized gains as changes in fair values of equity and long-term investments, net on the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

On March 18, 2021, TRC entered into a securities purchase agreement with ImaginAb, Inc. ("ImaginAb") to purchase 4,051,724 shares of ImaginAb Series C preferred stock for $4.7 million. On the same day, TRC also entered into a securities purchase agreement with one of ImaginAb's common stockholders to purchase 4,097,157 shares of ImaginAb common stock for $1.3 million. ImaginAb is a privately held biotechnology company focused on clinically managing cancer and autoimmune diseases via molecular imaging. $0.4 million was incurred for investment due diligence costs and execution and recorded as part of the equity and long-term investment on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2021, one of ImaginAb's five board members is designated by TRC, and TRC held 14.5% of ImaginAb's equity.

The investment in ImaginAb does not provide TRC the ability to control or have significant influence over ImaginAb's operations. Based on our evaluation, we determined that ImaginAb is a VIE, but TRC is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. Because ImaginAb's equity securities are not publicly traded and do not have a readily determinable fair value, we have accounted for our investment in ImaginAb's Series C preferred stock and common stock using the measurement alternative. Under the measurement alternative, the equity investment is initially recorded as its allocated cost, but the carrying value may be adjusted through earnings upon an impairment or when there is an observable price change involving the same or a similar investment with the same issuer. As of December 31, 2021, $6.4 million was recorded as equity and long-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets and there was no change to the fair value of our investment.

On November 24, 2021, TRC entered into a Convertible Promissory Note Purchase Agreement with Gate Neurosciences, Inc. ("Gate") to acquire a convertible promissory note (the "Convertible Note") with a principal amount of $15.0 million. Gate is a privately held biopharmaceutical company focused on developing the next generation of targeted nervous system therapies, leveraging precision medicine approaches to develop breakthrough drugs for psychiatric and neurologic diseases. The investment is intended to fund its ongoing development and research. The Convertible Note bears an annual interest rate of 8% and will convert into common stock shares upon a qualified event or into shares of shadow preferred stock ("Shadow Preferred") upon a qualified financing. A qualifying event can be a qualified initial price offering, a qualified merger, or a merger with a special-purpose acquisition company ("SPAC").

The number of common stock shares to be issued in a qualified event shall be equal to the amount due on the conversion date divided by the lesser of a capped conversion price (the "Capped Conversion Price") and the qualified event price (the "Qualified Event Price"). The Capped Conversion Price is calculated as $50.0 million divided by the number of common stock outstanding at such time on a fully diluted basis. The Qualified Event Price is the price per share determined by the qualified event. A qualified financing is a sale or series of sales of preferred stock where (i) at least 50 percent of counterparties are not existing shareholders, (ii) net proceeds to Gate are at least $35.0 million, and (iii) the stated or implied equity valuation of Gate is at least $80.0 million. Shadow Preferred means preferred stock having identical rights, preferences and restrictions as the preferred stock that would be issued in a qualified financing.

The investment in Gate does not provide TRC the ability to control or have significant influence over Gate's operations. Based on our evaluation, we determined that Gate is a VIE, but TRC is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. We have accounted for the convertible debt investment as a trading security, measured at fair value using a Monte Carlo simulation model with the probability of certain qualified events. TRC has the right to designate one board member to Gate's board. As of December 31, 2021, TRC has not designated a board member to Gate's board, which currently consists of two directors. As of December 31, 2021, $15.9 million, which includes $0.9 million of transaction costs, was recorded as equity and long-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets. We recorded $0.8 million unrealized loss as changes in fair values of equity and long-term investments, net on the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2021.

As of December 31, 2021, the total changes in fair values of our equity investments in Armata and Entasis exceeded 10% of our income before income taxes. Rule 4-08(g) of Regulation S-X, according to the SEC guidance, requires summarized financial information of these entities in an annual report if either the investment, asset or income test as set in the rule exceeds the 10% level individually or in aggregate. The summarized financial information, including the portion we do not own in these entities, is presented for Armata and Entasis, respectively, on a one quarter lag regardless of the date of our investments as follows:

The estimated fair value of available-for-sale securities is based on quoted market prices for these or similar investments that were based on prices obtained from a commercial pricing service. Available-for-sale securities are summarized below:


	December 31, 2021
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Estimated
(In thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value
Money market funds(1)	$	145,132	$	—	$	—	$	145,132
Total	$	145,132	$	—	$	—	$	145,132

(1)

Money market funds are included in cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets.


	December 31, 2020
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Estimated
(In thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value
Money market funds (1)	$	204,808	$	—	$	—	$	204,808
Total	$	204,808	$	—	$	—	$	204,808

(1)

Money market funds are included in cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2021, all investments were money market funds, and there was no credit loss.

Our available-for-sale securities, equity and long-term investments are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and our debt is carried at amortized cost basis. The estimated fair values were as follows:


	Estimated Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2021 Using:
	Quoted Price in Active Markets for		Significant Other		Significant
	Identical		Observable		Unobservable
Types of Instruments	Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Money market funds	$	145,132	$	—	$	—	$	145,132
Investments held by ISP Fund LP (1)		193,677		—		2,068		195,745
Equity investment - Armata Common Stock		88,101		—		—		88,101
Equity investment - Armata Warrants		—		58,595		—		58,595
Equity investment - Entasis Common Stock		62,794		—		—		62,794
Equity investment - Entasis Warrants		—		40,914		—		40,914
Equity investment - InCarda Warrants		—		—		411		411
Convertible debt investment - Gate Note		—		—		15,100		15,100
Total assets measured at estimated fair value	$	489,704	$	99,509	$	17,579	$	606,792
Debt
2023 Notes	$	—	$	261,769	$	—	$	261,769
2025 Notes		—		234,498		—		234,498
Total fair value of debt	$	—	$	496,267	$	—	$	496,267

(1)

The investments held by ISP Fund LP, consisted of $192.2 million equity investments and $3.5 million money market funds, are subject to a 36-month lock-up period from our initial contribution date, December 11, 2020.


	Estimated Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2020 Using:
	Quoted Price
	in Active		Significant
	Markets for		Other		Significant
	Identical		Observable		Unobservable
Types of Instruments	Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Money market funds	$	204,808	$	—	$	—	$	204,808
Investments held by ISP Fund LP (1)		299,288		—		—		299,288
Equity investment - Armata Common Stock		25,958		—		—		25,958
Equity investment - Armata Warrants		—		18,049		—		18,049
Equity investment - Entasis Common Stock		46,122		—		—		46,122
Equity investment - Entasis Warrants		—		31,882		—		31,882
Equity investment - InCarda Warrants		—		—		1,147		1,147
Total assets measured at estimated fair value	$	576,176	$	49,931	$	1,147	$	627,254
Debt
2023 Notes	$	—	$	239,779	$	—	$	239,779
2025 Notes		—		206,135		—		206,135
Total fair value of debt	$	—	$	445,914	$	—	$	445,914

(1)

The investments held by ISP Fund LP, consisted of $14.5 million equity investments and $284.8 million money market funds, are subject to a 36-month lock-up period from our initial contribution date, December 11, 2020.

The fair values of our equity investments in Armata’s and Entasis's common stock and public traded investments held by ISP Fund LP are based on the quoted prices in active markets and are classified as Level 1 financial instruments. The fair values of the warrants of Armata and Entasis classified within Level 2 are based upon observable inputs that may include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data including market research publications.

InCarda’s warrants, Gate's convertible note, and private placement positions held by ISP Fund LP are classified as Level 3 financial instruments as these securities are not publicly traded and the assumptions used in the valuation model for valuing these securities are based on significant unobservable and observable inputs including those of publicly traded peer companies.

The fair values of our 2023 Notes and our 2025 Notes are based on recent trading prices of the respective instruments.