9. Income Taxes

Income before income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended
	June 30,			June 30,			June 30,
	2017			2016			2015
Domestic	$	(10,953	)	$	(31,700	)	$	(72,176	)
Foreign		6,776			4,152			5,340
Total	$	(4,177	)	$	(27,548	)	$	(66,836	)

The provision for income taxes for fiscal years 2017, 2016 and 2015 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Year Ended
	June 30,			June 30,			June 30,
	2017			2016			2015
Current:
Federal	$	(155	)	$	727		$	476
State		168			75			13
Foreign		2,332			1,793			2,447
Total current		2,345			2,595			2,936
Deferred:
Federal		3,063			1,659			1,507
State		99			108			103
Foreign		(1,167	)		(26	)		261
Total deferred		1,995			1,741			1,871
Provision for income taxes	$	4,340		$	4,336		$	4,807

The difference between the provision for income taxes and the amount computed by applying the federal statutory income tax rate (35 percent) to income before taxes is explained below (in thousands):

	Year Ended
	June 30,			June 30,			June 30,
	2017			2016			2015
Tax at federal statutory rate	$	(1,461	)	$	(9,642	)	$	(23,392	)
State income tax, net of federal benefit		168			75			13
Change in valuation allowance		5,616			7,898			24,408
Research and development credits		(1,355	)		(1,364	)		(303	)
Foreign earnings taxed at other than U.S. rates		(492	)		1,678			(1,113	)
Stock based compensation		(573	)		3,564			2,298
Goodwill amortization		1,795			1,672			1,690
Nondeductible officer compensation		470			77			—
Nondeductible meals and entertainment		391			289			341
AMT credit monetization		(155	)		—			—
Other		(64	)		89			865
Provision for income taxes	$	4,340		$	4,336		$	4,807

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):

	June 30,
	2017			2016			2015
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry-forwards	$	109,170		$	108,563		$	114,151
Tax credit carry-forwards		34,444			32,730			30,824
Depreciation		1,312			—			—
Intangible amortization		32,919			28,480			17,978
Deferred revenue (net)		10,612			7,955			7,811
Warrant amortization		—			—			1,355
Inventory write-downs		11,111			6,207			6,048
Other allowances and accruals		13,002			10,568			8,645
Stock based compensation		3,545			4,048			6,783
Other		4,270			4,275			5,902
Total deferred tax assets		220,385			202,826			199,497
Valuation allowance		(219,403	)		(201,405	)		(197,576	)
Total net deferred tax assets		982			1,421			1,921
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation		—			(343	)		(707	)
Goodwill amortization		(6,254	)		(4,459	)		(2,787	)
Foreign exchange gain		—			—			—
Deferred tax liability on foreign withholdings		(321	)		(235	)		(194	)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(6,575	)		(5,037	)		(3,688	)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	(5,593	)	$	(3,616	)	$	(1,767	)
Recorded as:
Net current deferred tax assets	$	—		$	—		$	760
Net non-current deferred tax assets		982			1,077			452
Net non-current deferred tax liabilities		(6,575	)		(4,693	)		(2,979	)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	(5,593	)	$	(3,616	)	$	(1,767	)

The Company's global valuation allowance increased by $18.0 million in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017 and $3.8 million in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016. The Company has provided a full valuation allowance against all of its U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets, as well as valuation allowances against non-U.S. deferred tax assets in Australia, Brazil, Japan and Singapore. The valuation allowance is determined by assessing both negative and positive available evidence to assess whether it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be recoverable. The Company's inconsistent earnings in recent periods, including a cumulative loss over the last three years, coupled with its difficulty in forecasting future revenue trends as well as the cyclical nature of the Company's business provides sufficient negative evidence to require a full valuation allowance against its U.S. federal and state net deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance is evaluated periodically and can be reversed partially or in full if business results and the economic environment have sufficiently improved to support realization of the Company's deferred tax assets.

As of June 30, 2017, the Company had net operating loss carry-forwards for U.S. federal and state tax purposes of $291.3 million and $93.7 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2017, the Company also had foreign net operating loss carry-forwards in Ireland, Australia, Brazil and Japan of $46.7 million, $9.8 million, $7.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2017, the Company also had federal and state tax credit carry-forwards of $23.8 million and $16.4 million, respectively. These credit carry-forwards consist of research and development tax credits as well as foreign tax credits with a small portion representing Alternative Minimum Tax Credits. The U.S. federal net operating loss carry-forwards of $291.3 million will begin to expire in the fiscal year ending June 30, 2021 and state net operating losses of $93.7 million began to partially expire in the fiscal year ending June 30, 2017. The foreign net operating losses can generally be carried forward indefinitely. Federal research and development tax credits of $15.5 million will expire beginning in fiscal 2019, if not utilized and foreign tax credits of $8.1 million will expire beginning in fiscal 2021. North Carolina state research and development tax credits of $0.9 million will expire beginning in the fiscal year ending June 30, 2023, if not utilized. California state research and development tax credits of $15.5 million do not expire and can be carried forward indefinitely.

As of January 2016, the Company performed an Internal Revenue Code section 382 analysis with respect to its net operating loss and credit carry-forwards to determine whether a potential ownership change had occurred that would place a limitation on the annual utilization of tax attributes. It was determined that no ownership change had occurred during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016, however, it is possible a subsequent ownership change could limit the utilization of the Company's tax attributes.

As of June 30, 2017, the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the earnings of approximately $11.5 million of certain foreign corporations. The unrecognized deferred tax liability associated with these earnings is approximately $0.2 million.

The Company conducts business globally and as a result, most of its subsidiaries file income tax returns in various domestic and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business the Company is subject to examination by taxing authorities throughout the world. Its major tax jurisdictions are the U.S., Ireland, Brazil, India, California, New Hampshire and North Carolina. As of June 30, 2017, the Company is not currently under examination by any federal, state or foreign tax authority with respect to income taxes.

In general, the Company's U.S. federal income tax returns are subject to examination by tax authorities for fiscal years 2001 forward due to net operating losses and the Company's state income tax returns are subject to examination for fiscal years 2000 forward due to net operating losses.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2014, the Company acquired the stock of Enterasys Networks, Inc. and as such they became a wholly owned subsidiary of Extreme Networks. With respect to this acquisition, the Company made an election under Internal Revenue Code section 338(h)(10) to treat the acquisition as an asset purchase from a tax perspective. Under this election the tax basis of all assets is effectively reset to that of fair market value and therefore the transaction did not result in the recording of an opening net deferred tax position as the Company's tax basis in the acquired assets equaled its book basis. The resulting intangible assets and goodwill are being amortized for tax purposes over 15 years.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017, the Company acquired certain networking assets from Zebra Technologies. For tax purposes, the resulting intangible assets and goodwill from this acquisition are also being amortized over 15 years.

As of June 30, 2017, the Company had $18.9 million of unrecognized tax benefits. If fully recognized in the future, there would be no impact to the effective tax rate, and $18.9 million would result in adjustments to deferred tax assets and corresponding adjustments to the valuation allowance. The Company does not reasonably expect the amount of unrealized tax benefits to decrease during the next twelve months. The increase for fiscal year 2017 relates substantially to previously unrecorded foreign net operating losses.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of total unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):

Balance at June 30, 2014	$	11,600
Decrease related to prior year tax positions		(225	)
Increase related to prior year tax positions		288
Increase related to current year tax positions		254
Lapse of statute of limitations		(158	)
Settlements with tax authorities		(400	)
Balance at June 30, 2015		11,359
Increase related to prior year tax positions		174
Lapse of statute of limitations		120
Balance at June 30, 2016		11,653
Increase related to prior year tax positions		7,180
Increase related to current year tax positions		233
Lapse of statute of limitations		(153	)
Balance at June 30, 2017	$	18,913

Estimated interest and penalties related to the underpayment of income taxes are classified as a component of tax expense in the consolidated statement of operations and totaled less than $0.1 million for each of the fiscal years 2017, 2016 and 2015.