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United States  
Securities and Exchange Commission 
Washington, D.C. 20549 
 
FORM 10-Q

☒Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
for the quarterly period ended:
March 31, 2022
or
☐Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 
for the transition period from                                        to                                       .
 
Commission File Number: 001-34624 
 
Umpqua Holdings Corporation 
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Oregon93-1261319 
(State or Other Jurisdiction(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
of Incorporation or Organization) 
 
One SW Columbia Street, Suite 1400 
Portland, Oregon 97204 
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)(Zip Code) 
 
(503) 727-4100 
(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code) 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
TITLE OF EACH CLASSTRADING SYMBOLNAME OF EXCHANGE
Common StockUMPQThe NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    ☒   Yes   ☐   No 
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    ☒   Yes   ☐   No 
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
☒   Large accelerated filer   ☐   Accelerated filer   ☐   Non-accelerated filer  
 ☐   Smaller reporting company  ☐  Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐   Yes   ☒   No 

Indicate the number of shares outstanding for each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practical date:
Common stock, no par value: 217,046,408 shares outstanding as of May 2, 2022.

Table of Contents
UMPQUA HOLDINGS CORPORATION 
FORM 10-Q 
Table of Contents 
 
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.

2
Table of Contents
GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS
ACLAllowance for credit losses
ASUAccounting Standards Update
BankUmpqua Bank
Bank MergerThe proposed merger of Columbia State Bank, a Washington state-chartered bank and a wholly owned subsidiary of Columbia, with the Bank, with the Bank as the surviving bank
Basel IIIBasel capital framework (third accord)
CECLCurrent Expected Credit Losses
ColumbiaColumbia Banking System, Inc.
CompanyUmpqua Holdings Corporation and its subsidiaries
COVID-19Coronavirus Disease 2019
CVACredit valuation adjustments
DCFDiscounted cash flow
FASBFinancial Accounting Standards Board
FDICFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal ReserveBoard of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
FHLBFederal Home Loan Bank
FinPacFinancial Pacific Leasing, Inc.
GAAPGenerally accepted accounting principles
GDPGross Domestic Product
GNMAGovernment National Mortgage Association
HELOCHome equity line of credit
LGDLoss given default
LIBORLondon Inter-Bank Offered Rate
Mergers
Merger Sub will merge with and into Umpqua, with Umpqua as the surviving entity, and immediately following such merger, Umpqua will merge with and into Columbia, with Columbia as the surviving corporation.
Merger Agreement
Agreement dated as of October 11, 2021, by and among Umpqua, Columbia, and Cascade Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Columbia
Merger Sub
Cascade Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Columbia
MSRMortgage servicing rights
PDProbability of default
PPPPaycheck Protection Program
SBASmall Business Administration
SECSecurities and Exchange Commission
SOFRSecured Overnight Financing Rate
TDRTroubled debt restructuring
UmpquaUmpqua Holdings Corporation and its subsidiaries

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PART I.       FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.         Financial Statements (unaudited) 

UMPQUA HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES 
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS 
(UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except shares)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
ASSETS  
Cash and due from banks (restricted cash of $9,072 and $3,593)
$307,144 $222,015 
Interest bearing cash and temporary investments (restricted cash of $0 and $400)
2,358,292 2,539,606 
Total cash and cash equivalents2,665,436 2,761,621 
Investment securities  
Equity and other, at fair value78,966 81,214 
Available for sale, at fair value3,638,080 3,870,435 
Held to maturity, at amortized cost2,700 2,744 
Loans held for sale, at fair value309,946 353,105 
Loans and leases (at fair value: $319,630 and $345,634)
22,975,761 22,553,180 
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases(248,564)(248,412)
Net loans and leases22,727,197 22,304,768 
Restricted equity securities10,889 10,916 
Premises and equipment, net167,369 171,125 
Operating lease right-of-use assets87,333 82,366 
Other intangible assets, net7,815 8,840 
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value165,807 123,615 
Bank owned life insurance328,040 327,745 
Deferred tax asset, net39,051 — 
Other assets408,497 542,442 
Total assets$30,637,126 $30,640,936 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY  
Deposits  
Non-interest bearing$11,058,251 $11,023,724 
Interest bearing15,641,336 15,570,961 
Total deposits26,699,587 26,594,685 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase499,539 492,247 
Borrowings6,290 6,329 
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value305,719 293,081 
Junior subordinated debentures, at amortized cost87,984 88,041 
Operating lease liabilities101,732 95,427 
Deferred tax liability, net— 4,353 
Other liabilities328,677 317,503 
Total liabilities28,029,528 27,891,666 
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (NOTE 6)
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY  
Common stock, no par value, shares authorized: 400,000,000 in 2022 and 2021; issued and outstanding: 216,966,871 in 2022 and 216,625,506 in 2021
3,443,266 3,444,849 
Accumulated deficit(651,912)(697,338)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income(183,756)1,759 
Total shareholders' equity2,607,598 2,749,270 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity$30,637,126 $30,640,936 

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
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UMPQUA HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES 
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS 
(UNAUDITED) 
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands, except per share amounts)March 31, 2022March 31, 2021
INTEREST INCOME  
Interest and fees on loans and leases$214,404 $221,141 
Interest and dividends on investment securities:  
Taxable18,725 13,112 
Exempt from federal income tax1,372 1,534 
Dividends86 598 
Interest on temporary investments and interest bearing deposits1,353 624 
Total interest income235,940 237,009 
INTEREST EXPENSE  
Interest on deposits3,916 10,678 
Interest on securities sold under agreement to repurchase and federal funds purchased63 76 
Interest on borrowings49 1,772 
Interest on junior subordinated debentures3,149 3,052 
Total interest expense7,177 15,578 
Net interest income228,763 221,431 
 PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES 4,804 — 
Net interest income after provision for credit losses223,959 221,431 
NON-INTEREST INCOME  
Service charges on deposits11,583 9,647 
Card-based fees8,708 7,374 
Brokerage revenue11 3,915 
Residential mortgage banking revenue, net60,786 65,033 
Gain on sale of debt securities, net2 4 
Loss on equity securities, net(2,661)(706)
Gain on loan and lease sales, net2,337 1,373 
Bank owned life insurance income2,087 2,071 
Other (losses) income(2,884)20,089 
Total non-interest income79,969 108,800 
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE  
Salaries and employee benefits113,138 124,134 
Occupancy and equipment, net34,829 34,635 
Communications2,754 2,763 
Marketing2,398 1,372 
Services11,337 10,750 
FDIC assessments4,516 2,599 
Intangible amortization1,025 1,130 
Merger related expenses2,278 — 
Other expenses10,155 10,209 
Total non-interest expense182,430 187,592 
Income before provision for income taxes121,498 142,639 
Provision for income taxes30,341 34,902 
Net income$91,157 $107,737 
Earnings per common share:  
Basic$0.42 $0.49 
Diluted$0.42 $0.49 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:  
Basic216,782 220,367 
Diluted217,392 220,891 
See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
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UMPQUA HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES 
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(UNAUDITED)  
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands)March 31, 2022March 31, 2021
Net income$91,157 $107,737 
Available for sale securities:  
Unrealized losses arising during the period(237,046)(87,345)
Income tax benefit related to unrealized losses60,968 22,465 
Reclassification adjustment for net realized gains in earnings(2)(4)
Income tax expense related to realized gains1 1 
Net change in unrealized losses for available for sale securities(176,079)(64,883)
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value:
Unrealized losses arising during the period(12,703)(26,562)
Income tax benefit related to unrealized losses3,267 6,832 
Net change in unrealized losses for junior subordinated debentures, at fair value(9,436)(19,730)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax(185,515)(84,613)
Comprehensive (loss) income $(94,358)$23,124 

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
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UMPQUA HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES 
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY  
(UNAUDITED)   
Common StockRetained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) 
 (in thousands, except shares)SharesAmountTotal
Balance at January 1, 2021220,226,335 $3,514,599 $(932,767)$122,745 $2,704,577 
Net income  107,737  107,737 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax   (84,613)(84,613)
Stock-based compensation 2,964   2,964 
Stock repurchased and retired(143,832)(2,315)  (2,315)
Issuances of common stock under stock plans 408,700 —   — 
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.21 per share)
  (46,481) (46,481)
Balance at March 31, 2021220,491,203 $3,515,248 $(871,511)$38,132 $2,681,869 
Net income  116,143  116,143 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax   12,497 12,497 
Stock-based compensation 2,377   2,377 
Stock repurchased and retired(957)(18)  (18)
Issuances of common stock under stock plans136,206 34   34 
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.21 per share)
  (46,586) (46,586)
Balance at June 30, 2021220,626,452 $3,517,641 $(801,954)$50,629 $2,766,316 
Net income  108,066  108,066 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax   (30,420)(30,420)
Stock-based compensation 2,765   2,765 
Stock repurchased and retired(4,011,808)(78,321)  (78,321)
Issuances of common stock under stock plans7,159 —   — 
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.21 per share)
  (46,027) (46,027)
Balance at September 30, 2021216,621,803 $3,442,085 $(739,915)$20,209 $2,722,379 
Net income88,354 88,354 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax(18,450)(18,450)
Stock-based compensation2,800 2,800 
Stock repurchased and retired(1,790)(36)(36)
Issuances of common stock under stock plans5,493 — — 
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.21 per share)
(45,777)(45,777)
Balance at December 31, 2021216,625,506 $3,444,849 $(697,338)$1,759 $2,749,270 
Net income  91,157  91,157 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax   (185,515)(185,515)
Stock-based compensation 2,454   2,454 
Stock repurchased and retired(194,792)(4,037)  (4,037)
Issuances of common stock under stock plans536,157 —   — 
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.21 per share)
  (45,731) (45,731)
Balance at March 31, 2022216,966,871 $3,443,266 $(651,912)$(183,756)$2,607,598 

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
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UMPQUA HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES 
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS 
(UNAUDITED) 
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands)March 31, 2022March 31, 2021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:  
Net income$91,157 $107,737 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:  
Amortization of investment premiums, net1,106 4,455 
Gain on sale of investment securities, net(2)(4)
Provision for credit losses4,804 — 
Change in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance(2,122)(2,105)
Depreciation, amortization and accretion7,613 7,759 
Gain on sale of premises and equipment(571)(149)
Additions to residential mortgage servicing rights carried at fair value(7,390)(14,065)
Change in fair value of residential mortgage servicing rights carried at fair value(34,802)6,559 
Stock-based compensation2,454 2,964 
Net increase in equity and other investments(413)(400)
Loss on equity securities, net2,661 706 
Gain on sale of loans and leases, net(4,458)(50,194)
Change in fair value of loans held for sale 11,055 24,118 
Origination of loans held for sale(649,122)(1,635,532)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale683,347 1,837,626 
Change in other assets and liabilities:  
Net decrease in other assets167,911 128,221 
Net increase (decrease) in other liabilities2,097 (25,683)
Net cash provided by operating activities275,325 392,013 
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:  
Purchases of investment securities available for sale(131,869)(555,269)
Proceeds from investment securities available for sale126,011 227,122 
Redemption of restricted equity securities28 19,615 
Net change in loans and leases(470,337)(267,940)
Proceeds from sales of loans and leases44,549 82,529 
Change in premises and equipment(3,736)(4,007)
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance death benefits1,111 2,708 
Other104 129 
Net cash used in investing activities$(434,139)$(495,113)
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UMPQUA HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES 
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued) 
(UNAUDITED)
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands)March 31, 2022March 31, 2021
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:  
Net increase in deposit liabilities$104,906 $1,264,645 
Net increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase7,292 45,018 
Repayment of borrowings— (490,000)
Dividends paid on common stock(45,532)(46,248)
Repurchase and retirement of common stock(4,037)(2,315)
Net cash provided by financing activities62,629 771,100 
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents(96,185)668,000 
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period2,761,621 2,573,181 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$2,665,436 $3,241,181 
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:  
Cash paid during the period for:  
Interest$7,667 $15,434 
Income taxes$6,051 $36,404 
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on investment securities available for sale, net of taxes$(176,079)$(64,883)
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on junior subordinated debentures carried at fair value, net of taxes$(9,436)$(19,730)
Transfer of loans held for sale to loans$— $212,353 


See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
 
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies 
 
The accounting and financial reporting policies of Umpqua Holdings Corporation conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. All references in this report to "Umpqua," "we," "our," or "us" or similar references mean the Company and include our consolidated subsidiaries where the context so requires. References to "Bank" refer to our subsidiary Umpqua Bank, an Oregon state-chartered commercial bank. FinPac is the Bank's wholly-owned subsidiary, a commercial equipment leasing company. The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and the Bank's wholly-owned subsidiaries.  All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated. The condensed consolidated financial statements have not been audited. A more detailed description of the Company's accounting policies is included in the 2021 Annual Report filed on Form 10-K. These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in the 2021 Annual Report filed on Form 10-K. 

In preparing these condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company has evaluated events and transactions subsequent to March 31, 2022, for potential recognition or disclosure. In management's opinion, all accounting adjustments necessary to accurately reflect the financial position and results of operations on the accompanying financial statements have been made. These adjustments include normal and recurring accruals considered necessary for a fair and accurate presentation. The results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year or any other interim period.

Application of new accounting guidance

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This ASU was issued to provide temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference London Inter-Bank Offered Rate or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The last expedient is a one-time election to sell or transfer debt securities classified as held to maturity. The expedients are in effect from March 12, 2020, through December 31, 2022.

In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope. The amendments in this Update are elective and apply to all entities that have derivative instruments that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment that is modified as a result of reference rate reform. The amendments clarify certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications. The amendments are in effect from March 12, 2020, through December 31, 2022. This ASU does not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

The Company has an enterprise-wide LIBOR transition program which includes business strategy, product design and pricing strategy, instrument contract remediation, and systems and processes. The Company continues to use the expedients in this guidance to manage through the LIBOR transition, specifically for our loan portfolio. Umpqua has stopped originating new instruments using LIBOR, and consistent with regulatory guidance, Umpqua has stopped extensions of, or any increase in exposure in, current LIBOR instruments.

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Recent accounting pronouncements 

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. The amendments in this Update improve comparability for both the recognition and measurement of acquired revenue contracts with customers at the date of and after a business combination. The amendments improve comparability by specifying for all acquired revenue contracts regardless of their timing of payment (1) the circumstances in which the acquirer should recognize contract assets and contract liabilities that are acquired in a business combination and (2) how to measure those contract assets and contract liabilities. The amendments improve comparability after the business combination by providing consistent recognition and measurement guidance for revenue contracts with customers acquired in a business combination and revenue contracts with customers not acquired in a business combination. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The amendment will be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The ASU addresses areas identified by the FASB as part of its post-implementation review of the credit losses standard (ASU 2016-13) that introduced the CECL model. The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors that have adopted CECL and enhance the disclosure requirements for loan refinancings and restructurings made with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the amendments require a public business entity to disclose current-period gross write-offs for financing receivables and net investment in leases by year of origination in the vintage disclosures. As the Company has adopted CECL, ASU No. 2022-02 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Note 2 – Investment Securities 
 
The following tables present the amortized cost, unrealized gains, unrealized losses and approximate fair values of debt securities at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: 
March 31, 2022
 (in thousands) Amortized CostUnrealized GainsUnrealized LossesFair Value
Available for sale:    
U.S. Treasury and agencies$893,811 $330 $(31,999)$862,142 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions317,743 2,463 (13,342)306,864 
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
2,657,494 1,225 (189,645)2,469,074 
Total available for sale securities$3,869,048 $4,018 $(234,986)$3,638,080 
Held to maturity:    
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
$2,700 $759 $— $3,459 
Total held to maturity securities$2,700 $759 $— $3,459 

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December 31, 2021
 (in thousands) 
Amortized CostUnrealized GainsUnrealized LossesFair Value
Available for sale:    
U.S. Treasury and agencies$894,969 $27,279 $(4,195)$918,053 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions320,338 11,734 (1,288)330,784 
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
2,649,048 19,093 (46,543)2,621,598 
Total available for sale securities$3,864,355 $58,106 $(52,026)$3,870,435 
Held to maturity:    
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
$2,744 $770 $— $3,514 
Total held to maturity securities$2,744 $770 $— $3,514 

The Company elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of debt securities disclosed throughout this note. Interest accrued on investment securities totaled $12.6 million and $10.4 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and is included in Other Assets.

Debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are presented in the following tables, based on the length of time individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position.

March 31, 2022
Less than 12 Months12 Months or LongerTotal
  (in thousands) 
Fair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized Losses
Available for sale:      
U.S. Treasury and agencies$798,817 $28,447 $26,276 $3,552 $825,093 $31,999 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
142,162 12,727 4,400 615 146,562 13,342 
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
1,707,308 109,913 671,447 79,732 2,378,755 189,645 
Total temporarily impaired securities$2,648,287 $151,087 $702,123 $83,899 $3,350,410 $234,986 


December 31, 2021
Less than 12 Months12 Months or LongerTotal
  (in thousands)
Fair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized Losses
Available for sale:      
U.S. Treasury and agencies$197,529 $2,749 $28,378 $1,446 $225,907 $4,195 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
75,200 1,153 2,162 135 77,362 1,288 
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
1,777,288 40,579 129,943 5,964 1,907,231 46,543 
Total temporarily impaired securities$2,050,017 $44,481 $160,483 $7,545 $2,210,500 $52,026 

These unrealized losses on the debt securities held by the Company were caused by changes in market interest rates or the widening of market spreads subsequent to the initial purchase of these securities and are not due to the underlying credit of the issuers. Management monitors the published credit ratings of the issuers of the debt securities for material rating or outlook changes. Substantially all of the Company's obligations of states and political subdivisions are general obligation issuances. All of the available for sale mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations portfolio in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2022 are issued or guaranteed by government sponsored enterprises. Because the decline in fair value of the debt securities is attributable to changes in interest rates or widening market spreads and not credit quality, these investments do not have an allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2022.

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The following table presents the contractual maturities of debt securities at March 31, 2022:  

Available For SaleHeld To Maturity
  (in thousands) 
Amortized CostFair ValueAmortized CostFair Value
Due within one year$11,321 $11,379 $— $— 
Due after one year through five years307,338 300,748 2 2 
Due after five years through ten years918,444 883,850 7 7 
Due after ten years2,631,945 2,442,103 2,691 3,450 
Total securities$3,869,048 $3,638,080 $2,700 $3,459 

The following table presents, as of March 31, 2022, investment securities which were pledged to secure borrowings, public deposits, and repurchase agreements as permitted or required by law: 
 (in thousands)Amortized CostFair Value
To state and local governments to secure public deposits$304,762 $291,679 
To secure repurchase agreements589,782 568,495 
Other securities pledged 243,779 232,466 
Total pledged securities$1,138,323 $1,092,640 

Note 3 – Loans and Leases  
 
The following table presents the major types of loans and leases, net of deferred fees and costs, as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: 
(in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Commercial real estate  
Non-owner occupied term, net$3,884,784 $3,786,887 
Owner occupied term, net2,327,899 2,332,422 
Multifamily, net4,323,633 4,051,202 
Construction & development, net940,286 890,338 
Residential development, net195,308 206,990 
Commercial
Term, net2,772,206 3,008,473 
Lines of credit & other, net871,483 910,733 
Leases & equipment finance, net1,484,252 1,467,676 
Residential
Mortgage, net4,748,266 4,517,266 
Home equity loans & lines, net1,250,702 1,197,170 
Consumer & other, net176,942 184,023 
Total loans and leases, net of deferred fees and costs$22,975,761 $22,553,180 
 
As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the net deferred costs were $68.4 million and $57.5 million, respectively. The Bank participated in the PPP to originate SBA loans designated to help businesses maintain their workforce and cover other working capital needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. As of March 31, 2022, the Bank had approximately 2,000 PPP loans, totaling $172.8 million remaining in net loans, which are classified as commercial term loans in the table above. As of December 31, 2021, the Bank had approximately 4,000 PPP loans totaling $380.4 million in net loans. The remaining net deferred fees on the PPP loans were $5.5 million and $11.6 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

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Total loans and leases also include discounts on acquired loans of $8.3 million and $9.8 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. As of March 31, 2022, loans totaling $15.1 billion were pledged to secure borrowings and available lines of credit. The Company elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of loans disclosed throughout this footnote. Interest accrued on loans totaled $57.3 million and $60.1 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and is included in Other Assets.

The Bank, through its commercial equipment leasing subsidiary, FinPac, is a provider of commercial equipment leasing and financing. Direct finance leases are included within the leases and equipment finance segment within the loans and leases, net line item. These direct financing leases typically have terms of three to five years. Interest income recognized on these leases was $5.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to $5.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Loans and leases sold  

In the course of managing the loan and lease portfolio, at certain times, management may decide to sell loans and leases. The following table summarizes the carrying value of loans and leases sold by major loan type during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021: 
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands)March 31, 2022March 31, 2021
Commercial real estate  
Non-owner occupied term, net$18,060 $5,430 
Owner occupied term, net10,463 1,611 
Commercial  
Term, net12,196 8,993 
Residential  
Mortgage, net1,493 1,323 
Consumer & other— 63,799 
Total loans and leases sold, net$42,212 $81,156 

Note 4 – Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for Credit Losses Methodology

In accordance with CECL, the ACL represents management's estimate of lifetime credit losses for assets within its scope, specifically loans and leases and unfunded commitments. To calculate the ACL, management uses models to estimate the PD and LGD for loans utilizing inputs that include forecasted future economic conditions and that are dependent upon specific macroeconomic variables relevant to each of the Bank's loan and lease portfolios. Moody's Analytics, a third party, provided the historical and forward-looking macroeconomic data utilized in the models used to calculate the ACL.

For ACL calculation purposes, the Bank considered the financial and economic environment at the time of assessment and economic scenarios that differed in the levels of severity and sensitivity to the ACL results. At each measurement date, the Bank selects the scenario that reflects its view of future economic conditions and is determined to be the most probable outcome.

All forecasts are updated for each variable where applicable and incorporated as relevant into the ACL calculation. Actual credit loss results and the timing thereof will differ from the estimate of credit losses, either in a strong economy or a recession, as the portfolio will change through time due to growth, risk mitigation actions and other factors. In addition, the scenarios used will differ and change through time as economic conditions change. Economic scenarios might not capture deterioration or improvement in the economy timely enough for the Bank to be able to adequately address the impact to the ACL.

Select macroeconomic variables are projected over the forecast period, and they could have a material impact in determining the ACL. As the length of the forecast period increases, information about the future becomes less readily available and projections are inherently less certain.

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The following is a discussion of the changes in the factors that influenced management's current estimate of expected credit losses. The changes in the ACL estimate for all portfolio segments, during the three months ended March 31, 2022, were primarily related to changes in the economic assumptions. Because of the uncertain economic environment due to Russia's military conflict in Ukraine causing global oil prices to increase, continued supply-chain issues, and increasing interest rates, the Bank opted to use Moody's Analytics' March baseline economic forecast for estimating the ACL as of March 31, 2022.

In the baseline scenario selected, the probability that the economy will perform better than this baseline is equal to the probability that it will perform worse and included the following factors:
•U.S. real GDP average annualized growth of 3.5% in 2022, decreasing to 3.1% in 2023;
•U.S. unemployment average rate of 3.6% for 2022, dropping to 3.4% in 2023;
•COVID-19 infections abate in March 2022;
•The Federal Reserve is expected to increase the federal funds rate consistently throughout 2022 and 2023, reaching a long-run equilibrium of 2.5% by the end of 2024.

The Bank uses an additional scenario that differs in terms of severity within the variables, both favorable and unfavorable, to assess the sensitivity in the ACL results and to inform qualitative adjustments. The Bank selected the Moody's Analytics' March S2 scenario for this analysis. In the scenario selected, there is a 75% probability that the economy will perform better, broadly speaking, and a 25% probability that it will perform worse; and the scenario includes the following factors:
•The military conflict between Russia and Ukraine persists longer than anticipated. As a result, worries remain elevated that there could be a major interruption of global oil supplies. This causes oil prices to rise more than in the baseline and thereby increases inflationary pressures. Higher gasoline prices cut into disposable income that would otherwise be available for other spending;
•Supply-chain issues also worsen, increasing shortages of affected goods, also boosting inflation;
•New cases, hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19 start to rise again, slowing growth in spending on air travel, retail, and hotels;
•U.S real GDP average annualized growth of 2.3% through 2022, decreasing to 1.4% in 2023;
•Unemployment begins to increase again in the second quarter of 2022;
•The economy returns to full employment more slowly than in the baseline, by the fourth quarter of 2023.

The results using the comparison scenario for sensitivity analysis were reviewed by management and were considered when evaluating the qualitative factor adjustments.

The ACL is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar characteristics exist. The Company has selected models at the portfolio level using a risk-based approach, with larger, more complex portfolios having more complex models. Except as noted below, the macroeconomic variables that are inputs to the models are reasonable and supportable over the life of the loans in that they reasonably project the key economic variables in the near term and then converge to a long run equilibrium trend. These models produce reasonable and supportable estimates of loss over the life of the loans as the projected credit losses will also converge to a steady state in line with the variables applied. The Company measures the ACL using the following methods:

Commercial Real Estate: Non-owner occupied commercial real estate, multifamily, and construction loans are analyzed using a model that uses four primary property variables: net operating income, property value, property type, and location. For PD estimation, the model simulates potential future paths of net operating income given commercial real estate market factors determined from macroeconomic and regional commercial real estate forecasts. Using the resulting expected debt service coverage ratios, together with predicted loan-to-values and other variables, the model estimates PD from the range of conditional possibilities. In addition, the model estimates maturity PD capturing refinance default risk to produce a total PD for the loan. The model estimates LGD, inclusive of principal loss and liquidation expenses, empirically using predicted loan-to-value as well as certain market and other factors. The LGD calculation also includes a separate maturity risk component. The primary economic drivers in the model are GDP growth, U.S. unemployment rate, and 10-Year Treasury yield. These economic drivers are translated into a forecast provided by Moody's Analytics' REIS of real estate metrics, such as rental rates, vacancies, and cap rates. The model produces PD and LGD on a quarter-by-quarter basis for the life of loan.

The owner-occupied commercial real-estate portfolio utilizes a top-down macroeconomic model using linear regression. This model produces portfolio level quarterly net charge-off rates for 10 years and carries forward the last quarter's expected loss percentage projection to remaining periods. The primary economic drivers for this model are the 7-year A vs Aa corporate bond spread and S&P 500 corporate after-tax profits.

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Commercial: Non-homogeneous commercial loans and leases and residential development loans are analyzed in a multi-step process. An initial PD is estimated using a model driven by an obligor's selected financial statement ratios, together with cycle-adjusting information based on the obligor's state and industry. An initial LGD is derived separately based on collateral type using collateral value and a haircut to reflect the loss in liquidation. Another model then applies an auto-regression technique to the initial PD and LGD metrics to estimate the PD and LGD curves according to the macroeconomic scenario over a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast. The primary economic drivers in the model are the S&P 500 Stock Price Index, S&P 500 Market Volatility Index, U.S. unemployment rate, as well as appropriate yield curves and credit spreads. This model utilizes output reversion methodology, which, after one year, reverts on a straight-line basis over two years to long-term PD estimated using financial statement ratios of each obligor.

The model for the homogeneous lease and equipment finance agreement portfolio uses lease and equipment finance agreement information, such as origination and performance, as well as macroeconomic variables to calculate PD and LGD values. The PD calculation is based on survival analysis while LGD is calculated using a two-step regression. The model calculates LGD using an estimate of the probability that a defaulted lease or equipment finance agreement will have a loss, and an estimate of the loss amount. The primary economic drivers for the model are GDP, U.S. unemployment rate, and a home price growth index. The model produces PD and LGD curves at the lease or equipment finance agreement level for each month in the forecast horizon.

Residential: The models for residential real estate and home equity lines of credit utilize loan level variables, such as origination and performance, as well as macroeconomic variables to calculate PD and LGD. The U.S. unemployment rate and home price growth rate indexes are primary economic drivers in both the residential real estate and HELOC models. In addition, the prime rate is also a primary driver in the HELOC model. The models focus on establishing an empirical relationship between default probabilities and a set of loan-level, borrower, and macroeconomic credit risk drivers. The LGD calculation for residential real estate is based on an estimate of the probability that a defaulted loan will have a loss, and then an estimate of the loss amount. HELOCs utilize the same model using residential real estate LGD values to assign loans to cohorts based on FICO scores and loan age. The model produces PD and LGD curves at the loan level for each quarter in the forecast horizon.

Consumer: Historical net charge-off information as well as economic forecast assumptions are used to project loss rates for the Consumer segment.

All loans and leases that have not been modeled receive a loss rate via an extrapolated rate methodology. The loans and leases receiving an extrapolated rate are typically newly originated loans and leases or loans and leases without the granularity of data necessary to be modeled. Based on the vintage year, credit classification, and reporting category of the modeled loans and leases, a loss factor is calculated and applied to the non-modeled loans and leases.

Along with the quantitative factors produced by the above models, management also considers prepayment speeds and qualitative factors when determining the ACL. The Company uses a prepayment model that forecasts the constant prepayment rates based on institution specific data for the commercial real estate, commercial and consumer portfolios and a forward curve approach that changes with macro-economic input variables for the residential portfolio. Below are the nine qualitative factors considered where applicable:

•Changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices not considered elsewhere in estimating credit losses.
•Changes in national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various market segments.
•Changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and in the terms of loans and leases.
•Changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff.
•Changes in the volume and severity of past due loans and leases, the volume of non-accrual loans and leases, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans and leases.
•Changes in the quality of the Bank's credit review system.
•Changes in the value of the underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans and leases.
•The existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations.
•The effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the Bank's existing portfolio.

The Company evaluated each qualitative factor as of March 31, 2022, and made qualitative overlay adjustments of approximately $20.1 million to increase the amounts indicated by the models as considered necessary to adequately reflect the significant changes in credit conditions and overall portfolio risk.
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Loss factors from the models, prepayment speeds, and qualitative factors are input into the Company's CECL accounting application which aggregates the information. The Company then uses two methods to calculate the current expected credit loss: 1) the discounted cash flow method, which is used for all loans except lines of credit and 2) the non-discounted cash flow method which is used for lines of credit due to difficulty of calculating an effective interest rate when lines have yet to be drawn on. The DCF method utilizes the effective interest rate of individual assets to discount the expected credit losses adjusted for prepayments. The difference in the net present value and the amortized cost of the asset will result in the required allowance. The non-discounted cash flow method uses the exposure at default, along with the expected credit losses adjusted for prepayments to calculate the required allowance.

The following tables summarize activity related to the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(in thousands)Commercial Real EstateCommercialResidentialConsumer & OtherTotal
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases
Balance, beginning of period$99,075 $117,573 $29,068 $2,696 $248,412 
(Recapture) provision for credit losses for loans and leases(7,462)8,812 2,872 1,474 5,696 
Charge-offs— (7,858)(167)(885)(8,910)
Recoveries25 2,545 173 623 3,366 
Net recoveries (charge-offs)25 (5,313)6 (262)(5,544)
Balance, end of period$91,638 $121,072 $31,946 $3,908 $248,564 
Reserve for unfunded commitments
Balance, beginning of period8,461 2,028 1,957 321 12,767 
Provision (recapture) for credit losses on unfunded commitments277 (408)236 46 151 
Balance, end of period8,738 1,620 2,193 367 12,918 
Total allowance for credit losses$100,376 $122,692 $34,139 $4,275 $261,482 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
(in thousands)Commercial Real EstateCommercialResidentialConsumer & OtherTotal
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases
Balance, beginning of period$141,710 $150,864 $27,964 $7,863 $328,401 
Provision (recapture) for credit losses for loans and leases12,426 (4,503)(6,912)(485)526 
Charge-offs(41)(19,614)(70)(1,190)(20,915)
Recoveries380 2,091 108 692 3,271 
Net recoveries (charge-offs)339 (17,523)38 (498)(17,644)
Balance, end of period$154,475 $128,838 $21,090 $6,880 $311,283 
Reserve for unfunded commitments
Balance, beginning of period$15,360 $2,190 $1,661 $1,075 $20,286 
Provision (recapture) for credit losses on unfunded commitments308 (389)(373)(72)(526)
Balance, end of period15,668 1,801 1,288 1,003 19,760 
Total allowance for credit losses$170,143 $130,639 $22,378 $7,883 $331,043 

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The following table presents the unfunded commitments for the period ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
(in thousands)Total
Unfunded loan and lease commitments
March 31, 2022
$7,387,402 
March 31, 2021
$5,809,620 

Asset Quality and Non-Performing Loans and Leases

The Bank manages asset quality and controls credit risk through diversification of the loan and lease portfolio and the application of policies designed to promote sound underwriting and loan and lease monitoring practices. The Bank's Credit Quality Administration department is charged with monitoring asset quality, establishing credit policies and procedures and enforcing the consistent application of these policies and procedures across the Bank. Reviews of non-performing, past due loans and leases and larger credits, designed to identify potential charges to the allowance for credit losses, and to determine the adequacy of the allowance, are conducted on an ongoing basis. These reviews consider such factors as the financial strength of borrowers, the value of the applicable collateral, loan and lease loss experience, estimated loan and lease losses, growth in the loan and lease portfolio, prevailing economic conditions and other factors.

Loans and Leases Past Due and Non-Accrual Loans and Leases

Typically, loans in a non-accrual status will not have an allowance for credit loss as they will be written down to their net realizable value or charged-off. However, the net realizable value for homogeneous leases and equipment finance agreements is determined by the LGD calculated by the CECL model and therefore leases and equipment finance agreements on non-accrual will have an allowance for credit losses until they become 181 days past due, at which time they are charged-off. The Company recognized no interest income on non-accrual loans and leases during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following tables present the carrying value of the loans and leases past due, by loan and lease class, as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
March 31, 2022
(in thousands)Greater than 30 to 59 Days Past Due60 to 89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More and AccruingTotal Past Due
Non-Accrual (1)
CurrentTotal Loans and Leases
Commercial real estate
Non-owner occupied term, net$94 $— $— $94 $3,351 $3,881,339 $3,884,784 
Owner occupied term, net253 — 1 254 2,599 2,325,046 2,327,899 
Multifamily, net— — — — — 4,323,633 4,323,633 
Construction & development, net10,710 — — 10,710 — 929,576 940,286 
Residential development, net— — — — — 195,308 195,308 
Commercial
Term, net1,021 339 — 1,360 4,256 2,766,590 2,772,206 
Lines of credit & other, net352 24 8 384 — 871,099 871,483 
Leases & equipment finance, net12,551 7,029 — 19,580 8,159 1,456,513 1,484,252 
Residential
Mortgage, net
4,983 2,546 21,683 29,212 — 4,719,054 4,748,266 
Home equity loans & lines, net1,483 292 1,479 3,254 — 1,247,448 1,250,702 
Consumer & other, net462 270 111 843 — 176,099 176,942 
Total, net of deferred fees and costs$31,909 $10,500 $23,282 $65,691 $18,365 $22,891,705 $22,975,761 
(1) Loans and leases on non-accrual with an amortized cost basis of $18.4 million had a related allowance for credit losses of $7.2 million at March 31, 2022.
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December 31, 2021
(in thousands)Greater than 30 to 59 Days Past Due60 to 89 Days Past Due90 Days or More and AccruingTotal Past Due
Non-Accrual (1)
Current and OtherTotal Loans and Leases
Commercial real estate
Non-owner occupied term, net$388 $1,138 $— $1,526 $3,384 $3,781,977 $3,786,887 
Owner occupied term, net101 65 1 167 2,383 2,329,872 2,332,422 
Multifamily, net— — — — — 4,051,202 4,051,202 
Construction & development, net— — — — — 890,338 890,338 
Residential development, net— — — — — 206,990 206,990 
Commercial
Term, net4,627 2,345 4 6,976 4,225 2,997,272 3,008,473 
Lines of credit & other, net300 2 357 659 — 910,074 910,733 
Leases & equipment finance, net6,806 8,951 3,799 19,556 8,873 1,439,247 1,467,676 
Residential
Mortgage, net
802 3,668 27,249 31,719 — 4,485,547 4,517,266 
Home equity loans & lines, net1,214 491 732 2,437 — 1,194,733 1,197,170 
Consumer & other, net396 386 194 976 — 183,047 184,023 
Total, net of deferred fees and costs$14,634 $17,046 $32,336 $64,016 $18,865 $22,470,299 $22,553,180 
(1) Loans and leases on non-accrual with an amortized cost basis of $18.9 million had a related allowance for credit losses of $7.5 million at December 31, 2021.

Collateral Dependent Loans and Leases

Loans are classified as collateral dependent when it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The following table summarizes the amortized cost basis of the collateral dependent loans and leases by the type of collateral securing the assets as of March 31, 2022. There have been no significant changes in the level of collateralization from the prior periods.
(in thousands)Residential Real EstateCommercial Real Estate General Business AssetsOtherTotal
Commercial real estate
  Non-owner occupied term, net$— $3,088 $— $— $3,088 
  Owner occupied term, net— 2,270 — — 2,270 
Commercial
   Term, net974 520 852 1,502 3,848 
   Line of credit & other, net— — 1 — 1 
   Leases & equipment finance, net— — 8,159 — 8,159 
Residential
   Mortgage, net38,088 — — — 38,088 
   Home equity loans & lines, net3,044 — — — 3,044 
Total net of deferred fees and costs$42,106 $5,878 $9,012 $1,502 $58,498 

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Troubled Debt Restructuring

At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, troubled debt restructured loans of $8.4 million and $6.7 million, respectively, were classified as accruing TDR loans. The TDRs were granted in response to borrower financial difficulties, and generally provide for a temporary modification of loan repayment terms. In order for a new TDR loan to be considered for accrual status, the loan's collateral coverage generally will be greater than or equal to 100% of the loan balance, the loan is current on payments, and the borrower must either prefund an interest reserve or demonstrate the ability to make payments from a verified source of cash flow.

The following tables present TDR loans by accrual versus non-accrual status and by portfolio segment as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
March 31, 2022
(in thousands)Accrual StatusNon-Accrual Status Total Modification# of Contracts
Commercial real estate, net$999 $53 $1,052 5 
Residential, net7,387 — 7,387 42 
Consumer & other, net19 — 19 2 
Total, net of deferred fees and costs$8,405 $53 $8,458 49 
December 31, 2021
(in thousands)Accrual StatusNon-Accrual StatusTotal Modification# of Contracts
Commercial real estate, net$1,031 $59 $1,090 5 
Residential, net5,641 — 5,641 35 
Consumer & other, net22 — 22 3 
Total, net of deferred fees and costs$6,694 $59 $6,753 43 

The following table presents loans that were determined to be TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
Three Months Ended
(in thousands)March 31, 2022March 31, 2021
Residential, net$2,797 $1,710 
Consumer & other, net— 27 
Total, net of deferred fees and costs$2,797 $1,737 

Credit Quality Indicators

Management regularly reviews loans and leases in the portfolio to assess credit quality indicators and to determine appropriate loan classification and grading. In addition, the board reviews and approves the credit quality indicators each year. The Bank differentiates its lending portfolios into homogeneous and non-homogeneous loans and leases. Homogeneous loans and leases are risk rated on a single risk rating scale based on the past due status of the loan or lease.

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The Bank's risk rating methodology for its non-homogeneous loans and leases uses a dual risk rating approach to assess the credit risk. This approach uses two scales to provide a comprehensive assessment of credit default risk and recovery risk. The probability of default scale measures a borrower's credit default risk using risk ratings ranging from 1 to 16, where a higher rating represents higher risk. For non-homogeneous loans and leases, PD ratings of 1 through 9 are "pass" grades, while PD ratings of 10 and 11 are "watch" grades. PD ratings of 12-16 correspond to the regulatory-defined categories of special mention (12), substandard (13-14), doubtful (15), and loss (16). The loss given default scale measures the amount of loss that may not be recovered in the event of a default, using six alphabetic ratings from A-F, where a higher rating represents higher risk. The LGD scale quantifies recovery risk associated with an event of default and predicts the amount of loss that would be incurred on a loan or lease if a borrower were to experience a major default and includes variables that may be external to the borrower, such as industry, geographic location, and credit cycle stage. It could also include variables specific to the borrower such as their probability of default and bankruptcies as well as variables specific to the loan or lease, including collateral valuation, covenant structure and debt type. The product of the borrower's PD and a loan or lease LGD is the loan or lease expected loss, expressed as a percentage. This provides a common language of credit risk across different loans.

The PD scale estimates the likelihood that a borrower will experience a major default on any of its debt obligations within a specified time period. Examples of major defaults include payments 90 days or more past due, non-accrual classification, bankruptcy filing, or a full or partial charge-off of a loan or lease. As such, the PD scale represents the credit quality indicator for non-homogeneous loans and leases.

The credit quality indicator rating categories follow regulatory classification and can be generally described by the following groupings for loans and leases:

Pass/Watch—A pass loan or lease is a loan or lease with a credit risk level acceptable to the Bank for extending credit and maintaining normal credit monitoring. A watch loan or lease is considered pass rated but has a heightened level of unacceptable default risk due to an emerging risk element or declining performance trend. Watch ratings are expected to be temporary, with issues resolved or manifested to the extent that a higher or lower risk rating would be appropriate within a short period of time.

Special Mention—A special mention loan or lease has potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution's credit position at some future date. These borrowers have an elevated probability of default but not to the point of a substandard classification.

Substandard—A substandard loan or lease is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans and leases classified as substandard have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful—Loans or leases classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, based on currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loss—Loans or leases classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted.


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The following tables represent the amortized costs basis of the loans and leases by credit classification and vintage year by loan and lease class of financing receivable as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
(in thousands)Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving to Non-Revolving Loans Amortized Cost
March 31, 202220222021202020192018PriorTotal
Commercial real estate:
Non-owner occupied term, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$229,840 $898,610 $428,769 $609,626 $435,395 $1,175,122 $980 $3,660 $3,782,002 
Special mention914 — 379 — 8,105 13,127 — — 22,525 
Substandard— 19,176 1,990 2,590 44,843 10,446 — 968 80,013 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — 244 — — 244 
Total non-owner occupied term, net$230,754 $917,786 $431,138 $612,216 $488,343 $1,198,939 $980 $4,628 $3,884,784 
Owner occupied term, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$112,979 $572,565 $230,865 $361,545 $237,044 $765,477 $4,686 $724 $2,285,885 
Special mention— — — 6,947 9,938 11,529 — — 28,414 
Substandard— — 1,286 660 837 10,358 — — 13,141 
Doubtful— — — — — 29 — — 29 
Loss— — — — — 430 — — 430 
Total owner occupied term, net$112,979 $572,565 $232,151 $369,152 $247,819 $787,823 $4,686 $724 $2,327,899 
Multifamily, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$491,891 $1,707,002 $373,988 $733,701 $285,983 $698,237 $28,073 $2,925 $4,321,800 
Special mention— — — — — 1,833 — — 1,833 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total multifamily, net$491,891 $1,707,002 $373,988 $733,701 $285,983 $700,070 $28,073 $2,925 $4,323,633 
Construction & development, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$15,750 $337,635 $311,778 $198,534 $45,077 $18,417 $2,385 $— $929,576 
Special mention— — — 10,710 — — — — 10,710 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total construction & development, net$15,750 $337,635 $311,778 $209,244 $45,077 $18,417 $2,385 $— $940,286 
Residential development, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$5,557 $30,570 $14,004 $— $— $— $142,450 $2,727 $195,308 
Special mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total residential development, net$5,557 $30,570 $14,004 $— $— $— $142,450 $2,727 $195,308 
Total commercial real estate$856,931 $3,565,558 $1,363,059 $1,924,313 $1,067,222 $2,705,249 $178,574 $11,004 $11,671,910 
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(in thousands)Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving to Non-Revolving Loans Amortized Cost
March 31, 202220222021202020192018PriorTotal
Commercial:
Term, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$111,977 $930,465 $241,252 $181,648 $162,649 $350,859 $676,393 $13,003 $2,668,246 
Special mention— — 648 70 1,867 30,925 — 1,278 34,788 
Substandard1,117 — 8,412 — 27,647 4,439 23,200 3,020 67,835 
Doubtful— — 920 — — — — — 920 
Loss— — — — 417 — — — 417 
Total term, net$113,094 $930,465 $251,232 $181,718 $192,580 $386,223 $699,593 $17,301 $2,772,206 
Lines of credit & other, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$7,481 $24,632 $6,594 $16,060 $9,692 $1,462 $774,199 $8,940 $849,060 
Special mention— — — — — — 13,334 181 13,515 
Substandard— 946 — — — 1,111 3,288 3,563 8,908 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total lines of credit & other, net$7,481 $25,578 $6,594 $16,060 $9,692 $2,573 $790,821 $12,684 $871,483 
Leases & equipment finance, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$216,053 $516,393 $286,754 $239,054 $116,077 $66,375 $— $— $1,440,706 
Special mention246 5,464 3,108 3,109 2,161 887 — — 14,975 
Substandard1,730 4,601 6,660 2,515 834 427 — — 16,767 
Doubtful— 3,330 2,877 2,342 1,372 435 — — 10,356 
Loss— 375 475 308 130 160 — — 1,448 
Total leases & equipment finance, net$218,029 $530,163 $299,874 $247,328 $120,574 $68,284 $— $— $1,484,252 
Total commercial$338,604 $1,486,206 $557,700 $445,106 $322,846 $457,080 $1,490,414 $29,985 $5,127,941 
Residential:
Mortgage, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$468,454 $2,284,376 $518,940 $517,505 $165,150 $764,629 $— $— $4,719,054 
Special mention— 748 1,351 691 81 4,658 — — 7,529 
Substandard— 567 1,449 2,747 1,834 11,573 — — 18,170 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — 1,877 — 1,636 — — 3,513 
Total mortgage, net$468,454 $2,285,691 $521,740 $522,820 $167,065 $782,496 $— $— $4,748,266 
Home equity loans & lines, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$174 $710 $— $— $18 $10,005 $1,204,909 $31,632 $1,247,448 
Special mention— — — — — 133 1,212 430 1,775 
Substandard— — — — — 104 894 346 1,344 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — 32 103 — 135 
Total home equity loans & lines, net$174 $710 $— $— $18 $10,274 $1,207,118 $32,408 $1,250,702 
Total residential$468,628 $2,286,401 $521,740 $522,820 $167,083 $792,770 $1,207,118 $32,408 $5,998,968 
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(in thousands)Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving to Non-Revolving Loans Amortized Cost
March 31, 202220222021202020192018PriorTotal
Consumer & other, net:
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$8,489 $10,539 $9,596 $10,302 $4,579 $7,660 $122,707 $2,225 $176,097 
Special mention— 7 10 38 — 222 377 79 733 
Substandard— — — 25 — — 30 46 101 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — 1 7 3 — 11 
Total consumer & other, net$8,489 $10,546 $9,606 $10,365 $4,580 $7,889 $123,117 $2,350 $176,942 
Grand total$1,672,652 $7,348,711 $2,452,105 $2,902,604 $1,561,731 $3,962,988 $2,999,223 $75,747 $22,975,761 

(in thousands)Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving to Non-Revolving Loans Amortized Cost
December 31, 202120212020201920182017PriorTotal
Commercial real estate:
Non-owner occupied term, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$901,230 $434,875 $618,879 $431,098 $308,872 $942,501 $1,313 $3,679 $3,642,447 
Special mention— 1,311 1,411 12,252 844 38,268 — — 54,086 
Substandard19,270 2,214 2,605 53,312 2,990 9,641 — — 90,032 
Doubtful— — — — — 78 — — 78 
Loss— — — — — 244 — — 244 
Total non-owner occupied term, net$920,500 $438,400 $622,895 $496,662 $312,706 $990,732 $1,313 $3,679 $3,786,887 
Owner occupied term, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$594,677 $237,814 $369,483 $245,707 $227,201 $601,934 $5,017 $737 $2,282,570 
Special mention— — 7,445 10,739 4,936 12,219 — — 35,339 
Substandard— 897 674 1,815 — 10,697 — — 14,083 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — 430 — — 430 
Total owner occupied term, net$594,677 $238,711 $377,602 $258,261 $232,137 $625,280 $5,017 $737 $2,332,422 
Multifamily, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$1,700,221 $380,506 $748,207 $346,192 $334,688 $510,385 $26,475 $2,931 $4,049,605 
Special mention— — — — — 1,597 — — 1,597 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total multifamily, net$1,700,221 $380,506 $748,207 $346,192 $334,688 $511,982 $26,475 $2,931 $4,051,202 
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(in thousands)Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving to Non-Revolving Loans Amortized Cost
December 31, 202120212020201920182017PriorTotal
Construction & development, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$264,489 $310,207 $237,435 $48,911 $18,375 $136 $2,382 $— $881,935 
Special mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — 8,403 — — — — 8,403 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total construction & development, net$264,489 $310,207 $237,435 $57,314 $18,375 $136 $2,382 $— $890,338 
Residential development, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$28,744 $15,623 $— $— $— $— $156,587 $6,036 $206,990 
Special mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total residential development, net$28,744 $15,623 $— $— $— $— $156,587 $6,036 $206,990 
Total commercial real estate$3,508,631 $1,383,447 $1,986,139 $1,158,429 $897,906 $2,128,130 $191,774 $13,383 $11,267,839 
Commercial:
Term, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$1,102,310 $306,969 $200,352 $179,217 $206,405 $215,105 $699,230 $14,075 $2,923,663 
Special mention— 4,454 97 28,971 587 825 27,909 1,501 64,344 
Substandard1,217 9,827 — 1,095 2,648 1,264 — 3,189 19,240 
Doubtful— — — — 809 — — — 809 
Loss— — — 417 — — — — 417 
Total term, net$1,103,527 $321,250 $200,449 $209,700 $210,449 $217,194 $727,139 $18,765 $3,008,473 
Lines of credit & other, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$31,836 $9,170 $16,529 $10,945 $334 $1,605 $812,207 $8,498 $891,124 
Special mention— — — — — — 8,830 752 9,582 
Substandard714 414 — — — 1,118 3,238 4,540 10,024 
Doubtful— — — — — — 1 — 1 
Loss— — — — — — 1 1 2 
Total lines of credit & other, net$32,550 $9,584 $16,529 $10,945 $334 $2,723 $824,277 $13,791 $910,733 
Leases & equipment finance, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$599,301 $325,379 $282,101 $138,627 $43,950 $38,965 $— $— $1,428,323 
Special mention2,512 1,965 1,782 1,690 572 130 — — 8,651 
Substandard4,280 7,333 2,682 1,448 578 160 — — 16,481 
Doubtful3,781 3,232 3,238 1,343 663 636 — — 12,893 
Loss614 258 187 84 179 6 — — 1,328 
Total leases & equipment finance, net$610,488 $338,167 $289,990 $143,192 $45,942 $39,897 $— $— $1,467,676 
Total commercial$1,746,565 $669,001 $506,968 $363,837 $256,725 $259,814 $1,551,416 $32,556 $5,386,882 
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(in thousands)Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving to Non-Revolving Loans Amortized Cost
December 31, 202120212020201920182017PriorTotal
Residential:
Mortgage, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$2,252,704 $606,671 $585,923 $190,673 $209,990 $639,585 $— $— $4,485,546 
Special mention372 — 555 81 632 2,830 — — 4,470 
Substandard— 1,379 4,430 1,147 3,098 15,692 — — 25,746 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — 907 — — 597 — — 1,504 
Total mortgage, net$2,253,076 $608,050 $591,815 $191,901 $213,720 $658,704 $— $— $4,517,266 
Home equity loans & lines, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$972 $— $— $18 $— $10,973 $1,151,063 $31,708 $1,194,734 
Special mention— — — — — 102 1,355 248 1,705 
Substandard— — — — — 96 280 213 589 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — 36 42 64 142 
Total home equity loans & lines, net$972 $— $— $18 $— $11,207 $1,152,740 $32,233 $1,197,170 
Total residential$2,254,048 $608,050 $591,815 $191,919 $213,720 $669,911 $1,152,740 $32,233 $5,714,436 
Consumer & other, net:
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$15,375 $10,955 $12,167 $5,395 $3,983 $5,070 $128,264 $1,835 $183,044 
Special mention— 23 41 1 113 113 391 101 783 
Substandard— 3 15 — 17 25 55 71 186 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — 7 3 — 10 
Total consumer & other, net$15,375 $10,981 $12,223 $5,396 $4,113 $5,215 $128,713 $2,007 $184,023 
Grand total$7,524,619 $2,671,479 $3,097,145 $1,719,581 $1,372,464 $3,063,070 $3,024,643 $80,179 $22,553,180 

Note 5 – Residential Mortgage Servicing Rights 
 
The Company measures its mortgage servicing rights at fair value with changes in fair value reported in residential mortgage banking revenue, net. The following table presents the changes in the Company's residential mortgage servicing rights for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021: 
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands) March 31, 2022March 31, 2021
Balance, beginning of period$123,615 $92,907 
Additions for new MSR capitalized7,390 14,065 
Changes in fair value:  
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows over time(5,347)(4,545)
Changes due to valuation inputs or assumptions (1)
40,149 (2,014)
Balance, end of period$165,807 $100,413 
(1) The change in valuation inputs and assumptions principally reflect changes in discount rates and prepayment speeds, which are primarily affected by changes in interest rates.

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Information related to the serviced loan portfolio as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 is as follows: 
(dollars in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Balance of loans serviced for others$12,810,574 $12,755,671 
MSR as a percentage of serviced loans1.29 %0.97 %
 
The amount of contractually specified servicing fees, late fees and ancillary fees earned, recorded in residential mortgage banking revenue, was $9.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

Note 6 – Commitments and Contingencies 
 
Financial Instruments with Off-Balance-Sheet Risk — The Company's financial statements do not reflect various commitments and contingent liabilities that arise in the normal course of the Bank's business and involve elements of credit, liquidity, and interest rate risk. 
 
The following table presents a summary of the Bank's commitments and contingent liabilities:  
 (in thousands)
March 31, 2022
Commitments to extend credit$7,280,128 
Forward sales commitments$507,000 
Commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale$307,786 
Standby letters of credit$107,274 
 
The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet credit risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and financial guarantees. Those instruments involve elements of credit and interest-rate risk similar to the risk involved in on-balance sheet items. The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of the Bank's involvement in particular classes of financial instruments. 
 
The Bank's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees written, is represented by the contractual notional amount of those instruments. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. 

There were no financial guarantees in connection with standby letters of credit that the Bank was required to perform on during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. At March 31, 2022, approximately $100.9 million of standby letters of credit expire within one year, and $6.4 million expire thereafter.

Residential mortgage loans sold into the secondary market are sold with limited recourse against the Company, meaning that the Company may be obligated to repurchase or otherwise reimburse the investor for incurred losses on any loans that suffer an early payment default, are not underwritten in accordance with investor guidelines or are determined to have pre-closing borrower misrepresentations. As of March 31, 2022, the Company had a residential mortgage loan repurchase reserve liability of $361,000. For loans sold to GNMA, the Bank has a unilateral right but not the obligation to repurchase loans that are past due 90 days or more. As of March 31, 2022, the Bank had no recorded liability for the loans subject to this repurchase right.

Legal Proceedings—Umpqua is involved in legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business. Based on information currently available, advice of counsel and available insurance coverage, management believes that the eventual outcome of actions against the Company or its subsidiaries will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial condition. However, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of a matter, if unfavorable, may be material to results of operations for any particular period.

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The Company is the defendant in certain complaints that generally allege that the registration statement filings related to the Merger Agreement contain material omissions of sections of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In addition, the complaints contain allegations of breach of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting such breach of fiduciary duty, and fraudulent and negligent misrepresentation. The complaints seek various legal and equitable relief, generally including, among other things, orders (i) enjoining the defendants from proceeding with, consummating or closing the proposed transaction until the allegedly omitted information is disclosed, (ii) rescinding the mergers if consummated, or awarding certain damages, (iii) directing the Umpqua board of directors and Columbia board of directors to file a corrected Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus, and (iv) awarding plaintiffs' costs, including attorneys' fees, and (v) seeking corporate records related to the Merger Agreement.

Contingencies—On October 12, 2021, Umpqua and Columbia announced that their boards of directors unanimously approved a Merger Agreement under which the two companies will combine in an all-stock transaction. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, Umpqua shareholders will receive 0.5958 of a share of Columbia stock for each Umpqua share they own. Upon completion of the transaction, Umpqua shareholders will own approximately 62% and Columbia shareholders will own approximately 38% of the combined company. The merger is expected to close in mid-2022, subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including receipt of regulatory approvals. The Merger Agreement provides certain termination rights for both Umpqua and Columbia and further provides that, upon termination of the Merger Agreement under certain circumstances, Umpqua or Columbia, as applicable, will be obligated to pay the other party a termination fee of $145.0 million.

Concentrations of Credit Risk— The Bank grants real estate mortgage, real estate construction, commercial, agricultural and installment loans and leases to customers throughout Oregon, Washington, California, Idaho, and Nevada. In management's judgment, a concentration exists in real estate-related loans, which represented approximately 78% and 76% of the Bank's loan and lease portfolio at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Commercial real estate concentrations are managed to ensure geographic and business diversity, primarily in our footprint. Although management believes such concentrations have no more than the normal risk of collectability, a substantial decline in the economy in general or caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, material increases in interest rates, changes in tax policies, tightening credit or refinancing markets, or a decline in real estate values in the Bank's primary market areas in particular, could have an adverse impact on the repayment of these loans.  Personal and business incomes, proceeds from the sale of real property, or proceeds from refinancing represent the primary sources of repayment for a majority of these loans. 
 
The Bank recognizes the credit risks inherent in dealing with other depository institutions. Accordingly, to prevent excessive exposure to any single correspondent, the Bank has established general standards for selecting correspondent banks as well as internal limits for allowable exposure to any single correspondent. In addition, the Bank has an investment policy that sets forth limitations that apply to all investments with respect to credit rating and concentrations with an issuer.
  
Note 7 – Derivatives 
 
The Bank may use derivatives to hedge the risk of changes in the fair values of interest rate lock commitments and residential mortgage loans held for sale. None of the Company's derivatives are designated as hedging instruments.  Rather, they are accounted for as free-standing derivatives, or economic hedges, with changes in the fair value of the derivatives reported in income. The Company primarily utilizes forward interest rate contracts in its derivative risk management strategy. 

The Bank enters into forward delivery contracts to sell residential mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities to broker-dealers at specific prices and dates in order to hedge the interest rate risk in its portfolio of mortgage loans held for sale and its residential mortgage interest rate lock commitments. Credit risk associated with forward contracts is limited to the replacement cost of those forward contracts in a gain position. There were no counterparty default losses on forward contracts in the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. Market risk with respect to forward contracts arises principally from changes in the value of contractual positions due to changes in interest rates. The Bank limits its exposure to market risk by monitoring differences between commitments to customers and forward contracts with broker-dealers. In the event the Company has forward delivery contract commitments in excess of available mortgage loans, the Company completes the transaction by either paying or receiving a fee to or from the broker-dealer equal to the increase or decrease in the market value of the forward contract. At March 31, 2022, the Bank had commitments to originate mortgage loans held for sale totaling $307.8 million and forward sales commitments of $507.0 million, which are used to hedge both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet exposures. 
 
The Bank executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting the interest rate swaps that the Bank executes with a third party, such that the Bank minimizes its net risk exposure. As of March 31, 2022, the Bank had 948 interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $7.5 billion related to this program.  As of December 31, 2021, the Bank had 936 interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $7.0 billion related to this program.

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As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the termination value of interest rate swaps in a net liability position, which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for nonperformance risk, related to these agreements was $63.7 million and $8.7 million, respectively. The Bank has collateral posting requirements for initial margins with its clearing members and clearing houses and has been required to post collateral against its obligations under these agreements of $94.9 million and $92.6 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.  In 2021, the Bank began to collateralize the majority of its initial margin with U.S. Treasury securities.

The Bank's interest rate swap derivatives are cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and London Clearing House. These clearing houses characterize the variation margin payments, for certain derivative contracts that are referred to as settled-to-market, as settlements of the derivative's mark-to-market exposure and not collateral. The Company accounts for the variation margin as an adjustment to cash collateral, as well as a corresponding adjustment to the derivative asset and liability. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the variation margin adjustments consisted of a positive adjustment of $16.6 million and a negative adjustment of $172.9 million, respectively.
 
The Bank incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect nonperformance risk in the fair value measurement of its derivatives. The net CVA reduced the settlement values of the Bank's net derivative assets by $3.0 million and $10.0 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Various factors impact changes in the CVA over time, including changes in the credit spreads of the parties to the contracts, as well as changes in market rates and volatilities, which affect the total expected exposure of the derivative instruments.

The Bank also executes foreign currency hedges as a service for customers. These foreign currency hedges are then offset with hedges with other third-party banks to limit the Bank's risk exposure.

The Bank's derivative assets are included in other assets, while the derivative liabilities are included in other liabilities. The following table summarizes the types of derivatives, separately by assets and liabilities, and the fair values of such derivatives as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:  
(in thousands)Asset DerivativesLiability Derivatives
Derivatives not designated as hedging instrumentMarch 31, 2022December 31, 2021March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Interest rate lock commitments$— $4,641 $853 $— 
Interest rate forward sales commitments11,607 615 153 699 
Interest rate swaps40,224 171,827 63,678 8,671 
Foreign currency derivatives240 340 193 305 
Total derivative assets and liabilities$52,071 $177,423 $64,877 $9,675 
 
The gains and losses on the Company's mortgage banking derivatives are included in mortgage banking revenue. The gains and losses on the Company's interest rate swaps and foreign currency derivatives are included in other income. The following table summarizes the types of derivatives and the gains (losses) recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:  
(in thousands)Three Months Ended
Derivatives not designated as hedging instrumentMarch 31, 2022March 31, 2021
Interest rate lock commitments$(5,494)$(13,389)
Interest rate forward sales commitments25,251 28,171 
Interest rate swaps7,047 11,750 
Foreign currency derivatives701 555 
Total derivative gains (losses)$27,505 $27,087 
 
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Note 8 – Earnings Per Common Share  
 
The following is a computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021: 
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands, except per share data)March 31, 2022March 31, 2021
Net income $91,157 $107,737 
  
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic216,782 220,367 
Effect of potentially dilutive common shares (1)
610 524 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted217,392 220,891 
Earnings per common share:  
Basic$0.42 $0.49 
Diluted$0.42 $0.49 
(1)Represents the effect of the assumed vesting of non-participating restricted shares based on the treasury stock method. 

The following table represents the weighted average outstanding restricted shares that were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
Three Months Ended
(in thousands)March 31, 2022March 31, 2021
Restricted stock awards180149

Note 9 – Segment Information 
 
The Company reports two segments: Core Banking and Mortgage Banking. The Core Banking segment includes all lines of business, except Mortgage Banking, including wholesale, retail, and private banking, as well as the operations, technology, and administrative functions of the Bank and Holding Company. The Mortgage Banking segment includes the revenue earned from the production and sale of residential real estate loans, the servicing income from the serviced loan portfolio, the quarterly changes to the MSR, and the specific expenses that are related to mortgage banking activities including variable commission expenses. Revenue and related expenses related to residential real estate loans held for investment are included in the Core Banking segment as portfolio loans are an anchor product for the consumer channels and are originated through a variety of channels throughout the Company. Management periodically updates the allocation methods and assumptions within the current segment structure.

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Summarized financial information concerning the Company's reportable segments and the reconciliation to the consolidated financial results is shown in the following tables:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
(in thousands)
Core BankingMortgage BankingConsolidatedCore BankingMortgage BankingConsolidated
Net interest income $227,087 $1,676 $228,763 $217,574 $3,857 $221,431 
Provision for credit losses4,804 — 4,804 — — — 
Non-interest income
Residential mortgage banking revenue:
Origination and sale— 16,844 16,844 — 62,505 62,505 
Servicing— 9,140 9,140 — 9,087 9,087 
Change in fair value of MSR asset:
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows over time— (5,347)(5,347)— (4,545)(4,545)
Changes due to valuation inputs or assumptions— 40,149 40,149 — (2,014)(2,014)
Gain on sale of debt securities, net2 — 2 4 — 4 
Loss on equity securities, net(2,661)— (2,661)(706)— (706)
Gain on swap derivatives, net7,047 — 7,047 11,750 — 11,750 
Change in fair value of certain loans held for investment(21,049)— (21,049)(510)— (510)
Non-interest income (excluding above items)35,650 194 35,844 32,913 316 33,229 
Total non-interest income18,989 60,980 79,969 43,451 65,349 108,800 
Non-interest expense
Merger related expenses2,278 — 2,278 — — — 
Exit and disposal costs3,033 — 3,033 1,200 — 1,200 
Non-interest expense (excluding above items)148,423 28,696 177,119 145,161 41,231 186,392 
Allocated expenses, net (1)
3,735 (3,735)— (790)790 — 
Total non-interest expense157,469 24,961 182,430 145,571 42,021 187,592 
Income before income taxes83,803 37,695 121,498 115,454 27,185 142,639 
Provision for income taxes20,917 9,424 30,341 28,106 6,796 34,902 
Net income$62,886 $28,271 $91,157 $87,348 $20,389 $107,737 
(1) Represents the internal charge of centrally provided support services and other corporate overhead to the Mortgage Banking segment, offset by allocations from the Mortgage Banking segment to Core Banking for new portfolio loan originations and portfolio servicing costs.
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March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(in thousands)
Core BankingMortgage BankingConsolidatedCore BankingMortgage BankingConsolidated
Total assets$30,153,079 $484,047 $30,637,126 $30,155,058 $485,878 $30,640,936 
Loans held for sale$— $309,946 $309,946 $— $353,105 $353,105 
Total loans and leases$22,975,761 $— $22,975,761 $22,553,180 $— $22,553,180 
Total deposits$26,479,078 $220,509 $26,699,587 $26,370,568 $224,117 $26,594,685 
 
Note 10 – Fair Value Measurement 
 
The following table presents estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, whether or not recognized or recorded at fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:  
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 (in thousands)LevelCarrying ValueFair ValueCarrying ValueFair Value
Financial assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents1$2,665,436 $2,665,436 $2,761,621 $2,761,621 
Equity and other investment securities1,278,966 78,966 81,214 81,214 
Investment securities available for sale1,23,638,080 3,638,080 3,870,435 3,870,435 
Investment securities held to maturity32,700 3,459 2,744 3,514 
Loans held for sale2309,946 309,946 353,105 353,105 
Loans and leases, net
2,322,727,197 22,461,689 22,304,768 22,356,321 
Restricted equity securities110,889 10,889 10,916 10,916 
Residential mortgage servicing rights3165,807 165,807 123,615 123,615 
Bank owned life insurance1328,040 328,040 327,745 327,745 
Derivatives2,352,071 52,071 177,423 177,423 
Financial liabilities:    
Deposits1,2$26,699,587 $26,684,201 $26,594,685 $26,593,521 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase2499,539 499,539 492,247 492,247 
Borrowings26,290 6,554 6,329 7,073 
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value3305,719 305,719 293,081 293,081 
Junior subordinated debentures, at amortized cost387,984 77,452 88,041 75,199 
Derivatives2,364,877 64,877 9,675 9,675 

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Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis 

The following tables present information about the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: 
(in thousands) 
March 31, 2022
DescriptionTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Financial assets:
Equity and other investment securities    
Investments in mutual funds and other securities$66,031 $48,694 $17,337 $— 
Equity securities held in rabbi trusts12,935 12,935 — — 
Investment securities available for sale    
U.S. Treasury and agencies862,142 85,805 776,337 — 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions306,864 — 306,864 — 
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations2,469,074 — 2,469,074 — 
Loans held for sale, at fair value309,946 — 309,946 — 
Loans and leases, at fair value319,630 — 319,630 — 
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value 165,807 — — 165,807 
Derivatives    
Interest rate forward sales commitments11,607 — 11,607 — 
Interest rate swaps40,224 — 40,224 — 
Foreign currency derivatives240 — 240 — 
Total assets measured at fair value$4,564,500 $147,434 $4,251,259 $165,807 
Financial liabilities:
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value$305,719 $— $— $305,719 
Derivatives    
Interest rate lock commitments853 — — 853 
Interest rate forward sales commitments153 — 153 — 
Interest rate swaps63,678 — 63,678 — 
Foreign currency derivatives193 — 193 — 
Total liabilities measured at fair value$370,596 $— $64,024 $306,572 

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(in thousands) December 31, 2021
DescriptionTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Financial assets:
Equity and other investment securities    
Investments in mutual funds and other securities$68,692 $51,355 $17,337 $— 
Equity securities held in rabbi trusts
12,522 12,522 — — 
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury and agencies918,053 89,038 829,015 — 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions330,784 — 330,784 — 
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations2,621,598 — 2,621,598 — 
Loans held for sale, at fair value353,105 — 353,105 — 
Loans and leases, at fair value345,634 — 345,634 — 
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value123,615 — — 123,615 
Derivatives    
Interest rate lock commitments4,641 — — 4,641 
Interest rate forward sales commitments615 — 615 — 
Interest rate swaps171,827 — 171,827 — 
Foreign currency derivatives340 — 340 — 
Total assets measured at fair value$4,951,426 $152,915 $4,670,255 $128,256 
Financial liabilities:
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value$293,081 $— $— $293,081 
Derivatives    
Interest rate forward sales commitments699 — 699 — 
Interest rate swaps8,671 — 8,671 — 
Foreign currency derivatives305 — 305 — 
Total liabilities measured at fair value$302,756 $— $9,675 $293,081 

The following methods were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instrument that is carried at fair value in the tables above: 
 
Securities— Fair values for investment securities are based on quoted market prices when available or through the use of alternative approaches, such as matrix or model pricing, or broker indicative bids, when market quotes are not readily accessible or available. Management periodically reviews the pricing information received from the third-party pricing service and compares it to a secondary pricing service, evaluating significant price variances between services to determine an appropriate estimate of fair value to report.
 
Loans Held for Sale— Fair value for residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale is determined based on quoted secondary market prices for similar loans, including the implicit fair value of embedded servicing rights.

Loans and leases— Fair values are estimated for portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics. Loans are segregated by type, including commercial, real estate and consumer loans. Each loan category is further segregated by fixed and adjustable rate loans. The fair value of loans is calculated by discounting expected cash flows at rates at which similar loans are currently being made. These amounts are discounted further by embedded probable losses expected to be realized in the portfolio. For loans originated as held for sale and transferred into loans held for investment, the fair value is determined based on quoted secondary market prices for similar loans. As of March 31, 2022, there were $319.6 million in mortgage loans recorded at fair value as they were previously transferred from held for sale to loans held for investment.
 
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Residential Mortgage Servicing Rights— The fair value of the MSRs is estimated using a discounted cash flow model. Assumptions used include market discount rates, anticipated prepayment speeds, delinquency and foreclosure rates, and ancillary fee income net of servicing costs. This model is periodically validated by an independent model validation group. The model assumptions and the MSR fair value estimates are also compared to observable trades of similar portfolios as well as to MSR broker valuations and industry surveys, as available. Management believes the significant inputs utilized are indicative of those that would be used by market participants. 
 
Junior Subordinated Debentures— The fair value of junior subordinated debentures is estimated using an income approach valuation technique.  The significant unobservable input utilized in the estimation of fair value of these instruments is the credit risk adjusted spread. The credit risk adjusted spread represents the nonperformance risk of the liability, contemplating the inherent risk of the obligation. The Company periodically utilizes a valuation firm to determine or validate the reasonableness of inputs and factors that are used to determine the fair value. The ending carrying (fair) value of the junior subordinated debentures measured at fair value represents the estimated amount that would be paid to transfer these liabilities in an orderly transaction amongst market participants.  Due to credit concerns in the capital markets and inactivity in the trust preferred markets that have limited the observability of market spreads, the Company has classified this as a Level 3 fair value measurement.  
 
Derivative Instruments— The fair value of the interest rate lock commitments and forward sales commitments are estimated using quoted or published market prices for similar instruments, adjusted for factors such as pull-through rate assumptions based on historical information, where appropriate.  The pull-through rate assumptions are considered Level 3 valuation inputs and are significant to the interest rate lock commitment valuation; as such, the interest rate lock commitment derivatives are classified as Level 3. The fair value of the interest rate swaps is determined using a discounted cash flow technique incorporating credit valuation adjustments to reflect nonperformance risk in the measurement of fair value. Although the Bank has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its interest rate swap derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the CVA associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. However, as of March 31, 2022, the Bank has assessed the significance of the impact of the CVA on the overall valuation of its interest rate swap positions and has determined that the CVA are not significant to the overall valuation of its interest rate swap derivatives. As a result, the Bank has classified its interest rate swap derivative valuations in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.   
 
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) 
 
The following table provides a description of the valuation technique, significant unobservable inputs, and qualitative information about the unobservable inputs for the Company's assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2022: 
Financial InstrumentFair Value (in thousands)Valuation TechniqueUnobservable InputRange of InputsWeighted Average
Assets:
Residential mortgage servicing rights$165,807 Discounted cash flow  
  Constant prepayment rate
6.23% - 31.72%
7.27%
  Discount rate
9.00% - 14.90%
9.51%
Liabilities:
Interest rate lock commitments$853 Internal pricing model
Pull-through rate
67.72% - 100.00%
91.61%
Junior subordinated debentures$305,719 Discounted cash flow  
  Credit spread
2.81% - 3.87%
3.46%

Generally, increases in the constant prepayment rate or the discount rate utilized in the fair value measurement of the residential mortgage servicing rights will result in a decrease in fair value. Conversely, decreases in the constant prepayment rate or the discount rate will result in an increase in fair value.

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An increase in the pull-through rate utilized in the fair value measurement of the interest rate lock commitment derivative will result in an increase in the fair value measurement. Conversely, a decrease in the pull-through rate will result in a decrease in the fair value measurement.

Management believes that the credit risk adjusted spread utilized in the fair value measurement of the junior subordinated debentures carried at fair value is indicative of the nonperformance risk premium a willing market participant would require under current market conditions, which is an inactive market. Generally, an increase in the credit spread will result in a decrease in the estimated fair value. Conversely, a decrease in the credit spread will result in an increase in the estimated fair value.

The following table provides a reconciliation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) on a recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021: 
Three Months EndedThree Months Ended
March 31, 2022March 31, 2021
(in thousands)Residential mortgage servicing rightsInterest rate lock commitments, netJunior subordinated debentures, at fair valueResidential mortgage servicing rightsInterest rate lock commitments, netJunior subordinated debentures, at fair value
Beginning balance$123,615 $4,641 $(293,081)$92,907 $28,144 $(255,217)
Change included in earnings34,802 (4,270)(2,456)(6,559)(3,458)(2,376)
Change in fair values included in comprehensive income/loss— — (12,703)— — (26,562)
Purchases and issuances7,390 4,651 — 14,065 30,175 — 
Sales and settlements— (5,875)2,521 — (40,106)2,575 
Ending balance$165,807 $(853)$(305,719)$100,413 $14,755 $(281,580)
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for assets held at end of period$40,149 $(853)$(2,456)$(2,014)$14,755 $(2,376)
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for assets held at end of period$— $— $(12,703)$— $— $(26,562)

Changes in residential mortgage servicing rights carried at fair value are recorded in residential mortgage banking revenue within non-interest income. Gains (losses) on interest rate lock commitments carried at fair value are recorded in residential mortgage banking revenue within non-interest income. The contractual interest expense on the junior subordinated debentures is recorded on an accrual basis as interest on junior subordinated debentures within interest expense. Settlements related to the junior subordinated debentures represent the payment of accrued interest that is embedded in the fair value of these liabilities. 

The change in fair value of junior subordinated debentures is attributable to the change in the instrument specific credit risk; accordingly, the unrealized loss on fair value of junior subordinated debentures of $12.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, are recorded net of tax as other comprehensive loss of $9.4 million. Comparatively, unrealized loss of $26.6 million were recorded net of tax as other comprehensive loss of $19.7 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The loss recorded the three months ended March 31, 2022 was due primarily to an increase in the implied forward curve, partially offset by an increase in the discount rate, which resulted in an increase in the liability.

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Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis 

From time to time, certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These adjustments to fair value generally result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets due to impairment, typically on collateral dependent loans. The following table presents information about the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for which a nonrecurring change in fair value has been recorded during the reporting period. There were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2022, as the loans and leases charged-off either were not collateral dependent or had a net realizable value of zero. The amounts disclosed below represent the fair values at the time the nonrecurring fair value measurements were made, and not necessarily the fair value as of the dates reported upon. 
December 31, 2021
 (in thousands) 
TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Loans and leases$4,129 $— $— $4,129 
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$4,129 $— $— $4,129 

The following table presents the losses resulting from nonrecurring fair value adjustments for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:  

Three Months Ended
  (in thousands) 
March 31, 2022March 31, 2021
Loans and leases$7,791 $18,313 
Total losses from nonrecurring measurements$7,791 $18,313 

Fair Value Option
The following table presents the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans held for sale and loans held for investment accounted for under the fair value option as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(in thousands)Fair Value Aggregate Unpaid Principal BalanceFair Value Less Aggregate Unpaid Principal BalanceFair ValueAggregate Unpaid Principal BalanceFair Value Less Aggregate Unpaid Principal Balance
  Loans held for sale$309,946 $308,904 $1,042 $353,105 $341,008 $12,097 
  Loans $319,630 $330,103 $(10,473)$345,634 $335,058 $10,576 

Residential mortgage loans held for sale accounted for under the fair value option are measured initially at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in earnings. Gains and losses from such changes in fair value are reported as a component of residential mortgage banking revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded net decreases in fair value of $11.1 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded net decreases in fair value of $19.6 million.

Certain residential mortgage loans were initially originated for sale and measured at fair value; after origination, the loans were transferred to loans held for investment. Gains and losses from changes in fair value for these loans are reported in earnings as a component of other income. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded net decreases in fair value of $21.0 million.

The Company selected the fair value measurement option for certain junior subordinated debentures. The remaining junior subordinated debentures were acquired through previous business combinations and were measured at fair value at the time of acquisition and subsequently measured at amortized cost.

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Item 2.         Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 
 
Forward-Looking Statements 
 
This Report contains certain forward-looking statements, within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which are intended to be covered by the safe harbor for "forward-looking statements" provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may include statements that expressly or implicitly predict future results, performance or events. Statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. You can find many of these statements by looking for words such as "anticipates," "expects," "believes," "estimates," "intends" and "forecast," and words or phrases of similar meaning.

We make forward-looking statements about the proposed transaction between us and Columbia Banking System, Inc.; the projected impacts on our business operations of the COVID-19 pandemic; LIBOR; derivatives and hedging; the results and performance of models and economic forecasts used in our calculation of the ACL; projected sources of funds and the Company's liquidity position; our securities portfolio; loan sales; adequacy of our ACL, including the reserve for unfunded commitments; provision for credit losses; non-performing loans and future losses; performance of troubled debt restructurings; our commercial real estate portfolio, its collectability and subsequent charge-offs; resolution of non-accrual loans; PPP forgiveness and SBA fees; mortgage volumes and the impact of rate changes; the economic environment; litigation; dividends; junior subordinated debentures; fair values of certain assets and liabilities, including mortgage servicing rights values and sensitivity analyses; tax rates; deposit pricing; and the effect of accounting pronouncements and changes in accounting methodology.

Forward-looking statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and are generally beyond our control. There are many factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties include those set forth in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the following factors that might cause actual results to differ materially from those presented: 

•changes in general economic, political, or industry conditions; the magnitude and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy and financial market conditions and Umpqua's business, results of operations, and financial condition;
•deterioration in economic conditions that could result in increased loan and lease losses, especially those risks associated with concentrations in real estate related loans;
•uncertainty in U.S. fiscal and monetary policy, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board or the effects of any declines in housing and commercial real estate prices, high or increasing unemployment rates, or any slowdown in economic growth particularly in the western United States;
•volatility and disruptions in global capital and credit markets;
•movements in interest rates;
•transition of LIBOR to other indexes including SOFR;
•competitive pressures, including on product pricing and services;
•our ability to successfully, including on time and on budget, implement and sustain information technology product and system enhancements and operational initiatives;
•our ability to attract new deposits and loans and leases;
•our ability to retain deposits, especially during store consolidations and the pendency of the Mergers;
•demand for financial services in our market areas;
•stability, cost, and continued availability of borrowings and other funding sources, such as brokered and public deposits;
•changes in legal or regulatory requirements or the results of regulatory examinations that could increase expenses or restrict growth;
•our ability to manage climate change concerns and related regulations;
•our ability to recruit and retain key management and staff;
•our ability to raise capital or incur debt on reasonable terms;
•regulatory limits on the Bank's ability to pay dividends to the Company and that could impact the timing and amount of dividends to shareholders;
•financial services reform and the impact of legislation and implementing regulations on our business operations, including our compliance costs, interest expense, and revenue;
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•a breach or failure of our operational or security systems, or those of our third-party vendors, including as a result of cyber-attacks;
•success, impact, and timing of Umpqua's business strategies, including market acceptance of any new products or services;
•the occurrence of any event, change, or other circumstances that could give rise to the right of one or both of the parties to terminate the Merger Agreement;
•the outcome of legal proceedings;
•delays in completing the proposed transaction with Columbia;
•the failure to obtain necessary regulatory approvals (and the risk that such approvals may result in the imposition of conditions that could adversely affect the combined company or the expected benefits of the proposed transaction) to complete the Mergers or the Bank Merger;
•the failure to satisfy any of the other conditions to the proposed transaction with Columbia on a timely basis or at all;
•the possibility that the anticipated benefits of the proposed transaction with Columbia are not realized when expected or at all, including as a result of the impact of, or problems arising from, the integration of the two companies or as a result of the strength of the economy and competitive factors in the areas where Umpqua and Columbia do business;
•certain restrictions during the pendency of the proposed transaction with Columbia that may impact the parties' ability to pursue certain business opportunities or strategic transactions;
•the possibility that the proposed transaction with Columbia may be more expensive to complete than anticipated, including as a result of unexpected factors or events;
•diversion of management's attention from ongoing business operations and opportunities during the pendency of the Mergers;
•potential adverse reactions or changes to business or employee relationships, including those resulting from the completion of the transaction and the integration of the two companies and banks;
•economic forecast variables that are either materially worse or better than end of quarter projections and deterioration in the economy that exceeds current consensus estimates;
•our ability to effectively manage problem credits; and
•our ability to successfully negotiate with landlords or reconfigure facilities.

There are many factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this Form 10-Q. We do not intend to update these forward-looking statements. Readers should consider any forward-looking statements in light of this explanation, and we caution readers about relying on forward-looking statements.
  
General 

The Company is an Oregon corporation and the financial holding company of the Bank. The Bank is the largest bank with headquarters in the Pacific Northwest and is considered one of the most innovative banks in the United States, recognized for its company culture and customer experience strategy. The Bank provides a broad range of banking, private banking, mortgage and other financial services to corporate, institutional, and individual customers. FinPac, a commercial equipment leasing company, is a Bank subsidiary. Along with its subsidiaries, the Company is subject to the regulations of state and federal agencies and undergoes regular examinations by these regulatory agencies. 

On October 12, 2021, we announced that we and Columbia Banking System, Inc., the parent company of Columbia State Bank entered into a definitive agreement under which the companies will join together in an all-stock combination. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, Umpqua shareholders will receive 0.5958 of a share of Columbia stock for each Umpqua share they own. Upon completion of the transaction, Umpqua shareholders will own approximately 62% and Columbia shareholders will own approximately 38% of the combined company. Once the transaction is completed, the combined organization will be a leading West Coast franchise with more than $50 billion in assets. The transaction is expected to close in mid-2022, subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including receipt of regulatory approvals.

Item 303 of Regulation S-K allows registrants to compare the results of the most recently completed quarter to the results of either the immediately preceding quarter or the corresponding quarter of the preceding year. Umpqua has elected to compare our results for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, where applicable, throughout this Management's Discussion and Analysis.
  
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Executive Overview 

The following is a discussion of our results for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to the applicable prior periods.

Financial Performance
 
•Earnings per diluted common share was $0.42 for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to $0.41 for the three months ended December 31, 2021. The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to the prior quarter, was primarily driven by a decrease in non-interest expense due to a decline in merger expenses and salaries and employee benefits. The increase was offset slightly by declines in net interest and non-interest income.
 
•Net interest margin, on a tax equivalent basis, was 3.14% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to 3.15% for the three months ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was due to the decline in PPP-related fees, offset by upward interest rate movements that had a favorable impact on net interest margin.

•Residential mortgage banking revenue was $60.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to $43.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021. The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to the prior period, was driven by increasing rates impacting the valuation of the MSR asset, offset by a reduction in revenue from the origination and sale of mortgages of $6.8 million.

•For-sale mortgage closed loan volume decreased by 25% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021. In addition, the gain on sale margin decreased to 2.59% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to 2.71% for the three months ended December 31, 2021.

•Total loans and leases were $23.0 billion as of March 31, 2022, an increase of $422.6 million, as compared to December 31, 2021.  The increase in total loans is primarily due to an increase in the commercial real estate balances of $404.1 million, primarily within multifamily lending, and an increase in residential real estate balances of $284.5 million, offset by a decrease of $258.9 million in commercial balances. The decrease in commercial balances mainly relates to the decrease in PPP loans to $207.7 million during the period, as the majority of these loans continue to be forgiven by the SBA, as expected.
 
•Total deposits were $26.7 billion as of March 31, 2022, an increase of $104.9 million, compared to December 31, 2021.  This increase was due to growth in demand and savings deposits, partially offset by a decline in money market and time deposits.
 
•Total consolidated assets were $30.6 billion as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Total consolidated assets remained relatively flat as the increase in loans and leases as well as the MSR asset was offset by a decline in investment securities during the quarter.

Credit Quality

•Non-performing assets decreased to $43.5 million, or 0.14% of total assets, as of March 31, 2022, compared to $53.1 million, or 0.17% of total assets, as of December 31, 2021. Non-performing loans and leases were $41.6 million, or 0.18% of total loans and leases, as of March 31, 2022, compared to $51.2 million, or 0.23% of total loans and leases, as of December 31, 2021.

•The allowance for credit losses was $261.5 million as of March 31, 2022, which was relatively consistent with December 31, 2021. The increase in the allowance for credit losses is due to the growth of the loan portfolio, as well as changes in the economic forecasts used in the credit models.

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•The Company had a provision for credit losses of $4.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. This compared to a recapture of the provision for credit losses of $736,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2021. The provision for credit losses in the current periods was due to allowance requirements for new loan generation, loan mix changes, and changes to the economic forecasts used in credit models.

Liquidity

•Total cash and cash equivalents was $2.7 billion as of March 31, 2022, a decrease of $96.2 million from December 31, 2021. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents is due to an increase in loan production, which outpaced deposit generation for the period.

Capital and Growth Initiatives

•In October 2021, Umpqua and Columbia announced their entering into the Merger Agreement under which the two companies will combine in an all-stock transaction, which is expected to close in mid-2022.

•The Company's total risk based capital ratio was 14.0% and its Tier 1 common to risk weighted assets ratio was 11.4% as of March 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2021, the Company's total risk based capital ratio was 14.3% and its Tier 1 common to risk weighted assets ratio was 11.6%.

•The Company paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.21 per common share to shareholders on February 25, 2022.

Critical Accounting Estimates 
 
Our critical accounting estimates are described in detail in the Critical Accounting Estimates section of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 25, 2022. The condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP and follow general practices within the financial services industry, in which the Company operates. This preparation requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, actual results could differ from the estimates, assumptions, and judgments reflected in the financial statements. Certain estimates inherently have a greater reliance on the use of assumptions and judgments and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. Management believes that the ACL estimate is important to the portrayal of the Company's financial condition and results of operations and requires difficult, subjective or complex judgments. There have been no material changes in the ACL estimate methodology during the three months ended March 31, 2022. 

Results of Operations
 
The Company reports two segments: Core Banking and Mortgage Banking, which aligns with how we manage the profitability of the Company and also provides greater transparency into the financial contribution of mortgage banking activities.

The Core Banking segment includes all lines of business, except Mortgage Banking, including wholesale, retail, private banking, as well as the operations, technology, and administrative functions of the Bank and Holding Company. The Mortgage Banking segment includes the revenue earned from the production and sale of residential real estate loans, the servicing income from our serviced loan portfolio, the quarterly changes in the MSR asset, and the specific expenses that are related to mortgage banking activities including variable commission expenses. Revenue and related expenses related to residential real estate loans held for investment are included in the Core Banking segment as portfolio loans are an anchor product for our consumer channels and are originated through a variety of channels throughout the Company.

The Core Banking segment had net income of $62.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to net income of $74.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in net income is mainly attributable to a decrease in non-interest income, related to the change in fair value of certain residential real estate loans held for investment and an increase in the provision for credit losses, offset by a decrease in non-interest expense.

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The Mortgage Banking segment had net income of $28.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to net income of $14.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021. The increase in net income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 for the Mortgage Banking segment, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021, is attributable to an increase in non-interest income due to the increase in the valuation of the MSR asset as rates increased during the quarter. This resulted in a gain of $34.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to a gain of $10.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021.

The following table presents the return on average assets, average common shareholders' equity and average tangible common shareholders' equity for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. For each period presented, the table includes the calculated ratios based on reported net income. To the extent return on average common shareholders' equity is used to compare our performance with other financial institutions that do not have merger and acquisition-related intangible assets, we believe it is beneficial to also consider the return on average tangible common shareholders' equity. The return on average tangible common shareholders' equity is calculated by dividing net income by average shareholders' common equity less average goodwill and other intangible assets, net (excluding MSRs). The return on average tangible common shareholders' equity is considered a non-GAAP financial measure and should be viewed in conjunction with the return on average common shareholders' equity.  

Return on Average Assets, Common Shareholders' Equity and Tangible Common Shareholders' Equity
 
Three Months Ended
 (dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Return on average assets1.21 %1.13 %
Return on average common shareholders' equity13.62 %12.90 %
Return on average tangible common shareholders' equity13.66 %12.94 %
Calculation of average common tangible shareholders' equity:  
Average common shareholders' equity$2,715,059 $2,717,753 
Less: average goodwill and other intangible assets, net (8,407)(9,491)
Average tangible common shareholders' equity$2,706,652 $2,708,262 

Additionally, management believes tangible common equity and the tangible common equity ratio are meaningful measures of capital adequacy. Umpqua believes the exclusion of certain intangible assets in the computation of tangible common equity and tangible common equity ratio provides a meaningful base for period-to-period and company-to-company comparisons, which management believes will assist investors in analyzing the operating results and capital of the Company.  Tangible common equity is calculated as total shareholders' equity less goodwill and other intangible assets, net (excluding MSRs).  In addition, tangible assets are total assets less goodwill and other intangible assets, net (excluding MSRs).  The tangible common equity ratio is calculated as tangible common shareholders' equity divided by tangible assets. The tangible common equity and tangible common equity ratio is considered a non-GAAP financial measure and should be viewed in conjunction with the total shareholders' equity and the total shareholders' equity ratio. 

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The following table provides a reconciliation of ending shareholders' equity (GAAP) to ending tangible common equity (non-GAAP), and ending assets (GAAP) to ending tangible assets (non-GAAP) as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: 
 (dollars in thousands) 
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Total shareholders' equity$2,607,598 $2,749,270 
Subtract:  
Other intangible assets, net7,815 8,840 
Tangible common shareholders' equity$2,599,783 $2,740,430 
Total assets$30,637,126 $30,640,936 
Subtract:
Other intangible assets, net7,815 8,840 
Tangible assets$30,629,311 $30,632,096 
Tangible common equity ratio8.49 %8.95 %
 
Non-GAAP financial measures have inherent limitations, are not required to be uniformly applied, and are not reviewed or audited.  Although we believe these non-GAAP financial measures are frequently used by stakeholders in the evaluation of a company, they have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analyses of results as reported under GAAP.
  
Net Interest Income 
 
Net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $228.8 million, a decrease of $4.6 million compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021. The decrease for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the prior quarter was driven by $4.3 million decline in PPP fees and related interest income due to loan forgiveness that continued through the quarter.

The net interest margin (net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets) on a fully tax equivalent basis was 3.14% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to 3.15% for the three months ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in net interest margin for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021, was due to the decline in PPP-related fees accretion.

The yield on loans and leases for the three months ended March 31, 2022 decreased by 15 basis points as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021, primarily attributable to a decline of PPP-related fees accretion in addition to an increase in the average loan and lease balances. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities remained flat, for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021.
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The following table presents condensed average balance sheet information, together with interest income and yields on average interest-earning assets, and interest expense and rates paid on average interest-bearing liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:  
Three Months Ended
 March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 (dollars in thousands)Average BalanceInterest Income or ExpenseAverage Yields or RatesAverage BalanceInterest Income or ExpenseAverage Yields or Rates
INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS:   
Loans held for sale$286,307 $2,262 3.16 %$366,043 $2,907 3.18 %
Loans and leases (1)
22,566,109 212,142 3.79 %22,098,818 218,594 3.94 %
Taxable securities3,659,145 18,811 2.06 %3,681,650 16,668 1.81 %
Non-taxable securities (2)
234,186 1,726 2.95 %247,183 1,831 2.96 %
Temporary investments and interest-bearing cash2,618,528 1,353 0.21 %3,190,380 1,229 0.15 %
Total interest-earning assets29,364,275 $236,294 3.24 %29,584,074 $241,229 3.25 %
Other assets1,233,138 1,302,304 
Total assets$30,597,413 $30,886,378 
INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES:
Interest-bearing demand deposits$3,812,173 $498 0.05 %$3,765,212 $524 0.06 %
Money market deposits7,640,810 1,408 0.07 %7,717,844 1,448 0.07 %
Savings deposits2,405,958 205 0.03 %2,342,865 206 0.03 %
Time deposits1,753,880 1,805 0.42 %1,864,949 2,179 0.46 %
Total interest-bearing deposits15,612,821 3,916 0.10 %15,690,870 4,357 0.11 %
Repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased486,542 63 0.05 %484,891 48 0.04 %
Borrowings6,313 49 3.16 %6,353 51 3.19 %
Junior subordinated debentures380,985 3,149 3.35 %387,471 3,019 3.09 %
Total interest-bearing liabilities16,486,661 $7,177 0.18 %16,569,585 $7,475 0.18 %
Non-interest-bearing deposits11,007,034 11,219,766 
Other liabilities388,659 379,274 
Total liabilities27,882,354 28,168,625 
Common equity2,715,059 2,717,753 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity$30,597,413 $30,886,378 
NET INTEREST INCOME$229,117 $233,754 
NET INTEREST SPREAD3.06 %3.07 %
NET INTEREST INCOME TO EARNING ASSETS OR NET INTEREST MARGIN (1), (2)
3.14 %3.15 %
(1)Non-accrual loans and leases are included in the average balance.
(2)Tax-exempt income has been adjusted to a tax equivalent basis at a 21% tax rate. The amount of such adjustment was an addition to recorded income of approximately $354,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to approximately $375,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2021.
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The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in tax equivalent net interest income due to changes in average asset and liability balances (volume) and changes in average rates (rate) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to three months ended December 31, 2021. Changes in tax equivalent interest income and expense, which are not attributable specifically to either volume or rate, are allocated proportionately between both variances. 

Three Months Ended
 
March 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021
 Increase (decrease) in interest income and expense due to changes in
  (in thousands)
VolumeRateTotal
INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS:   
Loans held for sale$(630)$(15)$(645)
Loans and leases3,760 (10,212)(6,452)
Taxable securities(104)2,247 2,143 
Non-taxable securities (1)
(96)(9)(105)
Temporary investments and interest bearing cash(257)381 124 
Total interest-earning assets (1)
2,673 (7,608)(4,935)
INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES:
Interest bearing demand deposits4 (30)(26)
Money market deposits(37)(3)(40)
Savings deposits3 (4)(1)
Time deposits(140)(234)(374)
Repurchase agreements— 15 15 
Borrowings— (2)(2)
Junior subordinated debentures(63)193 130 
Total interest-bearing liabilities(233)(65)(298)
Net increase (decrease) in net interest income (1)
$2,906 $(7,543)$(4,637)
(1) Tax exempt income has been adjusted to a tax equivalent basis at a 21% tax rate.
Provision for Credit Losses 
 
The Company had a $4.8 million provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to a $736,000 recapture of provision for credit losses for the three months ended December 31, 2021. The March 31, 2022 provision reflects allowance requirements for new loan generation, loan mix changes, and changes between the December 2021 and March 2022 economic forecasts used in credit models. As an annualized percentage of average outstanding loans and leases, the provision (recapture) for credit losses recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was 0.09% as compared to (0.01)% for the three months ended December 31, 2021. 
 
For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net charge-offs were $5.5 million, as compared to $7.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021. As an annualized percentage of average outstanding loans and leases, net charge-offs for the three months ended March 31, 2022 were 0.10%, as compared to 0.13% for the three months ended December 31, 2021. The majority of net charge-offs relate to leases and equipment finance loans, included within the commercial loan portfolio.

Typically, loans in a non-accrual status will not have an allowance for credit loss as they will be written down to their net realizable value or charged-off. However, the net realizable value for homogeneous leases and equipment finance agreements are determined by the loss given default calculated by the CECL model, and therefore homogeneous leases and equipment finance agreements on non-accrual will have an allowance for credit loss amount until they become 181 days past due, at which time they are charged-off. The non-accrual leases and equipment finance agreements of $8.2 million as of March 31, 2022 have a related allowance for credit losses of $6.6 million, with the remaining loans written-down to the estimated fair value of the collateral, less estimated costs to sell, and are expected to be resolved with no additional material loss, absent further decline in market prices. 

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Non-Interest Income 
 
Non-interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $80.0 million, a decrease of $2.8 million compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021. The following table presents the key components of non-interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021:
Three Months Ended
(in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021Change AmountChange Percent
Service charges on deposits$11,583 $11,188 $395 4 %
Card-based fees8,708 9,355 (647)(7)%
Brokerage revenue11 31 (20)(65)%
Residential mortgage banking revenue, net60,786 43,185 17,601 41 %
Gain on sale of debt securities, net2 4 (2)(50)%
Loss on equity securities, net (2,661)(466)(2,195)471 %
Gain on loan and lease sales, net2,337 4,816 (2,479)(51)%
Bank owned life insurance income2,087 2,101 (14)(1)%
Other (losses) income(2,884)12,524 (15,408)(123)%
Total non-interest income$79,969 $82,738 $(2,769)(3)%

Other (losses) income for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021 decreased primarily due to a loss on the fair value on certain loans held for investment of $21.0 million, as compared to a gain of $2.7 million, respectively. This decrease was partially offset by a $7.3 million increase in the gain on swap derivatives over the period.

Residential mortgage banking revenue, which is the primary source of income for the Mortgage Banking segment, increased primarily due to a gain on the fair value of the MSR as a result of rising rates during the period, offset by lower refinance demand as well as a decline in gain on sale margin. The gain on the fair value of the MSR asset was $34.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to a gain of $10.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021. Revenue related to origination and sale of residential mortgages decreased by $6.8 million, as compared to the prior period.

For-sale mortgage closed loan volume for the three months ended March 31, 2022, decreased 25% as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021. In addition, the gain on sale margin decreased to 2.59% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to 2.71% for the three months ended December 31, 2021. Direct expense related to the origination of for-sale mortgage loans as a percentage of loan production was 2.20% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to 2.08% for the three months ended December 31, 2021.

Origination volume is generally linked to the level of interest rates. When rates fall, origination volume would be expected to be elevated relative to historical levels. When rates rise, origination volume would be expected to decline. The MSR asset value is also sensitive to interest rates, and generally falls with lower rates and rises with higher rates.

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The following table presents our residential mortgage banking revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: 

Three Months Ended
(in thousands)
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Origination and sale$16,844 $23,624 
Servicing9,140 9,457 
Change in fair value of MSR asset:
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows over time(5,347)(5,311)
Changes in valuation inputs or assumptions (1)
40,149 15,415 
Residential mortgage banking revenue, net$60,786 $43,185 
LHFS Production Statistics:
Closed loan volume for-sale$649,122 $871,268 
Gain on sale margin2.59 %2.71 %
(1)The changes in valuation inputs and assumptions principally reflect changes in discount rates and prepayment speeds, which are primarily affected by changes in interest rates.

Non-Interest Expense 
 
Non-interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $182.4 million, a decrease of $17.3 million or 9% compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021. The following table presents the key elements of non-interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021Change AmountChange Percent
Salaries and employee benefits$113,138 $117,477 $(4,339)(4)%
Occupancy and equipment, net34,829 34,310 519 2 %
Communications2,754 2,931 (177)(6)%
Marketing2,398 2,304 94 4 %
Services11,337 12,521 (1,184)(9)%
FDIC assessments4,516 2,896 1,620 56 %
Intangible amortization1,025 1,130 (105)(9)%
Merger related expenses2,278 15,183 (12,905)(85)%
Other expenses10,155 10,959 (804)(7)%
Total non-interest expense$182,430 $199,711 $(17,281)(9)%

Salaries and employee benefits decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to a decrease in incentive pay during the quarter.

Merger related expenses, related to the merger with Columbia, decreased due to fewer consulting and legal costs incurred related to the merger for the first quarter of 2022. The merger with Columbia is expected to close in mid-2022.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION 
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents were $2.7 billion at March 31, 2022, compared to $2.8 billion at December 31, 2021. The decrease of interest bearing cash and temporary investments reflects strong loan portfolio growth of $422.6 million in the period, outpacing deposit growth of $104.9 million. An elevated on-balance sheet liquidity position enhances the Company's liquidity flexibility given the market volatility and uncertainty in the current environment.

Investment Securities 
 
Investment debt securities available for sale were $3.6 billion as of March 31, 2022, compared to $3.9 billion at December 31, 2021. The decrease was due to a decrease of $237.0 million in fair value of investment securities available for sale, due to the increase in rates during the quarter, as well as sales and paydowns of $126.0 million, offset partially by purchases of $131.9 million of investment securities.

The following tables present the available for sale and held to maturity investment debt securities portfolio by major type as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: 
Investment Securities Available for Sale
 March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 (dollars in thousands)Fair Value%Fair Value%
U.S. Treasury and agencies$862,142 24 %$918,053 24 %
Obligations of states and political subdivisions306,864 8 %330,784 8 %
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations2,469,074 68 %2,621,598 68 %
Total available for sale securities$3,638,080 100 %$3,870,435 100 %
Investment Securities Held to Maturity
 March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 (dollars in thousands)Amortized Cost%Amortized Cost%
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations$2,700 100 %$2,744 100 %
Total held to maturity securities$2,700 100 %$2,744 100 %
 
 
We review investment securities on an ongoing basis for the presence of impairment, taking into consideration current market conditions, fair value in relationship to cost, extent and nature of the change in fair value, issuer rating changes and trends, whether we intend to sell a security or if it is likely that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of our amortized cost basis of the investment, which may be maturity, and other factors.   
 
Gross unrealized losses in the available for sale investment portfolio were $235.0 million at March 31, 2022. This consisted primarily of unrealized losses on mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of $189.6 million. The unrealized losses were attributable to changes in market interest rates or the widening of market spreads subsequent to the initial purchase of these securities and are not attributable to changes in credit quality. In the opinion of management, no allowance for credit losses was considered necessary on these debt securities as of March 31, 2022.

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Loans and Leases
 
Total loans and leases outstanding at March 31, 2022 were $23.0 billion, an increase of $422.6 million as compared to December 31, 2021. The increase is attributable to non-PPP loan growth of $630.2 million, with the majority being in multifamily and residential mortgage loans. PPP loan balances decreased during the quarter by $207.7 million, which related to loan forgiveness and payoffs. The loan to deposit ratio as of March 31, 2022 is 86%, as compared to 85% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The following table presents the concentration distribution of the loan and lease portfolio, net of deferred fees and costs, as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
  (dollars in thousands)
Amount%Amount%
Commercial real estate    
Non-owner occupied term, net$3,884,784 17 %$3,786,887 17 %
Owner occupied term, net2,327,899 10 %2,332,422 10 %
Multifamily, net4,323,633 19 %4,051,202 18 %
Construction & development, net940,286 4 %890,338 4 %
Residential development, net195,308 1 %206,990 1 %
Commercial  
Term, net2,772,206 12 %3,008,473 13 %
Lines of credit & other, net871,483 4 %910,733 4 %
Leases & equipment finance, net1,484,252 6 %1,467,676 7 %
Residential  
Mortgage, net4,748,266 21 %4,517,266 20 %
Home equity loans & lines, net1,250,702 5 %1,197,170 5 %
Consumer & other, net176,942 1 %184,023 1 %
Total, net of deferred fees and costs$22,975,761 100 %$22,553,180 100 %

In 2020, the Bank originated loans to qualified small businesses under the PPP administered by the SBA. The remaining unamortized balance of the PPP-related net loan processing fees will be recognized as a yield adjustment over the remaining term of these loans, although the forgiveness of these loans by the SBA accelerates the recognition of these fees.
 (dollars in thousands)
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
PPP principal balance$178,314 $392,038 
PPP deferred fees(5,524)(11,598)
Net PPP Balance$172,790 $380,440 
PPP loan count1,976 4,101 
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Asset Quality and Non-Performing Assets 

The following table summarizes our non-performing assets, TDR loans, the ACL and asset quality ratios as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
 (dollars in thousands)
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Loans and leases on non-accrual status
Commercial real estate, net$5,950 $5,767 
Commercial, net12,415 13,098 
Residential, net— — 
Consumer & other, net— — 
Total loans and leases on non-accrual status18,365 18,865 
Loans and leases past due 90 days or more and accruing
Commercial real estate, net1 1 
Commercial, net8 4,160 
Residential, net23,162 27,981 
Consumer & other, net111 194 
Total loans and leases past due 90 days or more and accruing
23,282 32,336 
Total non-performing loans and leases41,647 51,201 
Other real estate owned1,868 1,868 
Total non-performing assets$43,515 $53,069 
Restructured loans (1)
$8,405 $6,694 
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases $248,564 $248,412 
Reserve for unfunded commitments12,918 12,767 
Allowance for credit losses$261,482 $261,179 
Asset quality ratios:  
Non-performing assets to total assets0.14 %0.17 %
Non-performing loans and leases to total loans and leases0.18 %0.23 %
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases to total loans and leases1.08 %1.10 %
Allowance for credit losses to total loans and leases1.14 %1.16 %
Allowance for credit losses to total non-performing loans and leases628 %510 %
(1)Represents accruing TDR loans performing according to their restructured terms. 

At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, loans of $8.4 million and $6.7 million, respectively, were classified as accruing restructured loans. The restructurings were granted in response to borrower financial difficulty and generally provide for a modification of loan repayment terms.
  
A decline in the economic conditions due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as in our general market areas or other factors could adversely impact individual borrowers or the loan portfolio in general. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that loans will not become 90 days or more past due, placed on non-accrual status, restructured or transferred to other real estate owned in the future.

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Allowance for Credit Losses
 
The ACL totaled $261.5 million at March 31, 2022, an increase of $303,000 from December 31, 2021. The following table shows the activity in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
Three Months Ended
(dollars in thousands)
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases
Balance, beginning of period$248,412 $257,560 
Provision (recapture) for credit losses on loans and leases 5,696 (1,751)
Charge-offs
Commercial real estate, net— (58)
Commercial, net(7,858)(10,197)
Residential, net(167)— 
Consumer & other, net(885)(675)
Total charge-offs(8,910)(10,930)
Recoveries
Commercial real estate, net25 56 
Commercial, net2,545 2,585 
Residential, net173 326 
Consumer & other, net623 566 
Total recoveries3,366 3,533 
Net charge-offs
Commercial real estate, net25 (2)
Commercial, net(5,313)(7,612)
Residential, net6 326 
Consumer & other, net(262)(109)
Total net charge-offs(5,544)(7,397)
Balance, end of period$248,564 $248,412 
Reserve for unfunded commitments
Balance, beginning of period$12,767 $11,752 
Provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments151 1,015 
Balance, end of period12,918 12,767 
Total allowance for credit losses$261,482 $261,179 
As a percentage of average loans and leases (annualized):
Net charge-offs0.10 %0.13 %
Provision (recapture) for credit losses
0.09 %(0.01)%
Recoveries as a percentage of charge-offs37.78 %32.32 %

The provision for credit losses includes the provision (recapture) for loan and lease losses and the provision for unfunded commitments. The increase in the provision is due to organic loan growth as well as updates to the economic forecasts used in credit models.

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The following table sets forth the allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases and percent of loans in each category to total loans and leases as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: 
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 (dollars in thousands)Amount% Loans to total loansAmount% Loans to total loans
Commercial real estate$91,638 51 %$99,075 50 %
Commercial121,072 22 %117,573 24 %
Residential31,946 26 %29,068 25 %
Consumer & other3,908 1 %2,696 1 %
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases$248,564  $248,412  

The following table shows the change in the allowance for credit losses from December 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022:
(dollars in thousands)December 31, 2021
Q1 2022 net (charge-offs) recoveries
Reserve build/(release)March 31, 2022% of Loan and Leases Outstanding
Commercial real estate$107,536 $25 $(7,185)$100,376 0.86 %
Commercial119,601 (5,313)8,404 122,692 2.39 %
Residential31,025 6 3,108 34,139 0.57 %
Consumer & Other3,017 (262)1,520 4,275 2.42 %
Total allowance for credit losses$261,179 $(5,544)$5,847 $261,482 1.14 %
% of loans and leases outstanding1.16 %1.14 %

To calculate the ACL, the CECL models use a forecast of future economic conditions and are dependent upon specific macroeconomic variables that are relevant to each of the Bank's loan and lease portfolios. For the first quarter of 2022, the Bank used Moody's Analytics' March baseline economic forecast. Key components include a U.S. real GDP average annualized growth of 3.5% in 2022, decreasing to 3.1% in 2023, and an average unemployment rate for 2022 of 3.6% for 2022, dropping to 3.4% in 2023. The Federal Reserve Fed Funds Rate is expected to increase consistently throughout 2022 and 2023, reaching a long run equilibrium of 2.5% by the end of 2024.  The models for calculating the ACL are sensitive to changes in these and other economic variables, which could result in volatility as these assumptions change over time.

We believe that the allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2022 is sufficient to absorb losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio and in credit commitments outstanding as of that date based on the information available. If the economic conditions decline, the Bank may need additional provisions for credit losses in future periods.

Residential Mortgage Servicing Rights 
 
The following table presents the changes in our residential mortgage servicing rights portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Three Months Ended
  (in thousands)
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Balance, beginning of period$123,615 $105,834 
Additions for new MSR capitalized7,390 7,677 
Changes in fair value:
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows over time(5,347)(5,311)
Changes due to valuation inputs or assumptions (1)
40,149 15,415 
Balance, end of period$165,807 $123,615 
(1)The changes in valuation inputs and assumptions principally reflect changes in discount rates and prepayment speeds, which are primarily affected by changes in interest rates.

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Information related to our residential serviced loan portfolio as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was as follows: 
(dollars in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Balance of loans serviced for others$12,810,574 $12,755,671 
MSR as a percentage of serviced loans1.29 %0.97 %

Residential mortgage servicing rights are adjusted to fair value quarterly with the change recorded in residential mortgage banking revenue. The value of servicing rights can fluctuate based on changes in interest rates and other factors. Generally, as interest rates decline and borrowers are able to take advantage of a refinance incentive, prepayments increase, and the total value of existing servicing rights declines as expectations of future servicing fee collections decline. Historically, the fair value of our residential mortgage servicing rights will increase as market rates for mortgage loans rise and decrease if market rates fall. Mortgage rates increased during the period and are expected to continue to rise, which has caused prepayment speeds to slow.

Due to changes to inputs in the valuation model including changes in discount rates and prepayment speeds, the fair value of the MSR asset increased by $40.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared to an increase of $15.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021. The fair value of the MSR asset decreased by $5.3 million, due to the passage of time, including the impact of regularly scheduled repayments, paydowns and payoffs during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
 
Deposits 

Total deposits were $26.7 billion at March 31, 2022, an increase of $104.9 million, as compared to December 31, 2021. The increase is mainly attributable to growth in demand and savings deposits, offset by a continued decline in time deposits and a decrease in money market deposits. Time deposits continue to decline as the Bank continues to allow these higher-cost deposits to run off.
 
The following table presents the deposit balances by category as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: 
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 (dollars in thousands)Amount%Amount%
Non-interest bearing demand$11,058,251 42 %$11,023,724 41 %
Interest bearing demand3,955,329 15 %3,774,937 14 %
Money market7,572,581 28 %7,611,718 29 %
Savings2,429,073 9 %2,375,723 9 %
Time, greater than $250,000418,319 2 %480,432 2 %
Time, $250,000 or less1,266,034 4 %1,328,151 5 %
Total deposits$26,699,587 100 %$26,594,685 100 %
 
The Company's total core deposits, which are deposits less time deposits greater than $250,000 and all brokered deposits, were $26.1 billion at March 31, 2022, compared to $26.0 billion at December 31, 2021. The Company's brokered deposits totaled $140.3 million at March 31, 2022, compared to $149.9 million at December 31, 2021.  

Borrowings 
 
At March 31, 2022, the Bank had outstanding $499.5 million of securities sold under agreements to repurchase, an increase of $7.3 million from December 31, 2021. The Bank had outstanding borrowings consisting of advances from the FHLB of $6.3 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The remaining FHLB advance has a fixed interest rate of 7.10% and matures in 2030.

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Junior Subordinated Debentures 
 
We had junior subordinated debentures with carrying values of $393.7 million and $381.1 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.  The increase is mainly due to the $12.7 million change in fair value for the junior subordinated debentures elected to be carried at fair value, which is due to an increase in the implied forward curve resulting in increased cash flows, partially offset by an increase in the discount rate caused by an increase in the swap spot curve. As of March 31, 2022, substantially all of the junior subordinated debentures had interest rates that are adjustable on a quarterly basis based on a spread over three-month LIBOR. These instruments mature after June 2023 and we anticipate they will be covered under pending federal legislation that will allow us to replace the LIBOR index with SOFR under a safe-harbor provision.

Liquidity and Cash Flow 
 
The principal objective of our liquidity management program is to maintain the Bank's ability to meet the day-to-day cash flow requirements of our customers who either wish to withdraw funds or to draw upon credit facilities to meet their cash needs. The Bank's liquidity strategy includes maintaining a sufficient on-balance sheet liquidity position to provide flexibility, to grow deposit balances and fund growth in lending and investment portfolios, as well as to deleverage non-deposit liabilities as economic conditions permit. As a result, the Company believes that it has sufficient cash and access to borrowings to effectively manage through the current economic conditions, as well as meet its working capital and other needs. The Company will continue to prudently evaluate and maintain liquidity sources, including the ability to fund future loan growth and manage our borrowing sources.

We monitor the sources and uses of funds on a daily basis to maintain an acceptable liquidity position. One source of funds includes public deposits. Individual state laws require banks to collateralize public deposits, typically as a percentage of their public deposit balance in excess of FDIC insurance.  Public deposits represented 5% of total deposits at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The amount of collateral required varies by state and may also vary by institution within each state, depending on the individual state's risk assessment of depository institutions. Changes in the pledging requirements for uninsured public deposits may require pledging additional collateral to secure these deposits, drawing on other sources of funds to finance the purchase of assets that would be available to be pledged to satisfy a pledging requirement, or could lead to the withdrawal of certain public deposits from the Bank. In addition to liquidity from core deposits and the repayments and maturities of loans and investment securities, the Bank can utilize established uncommitted federal funds lines of credit, sell securities under agreements to repurchase, borrow on a secured basis from the FHLB or issue brokered certificates of deposit.  
 
The Bank had available lines of credit with the FHLB totaling $8.9 billion at March 31, 2022, subject to certain collateral requirements, namely the amount of pledged loans and investment securities. The Bank had available lines of credit with the Federal Reserve totaling $1.2 billion, subject to certain collateral requirements, namely the amount of certain pledged loans. The Bank had uncommitted federal funds line of credit agreements with additional financial institutions totaling $460.0 million at March 31, 2022. Availability of these lines is subject to federal funds balances available for loan and continued borrower eligibility. These lines are intended to support short-term liquidity needs, and the agreements may restrict consecutive day usage. 
 
The Company is a separate entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity. Substantially all of the Company's revenues are obtained from dividends declared and paid by the Bank. There were $48.0 million of dividends paid by the Bank to the Company in the three months ended March 31, 2022. There are statutory and regulatory provisions that limit the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company. FDIC and Oregon Division of Financial Regulation approval is required for quarterly dividends from Umpqua Bank to the Company. The timing of the quarterly dividend is after each quarter's earnings release to provide the Company's Board of Directors and regulators with the opportunity to review final quarterly financial results and financial projections, prior to the announcement of any dividend. Due to the Company's announcement of its pending merger with Columbia, Umpqua is restricted from paying quarterly cash dividends in excess of the current level and from repurchasing shares of Company common stock.
 
As disclosed in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, net cash provided by operating activities was $275.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022, with the difference between cash provided by operating activities and net income consisting primarily of proceeds from the sale of loans held for sale of $683.3 million and the decrease in other assets of $167.9 million, offset by originations of loans held for sale of $649.1 million, and the change in fair value of residential mortgage servicing rights carried at fair value of $34.8 million. This compares to net cash provided by operating activities of $392.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021, with the difference between cash used in operating activities and net income consisting of proceeds from the sale of loans held for sale of $1.8 billion, and the net decrease in other assets of $128.2 million, offset by originations of loans held for sale of $1.6 billion, and gain on sale of loans of $50.2 million.

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Net cash of $434.1 million used in investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2022, consisted principally of net change in loans of $470.3 million and purchases of available for sale investment securities of $131.9 million, offset by proceeds from available for sale investment securities of $126.0 million and the proceeds from sales of loans and leases of $44.5 million. This compares to net cash of $495.1 million used in investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2021, which primarily consisted of purchases of investment securities available for sale of $555.3 million and net change in loans of $267.9 million, offset by proceeds from investment securities available for sale of $227.1 million and the proceeds from sales of loans of $82.5 million.

Net cash of $62.6 million provided by financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily consisted of $104.9 million net increase in deposits, offset by $45.5 million of dividends paid on common stock. This compares to net cash of $771.1 million provided by financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2021, which primarily consisted of $1.3 billion net increase in deposits and net increase in securities sold under agreements of repurchase of $45.0 million, offset by $490.0 million repayment of borrowings and $46.2 million of dividends paid on common stock.

Although we expect the Bank's and the Company's liquidity positions to remain satisfactory during 2022, it is possible that our deposit balances may not be maintained at previous levels due to pricing pressure or customers' behavior in the current economic environment. In addition, in order to generate deposit growth, our pricing may need to be adjusted in a manner that results in increased interest expense on deposits.
  
Off-balance-Sheet Arrangements 
 
Information regarding Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements is included in Note 6 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
  
Concentrations of Credit Risk 

Information regarding Concentrations of Credit Risk is included in Note 6 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Capital Resources 
 
Shareholders' equity at March 31, 2022 was $2.6 billion, as compared to $2.7 billion at December 31, 2021. The decrease in shareholders' equity during the three months ended March 31, 2022 was principally due to the other comprehensive loss, net of tax, of $185.5 million and cash dividends paid of $45.7 million, offset by net income of $91.2 million during the period.

The Company's dividend policy considers, among other things, earnings, regulatory capital levels, the overall payout ratio and expected asset growth to determine the amount of dividends declared, if any, on a quarterly basis. There is no assurance that future cash dividends on common shares will be declared or increased. We cannot predict the extent of the economic decline due to COVID-19 or other factors that could result in inadequate earnings, regulatory restrictions and limitations, changes to our capital requirements, or a decision to increase capital by retention of earnings, that may result in the inability to pay dividends at previous levels, or at all. Umpqua is currently restricted from paying quarterly cash dividends in excess of the current level based on the Merger Agreement.

The timing of the quarterly dividend is after each quarter's earnings release to provide the Board with the opportunity to review final quarterly financial results and financial projections, prior to the announcement of any dividend. These dividends were made pursuant to our existing dividend policy and in consideration of, among other things, earnings, regulatory capital levels, the overall payout ratio and expected asset growth. On February 4, 2022, the Company declared a cash dividend in the amount of $0.21 per common share based on fourth quarter 2021 performance, which was paid on February 25, 2022.

The following table presents cash dividends declared and dividend payout ratios (dividends declared per common share divided by basic earnings per common share) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
 Three Months Ended
 March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Dividend declared per common share$0.21 $0.21 
Dividend payout ratio50 %51 %

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In July 2021, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program which authorizes the Company to repurchase up to $400 million of common stock over the next twelve months from time to time in open market transactions, accelerated share repurchases, or in privately negotiated transactions as permitted under applicable rules and regulations. As of March 31, 2022, a total of $321.8 million remained available to repurchase shares under the new share repurchase program. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, no shares were repurchased under the plan.

The repurchase program is currently halted, based on the announced merger with Columbia and in accordance with the Merger Agreement. The timing and amount of future repurchases would depend upon the market price for our common stock, securities laws restricting repurchases, asset growth, earnings, our capital plan, and bank or bank holding company regulatory approvals. In addition, our stock plans provide that option and award holders may pay for the exercise price and tax withholdings in part or entirely by tendering previously held shares.


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The following table shows the Company's consolidated and the Bank's capital adequacy ratios compared to the regulatory minimum capital ratio and the regulatory minimum capital ratio needed to qualify as a "well-capitalized" institution, as calculated under regulatory guidelines of the Basel III at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: 
 

ActualFor Capital Adequacy purposesTo be Well Capitalized
   (dollars in thousands) 
AmountRatioAmountRatioAmountRatio
March 31, 2022      
Total Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)    
Consolidated$3,477,154 14.00 %$1,986,362 8.00 %$2,482,952 10.00 %
Umpqua Bank$3,137,804 12.64 %$1,986,051 8.00 %$2,482,563 10.00 %
Tier I Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)     
Consolidated$2,818,265 11.35 %$1,489,771 6.00 %$1,986,362 8.00 %
Umpqua Bank$2,929,914 11.80 %$1,489,538 6.00 %$1,986,051 8.00 %
Tier I Common (to Risk Weighted Assets)
Consolidated$2,818,265 11.35 %$1,117,328 4.50 %$1,613,919 6.50 %
Umpqua Bank$2,929,914 11.80 %$1,117,153 4.50 %$1,613,666 6.50 %
Tier I Capital (to Average Assets)      
Consolidated$2,818,265 9.19 %$1,226,728 4.00 %$1,533,409 5.00 %
Umpqua Bank$2,929,914 9.55 %$1,227,029 4.00 %$1,533,786 5.00 %
December 31, 2021      
Total Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)    
Consolidated$3,429,047 14.26 %$1,923,934 8.00 %$2,404,917 10.00 %
Umpqua Bank$3,085,848 12.83 %$1,924,015 8.00 %$2,405,019 10.00 %
Tier I Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)     
Consolidated$2,785,794 11.58 %$1,442,950 6.00 %$1,923,934 8.00 %
Umpqua Bank$2,893,593 12.03 %$1,443,011 6.00 %$1,924,015 8.00 %
Tier I Common (to Risk Weighted Assets)
Consolidated$2,785,794 11.58 %$1,082,213 4.50 %$1,563,196 6.50 %
Umpqua Bank$2,893,593 12.03 %$1,082,258 4.50 %$1,563,262 6.50 %
Tier I Capital (to Average Assets)      
Consolidated$2,785,794 9.01 %$1,236,265 4.00 %$1,545,331 5.00 %
Umpqua Bank$2,893,593 9.36 %$1,236,518 4.00 %$1,545,648 5.00 %

In 2020, the federal bank regulatory authorities finalized a rule to provide banking organizations that implemented CECL in 2020 the option to delay the estimated impact on regulatory capital by up to two years, with a three-year transition period to phase out the cumulative benefit to regulatory capital provided during the two-year delay. The Company elected this capital relief to delay the estimated regulatory capital impact of adopting CECL, relative to the incurred loss methodology's effect on regulatory capital. Currently, the Company is beginning to phase out the cumulative adjustment as calculated at the end of 2021, by adjusting it by 75% through 2022, 50% in 2023, and the remaining 25% in 2024.

Item 3.             Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 
 
Our assessment of market risk as of March 31, 2022 indicates there are no material changes in the qualitative disclosures from those in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Item 4.             Controls and Procedures 
 
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer, has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in timely alerting them to information relating to us that is required to be included in our periodic filings with the SEC. The disclosure controls and procedures were last evaluated by management as of March 31, 2022. 

No change in internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

Part II. OTHER INFORMATION 

Item 1.      Legal Proceedings 

Due to the nature of our business, we are involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, we do not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. For additional information, please see Note 6 - Commitments and Contingencies.
 
Item 1A.   Risk Factors 
 
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed under "Part I--Item 1A--Risk Factors" in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. These factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and capital position, and could cause our actual results to differ materially from our historical results or the results contemplated by the forward-looking statements contained in this report. There have been no material changes from the risk factors described in our Form 10-K.

Item 2.     Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds  
 
(a)Not applicable  
 
(b)Not applicable 

(c)The following table provides information about repurchases of common stock by the Company during the quarter ended March 31, 2022: 
Period
Total number of Common Shares Purchased (1)
Average Price Paid per Common Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan (2)
Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May be Purchased at Period End under the Plan
01/01/22 - 01/31/22807 $20.31 — $321,797,719 
02/01/22 - 02/28/22113,010 $20.83 — $321,797,719 
03/01/22 - 03/31/2280,975 $20.59 — $321,797,719 
Total for quarter194,792 $20.73 —  
 
(1)Common shares repurchased by the Company during the quarter consist of cancellation of 194,792 shares to be issued upon vesting of restricted stock awards to pay withholding taxes. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no shares repurchased pursuant to the Company's publicly announced corporate stock repurchase plan described in (2) below.

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(2)On July 21, 2021, the Company approved a share repurchase program which authorizes the Company to repurchase up to $400 million of common stock over the next twelve months from time to time in open market transactions, accelerated share repurchases, or in privately negotiated transactions as permitted under applicable rules and regulations. As of March 31, 2022, a total of $321.8 million remained available to repurchase shares. The timing and amount of future repurchases will depend upon the market price for our common stock, laws and regulations restricting repurchases, asset growth, earnings, our capital plan and bank or bank holding company regulatory approvals. In addition, the Company halted repurchases under the program with the announcement of the proposed merger with Columbia and as required under the Merger Agreement.  

Item 3.            Defaults upon Senior Securities
 
Not applicable 

Item 4.            Mine Safety Disclosures 

Not applicable 

Item 5.            Other Information

Not applicable  

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Item 6.            Exhibits  
 
Exhibit #Description
2.1
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2The Company agrees to furnish upon request to the Commission a copy of each instrument defining the rights of holders of senior and subordinated debt of the Company.
31.1
31.2
31.3
32
101.INSInline XBRL Instance Document – The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104
The cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101)
(a)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Form 8-K filed October 15, 2021
(b)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed April 23, 2018
(c)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to Form 8-K filed March 24, 2020
(d)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-77259) filed April 28, 1999

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SIGNATURES 
 
Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. 
 
UMPQUA HOLDINGS CORPORATION
(Registrant) 
DatedMay 5, 2022
/s/ Cort L. O'Haver                                           
 Cort L. O'Haver
President and Chief Executive Officer  
DatedMay 5, 2022/s/ Ronald L. Farnsworth
 Ronald L. Farnsworth  
Executive Vice President/Chief Financial Officer and 
Principal Financial Officer
DatedMay 5, 2022/s/ Lisa M. White
 
Lisa M. White                                    
Senior Vice President/Corporate Controller and 
Principal Accounting Officer

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