Fair Value Measurement

The following table presents estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, whether or not recognized or recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:



(in thousands)		December 31, 2017				December 31, 2016
	Level	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
FINANCIAL ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	1	$	634,280	$	634,280	$	1,449,432	$	1,449,432
Trading securities	1,2	12,255		12,255		10,964		10,964
Investment securities available for sale	1,2	3,065,769		3,065,769		2,701,220		2,701,220
Investment securities held to maturity	3	3,803		4,906		4,216		5,217
Loans held for sale, at fair value	2	259,518		259,518		387,318		387,318
Loans and leases, net	3	18,939,576		18,936,038		17,374,679		17,385,156
Restricted equity securities	1	43,508		43,508		45,528		45,528
Residential mortgage servicing rights	3	153,151		153,151		142,973		142,973
Bank owned life insurance assets	1	306,864		306,864		299,673		299,673
Derivatives	2,3	32,256		32,256		47,501		47,501
Visa Class B common stock	3	—		86,380		—		59,107
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES:
Deposits	1,2	$	19,948,300	$	19,930,568	$	19,020,985	$	19,016,330
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	2	294,299		294,299		352,948		352,948
Term debt	2	802,357		790,532		852,397		844,377
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value	3	277,155		277,155		262,209		262,209
Junior subordinated debentures, at amortized cost	3	100,609		81,944		100,931		77,640
Derivatives	2	9,288		9,288		37,063		37,063

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis

The following tables present information about the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:



(in thousands)	December 31, 2017
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
FINANCIAL ASSETS:
Trading securities
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	273	$	—	$	273	$	—
Equity securities	11,982		11,982		—		—
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury and agencies	39,698		—		39,698		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	308,456		—		308,456		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations	2,665,645		—		2,665,645		—
Investments in mutual funds and other equity securities	51,970		51,970		—		—
Loans held for sale, at fair value	259,518		—		259,518		—
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value	153,151		—		—		153,151
Derivatives
Interest rate lock commitments	4,752		—		—		4,752
Interest rate forward sales commitments	286		—		286		—
Interest rate swaps	26,081		—		26,081		—
Foreign currency derivative	1,137		—		1,137		—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	3,522,949	$	63,952	$	3,301,094	$	157,903
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES:
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value	$	277,155	$	—	$	—	$	277,155
Derivatives
Interest rate forward sales commitments	567		—		567		—
Interest rate swaps	7,229		—		7,229		—
Foreign currency derivative	1,492		—		1,492		—
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	286,443	$	—	$	9,288	$	277,155



(in thousands)	December 31, 2016
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
FINANCIAL ASSETS:
Trading securities
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	662	$	—	$	662	$	—
Equity securities	10,302		10,302		—		—
Investment securities available for sale
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	307,697		—		307,697		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations	2,391,553		—		2,391,553		—
Investments in mutual funds and other equity securities	1,970		—		1,970		—
Loans held for sale, at fair value	387,318		—		387,318		—
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value	142,973		—		—		142,973
Derivatives
Interest rate lock commitments	4,076		—		—		4,076
Interest rate forward sales commitments	8,054		—		8,054		—
Interest rate swaps	34,701		—		34,701		—
Foreign currency derivatives	670		—		670		—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	3,289,976	$	10,302	$	3,132,625	$	147,049
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES:
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value	$	262,209	$	—	$	—	$	262,209
Derivatives
Interest rate forward sales commitments	1,318		—		1,318		—
Interest rate swaps	34,871		—		34,871		—
Foreign currency derivatives	874		—		874		—
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	299,272	$	—	$	37,063	$	262,209

The following methods were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instrument in the tables above:

Cash and Cash Equivalents - For short-term instruments, including noninterest bearing cash and due from banks, and interest bearing cash, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Securities - Fair values for investment securities are based on quoted market prices when available or through the use of alternative approaches, such as matrix or model pricing, or broker indicative bids, when market quotes are not readily accessible or available. Management periodically reviews the pricing information received from the third-party pricing service and compares it to a secondary pricing service, evaluating significant price variances between services to determine an appropriate estimate of fair value to report.

Loans Held for Sale— Fair value for residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale is determined based on quoted secondary market prices for similar loans, including the implicit fair value of embedded servicing rights.

Loans and Leases - Fair values are estimated for portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics. Loans are segregated by type, including commercial, real estate and consumer loans. Each loan category is further segregated by fixed and adjustable rate loans. The fair value of loans is calculated by discounting expected cash flows at rates which similar loans are currently being made. These amounts are discounted further by embedded probable losses expected to be realized in the portfolio.

Restricted Equity Securities - The carrying value of restricted equity securities approximates fair value as the shares can only be redeemed by the issuing institution at par.

Residential Mortgage Servicing Rights - The fair value of the MSR is estimated using a discounted cash flow model. Assumptions used include market discount rates, anticipated prepayment speeds, delinquency and foreclosure rates, and ancillary fee income net of servicing costs. This model is periodically validated by an independent model validation group. The model assumptions and the MSR fair value estimates are also compared to observable trades of similar portfolios as well as to MSR broker valuations and industry surveys, as available. Management believes the significant inputs utilized are indicative of those that would be used by market participants.

Bank Owned Life Insurance Assets- Fair values of insurance policies owned are based on the insurance contract's cash surrender value.

Visa Inc. Class B Common Stock - The fair value of Visa Class B common stock is estimated by applying a 5% discount to the value of the unredeemed Class A equivalent shares. The discount primarily represents the risk related to the further potential reduction of the conversion ratio between Class B and Class A shares and a liquidity risk premium.

Deposits - The fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as non-interest bearing deposits, savings and interest checking accounts, and money market accounts, is equal to the amount payable on demand. The fair value of certificates of deposit is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate is estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.

Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase - For short-term instruments, including securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds purchased, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Term Debt - The fair value of term notes is calculated based on the discounted value of the contractual cash flows using current rates at which such borrowings can currently be obtained.

Junior Subordinated Debentures - The fair value of junior subordinated debentures is estimated using an income approach valuation technique. The significant inputs utilized in the estimation of fair value of these instruments are the credit risk adjusted spread and three month LIBOR. The credit risk adjusted spread represents the nonperformance risk of the liability, contemplating the inherent risk of the obligation. The Company periodically utilizes a valuation firm to determine or validate the reasonableness of inputs and factors that are used to determine the fair value. The ending carrying (fair) value of the junior subordinated debentures measured at fair value represents the estimated amount that would be paid to transfer these liabilities in an orderly transaction amongst market participants. Due to credit concerns in the capital markets and inactivity in the trust preferred markets that have limited the observability of market spreads, we have classified this as a Level 3 fair value measure.

Derivative Instruments - The fair value of the interest rate lock commitments and forward sales commitments are estimated using quoted or published market prices for similar instruments, adjusted for factors such as pull-through rate assumptions based on historical information, where appropriate. The pull-through rate assumptions are considered Level 3 valuation inputs and are significant to the interest rate lock commitment valuation; as such, the interest rate lock commitment derivatives are classified as Level 3. The fair value of the interest rate swaps is determined using a discounted cash flow technique incorporating credit valuation adjustments to reflect nonperformance risk in the measurement of fair value. Although the Bank has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its interest rate swap derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the CVA associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. However, as of December 31, 2017, the Bank has assessed the significance of the impact of the CVA on the overall valuation of its interest rate swap positions and has determined that the CVA are not significant to the overall valuation of its interest rate swap derivatives. As a result, the Bank has classified its interest rate swap derivative valuations in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

The following table provides a description of the valuation technique, significant unobservable inputs, and qualitative information about the unobservable inputs for the Company's assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2017:



Financial Instrument	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average
Residential mortgage servicing rights	Discounted cash flow
		Constant prepayment rate	12.27%
		Discount rate	9.70%
Interest rate lock commitments	Internal pricing model
		Pull-through rate	88.83%
Junior subordinated debentures	Discounted cash flow
		Credit spread	4.97%

Generally, any significant increases in the constant prepayment rate and discount rate utilized in the fair value measurement of the residential mortgage servicing rights will result in negative fair value adjustments (and a decrease in the fair value measurement). Conversely, a decrease in the constant prepayment rate and discount rate will result in a positive fair value adjustment (and increase in the fair value measurement).

An increase in the pull-through rate utilized in the fair value measurement of the interest rate lock commitment derivative will result in positive fair value adjustments (and an increase in the fair value measurement.) Conversely, a decrease in the pull-through rate will result in a negative fair value adjustment (and a decrease in the fair value measurement.)

Management believes that the credit risk adjusted spread utilized in the fair value measurement of the junior subordinated debentures carried at fair value is indicative of the nonperformance risk premium a willing market participant would require under current market conditions, that is, the inactive market. Management attributes the change in fair value of the junior subordinated debentures during the period to market changes in the nonperformance expectations and pricing of this type of debt, and not as a result of changes to our entity-specific credit risk. The widening of the credit risk adjusted spread above the Company's contractual spreads has primarily contributed to the positive fair value adjustments. Future contractions in the credit risk adjusted spread relative to the spread currently utilized to measure the Company's junior subordinated debentures at fair value as of December 31, 2017, or the passage of time, will result in negative fair value adjustments. Generally, an increase in the credit risk adjusted spread and/or the forward swap interest rate curve will result in positive fair value adjustments (and decrease the fair value measurement). Conversely, a decrease in the credit risk adjusted spread and/or the forward swap interest rate curve will result in negative fair value adjustments (and increase the fair value measurement).

The following table provides a reconciliation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) on a recurring basis during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.



(in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Change included in earnings			Purchases and issuances		Sales and settlements			Ending Balance		Net change in unrealized gains or (losses) relating to items held at end of period
2017
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value	$	142,973	$	(23,267	)	$	33,445	$	—		$	153,151	$	(6,799	)
Interest rate lock commitments, net	4,076		2,461			39,310		(41,095		)	4,752		4,752
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value	262,209		28,147			—		(13,201		)	277,155		28,147

2016
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value	$	131,817	$	(25,926	)	$	37,082	$	—		$	142,973	$	(14,133	)
Interest rate lock commitments, net	3,631		834			58,881		(59,270		)	4,076		4,076
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value	255,457		17,815			—		(11,063		)	262,209		17,815

Changes in residential MSR carried at fair value are recorded in residential mortgage banking revenue within non-interest income. Gains (losses) on interest rate lock commitments carried at fair value are recorded in residential mortgage banking revenue within non-interest income. Gains (losses) on junior subordinated debentures carried at fair value are recorded in non-interest income. The contractual interest expense on the junior subordinated debentures is recorded on an accrual basis as interest on junior subordinated debentures within interest expense. Settlements related to the junior subordinated debentures represent the payment of accrued interest that is embedded in the fair value of these liabilities.

Additionally, from time to time, certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These adjustments to fair value generally result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets due to impairment, typically on collateral dependent loans.

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The following tables present information about the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for which a nonrecurring change in fair value has been recorded during the reporting period. The amounts disclosed below represent the fair values at the time the nonrecurring fair value measurements were made, and not necessarily the fair value as of the dates reported upon.



(in thousands)	December 31, 2017
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Loans and leases	$	75,121	$	—	$	—	$	75,121
Other real estate owned	68		—		—		68
	$	75,189	$	—	$	—	$	75,189



(in thousands)	December 31, 2016
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Loans and leases	$	25,753	$	—	$	—	$	25,753
Other real estate owned	2,612		—		—		2,612
	$	28,365	$	—	$	—	$	28,365

The following table presents the losses resulting from nonrecurring fair value adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:



(in thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Loans and leases	48,488		33,289		29,083
Other real estate owned	146		1,719		2,782
Total loss from nonrecurring measurements	$	48,634	$	35,008	$	31,865

The following provides a description of the valuation technique and inputs for the Company's assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Unobservable inputs and qualitative information about the unobservable inputs are not presented as the fair value is determined by third-party information. The loans and leases amounts above represent impaired, collateral dependent loans that have been adjusted to fair value. When we identify a collateral dependent loan as impaired, we measure the impairment using the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs. Depending on the characteristics of a loan, the fair value of collateral is generally estimated by obtaining external appraisals, but in some cases, the value of the collateral may be estimated as having little to no value. If we determine that the value of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, we recognize this impairment and adjust the carrying value of the loan to fair value through the allowance for loan and lease losses. The loss represents charge-offs or impairments on collateral dependent loans for fair value adjustments based on the fair value of collateral.

The other real estate owned amount above represents impaired real estate that has been adjusted to fair value. Other real estate owned represents real estate which the Bank has taken control of in partial or full satisfaction of loans. At the time of foreclosure, other real estate owned is recorded at the lower of the carrying amount of the loan or fair value less costs to sell, which becomes the property's new basis. Any write-downs based on the asset's fair value at the date of acquisition are charged to the allowance for loan and lease losses. After foreclosure, management periodically performs valuations such that the real estate is carried at the lower of its new cost basis or fair value, net of estimated costs to sell. Fair value adjustments on other real estate owned are recognized within net loss on real estate owned. The loss represents impairments on other real estate owned for fair value adjustments based on the fair value of the real estate.

Fair Value Option

The following table presents the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans held for sale accounted for under the fair value option as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

(in thousands)

December 31, 2017

December 31, 2016

Fair Value

Aggregate

Less Aggregate

Aggregate

Less Aggregate

Unpaid

Fair

Principal

Fair

Principal

Value

Balance

Value

Balance

Loans held for sale

259,518

250,721

8,797

387,318

378,974

8,344

Residential mortgage loans held for sale accounted for under the fair value option are measured initially at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in earnings. Gains and losses from such changes in fair value are reported as a component of residential mortgage banking revenue, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded a net increase of $453,000, a net decrease of $3.5 million, and a net decrease of $696,000, respectively, representing the change in fair value reflected in earnings.

The Company selected the fair value measurement option for existing junior subordinated debentures (the Umpqua Statutory Trusts) and for junior subordinated debentures acquired from Sterling. The remaining junior subordinated debentures were acquired through previous business combinations and were measured at fair value at the time of acquisition and subsequently measured at amortized cost.

Accounting for the selected junior subordinated debentures at fair value enables us to more closely align our financial performance with the economic value of those liabilities. Additionally, we believe it improves our ability to manage the market and interest rate risks associated with the junior subordinated debentures. The junior subordinated debentures measured at fair value and amortized cost are presented as separate line items on the balance sheet. The ending carrying (fair) value of the junior subordinated debentures measured at fair value represents the estimated amount that would be paid to transfer these liabilities in an orderly transaction amongst market participants under current market conditions as of the measurement date.

Due to inactivity in the junior subordinated debenture market and the lack of observable quotes of our, or similar, junior subordinated debenture liabilities or the related trust preferred securities when traded as assets, we utilize an income approach valuation technique to determine the fair value of these liabilities using our estimation of market discount rate assumptions. The Company monitors activity in the trust preferred and related markets, to the extent available, evaluates changes related to the current and anticipated future interest rate environment, and considers our entity-specific creditworthiness, to validate the reasonableness of the credit risk adjusted spread and effective yield utilized in our discounted cash flow model. We also consider changes in the interest rate environment in our valuation, specifically the absolute level and the shape of the slope of the forward swap curve.