Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The Company prepares its Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These principles require management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, together with amounts disclosed in the related notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Actual results and outcomes may differ from management’s estimates, judgments and assumptions. Significant estimates, judgments and assumptions used in these Consolidated Financial Statements include, but are not limited to those related to revenues, accounts receivable and related allowances, contingencies, useful lives and recovery of long-term assets and intangible assets, income taxes and valuation allowances, stock-based compensation and impairment analysis of goodwill. These estimates, judgments, and assumptions are reviewed periodically and the effects of material revisions in estimates are reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements prospectively from the date of the change in estimate. Revenue Recognition Clinical Services The Company’s specialized diagnostic services are performed based on a written test requisition form or electronic equivalent. The performance obligation is satisfied and revenues are recognized at the point in time the diagnostic services have been performed and the results have been delivered to the ordering physician. These diagnostic services are billed to various payers, including Medicare, commercial insurance companies, other directly billed healthcare institutions such as hospitals and clinics, and individuals. Revenue is recorded for all payers based on the amount expected to be collected, which considers implicit price concessions. Implicit price concessions represent differences between amounts billed and the estimated consideration the Company expects to receive based on negotiated discounts, historical collection experience and other anticipated adjustments, including anticipated payer denials. Collection of consideration the Company expects to receive typically occurs within 30 to 60 days of billing for commercial insurance, Medicare and other governmental and self-pay payers and within 60 to 90 days of billing for client payers. Pharma Services The Company’s Pharma Services segment generally enters into contracts with pharmaceutical and biotech customers as well as other Clinical Research Organizations (“CROs”) to provide research and clinical trial services ranging in duration from one month to several years. The Company records revenue on a unit-of-service basis based on number of units completed and the total expected contract value. The total expected contract value is estimated based on historical experience of total contracted units compared to realized units as well as known factors on a specific contract-by-contract basis. Certain contracts include upfront fees, final settlement amounts or billing milestones that may not align with the completion of performance obligations. The value of these upfront fees or final settlement amounts is usually recognized over time based on the number of units completed, which aligns with the progress of the Company towards fulfilling its obligations under the contract. The Company also enters into other contracts, such as validation studies, for which the sole deliverable is a final report that is sent to sponsors at the completion of contracted activities. For these contracts, revenue is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of the final report to the sponsor. Any contracts that contain multiple performance obligations and include both units-of-service and point in time deliverables are accounted for as separate performance obligations and revenue is recognized as previously disclosed. The Company negotiates billing schedules and payment terms on a contract-by-contract basis. While the contract terms generally provide for payments based on a unit-of-service arrangement, the billing schedules, payment terms and related cash payments may not align with the performance of services and, as such, may not correspond to revenue recognized in any given period. Amounts collected for services provided in advance of revenue being earned are deferred as contract liabilities. The associated revenue is recognized and the contract liability is reduced as the contracted services are subsequently earned. Contract assets are established for revenue that has been recognized but not yet billed. These contract assets are reduced once the customer is invoiced and a corresponding account receivable is recorded. Additionally, certain costs to obtain contracts, primarily for sales commissions, are capitalized when incurred and are amortized over the term of the contract. Amounts capitalized for contracts with an initial contract term of twelve months or less are classified as current assets and all others are classified as non-current assets. Contract assets are included in other current assets and other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Most contracts are terminable by the customer, either immediately or according to advance notice terms specified within the contracts. All contracts require payment of fees to the Company for services rendered through the date of termination and may require payment for subsequent services necessary to conclude the study or close out the contract. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue includes payroll and payroll related costs for performing tests, depreciation of laboratory equipment, rent for laboratory facilities, laboratory reagents, probes and supplies, and delivery and courier costs relating to the transportation of specimens to be tested. Shipping Costs The Company has expenses related to shipping specimens to our facilities for testing, including costs incurred for contract couriers, commercial airline flights and FedEx charges. We also incur expenses returning samples and slides to our customers. We had approximately $14.2 million, $9.8 million and $10.8 million in shipping expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These costs were expensed as fulfillment costs and included in our cost of revenue. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed at the time they are incurred and are deemed immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Research and Development In 2019, we made significant investments in research and development, including substantial upgrades to our next-generation sequencing offering and capabilities. Research and development (“R&D”) costs are expensed as incurred. R&D expenses consist of payroll and payroll related costs, laboratory supplies, and costs for samples to complete validation studies. These expenses are primarily incurred to develop new genetic tests. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are reported for all clinical services payers based on the amount expected to be collected, which considers implicit price concessions. Implicit price concessions represent differences between amounts billed and the estimated consideration the Company expects to receive based on negotiated discounts, historical collection experience and other anticipated adjustments, including anticipated payer denials. For Pharma Services, the Company negotiates billing schedules and payment terms on a contract-by-contract basis which can include payments based on certain milestones being achieved. Receivables are generally reported over time based on the number of units completed, which generally aligns with the progress of the Company towards fulfilling its obligations under the contract. Cash and cash equivalents We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of ninety days or less to be cash equivalents. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities, and other current assets and liabilities, including our revolving credit facility are considered reasonable estimates of their respective fair values due to their short-term nature. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents with financial institutions that the Company believes to be of high credit standing. The Company believes that, as of December 31, 2019, its concentration of credit risk related to cash and cash equivalents was not significant. The carrying values of the Company’s long-term financing obligations and term loan approximate their fair value based on the current market conditions for similar instruments. In December of 2016 and June of 2018, the Company entered into interest rate swap agreements. See Note I, Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities for additional discussion. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. A fair value hierarchy has been established based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable. Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. These are typically obtained from real-time quotes for transactions in active exchange markets involving identical assets. Level 2: Inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, which are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These are typically obtained from readily-available pricing sources for comparable instruments. Level 3: Unobservable inputs, where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability. These inputs reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions of the data that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, based on the best information available in the circumstances. Inventories Inventories, which consist principally of testing supplies, are valued at lower of cost or net realizable value, using the first-in, first-out method (FIFO). Other Current Assets As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, other current assets consist primarily of pharma contract assets, capitalized commissions and non-trade receivables. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment are recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements and property and equipment under capital leases are amortized over the shorter of the related lease terms or their estimated useful lives. Costs incurred in connection with the development of internal-use software are capitalized in accordance with the accounting standard for internal-use software, and are amortized over the expected useful life of the software, generally 2-10 years. We perform a fair value assessment on property and equipment acquired in a business combination and record the fair value as the cost basis for those assets. The Company periodically reviews the estimated useful lives of property and equipment. Changes to the estimated useful lives are recorded prospectively from the date of the change. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of the assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in income (loss) from operations. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred and are included in general and administrative expenses. Intangible Assets Intangible assets with determinable useful lives are recorded at acquired fair value or cost, less accumulated amortization. Each intangible asset is amortized over its estimated useful life using the straight-line method. We periodically review the estimated pattern in which the economic benefits will be consumed and adjust the amortization period and pattern to match our estimate. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are recorded at fair value or cost and not amortized but tested annually for impairment. There were no impairment losses related to intangible assets with indefinite useful lives for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s intangible assets were comprised of customer relationships, trademarks, and trade names. Goodwill The Company evaluates goodwill on an annual basis in the fourth quarter or more frequently if management believes indicators of impairment exist. Such indicators could include, but are not limited to (1) a significant adverse change in legal factors or in business climate, (2) unanticipated competition, or (3) an adverse action or assessment by a regulator. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If management concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, management performs a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The quantitative analysis is performed by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. If the carrying value is greater than our estimate of fair value, an impairment loss will be recognized for the amount in which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value. The Company estimates the fair values of its reporting units using a combination of the income, or discounted cash flows, approach and the market approach, which utilizes comparable companies’ data. The Company’s evaluation of goodwill resulted in no impairment losses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Recoverability and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews the recoverability of its long-lived assets (including definite-lived intangible assets) if events or changes in circumstances indicate the assets may be impaired. Evaluation of possible impairment is based on the Company’s ability to recover the asset from the expected future pretax cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) of the related operations. If the expected undiscounted pretax cash flows are less than the carrying amount of such asset, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the estimated fair value and carrying amount of the asset. No impairment losses were recognized in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 or 2017. Debt Issuance Costs We record debt issuance costs related to our term loan as direct deductions from the carrying amount of the term loan. The costs are amortized to interest expense over the life of the debt using the effective interest method. Debt issuance costs relating to line of credit arrangements are recorded as assets and amortized over the term of the credit arrangement regardless of whether any outstanding borrowing exists. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company uses derivative instruments to manage risks related to interest expense. We account for derivatives in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 815, which establishes accounting and reporting standards requiring that derivative instruments be recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability and measured at fair value. Additionally, changes in the derivative’s fair value will be recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met. For further information on derivative instruments and hedging activities, see Note I, Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities. Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock The Company classified its Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”) as temporary equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets due to certain deemed liquidation events that were outside the Company’s control. We evaluated our Series A Preferred Stock upon issuance in order to determine classification as to permanent or temporary equity and whether or not the instrument contains an embedded derivative that requires bifurcation. This analysis followed the whole instrument approach which compares an individual feature against the entire instrument which includes that feature. This analysis was based on a consideration of the economic characteristics and risk of the Series A Preferred Stock. As a result of this analysis, we concluded that the Series A Preferred Stock represented an equity host and, therefore, the redemption feature of the Series A Preferred Stock was not considered to be clearly and closely related to the associated equity host instrument. However, the redemption features did not meet the net settlement criteria of a derivative and, therefore, were not considered embedded derivatives that required bifurcation. We also concluded that the conversion rights under the Series A Preferred Stock were clearly and closely related to the equity host instrument. Accordingly, the conversion rights features on the Series A Preferred Stock were not considered an embedded derivative that required bifurcation. Beneficial Conversion Feature The issuance of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock generated a BCF, which arises when a debt or equity security is issued with an embedded conversion option that is beneficial to the investor or in the money at inception because the conversion option has an effective strike price that is less than the market price of the underlying stock at the commitment date. We recognized this BCF by allocating the intrinsic value of the conversion option, to additional paid-in capital, resulting in a discount on the Series A Preferred Stock. NeoGenomics accreted the discount from the date of issuance through the earliest conversion date, which was three years. Accretion expense was recognized as dividend equivalents. On June 25, 2018, the Company redeemed the remaining outstanding Series A Preferred Stock. For further information on the redemption, see Note J, Class A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock. Income Taxes We compute income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, under which deferred taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. Also, the effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that included the enactment date. Temporary differences between financial and tax reporting arise primarily from the use of different depreciation methods and lives for property and equipment, recognition of bad debts, compensation related expenses and various other expenses that have been allowed for or accrued for financial statement purposes but are not currently deductible for income tax purposes. The provision for income taxes, including the effective tax rate and analysis of potential tax exposure items, if any, requires significant judgment and expertise in federal and state income tax laws, regulations and strategies, including the determination of deferred tax assets and liabilities and any estimated valuation allowances deemed necessary to recognize deferred tax assets at an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. We evaluate tax positions that have been taken or are expected to be taken in our tax returns, and record a liability for uncertain tax positions, if deemed necessary. We follow a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. First, tax positions are recognized if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. Second, the tax position is measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the year ended December 31, 2019 we had an insignificant amount on our Consolidated Balance Sheets related to uncertain tax positions including a provision for interest and penalties related to such positions. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we had an uncertain tax position related to the deductibility of certain accrued compensation. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we do not believe we had any significant uncertain tax positions. We do not expect a significant change in our uncertain tax positions in the next 12 months. Stock-Based Compensation We measure compensation expense for stock-based awards to employees, non-employee contracted physicians, and directors based upon the awards’ initial grant-date fair value. The estimated grant-date fair value of the award is recognized as expense over the requisite service period using the straight-line method. We estimate the fair value of stock options using a trinomial lattice model. This model is affected by our stock price on the date of the grant as well as assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include the expected term of the option, expected risk-free interest rate the expected volatility of our common stock, and expected dividend yield, each of which is more fully described below. The assumptions for expected term and expected volatility are the two assumptions that significantly affect the grant date fair value. Expected Term: The expected term of an option is the period of time that the option is expected to be outstanding. The average expected term is determined using a trinomial lattice simulation model. Risk-free Interest Rate: We base the risk-free interest rate used in the trinomial lattice valuation method on the implied yield at the grant date of the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issue with an equivalent term to the stock-based award being valued. Where the expected term of a stock-based award does not correspond with the term for which a zero coupon interest rate is quoted, we use the nearest interest rate from the available maturities. Expected Stock Price Volatility: We use our own historical weekly volatility because that is more reflective of market conditions. Dividend Yield: Because we have never paid a dividend and do not expect to begin doing so in the foreseeable future, we have assumed no dividend yield in valuing our stock-based awards. Tax Effects of Stock-Based Compensation We will only recognize a tax benefit from windfall tax deductions for stock-based awards in additional paid-in capital if an incremental tax benefit is realized after all other tax attributes currently available have been utilized. Excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies for share-based payment awards are recorded within income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, rather than directly to additional paid-in capital. Net Income (Loss) per Common Share We have adopted the two class method of calculating earnings (loss) per share, due to the issuance of the Series A Preferred Stock in December 2015. Under this method, when we have a net loss we will not allocate the net loss to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock (our participating shareholders) as they do not have a contractual obligation to share in losses. Under this method, when we have net income, we will compute net income per share using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period plus the weighted average number of preferred shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period, plus the dilutive effect of potential common stock. Potential common stock consists of shares issuable pursuant to stock options and warrants. Calculations of net income per share are done using the treasury stock method. Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (“Topic 842”). Topic 842 supersedes the lease requirements in FASB ASC 840, Leases (Topic 840). Under Topic 842, lessees are required to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for most operating leases and provide enhanced disclosures. The Company adopted Topic 842 on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method and using the optional transition method to apply the new lease accounting standard as of January 1, 2019, rather than as of the earliest period presented. In addition, the Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard. Adoption of this standard resulted in the recording of net operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets of $9.7 million and corresponding operating lease liabilities of $10.1 million upon adoption. The adoption did not materially impact the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations or Cash Flows. Refer to Note D, Leases, for further details regarding the impact of the adoption of Topic 842 and other information related to the Company’s lease portfolio. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, which amends FASB Accounting Standards Codification by creating Topic 606, Revenues from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). This standard update calls for a number of revisions in the revenue recognition rules. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2018 using a full retrospective method of adoption. Under this method, the Company has restated its results for each prior reporting period presented as if ASC 606 had been effective for those periods. The adoption of this standard required us to implement new revenue policies, procedures and internal controls related to revenue recognition. In addition, the adoption resulted in enhanced financial statement disclosures surrounding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. For further details, see Note C, Revenue Recognition. The new standard impacts each of our two reportable segments differently due to the transactional nature of the Clinical Services segment versus the generally long-term nature of our Pharma Services contracts. The specific effect on our reportable segments is explained below: Clinical Services Revenue Under the new standard, substantially all of our bad debt expense, which has historically been presented as part of general and administrative expense, is considered an implicit price concession and is reported as a reduction in revenue. As a result of ASC 606, we reported a material cumulative reduction in clinical revenue from previously reported periods and a similar reduction in general and administrative expenses. Pharma Services Revenue The adoption of ASC 606 also resulted in changes to the timing of revenue recognition related to Pharma Services contracts as certain individual deliverables such as study setup fees, for which revenue was previously recognized in the period when the deliverables were completed and invoiced, are recognized over the remaining performance period under the new standard. Additionally, certain costs to obtain contracts, primarily for sales commissions, are capitalized when incurred and are amortized over the term of the contract. Under ASC 606, the Company is required to make estimates of the total transaction price per contract, including estimates of variable consideration and the number of performance obligations, and recognize the estimated amount as revenue as it transfers control of the product or performance obligations to its customers. The estimation of total transaction price, number of performance obligations, variable consideration and the application of the related constraint, was not required under previous GAAP and requires the use of significant management judgment and estimates. The Company elected certain practical expedients as allowed under the standard including the following: contracts that began and ended within the same annual reporting period were not restated; contracts with variable consideration were estimated using the transaction price at the date the contract was completed; contract modifications that occurred prior to the earliest reporting period have not been retrospectively restated but have rather been reflected as an aggregate adjustment in the earliest reporting period. The cumulative effect of this standard did not result in a material change to our Pharma Services revenue. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This standard eliminates Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Instead, an entity should perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. This update is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company early adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which changes the accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. The update aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The implementation costs should be presented as a prepaid asset on the balance sheet and expensed over the term of the hosting arrangement. The standard was effective for annual periods, including interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company will adopt this pronouncement as of January 1, 2020. We currently do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. In August 2018, the FASB also issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement: Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Under the new guidance, entities will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, or valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. However, public companies will be required to disclose the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and related changes in unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income. This update was effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those periods. Certain provisions of ASU 2018-13 must be adopted retrospectively, while others must be adopted prospectively. The Company will adopt this pronouncement as of January 1, 2020. We currently do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“Topic 326”): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which modifies the measurement and recognition of credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments. The standard, effective January 1, 2020 for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those years, requires the use of forward-looking expected credit loss models based on historical experience, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount, which may result in earlier recognition of credit losses under the new standard. It also requires that credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities be recorded as an allowance through net income rather than reducing the carrying amount under the current, other-than-temporary-impairment model. The standard required a modified retrospective approach with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings. The Company adopted and applied the standard as of January 1, 2020. Based on management’s analysis, Topic 326 is applicable to the Company’s trade receivables as well as contract assets recognized within the Pharma Services segment. An assessment was performed on historical trends, current economic conditions, supportable forecasts, and customer and credit risks. The adoption of Topic 326 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and disclosures.

The Company prepares its Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These principles require management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, together with amounts disclosed in the related notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Actual results and outcomes may differ from management’s estimates, judgments and assumptions. Significant estimates, judgments and assumptions used in these Consolidated Financial Statements include, but are not limited to those related to revenues, accounts receivable and related allowances, contingencies, useful lives and recovery of long-term assets and intangible assets, income taxes and valuation allowances, stock-based compensation and impairment analysis of goodwill. These estimates, judgments, and assumptions are reviewed periodically and the effects of material revisions in estimates are reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements prospectively from the date of the change in estimate.

The Company’s specialized diagnostic services are performed based on a written test requisition form or electronic equivalent. The performance obligation is satisfied and revenues are recognized at the point in time the diagnostic services have been performed and the results have been delivered to the ordering physician. These diagnostic services are billed to various payers, including Medicare, commercial insurance companies, other directly billed healthcare institutions such as hospitals and clinics, and individuals. Revenue is recorded for all payers based on the amount expected to be collected, which considers implicit price concessions. Implicit price concessions represent differences between amounts billed and the estimated consideration the Company expects to receive based on negotiated discounts, historical collection experience and other anticipated adjustments,

The Company’s Pharma Services segment generally enters into contracts with pharmaceutical and biotech customers as well as other Clinical Research Organizations (“CROs”) to provide research and clinical trial services ranging in duration from one month to several years. The Company records revenue on a unit-of-service basis based on number of units completed and the total expected contract value. The total expected contract value is estimated based on historical experience of total contracted units compared to realized units as well as known factors on a specific contract-by-contract basis. Certain contracts include upfront fees, final settlement amounts or billing milestones that may not align with the completion of performance obligations. The value of these upfront fees or final settlement amounts is usually recognized over time based on the number of units completed, which aligns with the progress of the Company towards fulfilling its obligations under the contract.

The Company also enters into other contracts, such as validation studies, for which the sole deliverable is a final report that is sent to sponsors at the completion of contracted activities. For these contracts, revenue is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of the final report to the sponsor. Any contracts that contain multiple performance obligations and include both units-of-service and point in time deliverables are accounted for as separate performance obligations and revenue is recognized as previously disclosed. The Company negotiates billing schedules and payment terms on a contract-by-contract basis. While the contract terms generally provide for payments based on a unit-of-service arrangement, the billing schedules, payment terms and related cash payments may not align with the performance of services and, as such, may not correspond to revenue recognized in any given period.

Amounts collected for services provided in advance of revenue being earned are deferred as contract liabilities. The associated revenue is recognized and the contract liability is reduced as the contracted services are subsequently earned. Contract assets are established for revenue that has been recognized but not yet billed. These contract assets are reduced once the customer is invoiced and a corresponding account receivable is recorded. Additionally, certain costs to obtain contracts, primarily for sales commissions, are capitalized when incurred and are amortized over the term of the contract. Amounts capitalized for contracts with an initial contract term of twelve months or less are classified as current assets and all others are classified as non-current assets. Contract assets are included in other current assets and other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Most contracts are terminable by the customer, either immediately or according to advance notice terms specified within the contracts. All contracts require payment of fees to the Company for services rendered through the date of termination and may require payment for subsequent services necessary to conclude the study or close out the contract.

The Company has expenses related to shipping specimens to our facilities for testing, including costs incurred for contract couriers, commercial airline flights and FedEx charges. We also incur expenses returning samples and slides to our customers. We had approximately $14.2 million, $9.8 million and $10.8 million in shipping expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These costs were expensed as fulfillment costs and included in our cost of revenue.

In 2019, we made significant investments in research and development, including substantial upgrades to our next-generation sequencing offering and capabilities. Research and development (“R&D”) costs are expensed as incurred. R&D expenses consist of payroll and payroll related costs, laboratory supplies, and costs for samples to complete validation studies. These expenses are primarily incurred to develop new genetic tests.

Accounts receivable are reported for all clinical services payers based on the amount expected to be collected, which considers implicit price concessions. Implicit price concessions represent differences between amounts billed and the estimated consideration the Company expects to receive based on negotiated discounts, historical collection experience and other anticipated adjustments, including anticipated payer denials.

For Pharma Services, the Company negotiates billing schedules and payment terms on a contract-by-contract basis which can include payments based on certain milestones being achieved. Receivables are generally reported over time based on the number of units completed, which generally aligns with the progress of the Company towards fulfilling its obligations under the contract.

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities, and other current assets and liabilities, including our revolving credit facility are considered reasonable estimates of their respective fair values due to their short-term nature. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents with financial institutions that the Company believes to be of high credit standing. The Company believes that, as of December 31, 2019, its concentration of credit risk related to cash and cash equivalents was not significant. The carrying values of the Company’s long-term financing obligations and term loan approximate their fair value based on the current market conditions for similar instruments. In December of 2016 and June of 2018, the Company entered into interest rate swap agreements. See Note I, Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities for additional discussion.

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. A fair value hierarchy has been established based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable.

Property and equipment are recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements and property and equipment under capital leases are amortized over the shorter of the related lease terms or their estimated useful lives. Costs incurred in connection with the development of internal-use software are capitalized in accordance with the accounting standard for internal-use software, and are amortized over the expected useful life of the software, generally 2-10 years. We perform a fair value assessment on property and equipment acquired in a business combination and record the fair value as the cost basis for those assets.

The Company periodically reviews the estimated useful lives of property and equipment. Changes to the estimated useful lives are recorded prospectively from the date of the change. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of the assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in income (loss) from operations. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred and are included in general and administrative expenses.

Intangible assets with determinable useful lives are recorded at acquired fair value or cost, less accumulated amortization. Each intangible asset is amortized over its estimated useful life using the straight-line method. We periodically review the estimated pattern in which the economic benefits will be consumed and adjust the amortization period and pattern to match our estimate. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are recorded at fair value or cost and not amortized but tested annually for impairment. There were no impairment losses related to intangible assets with indefinite useful lives for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The Company evaluates goodwill on an annual basis in the fourth quarter or more frequently if management believes indicators of impairment exist. Such indicators could include, but are not limited to (1) a significant adverse change in legal factors or in business climate, (2) unanticipated competition, or (3) an adverse action or assessment by a regulator. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If management concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, management performs a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The quantitative analysis is performed by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. If the carrying value is greater than our estimate of fair value, an impairment loss will be recognized for the amount in which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value. The Company estimates the fair values of its reporting units using a combination of the income, or discounted cash flows, approach and the market approach, which utilizes comparable companies’ data. The Company’s evaluation of goodwill resulted in no impairment losses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The Company reviews the recoverability of its long-lived assets (including definite-lived intangible assets) if events or changes in circumstances indicate the assets may be impaired. Evaluation of possible impairment is based on the Company’s ability to recover the asset from the expected future pretax cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) of the related operations. If the expected undiscounted pretax cash flows are less than the carrying amount of such asset, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the estimated fair value and carrying amount of the asset. No impairment losses were recognized in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 or 2017.

We record debt issuance costs related to our term loan as direct deductions from the carrying amount of the term loan. The costs are amortized to interest expense over the life of the debt using the effective interest method. Debt issuance costs relating to line of credit arrangements are recorded as assets and amortized over the term of the credit arrangement regardless of whether any outstanding borrowing exists.

The Company uses derivative instruments to manage risks related to interest expense. We account for derivatives in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 815, which establishes accounting and reporting standards requiring that derivative instruments be recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability and measured at fair value. Additionally, changes in the derivative’s fair value will be recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met. For further information on derivative instruments and hedging activities, see Note I, Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.

The Company classified its Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”) as temporary equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets due to certain deemed liquidation events that were outside the Company’s control. We evaluated our Series A Preferred Stock upon issuance in order to determine classification as to permanent or temporary equity and whether or not the instrument contains an embedded derivative that requires bifurcation. This analysis followed the whole

As a result of this analysis, we concluded that the Series A Preferred Stock represented an equity host and, therefore, the redemption feature of the Series A Preferred Stock was not considered to be clearly and closely related to the associated equity host instrument. However, the redemption features did not meet the net settlement criteria of a derivative and, therefore, were not considered embedded derivatives that required bifurcation.

The issuance of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock generated a BCF, which arises when a debt or equity security is issued with an embedded conversion option that is beneficial to the investor or in the money at inception because the conversion option has an effective strike price that is less than the market price of the underlying stock at the commitment date. We recognized this BCF by allocating the intrinsic value of the conversion option, to additional paid-in capital, resulting in a discount on the Series A Preferred Stock. NeoGenomics accreted the discount from the date of issuance through the earliest conversion date, which was three years. Accretion expense was recognized as dividend equivalents. On June 25, 2018, the Company redeemed the remaining outstanding Series A Preferred Stock. For further information on the redemption, see Note J, Class A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock.

We compute income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, under which deferred taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. Also, the effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that included the enactment date. Temporary differences between financial and tax reporting arise primarily from the use of different depreciation methods and lives for property and equipment, recognition of bad debts, compensation related expenses and various other expenses that have been allowed for or accrued for financial statement purposes but are not currently deductible for income tax purposes.

The provision for income taxes, including the effective tax rate and analysis of potential tax exposure items, if any, requires significant judgment and expertise in federal and state income tax laws, regulations and strategies, including the determination of deferred tax assets and liabilities and any estimated valuation allowances deemed necessary to recognize deferred tax assets at an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. We evaluate tax positions that have been taken or are expected to be taken in our tax returns, and record a liability for uncertain tax positions, if deemed necessary. We follow a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. First, tax positions are recognized if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. Second, the tax position is measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement.

We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the year ended December 31, 2019 we had an insignificant amount on our Consolidated Balance Sheets related to uncertain tax positions including a provision for interest and penalties related to such positions. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we had an uncertain tax position related to the deductibility of certain accrued compensation. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we do not believe we had any significant uncertain tax positions. We do not expect a significant change in our uncertain tax positions in the next 12 months.

We estimate the fair value of stock options using a trinomial lattice model. This model is affected by our stock price on the date of the grant as well as assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include the expected term of the option, expected risk-free interest rate the expected volatility of our common stock, and expected dividend yield, each of which is more fully described below. The assumptions for expected term and expected volatility are the two assumptions that significantly affect the grant date fair value.

Risk-free Interest Rate: We base the risk-free interest rate used in the trinomial lattice valuation method on the implied yield at the grant date of the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issue with an equivalent term to the stock-based award being valued. Where the expected term of a stock-based award does not correspond with the term for which a zero coupon interest rate is quoted, we use the nearest interest rate from the available maturities.

We will only recognize a tax benefit from windfall tax deductions for stock-based awards in additional paid-in capital if an incremental tax benefit is realized after all other tax attributes currently available have been utilized. Excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies for share-based payment awards are recorded within income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, rather than directly to additional paid-in capital.

We have adopted the two class method of calculating earnings (loss) per share, due to the issuance of the Series A Preferred Stock in December 2015. Under this method, when we have a net loss we will not allocate the net loss to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock (our participating shareholders) as they do not have a contractual obligation to share in losses. Under this method, when we have net income, we will compute net income per share using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period plus the weighted average number of preferred shares outstanding during the period.

Diluted net income per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period, plus the dilutive effect of potential common stock. Potential common stock consists of shares issuable pursuant to stock options and warrants. Calculations of net income per share are done using the treasury stock method.

In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (“Topic 842”). Topic 842 supersedes the lease requirements in FASB ASC 840, Leases (Topic 840). Under Topic 842, lessees are required to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for most operating leases and provide enhanced disclosures.

The Company adopted Topic 842 on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method and using the optional transition method to apply the new lease accounting standard as of January 1, 2019, rather than as of the earliest period presented. In addition, the Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard. Adoption of this standard resulted in the recording of net operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets of $9.7 million and corresponding operating lease liabilities of $10.1 million upon adoption. The adoption did not materially impact the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations or Cash Flows. Refer to Note D, Leases, for further details regarding the impact of the adoption of Topic 842 and other information related to the Company’s lease portfolio.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, which amends FASB Accounting Standards Codification by creating Topic 606, Revenues from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). This standard update calls for a number of revisions in the revenue recognition rules. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2018 using a full retrospective method of adoption. Under this method, the Company has restated its results for each prior reporting period presented as if ASC 606 had been effective for those periods.

The adoption of this standard required us to implement new revenue policies, procedures and internal controls related to revenue recognition. In addition, the adoption resulted in enhanced financial statement disclosures surrounding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. For further details, see Note C, Revenue Recognition.

The adoption of ASC 606 also resulted in changes to the timing of revenue recognition related to Pharma Services contracts as certain individual deliverables such as study setup fees, for which revenue was previously recognized in the period when the deliverables were completed and invoiced, are recognized over the remaining performance period under the new standard. Additionally, certain costs to obtain contracts, primarily for sales commissions, are capitalized when incurred and are amortized over the term of the contract. Under ASC 606, the Company is required to make estimates of the total transaction price per contract, including estimates of variable consideration and the number of performance obligations, and recognize the estimated amount as revenue as it transfers control of the product or performance obligations to its customers. The estimation of total transaction price, number of performance obligations, variable consideration and the application of the related constraint, was not required under previous GAAP and requires the use of significant management judgment and estimates. The Company elected certain practical expedients as allowed under the standard including the following: contracts that began and ended within the same annual reporting period were not restated; contracts with variable consideration were estimated using the transaction price at the date the contract was completed; contract modifications that occurred prior to the earliest reporting period have not been retrospectively restated but have rather been reflected as an aggregate adjustment in the earliest reporting period. The cumulative effect of this standard did not result in a material change to our Pharma Services revenue.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This standard eliminates Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Instead, an entity should perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. This update is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company early adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which changes the accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. The update aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The implementation costs should be presented as a prepaid asset on the balance sheet and expensed over the term of the hosting arrangement. The standard was effective for annual periods, including interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company will adopt this pronouncement as of January 1, 2020. We currently do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB also issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement: Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Under the new guidance, entities will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, or valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. However, public companies will be required to disclose the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and related changes in unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income. This update was effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those periods. Certain provisions of ASU 2018-13 must be adopted retrospectively, while others must be adopted prospectively. The Company will adopt this pronouncement as of January 1, 2020. We currently do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“Topic 326”): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which modifies the measurement and recognition of credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments. The standard, effective January 1, 2020 for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those years, requires the use of forward-looking expected credit loss models based on historical experience, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount, which may result in earlier recognition of credit losses under the new standard. It also requires that credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities be recorded as an allowance through net income rather than reducing the carrying amount under the current, other-than-temporary-impairment model. The standard required a modified retrospective approach with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings. The Company adopted and applied the standard as of January 1, 2020. Based on management’s analysis, Topic 326 is applicable to the Company’s trade receivables as well as contract assets recognized within the Pharma Services segment. An assessment was performed on