10-K

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

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Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of the outstanding common shares held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the common shares reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on the last business day of the most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 30, 2023) was $5,033,820,322. For purposes of this disclosure, common shares held by officers and directors of the Registrant and by persons who held more than 10% of the Registrant’s outstanding common shares have been excluded because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily conclusive.

As of February 21, 2024, there were 35,845,462 shares of the Registrant’s common shares, no par value, issued and outstanding.

As used in this report, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “Novanta,” “NOVT” and the “Company” mean Novanta Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context indicates another meaning.

Unless otherwise noted, all dollar amounts in this report are expressed in United States dollars.

The following brand and trade names of the Company are used in this report: Cambridge Technology, Synrad, Laser Quantum, ARGES, WOM, NDS, Med X Change, Reach Technology, JADAK, ThingMagic, Photo Research, General Scanning, ATI Industrial Automation, Celera Motion, IMS, MicroE, Applimotion, Zettlex, Ingenia and Westwind.

Except for historical information, the matters discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are forward looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that, if they never materialize or if they prove incorrect, could cause our consolidated results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward looking statements. The Company makes such forward looking statements under the provision of the “Safe Harbor” section of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual future results may vary materially from those projected, anticipated, or indicated in any forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including those set forth in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the heading “Risk Factors.” Readers should also carefully review the risk factors described in the other documents that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) from time to time. In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the words “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “future,” “estimates,” “plans,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “potential,” “continues” and similar words or expressions (as well as other words or expressions referencing future events, conditions or circumstances) identify forward looking statements. Forward looking statements also include the assumptions underlying or relating to any of the forward-looking statements. The forward looking statements contained in this Annual Report include, but are not limited to, statements related to: our belief that the Purchasing Managers Index may provide an indication of the impact of general economic conditions on our sales into the advanced industrial end market; our strategy; anticipated financial performance; expected liquidity and capitalization; drivers of revenue growth and our growth expectations in various markets; management’s plans and objectives for future operations, expenditures and product development, and investments in research and development; business prospects; potential of future product releases and expansion of our product and service offerings; anticipated revenue performance; industry trends; market conditions; our competitive positions; changes in economic and political conditions, including increased interest rates and inflation; changes in accounting principles; changes in actual or assumed tax liabilities; expectations regarding tax exposures; anticipated reinvestment of future earnings and dividend policy; anticipated expenditures in regard to the Company’s benefit plans; future acquisitions, integration and anticipated benefits from acquisitions and dispositions; anticipated economic benefits and expected costs of restructuring programs; ability to repay our indebtedness; our intentions regarding the use of cash; expectations regarding legal and regulatory environmental, social and governance requirements and our compliance thereto; and other statements that are not historical facts. All forward looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us on the date hereof. We will not undertake and specifically decline any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required under applicable law.

Novanta Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”, “Novanta”, “we”, “us”, “our”) is a leading global supplier of core technology solutions that give medical and advanced industrial original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) a competitive advantage. We combine deep proprietary technology expertise and competencies in precision medicine and manufacturing, medical solutions, and robotics and automation with a proven ability to solve complex technical challenges. This enables us to engineer core components and sub-systems that deliver extreme precision and performance, tailored to our customers' demanding applications.

The Company was founded and initially incorporated in Massachusetts in 1968 as General Scanning, Inc. (“General Scanning”). In 1999, General Scanning merged with Lumonics Inc. The post-merger entity, GSI Lumonics Inc., continued under the laws of the Province of New Brunswick, Canada. In 2005, the Company changed its name to GSI Group Inc. Through a series of strategic divestitures and acquisitions, the Company transformed from one that was more focused on the semiconductor industry to one that primarily develops and supplies components and sub-systems to OEMs in the medical and advanced industrial markets. The Company changed its name to Novanta Inc. in May 2016.

Our strategy is to drive sustainable, profitable growth through short-term and long-term initiatives, including:

On January 2, 2024, we completed the acquisition of Motion Solutions Parent Corp. (“Motion Solutions”), an Irvine, California-based provider of highly engineered integrated solutions, specializing in proprietary precision motion and advanced motion control solutions, for a total purchase price of $192.2 million in cash, subject to customary closing and net working capital adjustments. Motion Solutions acquisition will be included in our Medical Solutions reportable segment.

In 2023, we continued to experience higher than normal inflation of raw materials and component prices and labor costs. We have generally been able to offset increases in these costs through various productivity cost reduction initiatives, as well as increasing our selling prices to pass through some of these higher costs to our customers. However, our ability to raise our selling prices depends on market conditions and competitive dynamics. Given the timing of our actions compared to the timing of these inflationary pressures, there may be periods during which we are unable to fully recover the increases in our costs. Additionally, the inflationary pressures have given rise to significant increases in interest rates as various governments used monetary policy to contain and reduce inflation. As a result, our weighted average interest rate increased from approximately 5.1% as of December 31, 2022 to approximately 6.2% as of December 31, 2023.

In February 2022, Russian forces invaded Ukraine. In response, the U.S., the European Union (“EU”), and several other countries imposed economic and trade sanctions and other restrictions (collectively, “global sanctions”) targeting Russia and Belarus. Russia then imposed retaliatory economic measures against the U.S., the EU, and several other countries. Our historical sales to Russia were not material. We also do not have any assets, employees or third-party contractors in Russia or Ukraine. However, the duration of the conflict and further sanctions could have further impact on the global economy and inflation.

In early October 2023, Israel declared war on Hamas after the Palestinian militant group launched a surprise cross-border raid in Israel. We are monitoring the social, political and economic environment in Israel and in the region for any impact on our businesses. Our historical sales to Israel were around 1% of our total sales. We do not have any assets, employees, or third-party contractors in Israel. Due to the uncertainty around the duration of the conflict, future impacts are unknown to our businesses.

We continuously evaluate our business mix and financial performance and have executed a series of acquisitions in line with our strategy. The following table summarizes significant acquisitions since 2014:

During the first quarter of 2023, we changed the names of our reportable segments from “Photonics” to “Precision Medicine and Manufacturing”, from “Vision” to “Medical Solutions”, and from “Precision Motion” to “Robotics and Automation”, respectively. The segment name changes did not result in any change to the compositions of our segments and therefore did not result in any change to historical results.

We have determined that we have three reportable segments. Our reportable segments have been identified based on commonality and adjacency of technologies, applications, and customers amongst our individual product lines. We evaluate the performance of, and allocate resources to, our segments based on revenue, gross profit and operating profit. The following table shows the external revenues, gross profit margin and operating profit for each of the segments for the year ended December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

See Note 18 to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional financial information about our reportable segments.

The Precision Medicine and Manufacturing segment designs, manufactures and markets photonics-based solutions, including laser scanning, laser beam delivery, CO2 laser, solid state laser, ultrafast laser, and optical light engine products to customers worldwide. The segment serves highly demanding photonics-based applications for advanced industrial processes, medical and life science imaging, DNA sequencing, and medical laser procedures, particularly ophthalmology applications. The vast majority of the segment’s product offerings are sold to OEM customers. The segment sells the majority of these products directly, utilizing a highly technical sales force, and also sells some indirectly, through resellers and distributors.

The Precision Medicine and Manufacturing segment is comprised of the following four product lines:

The Medical Solutions segment designs, manufactures and markets a range of medical grade technologies, including medical insufflators, pumps and related disposables; visualization solutions; wireless technologies, video recorders, and video integration technologies for operating room integrations; optical data collection and machine vision technologies; radio frequency identification (“RFID”) technologies; thermal chart recorders; spectrometry technologies, and embedded touch screen solutions. The vast majority of the segment’s product offerings are sold to OEM customers. The segment sells the majority of these products directly, utilizing a highly technical sales force, and also sells some indirectly, through resellers and distributors.

The Robotics and Automation segment designs, manufactures and markets optical and inductive encoders, precision motors, servo drives and motion control solutions, integrated stepper motors, intelligent robotic end-of-arm technology solutions, and air bearing spindles to customers worldwide. The vast majority of the segment’s product offerings are sold to OEM customers. The segment sells the majority of these products directly, utilizing a highly technical sales force, and also sells some indirectly, through resellers and distributors.

The Robotics and Automation segment is comprised of the following seven product lines:

We primarily operate in two end markets: the medical market and the advanced industrial market.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the medical market accounted for approximately 54% of our revenue. Revenue from our products sold to the medical market is generally affected by hospital and other healthcare provider capital spending, growth rates of surgical procedures, changes in regulatory requirements and laws, aggregation of purchasing by healthcare networks, changes in technology requirements, timing of OEM customers’ product development and new product launches, changes in customer or patient preferences, and general demographic trends.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the advanced industrial market accounted for approximately 46% of our revenue. Revenue from our products sold to the advanced industrial market is affected by a number of factors, including changing technology requirements and preferences of our customers, productivity or quality investments in a manufacturing environment, the financial condition of our customers, changes in regulatory requirements and laws, and general economic conditions. We believe that the Purchasing Managers’ Index on manufacturing activities specific to different regions around the world may provide an indication of the impact of general economic conditions on our sales into the advanced industrial market.

We have a diverse group of customers that includes companies that are global leaders in the medical and advanced industrial markets. Many of our customers participate in several market industries. During the year ended December 31, 2023, revenue from an OEM customer primarily in the medical end market accounted for approximately 10% of our consolidated revenue. No customer accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenue during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021, respectively.

Our customers include many OEMs who integrate our products into their systems for sale to end users. A typical OEM customer will usually evaluate our products and our ability to provide application knowledge and expertise, post-sales application support and services, supply chain management over long durations, manufacturing capabilities, product quality, global presence, and product customization before deciding to incorporate our products into their products or systems. Customers generally choose suppliers based on several factors, including product performance, reliability, application support, price, breadth of the supplier’s product offerings, the financial condition of the supplier, and the geographical coverage offered by the supplier. Once certain products have been designed into a given OEM customer’s product or system, there are generally significant barriers to subsequent supplier changes until the end of the product or system life cycle, especially in the medical market.

While our revenues are not highly seasonal on a consolidated basis, sales from some of our individual product lines are impacted in the first quarter by the lower seasonal spending patterns of our customers due to their annual capital budgeting cycles.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our consolidated backlog was approximately $473.1 million and $611.6 million, respectively. Most orders included in backlog represent open orders for products and services that, based on management’s projections, have a reasonable probability of being delivered over the subsequent twelve months. The ability to reschedule orders included in backlog varies depending on the customer and the order. Management believes that backlog typically is not a complete indicator of future business prospects for any of our reportable segments due to the ability of customers to reschedule orders based on their updated demand, changes in customer order lead times, and potential fluctuations in our supply chain and manufacturing capacity. Therefore, backlog as of any date should not be relied upon as a complete indicator of our revenues for any future period. During 2023, several of our product lines continued to experience longer than normal lead times for customer orders, caused by higher customer demand, the unprecedented raw material shortages and supply chain disruptions in the previous two years, as well as other economic and geopolitical factors.

The majority of our manufacturing functions are performed internally, while a relatively small portion of our manufacturing processes are outsourced to highly qualified third parties primarily for cost related reasons.

Products offered by our Precision Medicine and Manufacturing segment are manufactured at facilities in Bedford, Massachusetts; Mukilteo, Washington; Taunton and Manchester, United Kingdom; and Suzhou, China. Products offered by our Medical Solutions segment are primarily manufactured at facilities in Syracuse, New York; Mukilteo, Washington; Přelouč, Czech Republic; and Ludwigsstadt, Germany. Products offered by our Robotics and Automation segment are manufactured at facilities in Bedford, Massachusetts; Apex, North Carolina; Marlborough, Connecticut; Rocklin, California; and Suzhou, China.

The majority of our products are produced in manufacturing operations certified under either ISO 9001 certification or ISO 13485 certification. All of our manufacturing operations have been certified under ISO 14001. More than 50% of our manufacturing operations are certified under ISO 45001. Certain visualization solutions, imaging informatics, and medical insufflators, pumps, disposables, and accessories products are manufactured under current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs), which is a requirement for medical devices by the United States Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”).

We sell our products globally, primarily through our direct sales force. We also use distributors, including manufacturers’ representatives, to either augment our selling effort or serve a local market where we have no direct sales force. Our local sales, applications, and service teams and our distributors work closely with our customers to ensure customer satisfaction with our products. We have sales and service centers located in the United States, Europe and Asia.

To support our sales efforts, we maintain and continue to invest in a number of application centers around the world, where our application experts work closely with customers on integrating and using our solutions in their equipment. We currently maintain service and application centers in the United States, Europe and Asia.

We encounter strong competition in virtually all the markets, applications, and technologies we serve. Due to the wide and diverse range of products and technologies, we face many different types of competitors and competition. Our competitors range from large foreign and domestic organizations, which produce a comprehensive array of goods and services and may have greater financial and other resources than we do, to small organizations producing a limited number of highly specialized products or services for specialized applications. The competitive climate of many of the end market applications we serve is characterized by rapidly evolving technology and customer demands that require continuous investments by us. Our competitive success requires advances in technology and product performance, improved price-for-performance ratios, demonstrated increased throughput performance for our customers' products, lower total cost of ownership, product quality, depth of our application knowledge and expertise, reputation amongst customers, customer service and technical support, speed to market, geographical presence, and deep customer relationships.

We believe that our products offer many competitive advantages for our customers and the breadth of our technologies gives us deep applications knowledge to better serve our customers’ needs.

Each of our businesses uses a wide variety of raw materials, components and parts that are generally available from alternative sources of supply and in adequate quantities from domestic and foreign sources. In some instances, we are able to design and/or re-engineer the parts and components used in our products in case of supply chain shortages. For certain raw materials, components and parts used in the production of some of our principal products, we have identified only a limited number of suppliers or, in some instances, a single source of supply. We also rely on a limited number of suppliers to manufacture subassemblies for some of our products.

For a further discussion of the importance and risks associated with our supply chain, see applicable risk factors under Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We rely upon a combination of copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights. We hold several registered and pending patents in the United States and other countries. In addition, we also have trademarks registered in the United States and other countries. We will continue to actively pursue applications for new patents and trademarks as we deem appropriate. However, there can be no assurance that any other patents will be issued to us or that such patents, if and when issued, will provide any protection or benefit to us.

Although we believe that our patents and pending patent applications are important, we rely upon several additional factors that are essential to our business success, including: market position, technological innovation, know-how, application knowledge and product performance. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to sustain these advantages. Considering the diversified nature of our businesses, we do not believe that any individual patent is material to our business as a whole.

We also protect our proprietary rights by controlling access to our proprietary information and by maintaining confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, and certain customers and suppliers. For a further discussion of the importance of risks associated with our intellectual property rights, see applicable risk factors under Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We believe that our employees are our most important asset. The Chief Human Resources Officer (“CHRO”) is responsible for developing and executing our human capital strategy. This includes the acquisition, development, and retention of talent to deliver on our strategy as well as the design of employee compensation and benefits, and diversity, equity, and inclusion (“DEI”) initiatives. The

Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and the CHRO regularly update our board of directors on the operation and status of these human capital activities, including, but not limited to, talent management, talent development, and succession planning. As of December 31, 2023, we employed approximately 2,900 people, of which approximately 41% were in the United States, 51% in Europe, and 8% in Asia. We win with our customers by delivering new technology innovations through our engineering teams of approximately 600 employees.

We believe that our employees have a meaningful role in helping us develop our culture. We utilize survey feedback mechanisms to measure employee engagement and organizational health. This enables us to gain insight into our current status and identify areas where we can improve. We have conducted six surveys of our entire employee population since 2018. We compare our employee engagement and organizational health scores against benchmark populations within our survey vendor's database. Our employee satisfaction score in the most recent survey in February 2024 was 95% of the benchmark score. This is an improvement of 5 percentage points compared to 2023. Following each survey cycle, we review the results with our teams across the Company and develop specific action plans based on the feedback we receive. We implement our action plans with the goal of improving our overall organizational health and employee engagement.

All employees are responsible for upholding the Novanta Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, which is important in delivering on our strategy. We maintain a compliance hotline for the confidential reporting of any suspected policy violations or unethical business conduct on the part of our businesses, employees, officers, directors, suppliers, or customers. We provide training and education to our global workforce with respect to our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, anti-bribery and anti-corruption policies, data privacy regulations and workplace harassment on an annual basis.

The Novanta Way defines our performance culture and begins with building cohesive teams based on trust, commitment, and accountability. Diversity, equity, and inclusion are an important part of our culture and are leader led and embedded into our ways of working. Our aim is to foster a collaborative and inclusive workplace, reflected in our governance, leadership, and technical expertise at all levels in the organization. Our policy is to not tolerate discrimination and harassment. We expect our teams to respect our core values and conduct themselves ethically at all times in accordance with the Novanta Code of Ethics and Business Conduct.

As of December 31, 2023, our board of directors was comprised of 50% men and 50% women, which is consistent with the prior year. Individuals from underrepresented groups (defined as individuals who self-identify as Black, African American, Hispanic or Latino, Asian, Native American, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, or two or more races or ethnicities) continued at 13% representation on our board of directors as of December 31, 2023.

During 2023, our DEI roadmap included a series of strategic initiatives designed to foster an inclusive workforce with employees from all backgrounds. We remain committed to ensuring that our workforce represents the communities where we work and enhancing our recruiting processes to engage applicants from all communities. In 2023, we continued to find venues to connect with and identify qualified women and candidates from underrepresented populations for our final interview slates. At the end of 2023, women comprised 43% of our workforce, which was an increase of 3 percentage points in women representation on our workforce from December 31, 2022, and 27% of management positions, which was an increase of 2 percentage points from December 31, 2022. Employees from underrepresented groups comprised 48% of our U.S.-based workforce as of December 31, 2023, an increase of 3 percentage points compared to December 31, 2022.

We continue to foster an inclusive culture and promote lifelong learning by offering cultural awareness events and integrating them into our standard work. During 2023, we also launched a women’s empowerment and mentoring program for current and future women leaders.

Our Culture Council continues to support our Employee Resources Groups ("ERGs") to increase inclusion and sense of belonging among our employees leading to greater employee engagement. We currently have the following employee-led ERGs, Affinity Groups and Working Teams that are open to all employees:

Our Localization and Development Working Team collaborated with our business units on NovantaCARES, our voluntary community outreach program, to promote greater equity within marginalized and underserved communities and to protect the environment. They also facilitated live peer-to-peer DEI educational programs to promote greater understanding of the benefits of diversity and inclusion.

We strive to provide market competitive compensation, benefits and services that help meet the varying needs of our employees. In addition to salaries and wages, these programs, which vary by country, can include annual bonuses, sales commissions, stock-based compensation awards, defined contribution retirement savings plans with company matching contributions, healthcare and other insurance benefits, flexible spending accounts, health savings accounts with company matching contributions, flexible time off, paid time off, paid family leave, and tuition assistance. Certain U.S. facilities have a dedicated medical professional on site to provide basic and preventative healthcare services to employees, provide general first aid, assess employee health risks, and promote overall employee health. Additionally, all U.S. employees and their families have access to video and telephonic Telemedicine support seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day. Our bonus and sales variable compensation plans allow for higher payouts when goals are exceeded and lower or no payouts when goals are not achieved as planned.

We invest significant resources to develop the talent needed to remain at the forefront of innovation and make Novanta an employer of choice. In certain countries, we offer college tuition reimbursement for eligible employees for undergraduate and graduate studies. In 2019, we founded Novanta University as a primary instrument of company-wide learning management that includes both internal and external training courses. We leverage the Novanta University processes and learning content to ensure all new employees have a common and complete onboarding experience. Our people leaders, with the support of our human resources organization, are accountable for ensuring the onboarding process is complete and effective. In addition to Novanta University, we utilize our Novanta Growth System, which provides processes, tools, and training with a focus on continuous improvement. In 2023, further investment was made in leadership development and diversity, equity, and inclusion training.

In 2023, we launched two Leadership Development programs for our front-line and mid-level leaders and a gender specific training program. We also hosted numerous DEI training events throughout the year including masterclasses on relevant cultural topics and in-person training for our factory workforce.

We provide every employee with one paid day-off per year to volunteer at non-profit organizations supporting social charities or the environment. During 2023, we sponsored 575 community service days, compared to 314 days in 2022. During 2023, approximately 25% of our employees participated in at least one NovantaCARES event.

We provide mandatory safety training in our facilities, which are designed to focus on empowering our employees with the knowledge and tools they need to make safe choices and to mitigate risks. In further support of our employees, we maintained and promoted our global health and wellness resource center, “NovantaWELL”. The resource center provides a central information hub for all employees, with country-specific information on physical and mental health and wellness.

Our current and contemplated activities and the products and processes that will result from such activities are subject to substantial government rules and regulations, both in the United States and internationally. Such rules and regulations are subject to change by the governing agencies, and we monitor those changes closely.

Most of our production facilities are subject to various federal, state, local, and/or foreign environmental regulations related to the use, storage, handling, and disposal of regulated materials, chemicals, and certain waste products.

We may face increasing complexity in our product designs and procurement operations due to the evolving nature of product compliance standards. Those standards may impact the material composition of our products entering specific markets. Such regulations went into effect in the European Union (“EU”) in 2006 (“The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive” (“RoHS”))

and in 2007 (“Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals” (“REACH”)), and in China in 2007 (“Management Methods for Controlling Pollution Caused by Electronic Information Products Regulation” (“China-RoHS”)).

Our capital expenditures, earnings, and competitive position have not been, and are not expected to be, materially affected by our compliance with federal, state, local and foreign environmental provisions that have been enacted or adopted to regulate the discharge of materials into the environment.

Certain products manufactured by us are integrated into systems by our customers that are subject to regulation by the Federal Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) and foreign regulatory authorities. We must comply with certain quality control measurements in order for our products to be effectively used in our customers’ end products. Non-compliance with quality control measurements could result in fines, penalties, and loss of business with our customers.

We are also subject to certain medical device regulations. Medical devices are subject to extensive and rigorous regulation by the FDA and other federal, state, local and foreign authorities as well as notified bodies. In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”) and related regulations govern the conditions of safety, efficacy, clearance, approval, manufacturing, quality system requirements, labeling, packaging, distribution, storage, recordkeeping, reporting, marketing, advertising, and promotion of medical devices.

Unless an exemption applies, each medical device commercially distributed in the U.S. requires either FDA clearance of a 510(k) premarket notification or approval of a premarket approval application (“PMA”). Under the FDCA, medical devices are classified into one of three classes—Class I, Class II or Class III—depending on the degree of risk associated with each medical device and the extent of manufacturer and regulatory control needed to ensure its safety and effectiveness. Class I includes devices with the lowest risk to the patient and are those for which safety and effectiveness can be assured by adherence to the FDA’s General Controls for medical devices, which include compliance with the applicable portions of the Quality System Regulation (the “QSR”), facility registration and product listing, reporting of adverse medical events, and truthful and non-misleading labeling, advertising, and promotional materials. Class II devices are subject to the FDA’s General Controls and special controls as deemed necessary by the FDA to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device. These special controls can include performance standards, postmarket surveillance, patient registries and FDA guidance documents. While most Class I devices are exempt from the 510(k) premarket notification requirement, manufacturers of most Class II devices are required to submit to the FDA a premarket notification under Section 510(k) of the FDCA, requesting permission to commercially distribute the device. The FDA’s permission to commercially distribute a device subject to a 510(k) premarket notification is generally known as 510(k) clearance. Devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risks, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or some implantable devices, or devices that have a new intended use or use advanced technology that is not substantially equivalent to that of a legally marketed device, are placed in Class III, requiring approval of a PMA. Some pre-amendment devices are unclassified, but are subject to the FDA’s premarket notification and clearance process in order to be commercially distributed. In many cases, our customers are responsible for compliance with the FDA’s requirements applicable to medical devices. However, we also currently market certain Class II medical device products independently that are subject to these requirements.

To obtain 510(k) clearance, we must submit to the FDA a premarket notification submission demonstrating that the proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a predicate device already on the market. A predicate device is a legally marketed device that is not subject to premarket approval, i.e., a device that was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976 (pre-amendments device) and for which a PMA is not required, a device that has been reclassified from Class III to Class II or Class I, or a device that was found substantially equivalent through the 510(k) process. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process usually takes from nine to twelve months, but may take significantly longer. The FDA may require additional information, including clinical data, to make a determination regarding substantial equivalence.

If the FDA agrees that the device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device currently on the market, it will grant 510(k) clearance to commercially market the device. If the FDA determines that the device is “not substantially equivalent” to a previously cleared device, the device is automatically designated as a Class III device. The device sponsor must then fulfill more rigorous PMA requirements, or can request a risk-based classification determination for the device in accordance with the “de novo” process, which is a route to market for novel medical devices that are low to moderate risk and are not substantially equivalent to a predicate device.

After a device receives 510(k) marketing clearance, any modification that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change or modification in its intended use, will require a new 510(k) marketing clearance or, depending

on the modification, a de novo classification or PMA approval. The FDA requires each manufacturer to determine whether the proposed change requires submission of a 510(k) or a PMA in the first instance, but the FDA can review any such decision and disagree with a manufacturer’s determination. Many minor modifications are accomplished by a letter-to-file in which the manufacturer documents the change in an internal letter-to-file. The letter-to-file is prepared by the manufacturer in lieu of submitting a new 510(k) to obtain clearance for every change. The FDA can always review these letters-to-file in an inspection. If the FDA disagrees with a manufacturer’s determination, the FDA can require the manufacturer to cease marketing and/or request the recall of the modified device until 510(k) marketing clearance or PMA approval is obtained. In these circumstances, we may also be subject to significant regulatory fines or penalties.

After a device is cleared or approved for marketing, numerous and pervasive regulatory requirements continue to apply. These include:

Our manufacturing processes are required to comply with the applicable portions of the QSR, which cover the methods and the facilities and controls for the design, manufacture, testing, production, processes, controls, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, distribution, installation and servicing of finished devices intended for human use. The QSR also requires, among other things, maintenance of a device master file, device history file, and a complaints file. As a manufacturer, we are subject to periodic scheduled or unscheduled inspections by the FDA. Our failure to maintain compliance with the QSR requirements could result in the shut-down of, or restrictions on, our manufacturing operations and the recall or seizure of our products, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. The discovery of previously unknown problems with any of our products, including unanticipated adverse events or adverse events of increasing severity or frequency, whether resulting from the use of the device within the scope of its clearance or off-label by a physician in the practice of medicine, could result in restrictions on the device, including the removal of the product from the market or voluntary or mandatory device recalls.

The FDA has broad regulatory compliance and enforcement powers. If the FDA determines that we failed to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, it can take a variety of compliance or enforcement actions, which may result in any of the following sanctions:

The EU has adopted specific directives and regulations regulating the design, manufacture, clinical investigation, conformity assessment, labeling and adverse event reporting for medical devices.

Until May 25, 2021, medical devices were regulated by the Council Directive 93/42/EEC (“EU Medical Devices Directive”) which has been repealed and replaced by Regulation (EU) No 2017/745 (“EU Medical Devices Regulation”). Our current certificates have been granted and renewed under the EU Medical Devices Directive. However, as of May 26, 2021, some of the EU Medical Devices Regulation requirements apply in place of the corresponding requirements of the EU Medical Devices Directive with regard to registration of economic operators and of devices, post-market surveillance, market surveillance and vigilance requirements. Pursuing marketing of medical devices in the EU will notably require that our devices be certified under the new regime set forth in the EU Medical Devices Regulation.

Under the EU Medical Devices Directive, all medical devices placed on the market in the EU must meet the relevant essential requirements in the EU Medical Devices Directive, including the requirement that a medical device must be designed and manufactured in such a way that it will not compromise the clinical condition or safety of patients, or the safety and health of users and others. In addition, the device must achieve the performance intended by the manufacturer and be designed, manufactured, and packaged in a suitable manner. The European Commission has adopted various standards applicable to medical devices. These include standards governing common requirements, such as sterilization and safety of medical electrical equipment and product standards for certain types of medical devices. There are also harmonized standards relating to design and manufacture. While not mandatory, compliance with these standards is viewed as the easiest way to satisfy the essential requirements as a practical matter as it creates a rebuttable presumption that the device satisfies that essential requirement.

To demonstrate compliance with the requirements in the EU Medical Devices Directive, medical device manufacturers must undergo a conformity assessment procedure, which varies according to the type of medical device and its risk classification. As a general rule, demonstration of conformity of medical devices and their manufacturers with the essential requirements must be based, among other things, on the evaluation of clinical data supporting the safety and performance of the products during normal conditions of use. Specifically, a manufacturer must demonstrate that the device achieves its intended performance during normal conditions of use, that the known and foreseeable risks and any adverse events are minimized and acceptable when weighed against the benefits of its intended performance, and that any claims made about the performance and safety of the device are supported by suitable evidence. Except for low-risk medical devices (Class I non-sterile, non-measuring devices), where the manufacturer can self-assess the conformity of its products with the essential requirements (except for any parts which relate to sterility or metrology), a conformity assessment procedure requires the intervention of a notified body. Notified bodies are independent organizations designated by EU member states to assess the conformity of devices before being placed on the market. A notified body would typically audit and examine a product’s technical dossiers and the manufacturer’s quality system (the notified body must presume that quality systems which implement the relevant harmonized standards, such as ISO 13485:2016 for Medical Devices Quality Management Systems, conform to these requirements). If satisfied that a relevant product conforms to the relevant essential requirements, a notified body issues a certificate of conformity, which the manufacturer uses as a basis for its own declaration of conformity. The manufacturer may then apply the European Conformity (“CE”) mark to the device, which allows the device to be placed on the market throughout the EU.

Throughout the term of the certificate of conformity, the manufacturer will be subject to periodic surveillance audits to verify continued compliance with the applicable requirements. In particular, there will be a new audit by the notified body before it will renew the relevant certificate(s).

The recently effective EU Medical Devices Regulation establishes a uniform regulatory framework across the EU for medical devices. Unlike the EU Medical Devices Directive, the EU Medical Devices Regulation is directly applicable in EU member states without the need for member states to implement it into national law. The new EU Medical Devices Regulation, among other things,

strengthens the rules on placing devices on the market, reinforces surveillance once they are available and, establishes explicit provisions on manufacturers’ responsibilities for the follow-up of the quality, performance and safety of devices placed on the market.

The EU Medical Devices Regulation became effective on May 26, 2021. In accordance with its recently extended transitional provisions, both (i) devices lawfully placed on the market pursuant to the EU Medical Devices Directive prior to May 26, 2021 and (ii) legacy devices lawfully placed on the EU market after May 26, 2021 in accordance with the EU Medical Devices Regulation transitional provisions may generally continue to be made available on the market or put into service until May 26, 2025, provided that the requirements of the transitional provisions are fulfilled. In particular, the certificate in question must still be valid and no substantial change must be made to the device as such a modification would trigger the obligation to obtain a new certification under the EU Medical Devices Regulation and therefore to have a notified body conducting a new conformity assessment of the devices. However, even in this case, manufacturers must comply with a number of new or reinforced requirements set forth in the EU Medical Devices Regulation, including the obligations described below.

The EU Medical Devices Regulation requires that before placing a device, other than a custom-made device, on the market, manufacturers (as well as other economic operators such as authorized representatives and importers) must register by submitting identification information to the electronic system (Eudamed), unless they have already registered. The information to be submitted by manufacturers (and authorized representatives) also includes the name, address and contact details of the person or persons responsible for regulatory compliance. The new Regulation also requires that before placing a device, other than a custom-made device, on the market, manufacturers must assign a unique identifier to the device and provide it along with other core data to the unique device identifier (“UDI”) database. These new requirements aim at ensuring better identification and traceability of the devices. Each device – and as applicable, each package – will have a UDI composed of two parts: a device identifier (“UDI-DI”), specific to a device, and a production identifier (“UDI-PI”) to identify the unit producing the device. Manufacturers are also notably responsible for entering the necessary data on Eudamed, which includes the UDI database, and for keeping it up to date. The obligations for registration in Eudamed will become applicable at a later date (as Eudamed is not yet fully functional). Until Eudamed is fully functional, the corresponding provisions of the EU Medical Devices Directive continue to apply for the purpose of meeting the obligations laid down in the provisions regarding exchange of information, including, and in particular, information regarding registration of devices and economic operators.

All manufacturers placing medical devices into the market in the EU must comply with the EU medical device vigilance system which has been reinforced by the EU Medical Devices Regulation. Under this system, serious incidents and Field Safety Corrective Actions (“FSCAs”) required to be taken by manufacturers must be reported to the relevant authorities of the EU member states. These reports will have to be submitted through Eudamed – once functional – and aim to ensure that, in addition to reporting to the relevant authorities of the EU member states, other actors such as the economic operators in the supply chain will also be informed. Until Eudamed is fully functional, the corresponding provisions of the EU Medical Devices Directive continue to apply. Manufacturers are required to take FSCAs, which are defined as any corrective action for technical or medical reasons to prevent or reduce a risk of a serious incident associated with the use of a medical device that is made available on the market. A serious incident is any malfunction or deterioration in the characteristics or performance of a device on the market (e.g., inadequacy in the information supplied by the manufacturer, undesirable side-effect), which, directly or indirectly, might lead to either the death or serious deterioration of the health of a patient, user, or other persons, or to a serious public health threat. An FSCA may include the recall, modification, exchange, destruction or retrofitting of the device. FSCAs must be communicated by the manufacturer or its legal representative to its customers and/or to the end users of the device through Field Safety Notices. For similar serious incidents that occur with the same device or device type and for which the root cause has been identified or a FSCA implemented or where the incidents are common and well documented, manufacturers may provide periodic summary reports instead of individual serious incident reports.

The advertising and promotion of medical devices is subject to some general principles set forth in EU legislation. According to the EU Medical Devices Regulation, only devices that are CE marked may be marketed and advertised in the EU in accordance with their intended purpose. Directive 2006/114/EC concerning misleading and comparative advertising and Directive 2005/29/EC on unfair commercial practices, while not specific to the advertising of medical devices, also apply to the advertising thereof and contain general rules, for example, requiring that advertisements are evidenced, balanced and not misleading. Specific requirements are defined at a national level. EU member states’ laws related to the advertising and promotion of medical devices, which vary between jurisdictions, may limit or restrict the advertising and promotion of products to the general public and may impose limitations on promotional activities with healthcare professionals.

Many EU member states have adopted specific anti-gift statutes that further limit commercial practices for medical devices, in particular vis-à-vis healthcare professionals and organizations. Additionally, there has been a recent trend of increased regulation of payments and transfers of value provided to healthcare professionals or entities and many EU member states have adopted national “Sunshine Acts” which impose reporting and transparency requirements (often on an annual basis), similar to the requirements in the United States, on medical device manufacturers. Certain countries also mandate implementation of commercial compliance programs.

In the EU, regulatory authorities have the power to carry out announced and, if necessary, unannounced inspections of companies, as well as suppliers and/or sub-contractors and, where necessary, the facilities of professional users. Failure to comply with regulatory requirements (as applicable) could require time and resources to respond to the regulatory authorities’ observations and to implement corrective and preventive actions, as appropriate. Regulatory authorities have broad compliance and enforcement powers and if such issues cannot be resolved to their satisfaction can take a variety of actions, including untitled or warning letters, fines, consent decrees, injunctions, or civil or criminal penalties.

The aforementioned EU rules are generally applicable in the European Economic Area (“EEA”), which consists of the 27 EU member states plus Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland.

Since January 1, 2021, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (“MHRA”) has been the sovereign regulatory authority responsible for the medical device market in Great Britain (i.e. England, Wales and Scotland). The regulations on medical devices in Great Britain continue to be based largely on the two EU Directives (the EU Medical Devices Directive and Directive 90/385/EEC, or “EU Active Implantable Medical Devices Directive”) which preceded the EU Medical Devices Regulation, as implemented into national law by the Medical Devices Regulations 2002 (“SI 2002 No 618”, as amended). However, under the terms of the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, the EU Medical Devices Regulation applies to Northern Ireland.

On June 26, 2022, the MHRA published its response to a 10-week consultation on the post-Brexit regulatory framework for medical devices and diagnostics. The MHRA seeks to amend the Medical Devices Regulations 2002, in particular to create a new access pathway to support innovation, create an innovative framework for regulating software and artificial intelligence as medical devices, reform in-vitro diagnostic medical device regulation and foster sustainability through the reuse and remanufacture of medical devices. Regulations implementing the new regime were originally scheduled to come into force in July 2023, but the Government has recently confirmed that the core elements of the new regulations are likely to apply from July 2025. Devices which have valid CE certification issued by EU notified bodies under the EU Medical Devices Regulation or EU Medical Devices Directive are subject to transitional arrangements. The MHRA has introduced legislation which provides that CE marked medical devices may be placed on the Great Britain market along following timelines:

• general medical devices compliant with the EU Medical Devices Directive or EU Active Implantable Medical Devices Directive with a valid declaration and CE marking can be placed on the Great Britain market up until the sooner of the expiration of the certificate or June 30, 2028; and

• general medical devices, including custom-made devices, compliant with the EU Medical Devices Regulation can be placed on the Great Britain market up until June 30, 2030.

Following these transitional periods, it is expected that all medical devices will require a UK Conformity Assessment (“UKCA”) mark. Manufacturers may choose to use the UKCA mark on a voluntary basis prior to the regulations coming into force. However, from July 2025, products which do not have existing and valid certification under the EU Medical Devices Directive or EU Medical Devices Regulation and are therefore not subject to the transitional arrangements will be required to carry the UKCA mark if they are to be sold into the market in Great Britain. UKCA marking will not be recognized in the EU. The rules for placing medical devices on the market in Northern Ireland, which is part of the U.K., differ from those in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and continues to be based on EU law.

For further information regarding EU and U.K. healthcare laws and regulations that our operations are subject to, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business— We are subject to extensive and dynamic medical device regulations, which may impede or hinder the approval, certification or sale of our products and, in some cases, may ultimately result in an inability to obtain approval or certification of certain products or may result in the recall or seizure of previously approved or certified products.”

In the United States and other jurisdictions where we operate our business, there are healthcare laws and regulations that constrain our business operations, including our sales, marketing and promotional activities, and that limit the kinds of arrangements we may have with customers, physicians, healthcare entities and others in a position to purchase or recommend our products or other products or services we may develop and commercialize. Such laws include, without limitation, U.S. federal and state anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, pricing reporting, and physician payment transparency laws and regulations regarding drug pricing and payments or other transfers of value made to physicians and other licensed healthcare professionals as well as similar foreign laws in the jurisdictions outside the United States. Violations of these laws may result in substantial civil penalties, including treble damages, and criminal penalties, including imprisonment, fines, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, and exclusion from participation in governmental healthcare programs.

Numerous state, federal and foreign laws govern the collection, dissemination, use, access to, confidentiality, and security of personal information, including health-related information. In the United States, numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including data breach notification laws, health information privacy and security laws that govern the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of health-related and other personal information, including HIPAA, could apply to our operations or the operations of our customers. In addition, certain state and non-U.S. laws, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), and the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), govern the privacy and security of personal information, including health-related information in certain circumstances, some of which are more stringent than HIPAA and many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts. Failure to comply with these laws, where applicable, can result in the imposition of significant civil and/or criminal penalties and private litigation. Privacy and security laws, regulations, and other obligations are constantly evolving, may conflict with each other to make compliance efforts more challenging, and can result in investigations, proceedings, or actions that lead to significant penalties and restrictions on data processing.

We maintain a website with the address https://www.novanta.com. We are not including the information contained on our website as part of, or incorporating it by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We make available for download, free of charge through our website (https://investors.novanta.com), our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements, and amendments to these reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file these materials with, or otherwise furnish them to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In addition, our reports and other information are filed with securities commissions or other similar authorities in Canada and are available over the Internet at https://www.sedar.com.

The following risk factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows and could cause the market value of our common shares to fluctuate or decline. These risk factors may not include all of the important factors that could affect our business or that could cause our future financial results to differ materially from historical or expected results or cause the market price of our common shares to fluctuate or decline.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by economic and political conditions and the effects of these conditions on our customers’ businesses, capital expenditures and levels of business activities.

A large portion of our product sales are dependent on our customers’ need for increased capacity, productivity and cost saving initiatives, improved product quality and performance, and new investments. Weaknesses in our end markets could negatively impact our revenue and gross margin and consequently have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. A severe and/or prolonged overall economic downturn or a negative or uncertain political climate could lead to weaknesses in our end markets and adversely affect our customers’ financial condition and the timing or levels of our customers’ capital expenditures or business activities. We have experienced significant cyclical end market fluctuations in the past. For example, diminished growth expectations, economic and political uncertainty in regions across the globe and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic adversely impacted our customers’ financial condition and ability to maintain product order levels and reduced the demand for our products in 2020. In addition, certain sub-segments of the advanced industrial market that we serve, including the microelectronics and industrial capital equipment sector, are cyclical and have historically experienced periods of oversupply, resulting in downturns in demand for capital equipment in which many of our products are used. It is difficult to predict the timing, length and severity of these downturns and their impact on our business. Further, our order levels or results of operations for a given period may not be indicative of order levels or results of operations for subsequent periods. For the foreseeable future, our operations will continue to depend upon industries that are subject to market cycles which, in turn, could adversely affect the market demand for our products.

We have also faced increases in inflationary conditions in materials and components, and we expect these inflationary conditions to continue in 2024. These inflationary conditions have caused us to increase prices; however, such price increases may not be accepted by our customers or may not adequately offset the increases in our costs, thereby negatively affecting our results of operations. Changes in global economic conditions, including inflationary conditions, could also shift demand for products or services for which we do not have competitive advantages. This could negatively affect the amount of business that we are able to obtain. In addition, if we are unable to successfully anticipate changes in economic and political conditions, we may be unable to effectively plan for and respond to those changes, and our business could be negatively affected.

Our business and operations, and the operations of our suppliers and customers, have been, and may in the future be adversely affected by epidemics, pandemics or other public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak.

We may face risks related to health epidemics and pandemics or other outbreaks of communicable diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic and governments’ measures taken in response had a significant adverse impact, both direct and indirect, on our business and on the broader economy. We have, at times, experienced, and may in the future experience, weakened demand from certain customers as a result of a public health crisis, which adversely affected our revenues. For example, healthcare providers have, at times, deferred elective medical procedures in order to focus on combating the COVID-19 pandemic, which significantly reduced demand for certain of our medical products.

We also faced difficulty sourcing some materials and components necessary to fulfill production requirements and meeting scheduled shipments due to suppliers’ capacity constraints and shipping and transportation disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. These disruptions adversely affected our ability to manufacture our products and meet our customers’ schedules. If we are not able to mitigate similar disruptions effectively in future epidemics, pandemics or other public health crisis, our ability to manufacture our products or meet our customers’ schedules would be adversely affected, possibly materially, and our business could be harmed. In addition, efforts to find alternate sources of supply may increase our costs or lower the quality of our product, which could negatively affect our profitability, financial condition and business.

Our business success depends upon our ability to respond to fluctuations in product demand, but doing so may require us to incur costs despite limited visibility into future business declines.

During a period of increasing demand and rapid growth, we must be able to increase manufacturing capacity quickly. Our inability to quickly increase production in response to a surge in demand has prompted customers to look for alternative sources of supply and has left our customers without a supply, both of which have harmed our reputation and made it difficult for us to retain our existing customers or to obtain new customers. If this inability to increase production continues or worsens, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In periods of weaker demand, we have been, and may in the future be, required to reduce costs while maintaining the ability to motivate and retain key employees at the same time. Additionally, to remain competitive, we must continually invest in research and development, which may inhibit our ability to reduce costs in a down cycle. Long product lead-times also create a risk that we may purchase inventories or manufacture products that we are unable to sell.

The success of our business depends on our ability to continuously innovate, to introduce new products in a timely manner, and to manage transitions to new product innovations effectively.

Technology requirements in our markets are constantly changing. We must continually introduce new products that meet evolving customer needs. Our ability to grow depends on the successful development, introduction and market acceptance of new or enhanced products that address our customers’ requirements. Developing new technology is a complex and uncertain process requiring us to accurately anticipate technological and market trends and meet those trends with the right products. Our research and development efforts may not lead to the successful introduction of products within the time frame that our customers demand. Our competitors may also introduce new or improved products, processes or technologies that make our current or proposed products obsolete or less competitive. We may not manage the transition from older products effectively to minimize disruption in customer ordering patterns, avoid excess inventory and ensure adequate supplies of new products. New products may have fewer features than originally considered desirable, may have higher costs than initially estimated, may contain defects or perceived defects or have reliability, quality or compatibility problems or perceived problems. There could be difficulties in sourcing components for new products and delays in starting volume production. New products may also not be commercially successful as we cannot predict how the market will react to new products introduced by us or to enhancements made to our existing products. Failure to develop and introduce new products, failed market acceptance of new products or problems associated with new product transitions could impede our revenue growth, lead to loss of market share, and negatively affect our results of operations and our competitiveness in the market.

Customer order timing and other factors may cause our operating results to fluctuate from period to period.

Changes in customer order timing and the existence of certain other factors may cause our operating results to fluctuate from period to period. Such factors include:

We received in the past, and may receive in the future, several large orders in one quarter from a customer and then receive no orders from that customer in the next quarter. As a result, the timing of revenue recognition from customer orders can cause significant fluctuations in our operating results from quarter to quarter. In addition, our sales are reactive to changes in our customers’ businesses. For instance, a customer that placed a large order in one period could subsequently experience a downturn in business and, as a result, could reduce the amount of products it purchases from us in future periods.

Delays in shipments near the end of a reporting period due to rescheduling by customers or unexpected production delays experienced by us may cause revenue in the period to decline significantly and may have a material adverse effect on our operating results for that period.

In addition, we or our competitors may raise or lower prices of products in response to market demands or competitive pressures. If we lower the prices of our products, or if our competitors lower the prices of their products such that demand for our products weakens, our revenue for one or more quarters may decline and our operating results would be adversely affected.

As a result of these factors, our results of operations for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in future periods.

Cyberattacks or other incidents could cause significant disruption in, or breach the security of, our or our third-party providers’ information technology systems, and our business may be adversely affected as a result.

We rely on information technology systems, software and services (collectively, “IT Systems”) for internal and external operations. We operate some of these IT Systems ourselves and also rely on IT Systems provided by third parties to run our business, including to interact with our employees and our customers and suppliers. These interactions include, but are not limited to, ordering and managing materials from suppliers, converting materials to finished products, shipping product to customers, processing transactions, summarizing and reporting results of operations, complying with regulatory, legal and tax requirements, and other processes necessary to manage our business. We do not control our third-party service providers and we do not maintain redundant systems for some of such services, increasing our vulnerability to problems with such services. In addition, in the ordinary course of business, we and our third-party service providers collect, process and maintain confidential business information as well as personal information.

Like other global companies, there are constant cyber related threats and risks to our IT Systems and data, including by internal and external perpetrators of random or targeted malicious cyberattacks, computer viruses, malware, worms, bot attacks or other destructive or disruptive software (for example, ransomware) and attempts to misappropriate customer information and cause system failures and disruptions, as well as power outages, catastrophes, hardware and software bugs, misconfigurations or failures, and other unforeseen events. We have experienced cyberattacks and other security incidents in the past and expect to experience such attacks and incidents in the future. We expect the frequency and magnitude of cyberattacks to continue to accelerate as attackers are becoming increasingly sophisticated, for example, by using techniques designed to circumvent controls, avoid detection, and obfuscate forensic evidence, such that we may be unable to timely or effectively detect, identify, investigate or remediate attacks in the future. In addition, continued remote and hybrid working arrangements following the COVID-19 pandemic have increased the risk of cybersecurity incidents given the prevalence of phishing and vulnerabilities inherent in non-corporate and home computing environments.

If we were to experience a significant period of disruption in IT Systems that involve our interactions with customers or suppliers, it could result in the loss of revenue and customers as well as significant response and mitigation costs, which would adversely affect our business. In addition, security breaches of our IT Systems could result in the misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of confidential business or personal information belonging to us or to our employees, customers, suppliers or other business partners, which could result in significant financial or reputational damage to us, as well as litigation, regulatory enforcement actions, or other liabilities that could lead to substantial damages, fines, penalties and legal costs. We also expend substantial amounts to protect our IT Systems, and if we were to experience a significant breach in security, we may need to materially increase such expenditures, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our insurance policies may not cover all types of cybersecurity risks and liabilities, and even if coverages exist, they may not be sufficient to cover all costs or losses that we may incur.

Our reliance on international operations subjects us to risks not typically faced by companies operating exclusively in the U.S.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 53% of our revenues were from customers outside of the U.S. The scope of our international operations subjects us to risks that could materially impact our results of operations, including:

We also are subject to risks that our operations outside the U.S. could be conducted by our employees, contractors, service providers, representatives or agents in ways that violate the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or other similar anti-bribery laws. Any such violations could have a negative impact on our business and could result in government investigations and/or injunctive, monetary or other penalties. Moreover, our anti-bribery policy and procedures may be violated by third-party sales representatives or other agents that help sell our products or provide other services. Such representatives or agents are not our employees and it may be more difficult to oversee their conduct, which may increase the risk of violations of anti-bribery laws.

Increased component outsourcing to manufacturers located in different countries than our manufacturing facilities leads to additional risks that could negatively impact our business.

In some cases, we have outsourced the manufacturing of key components and subassemblies to suppliers based in locations outside of the country in which our manufacturing facility resides. We make the decision to outsource these products when we identify suppliers with stronger competencies, resources, capabilities, and lower cost structures than we believe we can develop on our own. However, the outsourcing of these products to such third parties could increase our exposure to geopolitical, economic, trade, and climate related risks, which could substantially impact our ability to obtain critical parts needed in the timely manufacture of our products or could substantially increase the costs of these parts. Additionally, this practice increases our vulnerability to the theft of, and reduced protection for, our intellectual property.

Increases in tariffs, trade restrictions or taxes on our products could have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

Our sales channels and supply chain in the international marketplace make us subject to tariffs, trade restrictions and other taxes when the raw materials or components we purchase, and the products we sell, cross international borders. Trade tensions between the U.S. and China, as well as those between the U.S. and some other countries, escalated in recent years. For example, U.S. tariff impositions against Chinese exports in recent years were followed by retaliatory Chinese tariffs on U.S. exports to China. Certain of the raw materials and components we purchase from China are or were subject to these tariffs, which have increased our manufacturing costs and have made our products less competitive than those of our competitors whose inputs are not subject to these tariffs. Certain of our finished products manufactured in the U.S. have been and may in the future be subject to retaliatory tariffs in China, which may increase our costs and make our products less competitive than those of our competitors whose products are not subject to such retaliatory tariffs. If heightened tariffs or trade restrictions were to be imposed in the future, we may not be able to mitigate their impacts, and our business, results of operations and financial position could be materially adversely affected. Products

we sell into certain other foreign markets could also become subject to retaliatory tariffs, making our products uncompetitive to similar products not subjected to such import tariffs. Further changes in U.S. trade policies, tariffs, taxes, export restrictions or other trade barriers, or restrictions on raw materials or components may limit our ability to produce products, increase our manufacturing costs, decrease our profit margins, reduce the competitiveness of our products, or inhibit our ability to sell products or purchase raw materials or components, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Others may violate our intellectual property rights and cause us to incur significant costs to protect our rights.

Our future success depends in part upon the protection of our intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation. We do not have personnel dedicated to the oversight, organization and management of our intellectual property. There can be no assurance that the steps we take to protect our intellectual property rights will be adequate to prevent misappropriation or disclosure. It is possible that, despite our efforts, other parties may use, obtain or try to copy our technology and products. There can be no assurance that other companies are not investigating or developing other technologies similar to ours, that any patents will be issued from any applications filed by us, or that the claims allowed, even if patents are issued, will be sufficient to deter or prohibit others from marketing similar products. In addition, our patents may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented in a legal or administrative proceeding. Policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights is difficult and time consuming and may involve initiating claims or litigation against third parties for infringement of our proprietary rights, which could be costly and divert management resources.

Our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights against infringement may not be effective in some foreign countries where we operate or sell our products. If we fail to adequately protect our intellectual property in these countries, we may lose significant business to our competitors.

Our operating results would suffer if we are unable to successfully defend against infringement claims by third parties.

We have received in the past, and could receive in the future, notices from third parties alleging that our products infringe patent or other proprietary rights. These allegations could result in significant costs and diversion of the attention of management. Adverse consequences may also apply if we fail to avoid or successfully defend litigation for infringement or misappropriation of proprietary rights of third parties. We could be required to pay substantial amounts for damages or be enjoined from using the technology deemed to be infringing, or from using, making or selling products deemed to be infringing, any of which could adversely affect our operating results. If we have supplied infringing products to third parties, we may be obligated to indemnify these third parties for any damages that they may be required to pay to the patent holder and for any losses that they may sustain as a result of the infringement.

We operate in highly competitive industries and, if we lose competitive advantages, our business would suffer adverse consequences.

Some of our competition comes from established competitors that have greater financial, engineering, manufacturing and marketing resources than we do. We expect that our competitors will continue to improve the design and performance of their existing products and introduce new products. It is possible that we may not successfully differentiate our current and proposed products from the products of our competitors, or that the marketplace will not consider our products to be superior to competing products. To remain competitive, we will be required to invest heavily in research and development, marketing and customer service and support. However, we may not be able to make the necessary technological advances to maintain our competitive position and our products may not receive market acceptance. These factors would cause us not to be able to compete successfully in the future. Increased competition may also result in price reductions, reduced profit margins, loss of market share and an inability to generate cash flows that are sufficient to maintain or expand our new product development programs.

Our results of operations will be adversely affected if we fail to successfully integrate recent and future acquisitions or to grow the acquired businesses as planned.

As part of our business strategy, we expect to broaden our product and service offerings by acquiring businesses, technologies, assets and product lines that, we believe, complement or expand our existing businesses. In recent years, we have made a number of acquisitions, including the acquisitions of Motion Solutions Parent Corp., MPH Medical Devices S.R.O., ATI Industrial Automation, Inc., and Schneider Electric Motion USA, Inc., and we expect to continue to make acquisitions in the future. We may fail to successfully integrate acquired businesses, products, technologies or personnel into our businesses and, as a result, may fail to realize the synergies, cost savings and other benefits expected from the acquisitions. If we are not able to successfully achieve these objectives, the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions may not be realized fully or at all, and our results of operations could be adversely affected. If we consummate multiple acquisitions in a relatively short amount of time, these risks will be heightened due to limited resources available to integrate these new businesses. Our acquisition activities may divert management’s attention from our

regular operations. Managing a larger and more geographically dispersed operation and product portfolio could also pose challenges for our management team.

Further, our ability to maintain and increase the profitability of acquired businesses will depend on our ability to manage and control operating expenses and to generate and sustain increased levels of revenue. Our expectations to achieve more consistent and predictable levels of revenue and to increase profitability as a result of any acquisition may not be realized. Such revenues and profitability may even decline as we integrate newly acquired operations into our existing businesses. We may fail to identify inherent weaknesses in acquired businesses or misinterpret market and technology trends and growth potentials during our acquisition due diligence process. If revenues of acquired businesses decline or grow more slowly than we anticipate, or if their operating expenses are higher than we expect, we may not be able to sustain or increase their profitability, in which case we may not be able to realize the expected return on our investments, our financial condition will suffer, and our stock price could decline. In addition, through our acquisitions, we may assume liabilities, losses or costs for which we are not indemnified or insured or for which our indemnity or insurance is inadequate. Any such liabilities may have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

If we do not attract and retain our key personnel, our ability to execute our business strategy will be limited.

Our success depends, to a significant extent, upon the continued service of our executive officers, key management and technical personnel, particularly our experienced engineers, and upon our ability to continue to attract, retain, and motivate qualified personnel. The competition for skilled employees is intense. We have incurred increased expenses in connection with the retention of existing key personnel and hiring of new employees, and we expect these increased costs to continue. Additional losses of our key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. In addition, there could be a material adverse effect on us if the turnover rates for engineers and other key personnel increase significantly or if we are unable to continue to attract qualified personnel. The costs to retain or hire employees could also increase more than we expect.

Our success also depends on our ability to execute leadership succession plans. The inability to successfully transition key management roles could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

We have undertaken restructuring and realignment activities in the past, and we will continue to assess our operating and cost structure in the future. These actions may not improve our financial position, and may ultimately prove detrimental to our operations and sales.

We have undertaken restructuring and realignment activities in the past, and we will continue to assess our operating and cost structure in the future. Our ability to reduce operating expenses and improve gross margin is dependent upon the nature of the actions we take and our subsequent ability to implement those actions and realize the expected cost savings and gross margin improvements. We are taking, and may need to take in the future, additional restructuring actions, such as eliminating or consolidating certain of our facilities or operations, reducing our headcount, or eliminating certain positions. Failure to successfully implement such restructuring activities could adversely affect our ability to meet customer demand for our products and could increase the cost of production versus our projections, both of which could adversely impact our operating results. Further, expenses and cost inefficiencies associated with our restructuring activities, including severance costs and the loss of trained employees with knowledge of our business and operations, could exceed our expectations and negatively impact our financial results.

Product defects or problems with integrating our products with other vendors’ products used by our customers may seriously harm our business and reputation.

We produce complex products that can contain latent defects or performance problems. This could happen to both existing and new products. Such defects or performance problems could result in litigation against us and be detrimental to our business and reputation.

In addition, customers frequently integrate our products with other vendors’ products. When problems occur in a combined environment, it may be difficult to identify the source of the problem. These problems may cause us to incur significant warranty and repair costs, divert the attention of our engineering personnel from our product development efforts, and cause significant customer relationship issues, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Disruptions in the supply of certain key components and other goods from our suppliers, including limited or single source suppliers, have adversely affected the results of our business operations, and could damage our relationships with customers.

The production of our products requires a wide variety of raw materials, key components and other goods that are generally available from alternate sources of supply. However, certain critical raw materials, key components and other goods required for the production of some of our principal products are available from limited or a single source of supply. Certain single source suppliers of key components for us could decide or have decided to stop producing some of these components. If we fail to find alternative

sources, redesign our products or otherwise manage this transition effectively, our business would be adversely impacted. If we experience delays in receiving materials from certain of our key limited or single source suppliers, our relationship with customers may be harmed if such delays cause us to miss our scheduled shipment deadlines for customers and our business could be adversely affected. If suppliers or subcontractors experience difficulties or fail to meet our manufacturing requirements, our business would be harmed until we are able to secure alternative sources, if any, on commercially reasonable terms. A prolonged inability to obtain certain raw materials, key components or other goods is possible and could have a significant adverse effect on our business operations, damage our relationships with customers, or even lead to permanent loss of customer orders.

In addition, certain of our businesses buy components, including limited or sole source items, from competitors of our other businesses. This dynamic may adversely impact our relationship with these suppliers. For example, these suppliers could increase the price of those components or reduce their supply of those components to us, which could have a significant adverse effect on our business operations or lead to permanent loss of customer orders.

If we fail to accurately forecast component and raw material requirements for our products, we could incur additional costs and experience significant delays in shipments, which could have an adverse effect on the results of our business operations, and could damage our relationships with customers.

We use rolling forecasts based on anticipated product orders to determine our production requirements. It is important that we accurately predict both the demand for our products and the lead times required to obtain the necessary components and raw materials to manufacture our products. Lead times for our components and raw materials vary significantly and depend on multiple factors, including the specific supplier requirements, the size of the order, contract terms and current market demand. For substantial increases in our sales levels of certain products, some of our suppliers may need significant lead time. If we overestimate our component and raw material requirements, we may have excess inventory, which would increase our costs. If we underestimate our component and raw material requirements, we may have inadequate inventory, which could interrupt production and delay delivery of our products to customers. Any of these occurrences could adversely affect our results of operations and damage our relationships with customers.

Production difficulties and product delivery delays or disruptions could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We assemble our products at our facilities in the U.S., the U.K., Germany and China. Each of our products is typically manufactured in a single manufacturing location. If our production activities at any of our manufacturing facilities were disrupted, including by mandatory power consumption reductions, natural disasters or other extreme weather events, health epidemics, acts of terrorism or otherwise, our operations would be negatively impacted until we could establish alternative production and service operations. Significant production difficulties could also be the result of:

From time to time, we make decisions to consolidate or move certain of our manufacturing facilities, or otherwise move our production of certain products to another facility. Moving complicated manufacturing facilities involves various risks, including the inability to commence production within the cost and timeframe estimated, damage to equipment, inability to produce a high-quality product, shipping and customs delays, travel and technology restrictions, tax issues, distraction to management and employees, and the inability to hire and retain a sufficient number of qualified personnel. Failure to successfully move manufacturing facilities due to these and other unforeseen risks could adversely affect our ability to meet customer demand, harm our relationships with customers, and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, we may experience product delivery delays in the future. We ship our products through national trucking firms, overnight carrier services and local delivery practices. If one or more of the key logistics service providers experience significant disruption in services or institutes a significant price increase, the delivery of our products could be disrupted or delayed. Such events could cause us to incur increased shipping costs that could not be passed on to our customers, negatively impacting our profitability and our relationships with customers.

We are subject to extensive and dynamic medical device regulations, which may impede or hinder the approval, certification or sale of our products and, in some cases, may ultimately result in an inability to obtain approval or certification of certain products or may result in the recall or seizure of previously approved or certified products.

Some of our products and the related sales and marketing development activities and manufacturing processes are subject to extensive and rigorous regulation by the FDA pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”), by comparable agencies in foreign countries, and by other regulatory agencies and governing bodies. Under the FDCA, medical devices must receive FDA clearance or approval or an exemption from such clearance or approval before they can be commercially marketed in the U.S. In the EU, medical devices must comply with the EU Medical Devices Regulation, which repeals and replaces the EU Medical Devices Directive. All medical devices placed on the market in the EU must meet the general safety and performance requirements laid down in Annex I to the EU Medical Devices Regulation, including the requirement that a medical device must be designed and manufactured in such a way that, during normal conditions of use, it is suitable for its intended purpose. Medical devices must be safe and effective and must not compromise the clinical condition or safety of patients, or the safety and health of users and – where applicable – other persons, provided that any risks which may be associated with their use constitute acceptable risks when weighed against the benefits to the patient and are compatible with a high level of protection of health and safety, taking into account the generally acknowledged state of the art. To demonstrate compliance with the general safety and performance requirements, medical devices must undergo a conformity assessment procedure, which varies according to the type of medical device and its risk classification. Except for low risk medical devices (Class I), where the manufacturer can self-assess the conformity of its products with the general safety and performance requirements (except for any parts which relate to sterility, metrology or reuse aspects), a conformity assessment procedure requires the intervention of a notified body. The notified body would typically audit and examine the technical file and the quality system for the manufacture, design and final inspection of our devices. If satisfied that the relevant product conforms to the relevant general safety and performance requirements, the notified body issues a certificate of conformity, which the manufacturer uses as a basis for its own declaration of conformity. The manufacturer may then apply the European Conformity (“CE”) mark to the device, which allows the device to be placed on the market throughout the EU. If we fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we would be unable to affix the CE mark to our products, which would prevent us from selling them within the EU. The aforementioned EU rules are generally applicable in the EEA. Non-compliance with the above requirements would also prevent us from selling our products in these countries.

Compliance with these requirements is a prerequisite to be able to affix the CE mark to medical devices, without which they cannot be sold or marketed in the EU. The process of obtaining marketing approval, certification or clearance from the FDA, comparable agencies, or notified bodies in foreign countries for new products, or with respect to enhancements or modifications to existing products, could:

In addition, exported devices are subject to the regulatory requirements of each country to which the device is exported. Some countries do not have medical device regulations, but in most foreign countries, medical devices are regulated. Most countries outside of the U.S. require that product approvals be renewed or recertified on a regular basis, generally every four to five years. The renewal or recertification process requires that we evaluate any device changes and any new regulations or standards relevant to the device and conduct appropriate testing to document continued compliance. Where renewal or recertification applications are required, they may need to be renewed and/or approved or certified in order for us to continue selling our products in those countries. There can be no assurance that we will receive the required approvals or certification for new products or modifications to existing products on a timely basis or that any approval or certification will not be subsequently withdrawn or conditioned upon extensive post-market study requirements.

In the EU, notified bodies must be officially designated to certify products and services in accordance with the EU Medical Devices Regulation. Their designation process, which is significantly stricter under the new regulation, has experienced considerable delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite a recent increase in designations, the current number of notified bodies designated under the new regulation remains significantly lower than the number of notified bodies designated under the previous regime. The current designated notified bodies are therefore facing a backlog of requests as a consequence of which review times have lengthened. This situation may impact the way we are conducting our business in the EU and the EEA and the ability of our notified body to timely review and process our regulatory submissions and perform its audits.

The FDA, other worldwide regulatory agencies, and notified bodies actively monitor compliance with local laws and regulations through review, inspection and audit of design and manufacturing practices, recordkeeping, reporting of adverse events, labeling and

promotional practices. The FDA and other regulatory agencies worldwide can ban certain medical devices; detain or seize adulterated or misbranded medical devices; order recall, repair, replacement or refund of these devices; and require notification of healthcare professionals and others with regard to medical devices that present unreasonable risks of substantial harm to the public health. The FDA and other worldwide regulatory agencies can take action against a company that promotes "off-label" uses. The FDA may also enjoin and restrain a company for certain violations of the FDCA and regulations pertaining to medical devices, or initiate action for criminal prosecution of such violations. Similar requirements apply in foreign jurisdictions. Any adverse regulatory action, depending on its magnitude, may restrict a company from effectively marketing and selling its products, may limit a company's ability to obtain future premarket clearances, approvals or certifications, and could result in a substantial modification to the company's business practices and operations. International sales of medical devices manufactured in the U.S. that are not approved by the FDA for use in the U.S., or that are banned or deviate from lawful performance standards, are subject to FDA export requirements.

Regulations regarding the development, manufacture and sale of medical devices are evolving and subject to future changes. For instance, the landscape concerning medical devices in the EU recently evolved. On May 26, 2021, the EU Medical Devices Regulation became applicable, and repealed and replaced the EU Medical Devices Directive and the EU Active Implantable Medical Devices Directive. Unlike directives, which must be implemented into the national laws of the EU member states, regulations are directly applicable (i.e., without the need for adoption of EU member state laws implementing them) in all EU member states. The EU Medical Devices Regulation is intended to establish a uniform regulatory framework across the EU for medical devices. These modifications may have an effect on the way we intend to develop our business in the EU and EEA.

There are currently different regulations in place in Great Britain as compared to both Northern Ireland and the EU. Ongoing compliance with both sets of regulatory requirements may result in increased costs for our business.

Furthermore, the U.K. government is currently drafting amendments to the existing legislation which is likely to result in further changes to the Great Britain regulations in the near future. For example, subject to transitional periods for validly-certified devices, the new Great Britain regulations are likely to require medical devices placed on the Great Britain market to be “UKCA” certified by a UK Approved Body in order to be lawfully placed on the market. The U.K. government has stated that the amended regulations are likely to apply starting in July 2024. Understanding and ensuring compliance with any new requirements is likely to lead to further complexity and increased costs to our business. If there is insufficient UK Approved Body capacity, there is a risk that our product certification could be delayed which might impact our ability to market products in Great Britain after the respective transition periods.

From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulation of medical devices. In addition, the FDA may change its policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations, or take other actions, which may prevent or delay marketing authorization of our future products under development or impact our ability to modify any products for which we have already obtained marketing authorizations on a timely basis or otherwise increase the costs associated with compliance. For example, in February 2024, the FDA issued a final rule to amend and replace the Quality System Regulation (“QSR”), which sets forth the FDA’s current good manufacturing practice requirements for medical devices, to align more closely with the International Organization for Standardization standards. Specifically, this final rule, which the FDA expects to go into effect on February 2, 2026, establishes the “Quality Management System Regulation” (“QMSR”), which among other things, incorporates by reference the quality management system requirements of ISO 13485:2016. Although our quality system is currently designed to comply with ISO 13485:2016 in connection with our activities outside of the United States, and although the FDA has stated that the standards contained in ISO 13485:2106 are substantially similar to those set forth in the QSR, it is unclear the extent to which this final rule, once effective, could impose additional or different regulatory requirements on us that could increase the costs of compliance or otherwise negatively affect our business.

Failure to comply with regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or manufacturer could result in fines, delays or suspensions of regulatory clearances, approvals or certification, seizures or recalls of products, physician advisories or other field actions, operating restrictions and/or criminal prosecution. We may also initiate field actions as a result of a failure to strictly comply with our internal quality policies. The failure to receive product approval clearance or certification on a timely basis, suspensions of regulatory clearances or certifications, seizures or recalls of products, physician advisories or other field actions, or the withdrawal of product approval or certification by the FDA or other comparable agencies (or notified bodies where applicable) in foreign countries could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our products and operations are subject to various foreign and U.S. federal and state healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to penalties.

Our products and our operations may be directly, or indirectly through our customers, subject to various foreign and U.S. federal and state healthcare laws and regulations, including, without limitation, anti-kickback, false claims and privacy statutes. These laws may restrict, among other things, the development, sale, marketing and distribution of our products. These laws include:

Efforts to ensure that our business operations comply with applicable healthcare laws may involve substantial costs. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to, without limitation, civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, possible exclusion from participation in governmental healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Further, defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming and may require significant financial and personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired.

Our business is indirectly subject to healthcare industry cost containment and healthcare reform measures that could result in reduced sales of our products.

Several of our customers rely on third party payors, such as government programs and private health insurance plans, to reimburse some or all of the cost of the procedures in which our products are used. The continuing efforts of governments, insurance companies and other payors of healthcare costs to contain or reduce those costs could lead to patients being unable to obtain approval for payment from these third-party payors for procedures in which our products are used. If that occurs, sales of medical devices may decline significantly and our customers may reduce or eliminate purchases of our products, or demand further price reductions. The cost containment measures that healthcare payors are instituting both in the U.S. and internationally could reduce our revenues and harm our operating results.

In addition, in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes to reform healthcare systems. Various elements of healthcare reforms, such as comparative effectiveness research, an independent payment advisory board, payment system reforms, including shared savings pilots, and other provisions, could meaningfully change the way healthcare is developed and delivered and may have material adverse impact on numerous aspects of our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in government regulations related to our business or our products could reduce demand for our products or increase our expenses.

We are subject to many governmental regulations, including, but not limited to, the laser radiation safety regulations of the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act administered by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health, a branch of the FDA, and certain health regulations related to the manufacture of products using beryllium, an element used in some of our products. Among other things, these regulations require us to file annual reports, to maintain quality control and sales records, to perform product testing, to distribute appropriate operating manuals, to conduct safety reviews, to incorporate design and operating features in products sold to end-users, and to certify and label our products. Depending on the class of the product, various warning labels must be affixed and certain protective devices must be installed.

We are also subject to regulatory oversight, including comparable enforcement mechanisms, in the markets we serve. We compete in many markets in which we and our customers must comply with federal, state, local and international regulations, such as environmental, health and safety and food and drug regulations. We develop, configure and market our products to meet customer needs created by those regulations. Any significant changes could reduce demand for our products or increase our expenses, which in turn could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Actual or perceived failures to comply with applicable data protection, privacy and security laws, regulations, standards, and other requirements may adversely impact our business and financial results.

Laws and regulations in various countries around the world with regards to cybersecurity, privacy and data protection are rapidly expanding and creating a complex compliance environment. These laws include evolving legislation with respect to the collection, storage, handling, use, disclosure, transfer, and security of personal data and the notification requirements in the event of unauthorized access to or acquisition of certain types of personal information. Failure to comply with these laws may affect our reputation and operating results negatively, subject us to significant liability, cost or expense, and may require significant management time and attention.

In some cases, these legal requirements may be either unclear in their interpretation and application or they may have inconsistent or conflicting requirements with each other. In addition, some of the privacy and data protection laws and regulations in the U.S., the EU, China and other countries place restrictions on our ability to process personal data across our business or across country borders, and could impact our business and operations. Compliance with these laws, many of which entail substantial penalties for non-compliance, or future regulations could impose even greater compliance burdens and risks on us.

The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), and the data protection and security laws of other states and countries impose additional requirements with respect to disclosure and deletion of personal information of their residents, imposing penalties for violations and, in some cases, private right of action for data breaches. These laws, and similar legislation that is developing or has been recently enacted, impose transparency and other obligations with respect to personal data of their respective residents and provide residents with similar rights for certain types of data breaches. We have invested, and continue to invest, human and technology resources in our data compliance efforts that may be time-intensive and costly. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that we may be subject to fines and penalties for non-compliance and experience litigation, reputational harm and business interruption if we fail to protect the privacy of third-party data or to comply with the GDPR, CCPA, CPRA and other applicable data privacy and protection regimes.

If we fail to implement new information technology systems successfully, our business could be adversely affected.

We rely on centralized information systems to keep financial records, process orders, manage inventory, process shipments to customers, and operate other critical functions. We often need to upgrade our information technology infrastructure, including implementing new or upgrading existing enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) systems and other complementary information technology systems. We have invested, and will continue to invest, significant capital and human resources in system upgrades and new ERP systems. Any disruptions, delays or deficiencies in the transition, design and implementation of the upgrades and new ERP systems, particularly any disruptions, delays or deficiencies that impact our operations, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.

We may experience difficulties as we transition to these new or upgraded systems and processes, including loss of data and the ability to process customer orders, ship products, provide services and support to our customers, issue sales invoices, collect accounts receivable, fulfill contractual obligations, satisfy internal and external financial reporting requirements in a timely manner, or otherwise run our business. We may also experience decreases in productivity as our personnel implement these systems and become proficient in the new systems. In addition, as we are dependent upon our ability to gather and promptly transmit accurate information to key decision makers, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected if our

information technology infrastructure does not allow us to transmit accurate information, even for a short period of time. Furthermore, the transition, design and implementation of new or upgraded ERP systems may be much more costly than we anticipated.

Changes in foreign currency rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

A portion of our revenue is derived from our European and Asian operations and includes transactions in Euros, British Pounds, Chinese Yuan and Japanese Yen, while our products are mainly manufactured in the U.S., the U.K., Germany and China. In the event of a decline in the value of the Euro, British Pounds, Chinese Yuan or Japanese Yen, we typically experience a decline in our revenues and profit margins. If we increase the selling prices on our products sold in Europe and Asia in order to maintain profit margins and recover costs, we may lose customer sales to lower cost competitors. Consequently, a strong U.S. dollar may adversely affect reported revenues and our profitability.

Additionally, balances maintained in foreign currencies create additional financial exposure to changing foreign currency rates. If foreign currency rates were to change significantly, we could incur material losses. While we use foreign currency contracts and other risk management techniques to hedge our foreign currency exposures, we cannot be certain that our efforts will be adequate to protect us against significant foreign currency rate fluctuations or that such efforts will not expose us to additional exchange rate risks.

Our results of operations will be adversely affected if we fail to realize the full value of our intangible assets.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $629.5 million of net intangible assets, including goodwill, on our consolidated balance sheet. Net intangible assets consist principally of goodwill, customer relationships, patents, trademarks, core technologies and technology licenses. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least on an annual basis. All other intangible assets are evaluated for impairment should discrete events occur that call into question the recoverability of the intangible assets.

Adverse changes in our business, adverse changes in the assumptions used to determine the fair value of our reporting units, or the failure to grow our businesses may result in an impairment of our intangible assets, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our reliance upon OEM customers subjects us to credit, inventory, business concentration, and business failure risks beyond our control.

Our sales depend upon the ability of our OEM customers to develop and sell systems that incorporate our products. Adverse economic conditions, large inventory positions, limited marketing resources and other factors influencing these OEM customers could have a substantial adverse effect on our financial results. We cannot assure investors that our OEM customers will not experience financial or other difficulties that could adversely affect their operations and, in turn, adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, customers, governments and other stakeholders and third parties with respect to corporate sustainability policies and practices may cause us to incur additional costs or expose us to additional risks.

There has been increased public focus and scrutiny from investors, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, customers and other stakeholders and third parties on corporate sustainability practices in recent years, including with respect to global warming and climate change, diversity, equity and inclusion, and labor and human rights, among other sustainability issues. Both the standard setting and regulatory landscapes are extremely complex and present significant compliance challenges. Such increased complexity and scrutiny may result in increased costs, increased risk of litigation or reputational damage relating to our sustainability practices or performance, enhanced compliance or disclosure obligations, or other adverse impacts on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Many different governmental organizations are promulgating reporting standards and rules that focus on a myriad of sustainability topics, including new reporting requirements in various jurisdictions. For example, we may be subject to, among others, the requirements of the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, other EU directives, EU and EU member state regulations, various disclosure requirements (such as information on greenhouse gas emissions, climate risks, use of offsets, and emissions reduction claims) from the State of California as well as the SEC’s proposed rule on climate related disclosures, if finalized. As we continue to focus on developing our sustainability practices, such practices may not meet the standards of all of our stakeholders and advocacy groups may campaign for further changes. Many of our large, global customers are also committing to long-term targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions within their supply chains. If we are unable to support customers in achieving these reductions, we may lose revenue if our customers find other suppliers who are better able to support such reductions. A failure, or perceived failure, to respond to expectations of all key stakeholders could cause harm to our business and reputation and have a negative impact on the market price of our common shares. Further, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed rating processes for evaluating companies on sustainability matters. Such ratings are

used by some investors to inform their investment or voting decisions. Unfavorable sustainability ratings could lead to negative investor sentiment towards us and/or our industry, which could have a negative impact on our access to and costs of capital.

The effects of climate change and related regulatory responses may adversely impact our business.

The intensifying effects of climate change present physical, liability, and transition risks with both macro and micro implications for companies and financial markets. There is increasing concern that a gradual increase in global average temperatures due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are causing significant changes in weather patterns around the globe and an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters (such as floods, droughts, wildfires and severe storms). Such events could, among other things, disrupt our operations, including by damaging or destroying our facilities or those of our suppliers, which may cause us to suffer losses and additional costs to maintain or resume operations or as a result of supply chain-related delays or cancellations, which could have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations. In addition, implementing changes to mitigate risks associated with such events may result in substantial additional operational expenses in the short- and long-term, which may materially affect our profitability.

In addition, concerns over climate change and sustainability have led to foreign and domestic legislative and regulatory initiatives directed at limiting carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. We may experience increased costs in order to execute upon our sustainability goals and comply with future climate-change related government mandates as well as stricter environmental protection laws, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Certain regulations may require us to redesign our products to ensure compliance with the applicable standards. These redesigns may adversely affect the performance of our products, add greater testing lead-times for product introductions and reduce our profitability.

Novanta Inc. may be subject to U.S. federal income taxation even though it is a non-U.S. corporation.

Novanta Inc. is a holding company organized in Canada and is subject to Canadian tax laws. However, we are also subject to U.S. tax rules and file U.S. federal income tax returns for our operations in the U.S. In addition, distributions or payments from entities in one jurisdiction to entities in another jurisdiction may be subject to income and/or withholding taxes. We do not intend to operate in a manner that will cause Novanta Inc. to be treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business or otherwise be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on its income, but it generally will be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax on certain U.S. sourced passive income items, such as dividends, royalties and certain types of interest.

Our effective tax rate is subject to fluctuation, which could impact our financial position and earnings per share.

Our effective tax rate is subject to fluctuation as the effective income tax rate for each year is a function of (a) taxable income levels in numerous tax jurisdictions with varying tax rates, (b) our ability to utilize recognized deferred tax assets, (c) taxes, interest, and/or penalties resulting from tax audits and, (d) credits and deductions as a percentage of total taxable income. From time to time, the U.S., foreign and state governments make substantive changes to tax rules where significant judgment is required to determine the impact of such changes on our provision for income taxes, which may result in increased costs. For example, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Pillar Two framework provides a mechanism for countries to impose top-up tax on global income arising in jurisdictions with a tax rate below the global corporate minimum income tax rate of 15%. We may be subject to additional tax obligations in countries that choose to adopt new tax requirements such as the proposed Pillar Two rules. Further, such tax law changes may cause our effective tax rate to fluctuate between periods.

We may require additional capital to adequately respond to business challenges or opportunities and repay or refinance our existing indebtedness, but this capital may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.

We may require additional capital to adequately respond to future business challenges or opportunities, including, but not limited to, the need to develop new products or enhance our existing products, the need to invest in cloud-based ERP systems and other digital technology platforms to help accelerate the growth of our businesses, the need to build inventory or to invest other cash to support business growth, and opportunities to acquire complementary businesses and technologies.

As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding debt of $358.1 million under our amended and restated senior secured credit agreement (as amended, the “Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement”) and $416.6 million additional borrowing capacity available under the revolving credit facility. If we are unable to satisfy the conditions in the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement or our needs exceed the amounts available under the revolving credit facility, we may need to obtain equity or debt financing. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing shareholders

could suffer significant dilution. Any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of the holders of our common shares. Further, our Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement restricts our ability to obtain additional debt financing from other sources. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or obtain financing on terms satisfactory to us when we need it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited. In addition, the terms of any additional equity or debt issuances may adversely affect the value and price of our common shares.

Our existing indebtedness could adversely affect our future business, financial condition and results of operations.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $358.1 million of outstanding debt and on January 2, 2024, we drew down on our revolving credit facility to fund the acquisition of Motion Solutions Parent Corp. This level of debt could have significant consequences on our future operations, including:

Any of these factors could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, as a global corporation, we have significant cash balances held in foreign countries. Some of these balances may not be immediately available to repay our debt.

Our Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, as amended, contains covenants that limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interest. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of all of our borrowings thereunder.

The market price of our common shares could be subject to wide fluctuations. These fluctuations could be caused by:

In addition, the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations in recent years. These fluctuations have had a substantial effect on the market prices of many companies, often unrelated to the operating performance of the specific companies. These market fluctuations could adversely affect the price of our common shares.

We are exposed to the credit risk of some of our customers and to credit exposures in weakened markets, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Customers with liquidity issues may lead to additional bad debt expense. There can be no assurance that our open credit customers will pay the amounts they owe to us or that the reserves we maintain will be adequate to cover such credit exposures. In addition, to the extent that turmoil in the credit markets or increases in interest rates make it more difficult for some customers to obtain financing, their ability to pay may be adversely impacted. Our customers’ failure to pay and/or our failure to maintain sufficient reserves could have a material adverse effect on our future cash flows and financial condition.

If we fail to maintain appropriate internal controls in the future, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately, which may adversely affect our stock price and our business.

While our management and our independent registered public accounting firm concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023, it is possible that material weaknesses may be identified in the future.

As part of our growth strategy, we intend to make additional acquisitions of privately held businesses. Prior to becoming part of our consolidated company, the acquired businesses would not be required to implement or maintain the disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting that are required of public companies. We are required to integrate the acquired businesses into our system of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, but we cannot provide assurance as to how long the integration process may take. Additionally, we may need to improve our internal control or those of any business we acquire. This could result in significant costs to us and could require us to divert substantial resources.

If we are unable to maintain effective internal controls, we may be unable to comply with the requirements of the SEC or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This could result in a restatement of our financial statements, the imposition of sanctions, or investigation by regulatory authorities. Any such action or other negative results caused by our inability to meet our internal control and financial reporting requirements or to comply with legal and regulatory requirements could adversely affect our business and the trading price of our common shares. Material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting could also reduce our ability to obtain financing or could increase the cost of any financing we obtain.

We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information. Our cybersecurity risk management program includes a cybersecurity incident response plan.

We design and assess our program based on various cybersecurity frameworks, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”). We use these cybersecurity frameworks and information security standards as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.

Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program, sharing common methodologies and governance processes across the enterprise risk management program. Specifically, our cybersecurity risk management program includes:

We have not identified any material risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

The Board of Directors recognizes the need for continually monitoring our information security risks and cybersecurity initiatives. The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors (the “Board”) undertakes the primary oversight responsibility over our cybersecurity risks and information security controls. Management briefs the Audit Committee on information security matters at each quarterly meeting of the Audit Committee. In addition, management updates the Audit Committee regarding any potentially material cybersecurity incidents, if any, as well as any incidents with lesser potential impact.

In addition to the role the Audit Committee plays in overseeing enterprise and cybersecurity risks, the Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) Committee reviews and oversees our overall cybersecurity program, including its strategy and processes, and is updated by company management at each of the ESG Committee’s meetings on the status and developments of the cybersecurity program.

Both the Audit Committee and the ESG Committee report to the full Board regarding its activities, including those related to our cybersecurity risks and program. The full Board also receives briefings from management at least once a year on our cybersecurity risk management program. Board members receive presentations on cybersecurity topics presented by the Chief Information Officer (“CIO”) and Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”).

Our management team, including our IT management team, is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The CISO/CIO oversees the overall cybersecurity risk management program, and the Deputy Chief Information Security Officer (“DCISO”) has the primary operational responsibilities over our cybersecurity program, including supervising both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants. The CISO, who is also our CIO, has over 22 years of experience managing global IT operations, including strategy, applications, infrastructure, information security, support and execution. The CISO/CIO holds a Master of Science degree in computer science and engineering (with a specialization in Information Assurance) and a Doctorate of Engineering Management/Systems Engineering degree. Our DCISO has served in various roles in information security for over 12 years and holds a Certified Information System Security Professional (“CISSP”) certification.

Our management team oversees efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel, threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public, or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us, and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the information technology environment.

Our principal owned and leased properties as of December 31, 2023 are listed in the table below.

Additional manufacturing, research and development, sales, service and logistics sites are located in California, Connecticut, Florida, Michigan, New York, and Oregon within the United States, and in China, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain and the United Kingdom. These additional facilities cover approximately 630,000 square feet, of which approximately 520,000 square feet are leased and approximately 110,000 square feet are owned. These facilities are used by our Precision Medicine and Manufacturing, Medical Solutions and Robotics and Automation segments.

We consider our facilities suitable and adequate for the purposes for which they are used and do not anticipate difficulty in renewing existing leases or in finding alternative facilities. We believe all our properties have been properly maintained.

The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. See Note 17 to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about legal proceedings involving the Company.

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Shares, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The Company’s common shares, no par value, are traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the ticker symbol “NOVT”.

As of the close of business on February 21, 2024, there were approximately 30 holders of record of the Company’s common shares. Since many of the common shares are registered in “nominee” or “street” names, the Company believes that the total number of beneficial owners is considerably higher.

The Company has never declared or paid cash dividends on its common shares and does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

In February 2020, the Company's Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase plan (the "2020 Repurchase Plan"), authorizing the repurchase of $50.0 million worth of the Company's common shares. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 4 thousand shares for an aggregate purchase price of $0.5 million at an average price of $116.95 per share under the 2020 Repurchase Plan. No shares were repurchased during the three months or the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $49.5 million available for future share repurchases under the 2020 Repurchase Plan. There is no expiration date for the 2020 Repurchase Plan.

The following graph compares the cumulative total return on the Company’s common shares with the cumulative total return on the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Russell 2000 Index for the period from December 31, 2018 through December 31, 2023. The comparison assumes an investment of $100 was made on December 31, 2018 in the Company’s common shares and in each of the indices and, in the case of the indices, it also assumes reinvestment of all dividends. The performance shown is not necessarily indicative of future performance.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The MD&A contains certain forward looking statements within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, our financial results and our financial condition; our belief that the Purchasing Managers Index may provide an indication of the impact of general economic conditions on our sales into the advanced industrial end market; our strategy; anticipated financial performance; expected liquidity and capitalization; drivers of revenue growth and our growth expectations in various markets; management’s plans and objectives for future operations, expenditures and product development, and investments in research and development; business prospects; potential of future product releases and expansion of our product and service offerings; anticipated revenue performance; industry trends; market conditions; our competitive positions; changes in economic and political conditions, including supply chain disruptions and constraints and inflationary pressures; changes in accounting principles; changes in actual or assumed tax liabilities; expectations regarding tax exposures; anticipated reinvestment of future earnings and dividend policy; anticipated expenditures in regard to the Company’s benefit plans; future acquisitions and integration and anticipated benefits from acquisitions and dispositions; anticipated economic benefits and expected costs of restructuring programs; ability to repay our indebtedness; our intentions regarding the use of cash; expectations regarding legal and regulatory requirements, including environmental requirements, and our compliance thereto; and other statements that are not historical facts. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including those set forth in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the heading “Risk Factors.” The words “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “future,” “estimates,” “plans,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “potential,” “continues,” and similar words or expressions (as well as other words or expressions referencing future events, conditions or circumstances) identify forward looking statements. Readers should not place undue reliance on any such forward looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. Management and the Company disclaim any obligation to publicly update or revise any such statements to reflect any change in its expectations or in events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such statements may be based, or that may affect the likelihood that actual results will differ from those contained in the forward looking statements, except as required under applicable law.

Novanta Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as, the “Company”, “Novanta”, “we”, “us”, “our”) is a leading global supplier of core technology solutions that give medical and advanced industrial original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) a competitive advantage. We combine deep proprietary technology expertise and competencies in precision medicine, medical solutions and robotics and automation with a proven ability to solve complex technical challenges. This enables us to engineer core components and sub-systems that deliver extreme precision and performance, tailored to our customers' demanding applications.

We primarily operate in two end markets: the medical market and the advanced industrial market.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the advanced industrial market accounted for approximately 46% of our revenue. Revenue from our products sold to the advanced industrial market is affected by a number of factors, including changing technology requirements and preferences of our customers, productivity or quality investments in a manufacturing environment, the financial condition of our customers, changes in regulatory requirements and laws, and general economic conditions. We believe that the Purchasing Managers Index on manufacturing activities specific to different regions around the world may provide an indication of the impact of general economic conditions on our sales into the advanced industrial market.

Our strategy is to drive sustainable, profitable growth through short-term and long-term initiatives, including:

Total revenue for 2023 was $881.7 million, an increase of $20.8 million, or 2.4%, versus 2022. This increase was primarily due to increased demand in the medical markets and revenue from a prior year acquisition. The effect of our prior year acquisition resulted in an increase in revenue of $8.1 million, or 0.9%. In addition, foreign exchange rates favorably impacted our revenue by $1.3 million, or 0.2%, in 2023.

Operating income for 2023 was $110.5 million, an increase of $7.4 million, or 7.2%, versus 2022. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in gross profit of $21.4 million primarily attributable to higher revenue and a decrease in amortization expense of $5.9 million, partially offset by an increase in restructuring, acquisition and related charges of $8.4 million, research and development and engineering (“R&D”) expenses of $5.9 million, and selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses of $5.6 million.

Basic earnings per common share (“basic EPS”) of $2.03 in 2023 decreased $0.05 from the basic EPS of $2.08 in 2022. Diluted earnings per common share (“diluted EPS”) of $2.02 in 2023 decreased $0.04 from the diluted EPS of $2.06 in 2022. The decreases in basic EPS and diluted EPS were primarily attributable to an increase in interest expense, partially offset by an increase in operating income and a decrease in income tax provision.

Specific components of our operating results for 2023 and 2022 are further discussed below.

Information pertaining to fiscal year 2021 results of operations, including a year-over-year comparison with fiscal year 2022, was included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 under Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Position and Results of Operations,” which was filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023.

The following table sets forth external revenue by reportable segment for 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Precision Medicine and Manufacturing segment revenue in 2023 increased by $8.3 million, or 3.0%, versus 2022, primarily due to increased demand in the medical markets.

Medical Solutions segment revenue in 2023 increased by $47.2 million, or 17.0%, versus 2022, primarily due to increases in sales from our minimally invasive surgery products and detection and analysis products, and $8.1 million of revenue contributions from our 2022 acquisition.

Robotics and Automation segment revenue in 2023 decreased by $34.8 million, or 11.3%, versus 2022, primarily due to a decrease in demand in advanced industrial markets, driven by microelectronics markets.

The following table sets forth the gross profit and gross profit margin for each of our reportable segments for 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Gross profit and gross profit margin can be influenced by a number of factors, including product mix, pricing, volume, manufacturing efficiencies and utilization, costs for raw materials and outsourced manufacturing, headcount, inventory obsolescence and warranty expenses.

Precision Medicine and Manufacturing segment gross profit for 2023 increased $9.9 million, or 7.7%, versus 2022, primarily due to an increase in both revenue and gross profit margin. Precision Medicine and Manufacturing segment gross profit margin was 49.1% for 2023, versus a gross profit margin of 47.0% for 2022. The increase in gross profit margin was primarily attributable to improved factory productivity, favorable product mix and the impact of business interruption insurance recovery payments, partially offset by an increase in inventory reserves as a result of a demand decline in the advanced industrial market and higher cost of poor quality.

Medical Solutions segment gross profit for 2023 increased $26.9 million, or 24.8%, versus 2022, primarily due to an increase in both revenue and gross profit margin. Medical Solutions segment gross profit margin was 41.7% for 2023, compared with a gross profit margin of 39.1% for 2022. The increase in gross profit margin was primarily attributable to improved factory efficiency.

Robotics and Automation segment gross profit for 2023 decreased $15.3 million, or 10.4%, versus 2022, primarily due to a decrease in revenue. Robotics and Automation segment gross profit margin was 47.9% for 2023, compared with a gross profit margin of 47.4% for 2022. The increase in gross profit margin was primarily attributable to improved factory efficiency and disciplined cost control.

The following table sets forth operating expenses for 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Research and development and engineering (“R&D”) expenses are primarily comprised of employee compensation and related expenses and cost of materials for R&D projects.

R&D expenses were $91.7 million, or 10.4% of revenue, in 2023, versus $85.8 million, or 10.0% of revenue, in 2022. R&D expenses increased in terms of total dollars primarily due to higher compensation related expenses.

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses include costs for sales and marketing, sales administration, finance, human resources, legal, information systems and executive management.

SG&A expenses were $164.5 million, or 18.7% of revenue, in 2023, versus $158.9 million, or 18.5% of revenue, in 2022. SG&A expenses increased in terms of total dollars and as a percentage of revenue primarily due to increases in compensation related expenses and discretionary spending.

Amortization of purchased intangible assets is charged to our Precision Medicine and Manufacturing, Medical Solutions and Robotics and Automation segments. Amortization of developed technologies is included in cost of revenue in the consolidated statement of operations. Amortization of customer relationships, trademarks, trade names, backlog and other intangibles are included in operating expenses in the consolidated statement of operations.

Amortization of purchased intangible assets, excluding the amortization of developed technologies that is included in cost of revenue, was $20.4 million, or 2.3% of revenue, in 2023, versus $26.3 million, or 3.1% of revenue, in 2022. The decrease, in terms of total dollars and as a percentage of revenue was primarily due to certain intangible assets being fully amortized in 2022.

Restructuring, acquisition and related charges primarily relate to our restructuring programs, acquisition related costs incurred for completed acquisitions, acquisition costs related to future potential acquisitions and failed acquisitions, and changes in fair value of contingent considerations.

We recorded restructuring, acquisition and related costs of $12.8 million in 2023, versus $4.4 million in 2022. The restructuring costs increased $7.4 million primarily related to an increase of severance and related costs and facility costs associated with the closure of a small manufacturing facility to improve efficiencies.

The following table sets forth operating income (loss) by segment for 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Precision Medicine and Manufacturing segment operating income was $69.3 million, or 24.5% of revenue, in 2023, versus $63.8 million, or 23.2% of revenue, in 2022. The increase in operating income was primarily due to an increase in gross profit of $9.9 million, partially offset by an increase in restructuring, acquisition, and related costs of $3.2 million and an increase in SG&A expenses of $1.6 million.

Medical Solutions segment operating income was $41.9 million, or 12.9% of revenue, in 2023, versus $28.2 million, or 10.2% of revenue, in 2022. The increase in operating income was primarily due to an increase in gross profit of $26.9 million and a decrease in amortization expenses of $1.0 million, partially offset by an increase in R&D spending of $8.5 million, an increase in SG&A expenses of $5.0 million and an increase in restructuring, acquisition and related costs of $0.8 million.

Robotics and Automation segment operating income was $48.4 million, or 17.7% of revenue, in 2023, versus $60.3 million, or 19.6% of revenue, in 2022. The decrease in operating income was primarily due to a decrease in gross profit of $15.3 million, and an increase in restructuring, acquisition and related costs of $3.8 million, partially offset by a decrease in SG&A expenses of $0.7 million, a decrease in R&D spending of $1.8 million and a decrease in amortization of purchased intangible assets of $4.7 million.

Unallocated corporate and shared services costs primarily represent costs of corporate and shared SG&A functions and other public company costs that are not allocated to the operating segments, including certain restructuring and most acquisition related costs.

Unallocated corporate and shared services costs for 2023 decreased by $0.2 million, or 0.4%, from 2022.

Interest Income (Expense), Foreign Exchange Transaction Gains (Losses), and Other Income (Expense), Net

The following table sets forth interest income (expense), foreign exchange transaction gains (losses), and other income (expense) for 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Net interest expense was $25.8 million in 2023 versus $15.6 million in 2022. The increase in net interest expense was primarily due to an increase in the weighted average interest rate, partially offset by a decrease in average debt levels under our senior credit facilities. The weighted average interest rate on our outstanding debt was 6.21% and 3.24% during 2023 and 2022, respectively. Included in net interest expense was non-cash interest expense of approximately $1.2 million for both 2023 and 2022, related to the amortization of deferred financing costs on our debt.

We recorded a tax provision of $10.9 million in 2023, compared to a tax provision of $13.1 million in 2022. The effective tax rate for 2023 was 13.0% of income before income taxes, compared to an effective tax rate of 15.0% of income before income taxes for 2022. Our effective tax rate for 2023 differed from the Canadian statutory rate of 29.0% primarily due to the mix of income earned in jurisdictions with varying tax rates, $4.5 million benefit for foreign derived intangible income, $4.2 million benefit from U.K. patent box deductions and $3.6 million benefit from R&D and other tax credits, partially offset by $2.1 million increase in valuation allowances and a $2.6 million detriment related to disallowed compensation.

We recorded a tax provision of $13.1 million in 2022. The effective tax rate for 2022 was 15% of income before income taxes. Our effective tax rate for 2022 differed from the Canadian statutory rate of 29.0% primarily due to the mix of income earned in jurisdictions with varying tax rates, $4.5 million benefit for foreign derived intangible income, $3.1 million benefit from U.K. patent

box deductions and $2.3 million benefit from R&D and other tax credits, partially offset by $2.0 million increase in valuation allowances and a $2.1 million detriment related to disallowed compensation.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) published a framework to implement a global corporate minimum income tax rate of 15% on income arising in low-tax jurisdictions (often referred to as “Pillar Two”). The Pillar Two proposed legislation is applicable to multinational corporations with global revenue exceeding €750 million ($820 million). Over 140 countries have agreed in principle to implement Pillar Two and many have, or are in the process of, enacting related legislation. We expect to meet the Pillar Two revenue threshold in 2024. The U.S. has not enacted the rules. Certain of the major jurisdictions where we operate have indicated that they will implement Pillar Two, but have not yet enacted legislation. Due to the uncertainty of whether the U.S. and other countries will enact the rules, the timing of individual country legislative action and the underlying complexity of the rules, the impact, if any, on the Company's tax obligations and income tax rate is not reasonably estimable at this time.

Net income was $72.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $74.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, reflecting the impact of the factors described above.

We assess our liquidity in terms of our ability to generate cash to fund our operating, investing, and financing activities. Our primary ongoing cash requirements are funding operations, capital expenditures, investments in businesses, and repayment of debt and related interest payments. Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. We believe our future operating cash flows will be sufficient to meet our future operating and capital expenditure cash needs for the foreseeable future, including at least the next 12 months. The availability of borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility provides another potential source of liquidity for any future capital expenditures and other liquidity needs. In addition, we have the ability to expand our borrowing capacity by up to $350.0 million by exercising the accordion feature under our revolving credit agreement. We may seek to raise additional capital, which could be in the form of bonds, convertible debt or preferred or common equity, to fund business development activities or other future investing cash requirements, subject to approval by the lenders in the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. There is no assurance that such capital will be available on reasonable terms or at all.

Significant factors affecting the management of our ongoing cash requirements are the adequacy of available bank lines of credit and our ability to attract long-term capital with satisfactory terms. The sources of our liquidity are subject to all of the risks of our business and could be adversely affected by, among other factors, risks associated with events outside of our control, such as economic consequences of global pandemics and geopolitical conflicts, prolonged supply chain disruptions and electronics and other material shortages, a decrease in demand for our products, our ability to integrate current and future acquisitions, deterioration in certain financial ratios, availability of borrowings under our revolving credit facility, and market changes in general. See “Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and Our Capital Structure” included in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our ability to make payments on our indebtedness and to fund our operations may be dependent upon the operating income and the distribution of funds from our subsidiaries. However, as local laws and regulations and/or the terms of our indebtedness restrict certain of our subsidiaries from paying dividends and transferring assets to us, there is no assurance that our subsidiaries will be permitted to provide us with sufficient dividends, distributions or loans when necessary.

As of December 31, 2023, $62.6 million of our $105.1 million of cash and cash equivalents was held by our subsidiaries outside of North America. Generally, our intent is to use cash held in these foreign subsidiaries to fund our local operations or acquisitions by those local subsidiaries and to pay down borrowings under our senior credit facilities. Approximately $126.1 million of our outstanding borrowings under our senior credit facilities were held in our subsidiaries outside of North America as of December 31, 2023. Additionally, we may use intercompany loans to address short-term cash flow needs from various subsidiaries.

In May 2021, our shareholders approved a special resolution to amend the Company’s articles to authorize up to 7.0 million preferred shares for future issuance. Our Board of Directors may designate and issue one or more series of preferred shares in order to raise additional capital, provided that no shares of any series may be entitled to more than one vote per share. As of December 31, 2023, no preferred shares were issued and outstanding.

Our Board of Directors may approve share repurchase plans from time to time. Under these repurchase plans, shares may be repurchased at our discretion based on ongoing assessment of the capital needs of the business, the market price of our common shares, and general market conditions. Shares may also be repurchased through an accelerated share purchase agreement, on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. Repurchases may be made under certain SEC regulations, which would permit common shares to be repurchased when we would otherwise be prohibited from doing so under insider trading laws. While the share repurchase plans are generally intended to offset dilution from equity awards granted to our employees and directors, the plans do not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common shares. No time limit is typically set for the completion of the share repurchase plans, and the plans may be suspended or discontinued at any time. We expect to fund share repurchases through cash on hand and cash generated from operations.

In February 2020, our Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase plan (the “2020 Repurchase Plan”) authorizing the repurchase of $50.0 million worth of common shares, effective after our prior repurchase plan was completed. Share repurchases have been made under the 2020 Repurchase Plan pursuant to Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased 4 thousand shares for an aggregate purchase price of $0.5 million at an average price of $116.95 per share under the 2020 Repurchase Plan. No shares were repurchased during the three months or the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we had $49.5 million available for share repurchases under the 2020 Repurchase Plan.

In December 2019, we entered into the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, originally consisting of a $100.0 million U.S. dollar equivalent euro-denominated (approximately €90.2 million) 5-year term loan facility and a $350.0 million 5-year revolving credit facility (collectively, the “Senior Credit Facilities”). The term loan facility requires quarterly scheduled principal repayments of approximately €1.1 million that began in March 2020 with the remaining principal balance due upon maturity. We may make additional principal payments at any time, which will reduce the next quarterly installment payment due. We may pay down our revolving credit facility with cash on hand and cash generated from future operations at any time until maturity.

On March 27, 2020, we entered into an amendment (the “First Amendment”) to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and exercised a portion of the uncommitted accordion feature. The First Amendment increased the revolving credit facility commitment under the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by $145.0 million, from $350.0 million to $495.0 million, and reset the uncommitted accordion feature to $200.0 million for potential future expansion.

On June 2, 2020, we entered into an amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. The Second Amendment revised our consolidated leverage ratio definition (as defined in the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) allowing for the use of up to $25 million unrestricted cash and cash equivalents as a reduction to consolidated funded indebtedness (as defined in the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement).

On October 5, 2021, we entered into an amendment (the “Fourth Amendment”) to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to exercise the accordion feature. The Fourth Amendment increased the revolving credit facility commitment under the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by $200.0 million, from $495.0 million to $695.0 million, and reset the uncommitted accordion feature to $200.0 million for potential future expansion.

On March 10, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment (the “Fifth Amendment”) to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date thereof from December 31, 2024 to March 10, 2027, update the pricing grid, replace LIBOR with SOFR as the reference rate for U.S. dollar borrowings, and increase the uncommitted accordion feature from $200.0 million to $350.0 million.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $79.6 (€72.1) million term loan and $278.4 million revolver borrowings outstanding under our Senior Credit Facilities. On January 2, 2024, we drew down on our revolving credit facility to fund the acquisition of Motion Solutions Parent Corp. The borrowings outstanding under the Senior Credit Facilities bear interest at rates based on (a) the Base Rate, as defined in the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, plus a margin ranging between 0.00% to 0.75% per annum, determined by reference to our consolidated leverage ratio, or (b) the Term SOFR Screen Rate, the Alternative Currency Daily Rate or the Alternative Currency Term Rate, as defined in the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, plus a margin ranging between 0.75% and 1.75% per annum, determined by reference to our consolidated leverage ratio. In addition, we are obligated to pay a commitment fee on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility, ranging between 0.20% and 0.30% per annum, determined by reference to our consolidated leverage ratio. As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding borrowings under the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement denominated in Euro and U.S. Dollars of $126.1 million and $232.0 million, respectively.

The Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement contains various covenants that, we believe, are usual and customary for this type of agreement, including a maximum allowed leverage ratio and a minimum required fixed charge coverage ratio (as defined in the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement). The following table summarizes these financial covenants and our compliance therewith as of December 31, 2023:

In addition, the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement contains various other customary representations, warranties and covenants applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries, including: (i) limitations on certain payments; (ii) limitations on fundamental changes involving the Company; (iii) limitations on the disposition of assets; and (iv) limitations on indebtedness, investments, and liens.

Cash and cash equivalents totaled $105.1 million as of December 31, 2023, versus $100.1 million as of December 31, 2022. The net increase in cash and cash equivalents is primarily attributable to cash provided by operating activities of $120.1 million, partially offset by $86.6 million of debt repayments, $20.0 million of capital expenditures, and $10.6 million of payroll withholding tax payments related to net share settlement upon vesting of share-based compensation awards.

The following table summarizes our cash and cash equivalent balances, cash flows and unused borrowing capacity available under our revolving credit facility for the years indicated (in thousands):

Cash provided by operating activities was $120.1 million in 2023, versus $90.8 million in 2022. Cash provided by operating activities increased from 2022 primarily as a result of higher operating income and less cash outflows from changes in net working capital, partially offset by higher income tax payments and higher interest payments.

Cash used in investing activities was $19.9 million in 2023, primarily related to capital expenditures of $20.0 million.

Cash used in investing activities was $42.5 million in 2022, primarily driven by the $22.4 million of cash consideration (net of cash acquired) paid for the acquisition of MPH Medical Devices S.R.O. ("MPH"). We also paid capital expenditures of $19.6 million and a contingent consideration payment of $1.5 million related to our 2016 asset acquisition of video signal processing and management technologies. We received $0.8 million net working capital adjustment in 2022 related to our ATI acquisition.

We have no material commitments to purchase property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2023. We expect to use approximately $20 million to $25 million in 2024 for capital expenditures related to investments in new property, plant and equipment for our existing businesses, which includes a significant one-time facility buildout project in the U.K. that began in 2023 with target completion in 2024. This project is one quarter behind schedule, causing capital expenditures previously budgeted in 2023 to move into 2024.

Cash used in financing activities was $97.9 million in 2023, primarily due to $86.6 million of term loan and revolving credit facility repayments and $10.6 million of payroll withholding tax payments related to net share settlement upon vesting of share-based compensation awards.

Cash used in financing activities was $60.2 million in 2022, primarily due to $59.0 million of term loan and revolving credit facility repayments, $46.3 million of contingent consideration payments related to prior year acquisitions, $11.7 million of payroll withholding tax payments related to net share settlement upon vesting of share-based compensation awards, $10.0 million of repurchases of common shares, and $2.5 million of debt issuance costs in connection with the Fifth Amendment, partially offset by $69.9 million of borrowings under our revolving credit facility used to fund the contingent consideration paid for the ATI acquisition and the cash consideration paid for the MPH acquisition.

In 2024, we are contractually required to make $5.0 million in repayments under our term loan facility. In addition, we may make optional repayments under our revolving credit facility from time to time with available cash generated from future operating activities.

We maintain a defined benefit pension plan (the “U.K. Plan”) in Novanta Technologies U.K. Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Our U.K. Plan was closed to new members in 1997 and stopped accruing additional pension benefits for existing members in 2003, thereby limiting our obligation to benefits earned through that date. Benefits under this plan were based on the participants’ years of service and compensation as of the date the plan was frozen, adjusted for inflation. On July 1, 2013, the Company provided a Guarantee (the “Guarantee”) in favor of the trustees of the U.K. Plan with respect to all present and future obligations and liabilities (whether actual or contingent and whether owed jointly or severally and in any capacity whatsoever) under the U.K. Plan.

Our funding policy is to fund the U.K. Plan based on actuarial methods as permitted by the Pensions Regulator in the U.K. The results of funding valuations depend on both the funding deficit and the assumptions used, such as asset returns, discount rates, mortality rates, retail price inflation and other market driven assumptions. Each assumption used represents one estimate of many possible future outcomes. The final cost to us will be determined by events as they actually become known, including actual return on plan assets and pension payments to plan participants. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of plan assets exceeded the projected benefit obligation under the U.K. Plan by $3.1 million. Based on the results of the most recent funding valuation in 2021, we are expected to contribute an additional approximately $0.3 million by March 31, 2024. Future annual funding contributions will be determined in the next statutory funding valuation date to be completed in 2024.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $79.6 million (€72.1 million) term loan and $278.4 million revolving credit facility borrowings outstanding under the Senior Credit Facilities. On January 2, 2024, we drew down on our revolving credit facility under the Senior Credit Facilities to fund the acquisition of Motion Solutions Parent Corp. The term loan is payable in quarterly installments of approximately €1.1 million ($1.2 million) with the final installment of €58.5 million ($64.7 million) due upon maturity in March 2027. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility are due at maturity in March 2027.

As of December 31, 2023, the future interest payments under our Senior Credit Facilities are expected to be approximately $72.0 million through maturity based on the current contractual term, with $23.0 million payable within the next twelve months. These estimates are based on current interest rates on floating rate obligations, as defined in the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, for the remainder of the contractual life of both the term loan and outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility, and the current commitment fee rate was used for the unused commitments under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2023. These estimates also assume only quarterly term loan payments are made and outstanding revolving credit facility remains unchanged throughout the contractual term. The actual interest payments will vary due to changes in our debt level and interest rate. See Note 11, “Debt,” in the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details of our debt obligations and the timing of expected future payments.

We have entered into various lease agreements for office and manufacturing facilities, vehicles, and equipment used in the normal course of business. Undiscounted operating and finance lease obligations were $61.3 million, with $10.7 million payable within the next twelve months. See Note 12, “Leases,” in the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details of our obligations and the timing of expected future payments.

Purchase obligations represent an estimate of all open purchase orders and contractual obligations in the ordinary course of business for which we have not received the goods or services. As of December 31, 2023, we had $127.5 million of purchase obligations, with $119.7 million payable within the next twelve months.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, assumptions and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, inventory valuation, impairment assessment and valuation of goodwill, intangible assets and tangible long-lived assets, valuation of contingent consideration obligations, accounting for income taxes, and accounting for loss contingencies. Actual results in the future could differ significantly from our estimates.

We believe that the following critical accounting policies and estimates most significantly affect the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require the most difficult and subjective judgments.

Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. We recognize revenue when control of promised goods or services is transferred to customers. This generally occurs upon shipment when the title and risk of loss pass to the customer. The vast majority of our revenue is generated from the sale of distinct products. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for such products, which is generally at contractually stated prices. Sales taxes and value added taxes collected concurrently with revenue generating activities are excluded from revenue.

Substantially all of our revenue is recognized at a point in time, upon shipment, rather than over time. At the request of our customers, we may perform professional services, generally for the maintenance and repair of products previously sold to those customers and for engineering services. Professional services are less than 3% of our consolidated revenue. Revenue is typically recognized at a point in time when control transfers to the customer upon completion of professional services. These services generally involve a single distinct performance obligation. The consideration expected to be received in exchange for such services is normally the contractually stated amount.

We occasionally sell separately priced non-standard/extended warranty services or preventative maintenance plans with the sale of products. The transfer of control over the service plans is over time. We recognize the related revenue ratably over the terms of the service plans. The transaction price of a contract is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling prices are generally determined based on the prices charged to customers or using the expected cost plus a margin.

We account for shipping and handling activities that occur after the transfer of control over the related goods as fulfillment activities rather than performance obligations. The shipping and handling fees charged to customers are recognized as revenue and the related costs are recorded in cost of revenue at the time of transfer of control.

We generally provide warranties for our products. The standard warranty period is typically 12 months to 36 months. The standard warranty period for product sales is accounted for under the provisions of ASC 450, “Contingencies,” as we have the ability to ascertain the likelihood of the liability and can reasonably estimate the amount of the liability. A provision for the estimated cost related to warranty is recorded to cost of revenue at the time revenue is recognized. Our estimate of the costs to service warranty obligations is based on historical experience and expectations of future conditions. To the extent our experience in warranty claims or costs associated with servicing those claims differ from the original estimates, revisions to the estimated warranty liability are recorded at that time, with an offsetting entry recorded to cost of revenue.

We expense incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract when incurred if the expected amortization period is one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. We do not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a financing component because the time period between the transfer of a promised good to a customer and the customer’s payment for that good is typically one year or less.

Inventories. Inventories, which include materials and conversion costs, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, using the first-in, first-out method. We regularly review inventory quantities on hand and, when necessary, record provisions for excess and obsolete inventory based on either our forecasted product demand and production requirements or trailing historical usage of the product. If our sales do not materialize as previously forecasted or at historical levels, we may have to increase our reserve for excess and obsolete inventory, which would reduce our operating income. If actual market conditions are more favorable than

anticipated, inventory previously written down may be sold, resulting in lower cost of revenue and higher operating income than expected in that period.

Share-Based Compensation. We record expenses associated with share-based compensation awards to employees and directors based on the fair value of awards as of the grant date. In addition to service-based awards granted to a wider employee base and stock options granted to certain members of the executive management team, we typically grant three types of performance-based awards to certain members of the executive management team: performance-based restricted stock units with company-specific financial performance conditions (“attainment-based PSUs”), performance-based restricted stock units with market-based performance conditions (“market-based PSUs”), and performance-based restricted stock units with a hybrid of company financial metrics and market-based performance conditions (“hybrid PSUs”).

For share-based compensation awards that vest over time based on employment, the associated expenses are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations ratably over the vesting period of the awards, net of estimated forfeitures determined based on historical forfeiture experience.

For stock options, share-based compensation expenses are recognized based on the fair value of the stock options, which is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model as of the date of grant. Shared-based compensation expenses related to stock options are recognized on a straight-line basis ratably over the vesting period of the awards. Black-Scholes option pricing model includes various assumptions, including the expected term of the award, the expected volatility of our common shares and the expected risk-free interest rate over the expected term of the award, expected dividend payments, and the fair value of our common shares.

For attainment-based PSUs, share-based compensation expenses are recognized based on the closing price of our common shares on the date of grant ratably over the vesting period when it is probable that specified performance targets are expected to be achieved based on management’s projections as of the end of each period. Management’s projections are revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods when underlying factors change the estimated probability of achieving the performance targets as well as the levels of achievement. When the estimated achievement levels are adjusted at a later date, a cumulative adjustment to the share-based compensation expense previously recognized would be required. Accordingly, share-based compensation expenses associated with attainment-based PSUs may differ significantly from period to period based on changes to both the probability and the level of achievement against the specified performance targets.

For market-based PSUs, share-based compensation expenses are recognized based on the fair value of the market-based PSUs, which is determined using the Monte-Carlo simulation valuation model as of the date of grant. Shared-based compensation expenses related to market-based PSUs are recognized on a straight-line basis from the grant date to the end of the performance period, which is generally three years, regardless of whether the target relative total shareholder return is achieved. The Monte Carlo simulation model utilizes multiple input variables that determine the probability of satisfying the performance conditions stipulated in the grant agreement in a large number of simulated scenarios. Key assumptions for the Monte Carlo simulation model include risk-free interest rate and expected stock price volatility of both the Company’s common shares and the Russell 2000 index.

For hybrid PSUs, share-based compensation expenses are recognized ratably over the vesting period based on the fair value of the hybrid PSUs as of the grant date and the number of shares that are deemed probable of vesting at the end of the specified performance period. The fair value of hybrid PSUs is determined using the Monte-Carlo simulation valuation model as of the date of grant. The probability assessment is performed quarterly and the cumulative effect of a change in the estimated compensation expense, if any, is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations in the period in which such determination is made. Accordingly, share-based compensation expenses associated with hybrid PSUs may differ significantly from period to period based on changes to both the probability and the level of achievement against the specified performance targets.

Valuation of Long-lived Assets. The purchase price we pay for acquired companies is allocated first to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair value. Any excess purchase price is then allocated to goodwill. We make various assumptions and estimates in order to assign fair value to acquired tangible and intangible assets and liabilities. Key assumptions used to value identifiable intangible assets typically include revenue growth rates and projected cash flows, discount rates, royalty rates, technology obsolescence curves, and customer attrition rates, among others. Actual cash flows may vary from forecasts used to value these assets at the time of the business combination.

The estimated fair value of real estate assets acquired in a business combination is estimated based on comparable sales information and other market data, if available, as well as using an income or cost approach, specifically the direct capitalization and replacement value approaches. The direct capitalization and replacement value approaches use key assumptions such as market rent estimates, capitalization rates, local multipliers and remaining useful life of the real estate assets. Assumptions used are subject to management judgment and changes in those assumptions could impact the estimation of the fair value.

Our most significant identifiable intangible assets are customer relationships, acquired technologies, trademarks and trade names. In addition to our review of the carrying value of each asset, the estimated useful life assumptions for identifiable intangible assets, including the classification of certain intangible assets as “indefinite-lived,” are reviewed on a periodic basis to determine if changes in circumstances warrant revisions to them. All definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over the periods in which their economic benefits are expected to be realized.

Impairment analyses of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are conducted in accordance with ASC 350, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other.” We test our goodwill balances annually as of the beginning of the second quarter or more frequently if indicators are present, or changes in circumstances suggest, that an impairment may exist. Should the fair value of our goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets decline because of reduced operating performance, market declines or other indicators of impairment, or as a result of changes in the discount rate, charges for impairment loss may be necessary.

We evaluate our goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets for impairment at the reporting unit level which is generally at least one level below our reportable segments. We have the option of first performing a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test. In performing the qualitative assessment, we review factors both specific to the reporting unit and to the Company as a whole, such as financial performance, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, and the fair value of each reporting unit as of the last valuation date. If we elect this option and believe, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of goodwill is not recoverable, the quantitative impairment test is required; otherwise, no further testing is performed.

Alternatively, we may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and perform the quantitative impairment test instead. This approach requires a comparison of the carrying value of each of our reporting units to the fair value of these reporting units. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recorded for the difference. The fair value of a reporting unit is estimated primarily using a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method. The DCF method requires that we forecast future cash flows for each of the reporting units and discount the cash flow streams based on a weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”) that is derived, in part, from comparable companies within similar industries. The DCF calculations also include a terminal value calculation that is based upon an expected long-term growth rate for the applicable reporting unit. The carrying values of each reporting unit include assets and liabilities which relate to the reporting unit’s operations. Additionally, reporting units that benefit from corporate assets or liabilities are allocated a portion of those corporate assets and liabilities on a proportional basis.

We assess indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis, and more frequently if impairment indicators are identified. We also periodically reassess their continuing classification as indefinite-lived intangible assets. Impairment exists if the fair value of the intangible asset is less than its carrying value. An impairment charge equal to the difference is recorded to reduce the carrying value to its fair value.

We evaluate amortizable intangible assets and other long-lived assets for impairment in accordance with ASC 360-10-35-15, “Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets,” whenever changes in events or circumstances indicate that the carrying values of the reporting units may exceed the undiscounted cash flow forecasts attributable to the reporting units. If undiscounted cash flow forecasts indicate that the carrying value of definite-lived intangible assets or other long-lived assets may not be recoverable, a fair value assessment is performed. For intangible assets, fair value estimates are derived from discounted cash flow forecasts. For other long-lived assets (primarily property, plant and equipment), fair value estimates are derived from the sources most appropriate for the particular asset and have historically included such approaches as sales comparison approach and replacement cost approach. If fair value is less than carrying value, an impairment charge equal to the difference is recorded. We also review the useful life and residual value assumptions for definite-lived intangible assets and other long-lived assets on a periodic basis to determine if changes in circumstances warrant revisions to them.

Factors which may trigger an impairment of our goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets include the following:

The occurrence of any of these events or any other unforeseeable events or circumstances that materially affect future operating results or cash flows may cause an impairment that is material to our results of operations or financial position in the reporting period in which it occurs or is identified.

The most recent annual goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment test was performed as of the beginning of the second quarter of 2023, using a quantitative assessment, noting no impairment. As of December 31, 2023, there were no indicators of impairment of our long-lived assets.

Accounting for Income Taxes. As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to calculate our income tax provision (benefit) in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves estimating our current income tax provision (benefit) together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are reported on our consolidated balance sheet.

Judgment is required in determining our worldwide income tax provision. In the ordinary course of a global business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate outcome is uncertain. Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, there is no assurance that the final outcome of these matters will not be different from that which is reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. Such differences could have a material impact on our income tax provision and net income in the period in which such determination is made.

We record a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that they will not be realized. We have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. In the event we determine that we are able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amounts, an adjustment to the valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets would be recorded and would increase our net income in the period in which such determination is made. Likewise, should we determine that we will not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets will be recorded and will reduce our net income in the period in which such determination is made.

In conjunction with our ongoing review of our actual results and anticipated future earnings, we continuously reassess the adequacy of the valuation allowance currently in place on our deferred tax assets. In 2023, we established a valuation allowance of $2.1 million recorded on net operating losses, various credits, and other timing items in certain tax jurisdictions. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization of deferred tax assets are the forecast of future taxable income, available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets, potential for carryback and future reversals of deferred tax liabilities.

The amount of income taxes we pay is subject to audits by federal, state and foreign tax authorities, which may result in proposed assessments. We believe that we have adequately provided for any reasonably foreseeable outcome related to these matters. However, our future results may include favorable or unfavorable adjustments to our tax liabilities in the period that the assessments are made or resolved, or when the statute of limitations for certain periods expires. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $4.3 million, of which $3.8 million would favorably affect our effective tax rate, if recognized. Over the next twelve months, we may need to recognize up to $0.3 million of previously unrecognized tax benefits due to statute of limitations closures.

Income and foreign withholding taxes have not been recognized on the excess of the amount for financial reporting purposes over the tax basis of investments in foreign subsidiaries that are essentially permanent in nature. This amount becomes taxable upon a repatriation of assets from a subsidiary or a sale or liquidation of a subsidiary. The amount of undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries totaled $405.8 million as of December 31, 2023. The estimated unrecognized income and foreign withholding tax liabilities on these undistributed earnings is approximately $5.5 million.

Loss Contingencies. We are subject to legal proceedings, lawsuits and other claims relating to product quality, labor, service and other matters arising in the ordinary course of business. We review the status of each significant matter and assess our potential financial exposure on a quarterly basis. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we accrue a liability for the estimated loss. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability and the determination as to whether an exposure is reasonably estimable. Because of uncertainties related to these matters, accruals are based only on the best information available as of the date of the financial statements. As additional information becomes available, we will reassess the potential liability related to our pending claims and litigation and may revise our estimates. Such revisions in the estimates of the potential liabilities could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position. We expense legal fees as incurred.

See Note 2 to Consolidated Financial Statements for recent accounting pronouncements that could have a significant effect on us.

We are exposed to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, which could affect our operating results, financial position and cash flows. We manage our exposure to these market risks through our regular operating and financing activities. We address market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates through a risk management program that includes the use of derivative financial instruments to mitigate certain foreign currency transaction exposures from future settlement of non-functional currency monetary assets and liabilities as of the end of a period.

We are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates which could affect our operating results as well as our financial position and cash flows. The foreign currencies to which we have the most significant exchange rate exposures are the Euro, British Pound, Japanese Yen and Chinese Yuan. The Company manages its foreign currency exposures on a consolidated basis, which allows the Company to analyze exposures globally and take into account offsetting exposures in certain balances. The primary foreign currency denominated transactions include revenue and expenses and the resulting accounts receivable and accounts payable balances reflected on our consolidated balance sheet and with intercompany trading partners that are eliminated in consolidation.

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into foreign currency contracts for periods consistent with our committed exposures to mitigate the effect of foreign currency movements on transactions denominated in foreign currencies. We do not enter into or hold foreign currency derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes, nor do we enter into derivative financial instruments to hedge future cash flows or forecasted transactions. The intent of these economic hedges is to offset gains and losses on the underlying exposures from these currencies with gains and losses resulting from the foreign currency contracts that hedge these exposures.

We had foreign currency contracts with notional amounts totaling $172.3 million and net fair value of $0.1 million as of December 31, 2023. A hypothetical 10% strengthening of the U.S. dollar against other currencies would result in an approximately $0.8 million increase in the net fair value of our foreign currency contracts as of December 31, 2023. By contrast, a hypothetical 10% weakening of the U.S. dollar against other currencies would result in an approximately $0.8 million decrease in the net fair value of our foreign currency contracts as of December 31, 2023.

Our exposure to market risk associated with changes in interest rates relates primarily to our borrowings under our Senior Credit Facilities. We had $358.1 million of outstanding variable rate debt as of December 31, 2023. A 100 basis point increase in interest rates at December 31, 2023 would increase our annual pre-tax interest expense by approximately $3.6 million.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Novanta Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

The Company’s revenue was $881.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. As described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, management recognizes revenue when control of promised goods or services is transferred to the customer. The transfer of control generally occurs upon shipment when title and risk of loss pass to the customer. The vast majority of the Company’s revenue is generated from the sale of distinct products. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for such products, which is generally at contractually stated prices.

The principal consideration for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition is a critical audit matter is a high degree of auditor effort in performing procedures related to the Company’s revenue recognition.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing the completeness, accuracy and existence of revenue recognized for a sample of revenue transactions by obtaining and inspecting source documents, including purchase orders, invoices, and proof of shipment and (ii) confirming a sample of outstanding customer invoice balances as of December 31, 2023 and, for confirmations not returned, obtaining and inspecting source documents, including invoices, proof of shipment, and subsequent cash receipts, where applicable.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

(1) The tax effect on this component of comprehensive income (loss) was nominal in 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(2) The tax effect on this component of comprehensive income (loss) was $156, $(401) and $920 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed on an on-going basis and the effects of revisions are reflected in the period in which such revisions are deemed to be necessary. The Company evaluates its estimates based on historical experience, current conditions, and various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ significantly from these estimates.

Foreign Currency Translation

The financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries outside the U.S. have been translated into U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated from foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect as of the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at the weighted average exchange rates for the period. Accordingly, gains and losses resulting from translating foreign currency financial statements are reported as cumulative translation adjustments, a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses from transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. These investments are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.

Accounts Receivable and Credit Losses

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amounts, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the Company’s best estimate of probable credit losses. The Company is exposed to credit losses primarily through sales of its products. The Company assesses each customer’s ability to pay by conducting a credit review which includes consideration of established credit rating or an internal assessment of the customer’s creditworthiness based on an analysis of their payment history when a credit rating is not available. The Company monitors its credit exposure through active review of customer balances. The Company’s expected loss methodology for accounts receivable is developed through consideration of factors including, but not limit to, historical collection experience, current customer credit ratings, current customer financial condition, current and future economic

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

and market condition, and age of the receivables. Charges related to credit losses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and are recorded in the period that the outstanding receivables are determined to be uncollectible. Account balances are charged off against the allowance for doubtful accounts when the Company believes it is certain that the receivable will not be recovered.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts were as follows (in thousands):


	2023			2022			2021
Balance at beginning of year	$	995		$	556		$	274
Addition to credit loss expense		175			532			121
Credit loss resulting from acquisitions		—			—			216
Write-offs, net of recoveries of amounts previously reserved		(612	)		(92	)		(45	)
Exchange rate changes		13			(1	)		(10	)
Balance at end of year	$	571		$	995		$	556

Inventories

Inventories, which include materials and conversion costs, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, using the first-in, first-out method. Cost includes the cost of purchased materials, inbound freight charges, customs duties, trade tariffs on imported materials and components, external and internal processing and applicable labor and overhead costs. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, storage, disposal and transportation. The Company periodically reviews inventory for potential excess or obsolescence by comparing on-hand quantities to the forecasted product demand and production requirements or trailing historical usage of each product. The Company records a charge to cost of revenue for the amount required to reduce the carrying value of inventories to their net realizable value.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost, adjusted for any impairment, less accumulated depreciation. The Company uses the straight-line method to calculate the depreciation of its property, plant and equipment over their estimated useful lives. Estimated useful lives range from 10 to 40 years for buildings and building improvements, and 3 to 10 years for machinery and equipment. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the lesser of their useful lives or the lease terms, including any renewal period options that are reasonably assured of being exercised. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Certain costs to develop software for internal use are capitalized when the criteria under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350-40, “Internal-Use Software,” are met.

Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the tangible assets, identifiable intangible assets and assumed liabilities acquired in a business combination. Allocations of the purchase price are based upon a valuation of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles are not amortized but are assessed for impairment at least annually to ensure their current fair values exceed their carrying values.

The Company’s most significant intangible assets are customer relationships, patents and developed technologies, trademarks and trade names. The fair values of intangible assets are based on valuations using an income approach, with estimates and assumptions provided by management of the acquired companies and the Company. The process for estimating the fair values of identifiable intangible assets requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, royalty rates, discount rates and projected future cash flows. All definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over the periods in which their economic benefits are expected to be realized. The Company reviews the useful life assumptions, including the classification of certain intangible assets as “indefinite-lived,” on a periodic basis to determine if changes in circumstances warrant revisions to them. Costs associated with patent and intellectual property applications, renewals or extensions are typically expensed as incurred.

The Company evaluates its goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets for impairment at the reporting unit level which is at least one level below the reportable segments.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

Impairment Charges

Impairment analyses of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are conducted in accordance with ASC 350, “Intangibles — Goodwill and Other.” The Company performs its goodwill impairment test annually at a reporting unit level, which is generally at least one level below a reportable segment, as of the beginning of the second quarter or more frequently if indicators are present or changes in circumstances suggest that an impairment may exist.

The Company has the option of first performing a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test. In performing the qualitative assessment, the Company reviews factors both specific to the reporting unit and to the Company as a whole, such as financial performance, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, and the fair value of each reporting unit as of the last valuation date. If the Company elects this option and believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the quantitative impairment test is required; otherwise, no further testing is required.

Alternatively, the Company may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and perform the quantitative impairment test instead. This approach requires a comparison of the carrying value of each reporting unit to its estimated fair value. The fair value of a reporting unit is estimated primarily using a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recorded for the difference.

The Company assesses indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis as of the beginning of the second quarter, and more frequently if indicators are present, or changes in circumstances suggest, that an impairment may exist. The Company will also reassess the continuing classification of these intangible assets as indefinite-lived when circumstances change such that the useful life may no longer be considered indefinite. The fair values of the Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets are determined using the relief from royalty method, based on forecasted revenues and estimated royalty rates. If the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, an impairment charge is recorded for the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset.

The carrying amounts of definite-lived long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever changes in events or circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. The recoverability of the carrying value is generally determined by comparison of the carrying value of the asset group to its undiscounted future cash flows. When this test indicates a potential for impairment, a fair value assessment is performed. Once an impairment is determined and measured, an impairment charge is recorded for the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset.

Revenue Recognition

See Note 3 for the Company’s revenue recognition policy.

Leases

The Company leases certain equipment and facilities. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use assets are included in operating lease assets on the consolidated balance sheet. Operating lease liabilities are included in the current portion of operating lease liabilities and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet based on the timing of future lease payments. Finance lease assets are included in property, plant and equipment. Finance lease liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet based on the timing of future lease payments. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recognized on the balance sheet. The Company recognizes lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Many of the Company’s lease arrangements include both lease (e.g., fixed payments including rent) and non-lease components (e.g., common-area maintenance or other property management costs). The Company accounts for lease and non-lease components separately.

Most leases held by the Company do not provide an implicit rate. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate for the same jurisdiction and term as the associated lease based on the information available at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of future lease payments. The Company has a centrally managed treasury function; therefore, the Company applies a portfolio approach for determining the incremental borrowing rate based on the applicable lease terms and the current economic environment.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

Research and Development and Engineering Costs

Research and development and engineering (“R&D”) expenses are primarily comprised of employee related expenses and cost of materials for R&D projects. These costs are expensed as incurred.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company records expenses associated with share-based compensation awards to employees and directors based on the fair value of awards as of the grant date. For share-based compensation awards that vest over time based on employment, the associated expenses are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations ratably over the respective vesting periods, net of estimated forfeitures.

The Company also grants share-based awards that vest based on specified company performance conditions, market conditions or a hybrid of specified company performance conditions and market conditions. Share-based compensation expenses for awards with specified company performance conditions are recognized ratably over their vesting periods when it is probable that the performance targets are expected to be achieved based on management’s projections. Management’s projections are revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods when underlying factors change the evaluation of the probability of achieving the performance targets as well as the estimated levels of achievement. When the estimated achievement levels are adjusted at a later date, a cumulative adjustment to the share-based compensation expense previously recognized would be recorded in the period such determination is made. Accordingly, share-based compensation expenses for awards with specified company performance conditions may differ significantly from period to period based on changes to both the probability and the level of achievement against the performance targets. Share-based compensation expenses for awards with market conditions are based on the grant-date fair value, determined using the Monte-Carlo valuation model, and are recognized on a straight-line basis from the grant date to the end of the performance period. Compensation expenses for awards with market conditions will not be affected by the number of common shares that will ultimately be issued upon vesting at the end of the performance period. Share-based compensation expenses for awards with a hybrid of specified company performance conditions and market conditions are recognized ratably over their performance period based on the fair value of the PSUs as of the grant date and the number of shares that are deemed probable of vesting at the end of the specified performance period. The probability assessment is performed quarterly and the cumulative effect of a change in the estimated compensation expense, if any, is recognized in the period in which such determination is made. Accordingly, share-based compensation expenses for awards with hybrid conditions may differ significantly from period to period based on changes to both the probability and the level of achievement against the performance targets.

The Company also grants stock options to certain members of the executive management team to purchase common shares of the Company at a strike price equal to the closing market price of the common shares on the date of grant. Share-based compensation expenses associated with stock options are based on the grant-date fair value, determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and are recognized on a straight-line basis ratably over the respective vesting period.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. Advertising costs were not material for 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Restructuring, Acquisition and Related Costs

The Company accounts for its restructuring activities in accordance with the provisions of ASC 420, “Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations.” The Company makes assumptions related to the amounts of employee severance benefits and related costs, useful lives and residual value of long-lived assets, and discount rates. Estimates and assumptions are based on the best information available at the time the obligation is recognized. These estimates are reviewed and revised as facts and circumstances dictate.

Acquisition related costs incurred to effect a business combination, including finders’ fees, legal, valuation and other professional or consulting fees, are expensed as incurred. Acquisition related costs also include expenses recognized under earn-out agreements in connection with acquisitions.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

Accounting for Income Taxes

The asset and liability method is used to account for income taxes. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. This method also requires the recognition of future tax benefits, such as net operating loss carryforwards, to the extent that it is more likely than not that such benefits will be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. A valuation allowance is established to reduce the deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some or all of the related tax benefits will not be realized in the future. Valuation allowances are reassessed periodically to determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax benefits will be realized in the future and if any existing valuation allowance should be released.

The majority of the Company’s business activities are conducted through its subsidiaries outside of Canada. Earnings from these subsidiaries are generally indefinitely reinvested in the local businesses. Further, local laws and regulations may also restrict certain subsidiaries from paying dividends to their parents. Consequently, the Company generally does not accrue income taxes for the repatriation of such earnings in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” To the extent that there are excess accumulated earnings that the Company intends to repatriate from any such subsidiaries, the Company recognizes deferred tax liabilities on such foreign earnings.

The Company assesses its income tax positions and records tax benefits for all years subject to examination based on the evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at each reporting date. For those tax positions with a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information, the Company records a tax benefit. For those income tax positions that are not likely to be sustained, no tax benefit is recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of the provision for income taxes.

Foreign Currency Contracts

The Company uses foreign currency contracts as a part of its strategy to limit its exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates related to foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities. The time duration of these foreign currency contracts approximates the underlying foreign currency transaction exposures, generally less than three months. These foreign currency contracts are not designated as cash flow, fair value or net investment hedges. Changes in the fair value of these foreign currency contracts are recognized in income before income taxes.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The following table provides a brief description of recent Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”):


Standard	Description	Effective Date	Effect on the Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, “Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative.”	ASU 2023-06 clarifies or improves disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of topics, which allow users to easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosure requirements with those entities that were not previously subject to such requirements and align the requirements in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification with the SEC’s regulations.	The effective date for each amendment in ASU 2023-06 will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited.	The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-06 on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280)-Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures."	ASU 2023-07 clarifies or improves financial reporting by requiring disclosure of incremental segment information. The amendments require disclosure, on an annual and interim basis for all public entities, significant segment expenses included in segment profit or loss, an amount and description of "other segment items" included in segment profit or loss, and an explanation of how reported segment profit or loss is assessed and allocated.	The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted.	The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-07 on its consolidated financial statement disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740)-Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures."	ASU 2023-09 provides more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid.	The amendments in ASU 2023-09 are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted.	The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-09 on its consolidated financial statement disclosures.

4. Business Combinations

2022 Acquisitions

On August 11, 2022, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of MPH Medical Devices S.R.O. ("MPH"), a Czech Republic-based manufacturer of medical consumables with plastics specialization in making medical disposable tube set products, for a total purchase price of €21.8 million ($22.4 million), net of cash acquired. The acquisition was financed with borrowings under the Company's revolving credit facility and cash available on hand. The addition of MPH has expanded the Company's capacity and capabilities in the medical disposable tube set products within the Medical Solutions reportable segment.

The acquisition of MPH has been accounted for as a business combination. The purchase price is allocated based upon a valuation of the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. The fair value of the real property were based on valuations using an income and cost approach, specifically the direct capitalization method and the replacement value approaches. These approaches are subject to key assumptions including market rent estimates, capitalization rates, local multipliers and remaining useful life. The sales comparison approach was not considered due to the limited data available on comparable properties.

The total purchase price for MPH was allocated as follows (in thousands):


	Purchase Price
	Allocation
Cash	$	182
Accounts receivable		1,658
Inventories		957
Property, plant and equipment		12,094
Goodwill		9,863
Other assets		163
Total assets acquired		24,917
Accounts payable		562
Deferred tax liabilities		1,124
Other liabilities		664
Total liabilities assumed		2,350
Total assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed		22,567
Less: cash acquired		182
Purchase price, net of cash acquired	$	22,385

The purchase price allocation resulted in $9.9 million of goodwill. As the MPH acquisition was structured as a stock acquisition, the goodwill is not deductible for income tax purposes. The goodwill recorded represents the anticipated future benefits from the expansion of the Company's manufacturing capacity and capabilities for the medical disposal tube set products.

The operating results of MPH were included in the Company’s results of operations beginning on August 12, 2022. MPH contributed revenues of $5.2 million and a profit before income taxes of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

2021 Acquisitions

On August 30, 2021, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of ATI Industrial Automation, Inc. (“ATI”), an Apex, North Carolina-based leading supplier of intelligent end-of-arm technology solutions to OEMs for advanced industrial and surgical robots for a total purchase price of $213.2 million, net of cash acquired and net working capital adjustments. The purchase price consists of $169.2 million cash paid at closing, net of cash acquired and net working capital adjustments, and $44.0 million estimated fair value of contingent consideration as of the acquisition date. The initial cash purchase price was financed with borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit facility and cash available on hand. The Company expects that the addition of ATI will complement and add intelligent technology solutions to further expand the Company’s position in mission critical robotic applications within the Robotics and Automation reportable segment.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

On August 31, 2021, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of Schneider Electric Motion USA, Inc. (“SEM”), a Marlborough, Connecticut-based manufacturer of integrated motion control solutions and electronic controls for automation equipment for a total purchase price of $114.7 million, net of cash acquired and working capital adjustments. The acquisition was financed with borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit facility. The Company expects that the addition of SEM will complement and expand the Company’s presence in life science applications and industrial automation applications within the Robotics and Automation reportable segment.

Allocation of Purchase Price

The acquisitions of ATI and SEM have been accounted for as business combinations. The purchase price for each acquisition is allocated based upon a valuation of the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed have been recorded at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition dates. The fair values of intangible assets were based on valuations using an income approach, specifically the multi-period excess earnings method for customer relationships and the relief-from-royalty method for developed technologies, trademarks and trade names. The process for estimating the fair values of identifiable intangible assets requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, royalty rates, discount rates, technology obsolescence curves, and EBITDA margins. The excess of the purchase price over the fair values of tangible assets, identifiable intangible assets and assumed liabilities was recorded as goodwill for each acquisition.

ATI

The final purchase price for ATI was allocated as follows (in thousands):


	Purchase Price
	Allocation
Cash	$	10,709
Accounts receivable		12,596
Inventories		18,151
Property, plant and equipment		4,618
Operating lease assets		11,263
Intangible assets		52,800
Goodwill		134,420
Other assets		229
Total assets acquired		244,786
Accounts payable		5,135
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		1,740
Operating lease liabilities		9,525
Other liabilities		4,452
Total liabilities assumed		20,852
Total assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed		223,934
Less: cash acquired		10,709
Add: net working capital adjustment		820
Less: contingent consideration		44,000
Initial purchase price, net of cash acquired	$	170,045

The fair value of intangible assets for ATI is comprised of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):


			Weighted Average
	Estimated Fair		Amortization
	Value		Period
Developed technologies	$	19,800	15 years
Customer relationships		23,900	15 years
Trademarks and trade names		5,600	15 years
Backlog		3,500	1 year
Total	$	52,800

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

The purchase price allocation resulted in $52.8 million of identifiable intangible assets and $134.4 million of goodwill. Goodwill amounting to $134.4 million is expected to be deductible for U.S. income tax purposes. Intangible assets are being amortized over their weighted average useful lives primarily based upon the pattern in which anticipated economic benefits from such assets are expected to be realized. The goodwill recorded represents the anticipated incremental value of future cash flows potentially attributable to: (i) ATI’s ability to grow the business with existing and new customers, including leveraging the Company’s customer base; (ii) ATI’s ability to grow the business through new product introductions; and (iii) cost improvements due to the integration of ATI’s operations into the Company’s existing infrastructure.

The operating results of ATI were included in the Company’s results of operations beginning on August 31, 2021. ATI contributed revenues of $34.0 million and a profit before income taxes of $3.4 million to the Company’s operating results for the year ended December 31, 2021. ATI’s profit before income taxes for the period from the acquisition date through December 31, 2021 included amortization of inventory fair value adjustments and amortization of purchased intangible assets of $3.5 million.

SEM

The final purchase price for SEM was allocated as follows (in thousands):


	Purchase Price
	Allocation
Cash	$	3,881
Accounts receivable		4,240
Inventories		2,499
Property, plant and equipment		452
Intangible assets		54,570
Goodwill		68,291
Other assets		776
Total assets acquired		134,709
Accounts payable		1,325
Deferred tax liabilities		12,400
Other liabilities		2,420
Total liabilities assumed		16,145
Total assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed		118,564
Less: cash acquired		3,881
Total purchase price, net of cash acquired	$	114,683

The fair value of intangible assets for SEM is comprised of the following (dollar amounts in thousands):


			Weighted Average
	Estimated Fair		Amortization
	Value		Period
Developed technologies	$	9,110	15 years
Customer relationships		41,740	20 years
Trademarks and trade names		370	4 years
Backlog		3,350	1 year
Total	$	54,570

The purchase price allocation resulted in $54.6 million of identifiable intangible assets and $68.3 million of goodwill. As the SEM acquisition was structured as a stock acquisition for income tax purposes, the goodwill is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. Intangible assets are being amortized over their weighted average useful lives primarily based upon the pattern in which anticipated economic benefits from such assets are expected to be realized. The goodwill recorded represents the anticipated incremental value of future cash flows potentially attributable to: (i) SEM’s ability to grow the business with existing and new customers, including leveraging the Company’s customer base; (ii) SEM’s ability to grow the business through new product introductions; and (iii) cost improvements due to the integration of SEM’s operations into the Company’s existing infrastructure.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

The operating results of SEM were included in the Company’s results of operations beginning on September 1, 2021. SEM contributed revenues of $9.1 million and a profit before income taxes of $0.3 million to the Company’s operating results for the year ended December 31, 2021. SEM’s profit before income taxes for the period from the acquisition date through December 31, 2021 included amortization of inventory fair value adjustment and amortization of purchased intangible assets of $1.8 million.

Acquisition Costs

The Company recognized acquisition costs of zero, $1.0 million and $5.0 million in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the acquisitions that occurred during these years, if any. These costs consisted of finders’ fees, legal, valuation and other professional or consulting fees. These amounts were included in restructuring and acquisition related costs in the consolidated statements of operations.

6. Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Impairment Charges

Goodwill

The following table summarizes changes in goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	Amount
Balance at beginning of year	$	478,897
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes		5,610
Balance at end of year	$	484,507

Goodwill by reportable segment as of December 31, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):


	Reportable Segment
	Precision Medicine and Manufacturing			Medical Solutions			Robotics and Automation			Total
Goodwill	$	211,380		$	169,738		$	254,618		$	635,736
Accumulated impairment of goodwill		(102,461	)		(31,722	)		(17,046	)		(151,229	)
Total	$	108,919		$	138,016		$	237,572		$	484,507

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

Goodwill by reportable segment as of December 31, 2022 was as follows (in thousands):


	Reportable Segment
	Precision Medicine and Manufacturing			Medical Solutions			Robotics and Automation			Total
Goodwill	$	208,387		$	167,891		$	253,848		$	630,126
Accumulated impairment of goodwill		(102,461	)		(31,722	)		(17,046	)		(151,229	)
Total	$	105,926		$	136,169		$	236,802		$	478,897

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are summarized as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):


	December 31, 2023
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount		Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)
Amortizable intangible assets:
Patents and developed technologies	$	187,092	$	(146,342	)	$	40,750		9.6
Customer relationships		225,183		(142,478	)		82,705		14.4
Trademarks and trade names		23,628		(15,088	)		8,540		9.5
Amortizable intangible assets		435,903		(303,908	)		131,995		12.6
Non-amortizable intangible assets:
Trade names		13,027		—			13,027
Total	$	448,930	$	(303,908	)	$	145,022


	December 31, 2022
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount		Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)
Amortizable intangible assets:
Patents and developed technologies	$	184,589	$	(132,350	)	$	52,239		10.1
Customer relationships		222,173		(121,527	)		100,646		15.0
Trademarks and trade names		23,311		(13,457	)		9,854		10.0
Amortizable intangible assets		430,073		(267,334	)		162,739		13.2
Non-amortizable intangible assets:
Trade names		13,027		—			13,027
Total	$	443,100	$	(267,334	)	$	175,766

All definite-lived intangible assets are amortized either on a straight-line basis or an economic benefit basis over their remaining estimated useful life. Amortization expense for patents and developed technologies is included in cost of revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Amortization expense for customer relationships and definite-lived trademarks, trade names and other intangibles is included in operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Amortization expense was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Amortization expense – cost of revenue	$	12,150	$	13,270	$	13,288
Amortization expense – operating expenses		20,445		26,338		16,577
Total amortization expense	$	32,595	$	39,608	$	29,865

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

Estimated future amortization expense for each of the five succeeding years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):


Year Ending December 31,	Cost of Revenue		Operating Expenses		Total
2024	$	9,961	$	17,297	$	27,258
2025		8,428		14,632		23,060
2026		7,035		12,452		19,487
2027		4,266		10,041		14,307
2028		3,388		8,310		11,698
Thereafter		7,672		28,513		36,185
Total	$	40,750	$	91,245	$	131,995

Impairment Charges

The Company did not have any goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges during 2023, 2022, or 2021.

7. Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement,” establishes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the third is considered unobservable:

Level 1: Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets which the Company can access

Level 2: Observable inputs other than those described in Level 1

Level 3: Unobservable inputs

Current Assets and Liabilities

The Company’s cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, which represent an asset the Company measures at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company determines the fair value of cash equivalents using a market approach based on quoted prices in active markets. The fair values of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, income taxes receivable, accounts payable, income taxes payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate their carrying values because of their short-term nature.

Foreign Currency Contracts

The Company addresses market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates through a risk management program that includes the use of derivative financial instruments to mitigate certain balance sheet foreign currency transaction exposures. The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts as a part of its strategy to manage exposures related to foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities.

Contingent Considerations

On July 31, 2019, the Company acquired ARGES GmbH (“ARGES”). Under the purchase and sale agreement for the ARGES acquisition, the former owner of ARGES is eligible to receive contingent consideration based on the achievement of certain revenue targets by the Company from August 2019 through December 2026. The undiscounted range of possible contingent consideration is zero to €10.0 million ($11.1 million). If the revenue targets are achieved, the contingent consideration would be payable annually with the first payment due in the first quarter of 2021. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration of €7.1 million ($7.9 million) was determined based on the Monte Carlo valuation method and was recorded as part of the purchase price as of the acquisition date. Subsequent changes in the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration liability are recorded in the consolidated statement of operations in restructuring, acquisition and related costs until the liability is fully settled. During 2020, the fair value of the contingent consideration was adjusted to €4.1 million ($5.1 million). The Company made the first installment payment of €0.4 million ($0.4 million) in March 2021 and adjusted the fair value of the contingent consideration to €3.3 million ($3.8 million) as of December 31, 2021. The Company made the second installment payment of €0.3 million ($0.4 million) in March 2022. Based on the revenue performance and revenue projections as of December 31, 2022, the fair value of the remaining

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

contingent consideration was adjusted to €0.4 million ($0.4 million). The Company made the third installment payment of €0.1 million ($0.1 million) in July 2023. Based on the revenue performance and revenue projections as of December 31, 2023, the Company did not make any further adjustments to the fair value of the remaining contingent consideration during the year ended December 31, 2023. The installment payments have been reported as cash outflows from financing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows for the respective periods.

The following table summarizes the fair values of the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	Fair Value		Quoted Price in Active Market for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Cash equivalents	$	1,392	$	1,392	$	—	$	—
Prepaid expenses and other current assets:
Foreign currency forward contracts		379		—		379		—
	$	1,771	$	1,392	$	379	$	—
Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities:
Contingent considerations - Current	$	48	$	—	$	—	$	48
Foreign currency forward contracts		312		—		312		—
Other liabilities:
Contingent considerations - Long-term		311		—		—		311
	$	671	$	—	$	312	$	359

The following table summarizes the fair values of the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):


	Fair Value		Quoted Price in Active Market for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Cash equivalents	$	1,369	$	1,369	$	—	$	—
Prepaid expenses and other current assets:
Foreign currency forward contracts		391		—		391		—
	$	1,760	$	1,369	$	391	$	—
Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities:
Contingent considerations - Current	$	124	$	—	$	—	$	124
Foreign currency forward contracts		412		—		412		—
Other liabilities:
Contingent considerations - Long-term		301		—		—		301
	$	837	$	—	$	412	$	425

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no transfers between fair value levels.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

Changes in the fair value of Level 3 contingent considerations for the year ended December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):


	Contingent Considerations
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	425
Payments		(81	)
Effect of foreign exchange rates		15
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	359

See Note 11 for a discussion of the estimated fair value of the Company’s outstanding debt and Note 14 for a discussion of the estimated fair value of the Company’s pension plan assets.

9. Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year.

For diluted earnings per common share, the denominator includes the dilutive effect of outstanding common share equivalents. The dilutive effects of outstanding common share equivalents, including outstanding restricted stock units, stock options and performance-based restricted stock units, are determined using the treasury stock method. Performance-based restricted stock units are considered contingently issuable shares, the vesting of which may be based on achievement of specified company performance conditions (“attainment-based PSUs”), certain market conditions (“market-based PSUs”) or a hybrid of specified company performance conditions and market conditions (“hybrid PSUs”). The dilutive effects of market-based PSUs are included in the weighted average common share calculation based on the number of shares, if any, that would be issuable as of the end of the reporting period, assuming the end of the reporting period is also the end of the performance period. The dilutive effects of attainment-based and hybrid PSUs are included in the weighted average common share calculation based on the cumulative achievement against the performance targets only when the performance targets have been achieved as of the end of the reporting period.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share (in thousands, except per share amounts):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Numerators:
Net income	$	72,878	$	74,051	$	50,331

Denominators:
Weighted average common shares outstanding— basic		35,844		35,652		35,396
Dilutive potential common shares		187		257		385
Weighted average common shares outstanding— diluted		36,031		35,909		35,781
Antidilutive potential common shares excluded from above		99		91		13

Earnings per Common Share:
Basic	$	2.03	$	2.08	$	1.42
Diluted	$	2.02	$	2.06	$	1.41

For the year ended December 31, 2023, 104 thousand shares of attainment-based and hybrid PSUs were excluded from the calculation of the denominator because they were considered contingently issuable shares and the related performance targets had not been achieved as of December 31, 2023.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, 99 thousand shares of attainment-based PSUs were excluded from the calculation of the denominator because they were considered contingently issuable shares and the related performance targets had not been achieved of December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, 82 thousand shares of attainment-based PSUs granted to certain members of the executive management team and 213 thousand shares of attainment-based restricted stock issued to Laser Quantum former non-controlling interest shareholders were excluded from the calculation of the denominator because they were considered contingently issuable shares and the related performance targets had not been achieved as of December 31, 2021.

10. Supplementary Balance Sheet Information

The following tables provide the details of selected balance sheet items as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

Inventories


	December 31,
	2023		2022
Raw materials	$	104,643	$	118,292
Work-in-process		21,010		23,328
Finished goods		23,311		25,738
Demo and consigned inventory		407		639
Total inventories	$	149,371	$	167,997

Property, Plant and Equipment, Net


	December 31,
	2023			2022
Cost:
Land, buildings and improvements	$	95,020		$	86,026
Machinery and equipment		117,487			110,212
Total cost		212,507			196,238
Accumulated depreciation		(103,058	)		(93,052	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	109,449		$	103,186

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

The following table summarizes depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment, including demo units and assets under finance leases (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Depreciation expense	$	14,017	$	13,550	$	13,529

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

The following table summarizes accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of the dates indicated (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2023		2022
Accrued compensation and benefits	$	32,703	$	35,501
Finance lease obligations		718		668
Contract liabilities, current portion		5,553		8,128
Accrued warranty		5,292		5,127
Other		16,790		13,620
Total	$	61,056	$	63,044

Accrued Warranty

The following table summarizes changes in accrued warranty for the periods indicated (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Balance at beginning of year	$	5,127		$	4,783		$	4,919
Provision charged to cost of revenue		2,445			3,071			1,410
Warranty liabilities acquired from acquisitions		—			—			874
Use of provision		(2,338	)		(2,615	)		(2,326	)
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		58			(112	)		(94	)
Balance at end of year	$	5,292		$	5,127		$	4,783

Other Long-term Liabilities

The following table summarizes other long-term liabilities as of the dates indicated (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2023		2022
Finance lease obligations	$	3,934	$	4,652
Accrued contingent considerations and earn-outs		311		301
Other		1,687		1,132
Total	$	5,932	$	6,085

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

11. Debt

Debt consisted of the following (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2023			2022
Senior Credit Facilities – term loan	$	4,994		$	4,832
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs		(26	)		(32	)
Total current portion of long-term debt		4,968			4,800

Senior Credit Facilities – term loan		74,655			77,060
Senior Credit Facilities – revolving credit facility		278,404			358,413
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs		(3,655	)		(4,811	)
Total long-term debt		349,404			430,662

Total Senior Credit Facilities	$	354,372		$	435,462

Senior Credit Facilities

On December 31, 2019, the Company entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement”) with existing lenders for an aggregate credit facility of $450.0 million, consisting of a $100.0 million U.S. dollar equivalent euro-denominated (approximately €90.2 million) 5-year term loan facility and a $350.0 million 5-year revolving credit facility (collectively, the “Senior Credit Facilities”). The Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement had an original maturity date of December 31, 2024.

On March 27, 2020, the Company entered into an amendment (the “First Amendment”) to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and exercised a portion of the uncommitted accordion option. The First Amendment increased the revolving credit facility commitment under the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by $145.0 million, from $350.0 million to $495.0 million, and reset the uncommitted accordion option to $200.0 million for potential future expansion.

On October 5, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment (the “Fourth Amendment”) to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to exercise the accordion option. The Fourth Amendment increased the revolving credit facility commitment under the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by $200.0 million, from $495.0 million to $695.0 million, and reset the uncommitted accordion option to $200.0 million for potential future expansion.

On March 10, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment (the "Fifth Amendment") to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date from December 31, 2024 to March 10, 2027, update the pricing grid, replace LIBOR with SOFR as the reference rate for U.S. dollar borrowings, and increase the uncommitted accordion option from $200.0 million to $350.0 million.

The borrowings outstanding under the Senior Credit Facilities bear interest at rates based on (a) the Base Rate, as defined in the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, plus a margin ranging between 0.00% to 0.75% per annum, determined by reference to the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio, or (b) the Term SOFR Screen Rate, the Alternative Currency Daily Rate or the Alternative Currency Term Rate, as defined in the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, plus a margin ranging between 0.75% and 1.75% per annum, determined by reference to the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio. In addition, the Company is obligated to pay a commitment fee on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility, ranging between 0.20% and 0.30% per annum, determined by reference to the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio.

The Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement contains various customary representations, warranties and covenants applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries, including, among others: (i) limitations on restricted payments, including dividend payments and stock repurchases, provided that the Company and its subsidiaries may repurchase their equity interests so long as, immediately after giving effect to the repurchase, the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio is no more than 3.25:1.00, with a step up to 3.75:1.00 for four consecutive quarters following an acquisition with an aggregate consideration greater than or equal to $50.0 million, and the satisfaction of certain other customary conditions; (ii) limitations on fundamental changes involving the Company

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

and its subsidiaries; (iii) limitations on the disposition of assets; and (iv) limitations on indebtedness, investments, and liens. The Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement also requires the Company to satisfy certain financial covenants, such as maintaining a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.50:1.00 and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of 3.50:1.00. The maximum consolidated leverage ratio will increase to 4.00:1.00 for four consecutive quarters following an acquisition with an aggregate consideration greater than or equal to $50.0 million.

The outstanding principal balance under the term loan facility is payable in quarterly installments of €1.1 million that began in March 2020, with the remaining balance due upon maturity. The Company may make additional principal payments at any time, which will reduce the next quarterly installment payment due. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility may be repaid at any time through March 2027.

As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding principal under the Company’s term loan facility is scheduled to be repaid as follows (in thousands):


	Principal Amount
2024	$	4,994
2025		4,994
2026		4,994
2027		64,667
Total debt repayments	$	79,649

The Company may be required to prepay outstanding loans under the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with the net proceeds from certain asset dispositions and incurrence of certain debt. At the election of the Company, and so long as no default shall have occurred, the Company may reinvest all, or any portion, of the net proceeds from such asset dispositions or incurrence of debt within a year.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $416.6 million additional borrowing capacity available under the revolving credit facility. Excluding commitment fees under the revolving credit facility, the weighted average interest rate for the Senior Credit Facilities was approximately 6.16% as of December 31, 2023. The commitment fee rate for the unused commitments under the revolving credit facility was approximately 0.25% as of December 31, 2023.

Guarantees

The Senior Credit Facilities is guaranteed by Novanta Inc., Novanta Corporation, NDS Surgical Imaging LLC, Med X Change, LLC., Novanta Medical Technologies Corp., W.O.M. World of Medicine USA, Inc., Novanta Europe GmbH, Novanta U.K. Investments Holding Limited, Novanta Technologies U.K. Limited, ATI Industrial Automation, Inc., and ATI Industrial Mexico, LLC. (collectively, “Guarantors”). Each Guarantor, jointly and severally, unconditionally guarantees the due and punctual payment of the principal, interest and fees under the Senior Credit Facilities, when due and payable, whether at maturity, by required prepayment, by acceleration or otherwise. In addition, Guarantors guarantee the due and punctual payment, fees and interest on the overdue principal of the Senior Credit Facilities and the due and punctual performance of all obligations of the Company in accordance with the terms of the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. Furthermore, each Guarantor, jointly and severally, unconditionally guarantees that in the event of any extension, renewal, amendment, refinancing or modification of any of the Senior Credit Facilities, amounts due will be promptly paid in full when due in accordance with the terms of the extension or renewal, at stated maturity, by acceleration or otherwise.

The obligations of each Guarantor are limited to the maximum amount, after giving effect to all other contingent and fixed liabilities or any collections from, or payments made by or on behalf of, any other Guarantor. Each Guarantor that makes a payment or distribution under a Guarantee is entitled to a contribution from each other Guarantor of its pro rata share based on the adjusted net assets of each Guarantor. If at any time any payment of any of the obligations of the Guarantors is rescinded or must otherwise be returned upon the insolvency, bankruptcy or reorganization of the Company, a Guarantor or otherwise, the Guarantees will continue to be effective or be reinstated, as the case may be, as though such payment had not been made.

Each Guarantor may be released from its obligations under its respective Guarantee and its obligations under the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement upon the occurrence of certain events, including, but not limited to: (i) the Guarantor ceasing to be a subsidiary; or (ii) payment in full of the principal and accrued and unpaid interest on the Senior Credit Facilities and all other obligations.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

The maximum potential amount of future payments that the Guarantors could be required to make under the Guarantee is the principal amount of the Senior Credit Facilities plus all accrued and unpaid interest thereon. However, as of December 31, 2023, the Guarantors were not expected to be required to perform under the Guarantee.

Liens

The Company’s obligations under the Senior Credit Facilities are secured, on a senior basis, by a lien on substantially all of the assets of Novanta Inc. The Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default.

Deferred Financing Costs

In connection with the execution of the Fifth Amendment, the Company capitalized an additional $2.5 million of deferred financing costs and recorded a $0.6 million loss from the write-off of a portion of the unamortized deferred financing costs previously capitalized in connection with the Senior Credit Facilities. The Company allocated the deferred financing costs between the term loan and the revolving credit facility based on the maximum borrowing capacity and amortizes the costs on a straight-line basis over the term of the Senior Credit Facilities. Non-cash interest expense related to the amortization of the deferred financing costs was $1.2 million, $1.2 million and $1.2 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Unamortized deferred financing costs are presented as a reduction to the debt balances on the consolidated balance sheets.

Fair Value of Debt

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the outstanding balance of the Company’s debt approximated its fair value based on current rates available to the Company for debt of the same maturities. The fair value of the Company’s debt is classified as Level 2 under the fair value hierarchy.

12. Leases

Most leases held by the Company expire between 2024 and 2036. In the U.K., where longer lease terms are more common, the Company has a land lease that extends through 2078. Certain leases include terms such as one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to 10 years, and options to terminate the leases within one year. The exercise of lease renewal or termination option is at the Company’s sole discretion; therefore, the majority of renewals to extend the lease terms are not included in the Company’s right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities as they are not reasonably certain of being exercised. The Company regularly evaluates the renewal options and includes the renewal periods in the lease term when they are reasonably certain of being exercised. The depreciable life of right-of-use assets and leasehold improvements is limited to the expected lease terms.

The following table summarizes the components of lease costs included in the statements of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Operating lease cost	$	10,475	$	10,387	$	8,533
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use assets		602		602		602
Interest on lease liabilities		274		308		340
Variable lease cost		1,007		1,145		1,074
Total lease cost	$	12,358	$	12,442	$	10,549

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

The following table provides the details of balance sheet information related to leases as of the dates indicated (in thousands, except lease term and discount rate):


	December 31,
	2023			2022
Operating leases:
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	38,302		$	43,317

Current portion of operating lease liabilities	$	8,189		$	7,793
Operating lease liabilities		37,345			40,808
Total operating lease liabilities	$	45,534		$	48,601

Finance leases:
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$	9,582		$	9,582
Accumulated depreciation		(6,272	)		(5,670	)
Finance lease assets included in property, plant and equipment, net	$	3,310		$	3,912

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	718		$	668
Other liabilities		3,934			4,652
Total finance lease liabilities	$	4,652		$	5,320

Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years):
Operating leases		7.6			8.2
Finance leases		5.5			6.5
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases		4.84	%		4.64	%
Finance leases		5.54	%		5.54	%

The following table provides the details of cash flow information related to leases for the periods indicated (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash paid for amounts included in lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from finance leases	$	274	$	308	$	340
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	7,826	$	7,876	$	7,818
Financing cash flows from finance leases	$	657	$	599	$	9,310
Supplemental non-cash information:
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	4,046	$	4,757	$	22,574
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities	$	-	$	-	$	-

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company paid $8.7 million upon the exercise of an option to purchase a building under a finance lease agreement in Germany. The cash payment has been presented as a cash outflow from financing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

Future minimum lease payments under operating and finance leases expiring subsequent to December 31, 2023, including operating leases associated with facilities that have been vacated as a result of the Company’s restructuring actions, are summarized as follows (in thousands):


Year Ending December 31,	Operating Leases			Finance Leases
2024	$	9,671		$	954
2025		9,647			954
2026		8,105			979
2027		7,135			1,003
2028		4,530			1,003
Thereafter		16,783			501
Total minimum lease payments		55,871			5,394
Less: interest		(10,337	)		(742	)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	45,534		$	4,652

13. Stockholders’ Equity and Share-Based Compensation

Preferred Shares

In May 2021, the Company’s shareholders approved a special resolution to amend the Company’s articles to authorize up to 7.0 million preferred shares for future issuance. The Company’s Board of Directors is authorized to designate and issue one or more series of preferred shares, fix the rights, preferences and designation, as deemed necessary or advisable, relating to the preferred shares, provided that no shares of any series may be entitled to more than one vote per share. As of December 31, 2023, no preferred shares had been issued and outstanding.

Common Shares

The Company has an unlimited number of no-par value common shares authorized for issuance. Holders of common shares are entitled to one vote per share. Holders of common shares are entitled to receive dividends, if and when declared by the Board of Directors, and to share ratably in the Company’s assets legally available for distribution to shareholders in the event of liquidation. Holders of common shares have no redemption or conversion rights.

Common Share Repurchases

The Company’s Board of Directors may approve share repurchase plans from time to time. Under these repurchase plans, shares may be repurchased at the Company’s discretion based on ongoing assessment of the capital needs of the business, market prices of the Company’s common shares, and general market conditions. Shares may also be repurchased through an accelerated share purchase agreement, on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. Repurchases may be made under certain SEC regulations, which would permit common shares to be repurchased when the Company would otherwise be prohibited from doing so under insider trading laws. While the share repurchase plans are generally intended to offset dilution from equity awards granted to the Company’s employees and directors, the plans do not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of common shares. No time limit is typically set for the completion of the share repurchase plans, and the plans may be suspended or discontinued at any time. The Company expects to fund share repurchases through cash on hand and cash generated from operations.

In October 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a share repurchase plan (the “2018 Repurchase Plan”) authorizing the repurchase of $25.0 million worth of common shares. Share repurchases have been made under the 2018 Repurchase Plan pursuant to Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. During 2019, the Company repurchased 119 thousand shares for an aggregate purchase price of $10.0 million at an average price of $83.71 per share under the 2018 Repurchase Plan. During 2020, the Company repurchased 65 thousand shares for an aggregate purchase price of $5.5 million at an average price of $84.55 per share. During 2022, the Company completed the 2018 Repurchase Plan and repurchased 80 thousand shares for an aggregate purchase price of $9.5 million at an average price of $118.97 per share. From the inception of the 2018 Repurchase Plan, the Company repurchased a cumulative total of 264 thousand shares for an aggregate purchase price of $25.0 million at an average price of $94.57 per share.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

In February 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase plan (the “2020 Repurchase Plan”) authorizing the repurchase of an additional $50.0 million worth of common shares. During 2022, the Company repurchased 4 thousand shares for an aggregate purchase price of $0.5 million at an average price of $116.95 under the 2020 Repurchase Plan. No shares were repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $49.5 million available for future share repurchases under the 2020 Repurchase Plan.

Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan

In November 2010, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2010 Incentive Award Plan under which the Company may grant share-based compensation awards to employees, consultants and directors. In May 2021, the Company’s shareholders approved an amended and restated 2010 Incentive Award Plan (as amended, the “Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan”). The maximum number of shares which can be issued pursuant to the Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan is 6,148,613, subject to adjustment as set forth in the Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan. The Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, deferred stock, deferred stock units, dividend equivalents, performance awards and stock payments (collectively referred to as “Awards”). The Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan provides for specific limits on the number of shares with respect to Awards that may be granted to any one person during any calendar year and the amount of cash that can be paid with respect to Awards to any one person during any calendar year. The Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan will expire and no further Awards may be granted after May 13, 2031. As of December 31, 2023, there were 1,900,581 shares available for future Awards under the Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan.

Shares subject to Awards that have expired, forfeited or settled in cash, or repurchased by the Company at the same price paid by the awardee may be added back to the number of shares available for grant under the Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan and may be granted as new Awards. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the following shares will not be added back to the number of shares available for grant: (a) shares that are used to pay the exercise price for an option, (b) shares tendered or withheld to pay taxes with respect to any Award (other than options and stock appreciation rights) to the extent they exceed the number of shares with a fair market value equal to the tax liability based on minimum withholding rates, (c) shares tendered or withheld to pay taxes with respect to options and stock appreciation rights, (d) shares subject to a stock appreciation right that are not issued in connection with the stock settlement of the stock appreciation right on exercise thereof, and (e) shares purchased on the open market with the cash proceeds from the exercise of options. Shares issued to satisfy Awards under the Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan may be previously authorized but unissued shares, treasury shares or shares repurchased on the open market.

Share-Based Compensation Expense

The table below summarizes share-based compensation expense recorded in operating income (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Selling, general and administrative	$	21,963	$	18,182	$	17,255
Research and development and engineering		2,031		2,414		2,294
Cost of revenue		1,594		2,512		3,008
Restructuring and acquisition related costs		—		—		3,049
Total share-based compensation expense	$	25,588	$	23,108	$	25,606

The expense recorded during each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 included $1.2 million, $1.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively, related to restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and deferred stock units (“DSUs”) granted to the members of the Company’s Board of Directors.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s outstanding equity awards for which compensation expense will be recognized in the future consisted of time-based RSUs, performance stock units (“PSUs”) and stock options granted under the Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan. The Company expects to record an aggregate share-based compensation expense of $34.1 million, net of estimated forfeitures, over a weighted average period of 1.10 years subsequent to December 31, 2023, for all outstanding Awards as of December 31, 2023.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

Restricted Stock Units and Deferred Stock Units

The Company’s RSUs have generally been issued to employees with vesting periods ranging from zero to five years and vest based solely on service conditions. Accordingly, the Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company reduces the compensation expense by an estimated forfeiture rate which is based on anticipated forfeitures and actual experience.

DSUs are granted to the members of the Company’s Board of Directors. The compensation expense associated with the DSUs is recognized in full on the respective date of grant, as DSUs are fully vested and non-forfeitable upon grant. Outstanding DSUs are converted into common shares upon Board members' resignation or retirement from the Board. There were 41 thousand and 38 thousand DSUs outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which were included in the calculation of weighted average basic shares outstanding for the respective period.

The table below summarizes activities during 2023 relating to restricted and deferred stock units issued and outstanding under the Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan:


	Restricted and Deferred Stock Units (In thousands)			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Weighted Average Remaining Vesting Period (In years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (In thousands)
Unvested at December 31, 2022		238		$	128.26
Granted		102		$	156.43
Vested		(109	)	$	122.72
Forfeited		(25	)	$	139.97
Unvested at December 31, 2023		206		$	143.97	1.01 years	$	34,714
Expected to vest as of December 31, 2023		190		$	143.47	1.01 years	$	31,919

(1)

The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated based on the fair value of $168.41 per common share as of December 31, 2023 due to the fact that the restricted and deferred stock units carry a $0 purchase price.

The total fair value of restricted stock units and deferred stock units that vested in 2023, based on the market price of the underlying shares as of the date of vesting, was $16.9 million.

Performance Stock Units

The Company typically grants PSUs that are based on the Company's financial metrics, market conditions, or a hybrid of company financial metrics and market conditions. These PSUs generally cliff vest on the first day following the end of the specified performance period.

The number of common shares to be issued upon settlement following vesting of attainment-based PSUs is determined based on the Company’s financial metrics over the specified performance period against the targets established by the Company’s Board of Directors at the time of grant and will be in the range of zero to 200% of the target number of shares.

The number of common shares to be issued upon settlement following vesting of market-based PSUs is determined based on the relative market performance of the Company’s common stock compared to the Russell 2000 Index over the specified performance period using a payout formula established by the Company’s Board of Directors at the time of grant and will be in the range of zero to 200% of the target number of shares.

The number of common shares to be issued upon settlement following vesting of hybrid PSUs is determined based on the Company's financial metrics achieved over the specified performance period against the targets established by the Company's Board of Directors at the time of grant with a market condition multiplier and will be in the range of zero to 260% of the target number of shares.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

The table below summarizes activities during 2023 relating to performance-based restricted stock units issued and outstanding under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan:


	Performance Stock Units (2) (In thousands)			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Weighted Average Remaining Vesting Period (In years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (3) (In thousands)
Unvested at December 31, 2022		216		$	144.16
Granted		57		$	179.15
Performance adjustments(1)		20		$	122.24
Vested		(70	)	$	116.56
Forfeited		(18	)	$	169.63
Unvested at December 31, 2023		205		$	160.24	1.45 years	$	34,541
Expected to vest as of December 31, 2023		236		$	161.43	1.45 years	$	39,690

(1)

The amount shown represents performance adjustments related to the performance-based awards granted on February 20, 2020. These performance-based awards vested at a blended payout of 142% during the year ended December 31, 2023 based on the achievement of cumulative Non-GAAP EPS and applicable relative TSR performance conditions, respectively, over the performance period of fiscal years 2020 through 2022.

(2)

The unvested PSUs are shown in this table at target. The number of shares vested reflects the number of shares earned and issued during the year. As of December 31, 2023, the maximum number of PSUs available to be earned was approximately 367 thousand.

(3)

The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated based on the fair value of $168.41 per common share as of December 31, 2023 due to the fact that the performance stock units carry a $0 purchase price.

The total fair value of PSUs that vested in 2023, based on the market price of the underlying shares on the date of vesting, was $9.9 million.

The grant-date fair value of the hybrid PSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2023 was estimated using the Monte-Carlo valuation model with the following assumptions:


	Year Ended
	December 31, 2023
Grant-date stock price	$	156.72
Expected volatility		35.89	%
Risk-free interest rate		4.44	%
Expected annual dividend yield		—
Weighted average fair value	$	181.45

Stock Options

In February 2023, the Company granted 48 thousand stock options to certain members of the executive management team to purchase common shares of the Company at an exercise price equal to the closing market price of the Company’s common shares on the date of grant. The stock options vest ratably over a three-year period from the date of grant and expire on the seventh anniversary of the date of grant.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

The following table shows stock options that were outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2023 and the related weighted average exercise price, weighted average remaining contractual term and aggregate intrinsic value:


	Stock Options (In thousands)		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (In thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022		84	$	72.18
Granted		48	$	156.72
Exercised		—	$	—
Forfeited or expired		—	$	—
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023		132	$	102.86	4.55 years	$	8,636
Exercisable as of December 31, 2023		57	$	42.49	2.92 years	$	7,209
Expected to vest as of December 31, 2023		75	$	149.25	5.80 years	$	1,428

(1)

The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the closing market price of $168.41 per common share as of December 31, 2023 and the exercise price of the stock options.

The aggregate Black-Scholes fair value of $3.0 million for the stock options granted during 2023 was estimated using the following assumptions as of the grant date:


	Year Ended December 31, 2023
Expected option term in years		4.5
Expected volatility		40.7	%
Risk-free interest rate		4.00	%
Expected annual dividend yield		—

The expected option term was calculated using the simplified method permitted under Codification of Staff Accounting Bulletins Topic 14, “Share-Based Payment”. The expected volatility was determined based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common shares over the expected option term. Risk-free interest rate was based upon treasury instrument whose term was six months longer than the expected option term. The expected annual dividend yield is zero as the Company does not have plans to issue dividends.

14. Employee Benefit Plans

Defined Contribution Plans

The Company has defined contribution employee retirement savings plans in the U.S., the U.K. and Japan. The Company matches the contributions of participating employees on the basis of percentages specified in each plan. The Company’s matching contributions to the plans were $6.8 million, $5.9 million and $4.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Defined Benefit Plan

The Company maintains a frozen defined benefit pension plan in the U.K. (the “U.K. Plan”). The U.K. Plan was closed to new membership in 1997 and stopped accruing additional pension benefits for existing members in 2003. Benefits under the U.K. Plan were based on the participants’ years of service and compensation as of the date the plan was frozen in 2003, adjusted for inflation. The Company continues to fund the plan in accordance with the pension regulations in the U.K.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

The net periodic pension cost is included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations and consisted of the following components (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Components of the net periodic pension cost:
Interest cost	$	1,185		$	669		$	554
Expected return on plan assets		(1,440	)		(1,286	)		(1,120	)
Amortization of actuarial losses		990			380			928
Amortization of prior service cost		30			32			31
Net periodic pension cost	$	765		$	(205	)	$	393

The actuarial assumptions used to compute the net periodic pension cost for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023	2022	2021
Weighted-average discount rate	4.8%	1.8%	1.2%
Weighted-average long-term rate of return on plan assets	5.3%	3.2%	2.5%

The actuarial assumptions used to compute the benefit obligations as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were as follows:


	December 31,
	2023	2022
Weighted-average discount rate	4.5%	4.8%
Rate of inflation	2.8%	2.7%

The discount rates used are derived from (AA) corporate bonds that have maturities approximating the terms of the pension obligations under the U.K. Plan. In estimating the expected return on plan assets, the Company considered the historical performance of the major asset classes held by the U.K. Plan and current forecasts of future rates of return for these asset classes.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

The following table provides a reconciliation of benefit obligations and plan assets of the U.K. Plan (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2023			2022
Change in benefit obligation:
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	24,597		$	41,398
Interest cost		1,185			669
Actuarial (gains) losses (1)		445			(12,135	)
Benefits paid		(1,257	)		(1,191	)
Prior service cost		—			—
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		1,289			(4,144	)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year	$	26,259		$	24,597
Accumulated benefit obligation at end of year	$	26,259		$	24,597
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	26,609		$	44,187
Actual return on plan assets		1,575			(12,927	)
Employer contributions		1,007			971
Benefits paid		(1,257	)		(1,191	)
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		1,417			(4,431	)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	29,351		$	26,609
Funded status at end of year	$	3,092		$	2,012
Amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive loss not yet recognized in net periodic pension cost:
Net actuarial losses at beginning of year	$	(8,076	)	$	(7,206	)
Net actuarial gains (losses) during the year		(310	)		(2,078	)
Prior service cost arising during the year		-			-
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to income before income taxes		1,020			412
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		(406	)		796
Net actuarial losses	$	(7,772	)	$	(8,076	)

(1)

Actuarial (gains)/losses in the U.K. Plan for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, primarily resulted from changes in the discount rate assumptions.

The funded status of the U.K. Plan was included in other long term assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The following table reflects the total expected benefit payments to plan participants for each of the next five years and the following five years in aggregate and have been estimated based on the same assumptions used to measure the Company’s benefit obligations as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	Amount
2024	$	1,363
2025		1,365
2026		1,568
2027		1,661
2028		1,723
2029-2033		9,436
Total	$	17,116

In the U.K., defined benefit pension plan funding valuations are conducted every three years to determine the future level of contributions. Based on the results of the most recent valuation as of January 1, 2021, the Company is scheduled to make a required

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

funding contribution of approximately $0.3 million in 2024. Future annual funding contributions will be determined in the next statutory funding valuation to be completed in 2024.

Fair Value of Plan Assets

The trustee of the U.K. Plan has the fiduciary responsibilities to manage the plan assets in consultation with the Company. The overall objective is to invest plan assets in a portfolio of diversified assets, primarily through the use of institutional collective funds. The current approach is a balanced growth strategy that combines investments in growth assets (such as equities and credit) with investments in debt instruments that match a portion of the expected future benefit payments. This approach will gradually shift to a strategy that is progressively more focused on matching the benefit payments based on a series of de-risking triggers that are based on the funding level. As these triggers are hit, the assets will shift from growth assets into fixed income investments leading to an increasingly low risk approach.

The following table summarizes the fair values of Plan assets by asset category as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


Asset Category	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Not Subject to Leveling
Mutual Funds:
Balanced (1)	$	18,978	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	18,978
Fixed income (2)		10,129		—		—		—		10,129
Cash		244		244		—		—		—
Total	$	29,351	$	244	$	—	$	—	$	29,107

(1)

This class comprises a diversified portfolio of global investments which seeks growth from equities and credit assets. It is allocated on a weighted average basis as follows: equities (11%), bonds (64%) and other assets (25%).

(2)

This class comprises a diversified portfolio of global investments which seeks fixed income growth and is allocated on a weighted average basis as follows: bonds (95%) and other assets (5%).

The following table summarizes the fair values of Plan assets by asset category as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):


Asset Category	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Not Subject to Leveling
Mutual Funds:
Balanced (1)	$	17,025	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	17,025
Fixed income (2)		9,355		—		—		—		9,355
Cash		229		229		—		—		—
Total	$	26,609	$	229	$	—	$	—	$	26,380

(1)

This class comprises a diversified portfolio of global investments which is allocated on a weighted average basis as follows: equities (12%), bonds (67%), other assets (20%) and cash (1%).

(2)

This class comprises a diversified portfolio of global investments which seeks fixed income growth and is allocated on a weighted average basis as follows: bonds (78%), other assets (13%) and cash (9%).

15. Income Taxes

Components of the Company’s income (loss) before income taxes are as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Income (loss) before income taxes:
Canada	$	(6,490	)	$	(4,946	)	$	(1,371	)
U.S.		38,992			28,365			19,168
Other		51,246			63,740			38,375
Total	$	83,748		$	87,159		$	56,172

Components of the Company’s income tax provision (benefit) are as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Current
Canada	$	59		$	65		$	95
U.S.		14,424			17,205			205
Other		11,113			14,492			9,486
		25,596			31,762			9,786
Deferred
Canada		—			—			493
U.S.		(12,224	)		(15,370	)		(2,133	)
Other		(2,502	)		(3,284	)		(2,305	)
		(14,726	)		(18,654	)		(3,945	)
Total	$	10,870		$	13,108		$	5,841

The Company is incorporated in Canada and therefore uses the Canadian statutory rate for income tax disclosure. The reconciliation of the statutory Canadian tax rate to the effective tax rate related to income before income taxes is as follows (in thousands, except percentage data):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Statutory Canadian tax rate		29.00	%		29.00	%		29.00	%
Expected income tax provision at Canadian statutory tax rate	$	24,287		$	25,276		$	16,291
International tax rate differences		(4,804	)		(6,289	)		(3,621	)
U.S. state income taxes, net		860			3			(249	)
Withholding and other taxes		300			789			429
Transaction costs and permanent differences		423			140			1,169
Disallowed compensation		2,571			2,138			1,111
Foreign-derived intangible income		(4,500	)		(4,467	)		(1,211	)
Tax credits		(3,602	)		(2,256	)		(1,408	)
Statutory tax rate changes		165			—			489
Uncertain tax positions		90			(168	)		(472	)
Change in valuation allowance		2,068			2,048			918
Acquisition contingent consideration adjustments		—			(698	)		87
Provision to return differences		(1,056	)		(19	)		33
Windfall benefit from share-based compensation		(1,685	)		(254	)		(5,131	)
U.K. patent box		(4,247	)		(3,135	)		(2,594	)
Reported income tax provision	$	10,870		$	13,108		$	5,841
Effective tax rate		13.0	%		15.0	%		10.4	%

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

Deferred income taxes result principally from temporary differences in the recognition of certain revenue and expense items and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards for financial and tax reporting purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2023			2022
Deferred tax assets:
Losses	$	11,274		$	9,954
Operating lease liabilities		10,194			11,117
Compensation related deductions		8,457			9,010
Inventories		12,497			9,368
Tax credits		3,222			2,624
Capitalized R&D		25,238			13,623
Warranty		964			836
Other		724			284
Total deferred tax assets		72,570			56,816
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets		(16,674	)		(14,568	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	55,896		$	42,248
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation	$	(5,389	)	$	(4,049	)
Amortization		(24,436	)		(26,746	)
Operating lease right-of-use assets		(9,198	)		(10,477	)
Deferred revenue		(5,316	)	$	(3,057	)
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	(44,339	)	$	(44,329	)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	11,557		$	(2,081	)

In determining its income tax provisions, the Company calculated deferred tax assets and liabilities for each separate jurisdiction. The Company then considered a number of factors, including positive and negative evidence related to the realization of its deferred tax assets, to determine whether a valuation allowance should be recognized with respect to its deferred tax assets.

The Company began to capitalize research and development (“R&D”) expenditures in 2022 in accordance with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”) which requires that R&D expenditures be capitalized and amortized for income tax purposes over five years for domestic research and fifteen years for foreign research, rather than being deducted as incurred. This has the effect of increasing the Company’s cash taxes and deferred tax assets. In 2023 the Company’s deferred tax assets related to capitalized R&D expenditures increased $11.6 million, which also creates an effective tax rate benefit of 2.4% by increasing the Company's Foreign Derived Intangible Income deduction.

In 2023, the Company recorded an additional $2.1 million valuation allowance. In 2022, the Company recorded an additional $2.0 million valuation allowance. In 2021, the Company recorded an additional $0.9 million valuation allowance.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had valuation allowances on Canada net Operating and capital loss carryforwards, U.K. capital loss carryforwards, certain U.S. state net operating losses, and state and foreign tax credits that the Company has determined that it is not more likely than not that they will be realized. In conjunction with the Company’s ongoing review of its actual results and anticipated future earnings, the Company continuously reassesses the possibility of releasing the valuation allowance currently in place on its deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards of $5.7 million (tax effected). Of this amount, approximately $5.2 million relates to Canada and begins to expire starting in 2033 and had a full valuation allowance. The remaining $0.5 million relates to various U.S. jurisdictions, which will begin to expire in 2024 through 2043. In addition, the Company had capital loss carryforwards of $5.6 million, which can be carried forward indefinitely and had a full valuation allowance. Of this amount, approximately $4.9 million related to Canada and the remaining $0.7 million relates to the U.K, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards of $4.4 million (tax effected). Of this amount, approximately $3.9 million relates to Canada and begins to expire starting in 2033 and had a full valuation allowance. The

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

remainder $0.5 million relates to various U.S. and other foreign jurisdictions, of which $0.1 million can be carried forward indefinitely and the remaining $0.4 million will begin to expire in 2023 through 2036. In addition, the Company had capital loss carryforwards of $5.6 million, which can be carried forward indefinitely and had a full valuation allowance. Of this amount, approximately $4.9 million related to Canada and the remaining $0.7 million related to U.K.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had tax credit carryforwards of approximately $3.7 million. Approximately $3.0 million relates to the U.S. and other immaterial foreign jurisdictions that will expire through 2039, and $0.7 million tax credit carryforwards relate to Canada that can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company had a $2.9 million valuation allowance on the tax credit carryforwards.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had tax credit carryforwards of approximately $3.0 million. Approximately $2.3 million relates to the U.S. and other immaterial foreign jurisdictions that will expire through 2038 and $0.7 million tax credit carryforwards relates to Canada that can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company had a $2.5 million valuation allowance on the tax credit carryforwards.

Income and foreign withholding taxes have not been recognized on the excess of the amount for financial reporting purposes over the tax basis of investments in foreign subsidiaries that are essentially permanent in nature. This amount becomes taxable upon a repatriation of assets from a subsidiary or a sale or liquidation of a subsidiary. The amount of undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries totaled $405.8 million as of December 31, 2023. The estimated unrecognized income tax and foreign withholding tax liability on these undistributed earnings is approximately $5.5 million.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $4.3 million, of which $3.8 million would favorably affect the effective tax rate if benefited. Over the next twelve months, the Company may need to reverse up to $0.3 million of previously recorded unrecognized tax benefits due to statute of limitations closures. The Company believes there are no jurisdictions in which the outcome of unresolved issues or claims is likely to be material to its consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows. Furthermore, the Company believes that it has adequately provided for all significant income tax uncertainties.

The reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):


Balance at December 31, 2020	$	5,258
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year		1,162
Additions for tax positions of prior years		9
Reductions to tax positions of prior years		(41	)
Reductions to tax positions resulting from a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations		(1,591	)
Settlements with tax authorities		—
Balance at December 31, 2021		4,797
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year		553
Additions for tax positions of prior years		34
Reductions to tax positions of prior years		(563	)
Reductions to tax positions resulting from a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations		(572	)
Settlements with tax authorities		—
Balance at December 31, 2022		4,249
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year		561
Additions for tax positions of prior years		47
Reductions to tax positions of prior years		(22	)
Reductions to tax positions resulting from a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations		(492	)
Settlements with tax authorities		—
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	4,343

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax provision. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had approximately $0.7 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized less than $0.1 million, $0.1 million and ($0.1) million, respectively, of expense for an increase in interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

The Company files income tax returns in Canada, the U.S., and various foreign jurisdictions. Generally, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. or foreign income tax examinations, including transfer pricing tax audits, by tax authorities for the years before 2013.

The Company’s income tax returns may be reviewed by tax authorities in the following countries for the following periods under the appropriate statute of limitations:


United States	2019 - Present
Canada	2017 - Present
United Kingdom	2021 - Present
Germany	2017 - Present
Czech Republic	2021 - Present
China	2013 - Present
Japan	2018 - Present

16. Restructuring and Acquisition Related Costs

The following table summarizes restructuring and acquisition related costs recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022			2021
2022 restructuring	$	8,961	$	1,414		$	—
2020 restructuring		2,853		2,994			8,133
2019 restructuring		—		—			208
Total restructuring related charges	$	11,814	$	4,408		$	8,341
Acquisition and related charges	$	1,000	$	(24	)	$	9,679
Total restructuring, acquisition and related costs	$	12,814	$	4,384		$	18,020

2022 Restructuring

As a result of the Company’s ongoing evaluations and efforts to reduce its operating costs, while improving efficiency and effectiveness, the Company initiated the 2022 restructuring program in the third quarter of 2022. This program was focused on reducing operating complexity in the Company, including reducing infrastructure costs and streamlining the Company’s operating model to better serve its customers. In addition, the program was focused on cost reduction actions to improve gross margins for the overall company. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded $9.0 million in severance, facilities related costs, and other costs in connection with the 2022 restructuring program. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had incurred cumulative costs related to this restructuring program totaling $10.4 million. The 2022 restructuring program was completed in the fourth quarter of 2023.

The following table summarizes restructuring costs associated with the 2022 restructuring program by reportable segment (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,				Cumulative Costs as of
	2023		2022		December 31, 2023
Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	$	1,899	$	1,162	$	3,061
Medical Solutions		1,188		56		1,244
Robotics and Automation		5,043		196		5,239
Unallocated Corporate and Shared Services		831		—		831
Total	$	8,961	$	1,414	$	10,375

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

2020 Restructuring

As a result of the Company’s ongoing evaluations and efforts to reduce its operating costs, while improving efficiency and effectiveness, the Company initiated the 2020 restructuring program in the third quarter of 2020. This program was focused on reducing operating complexity in the Company, including reducing infrastructure costs and streamlining the Company’s operating model to better serve its customers. In addition, the program was focused on cost reduction actions to improve gross margins for the overall company. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded $2.9 million in severance, facilities related costs, and other costs in connection with the 2020 restructuring program. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had recorded an aggregate $16.7 million in severance, facilities related costs, and other costs in connection with the 2020 restructuring program. The 2020 restructuring program was completed in the fourth quarter of 2023.

The following table summarizes restructuring costs associated with the 2020 restructuring program by reportable segment (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,						Cumulative Costs as of
	2023		2022		2021		December 31, 2023
Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	$	2,220	$	2,537	$	3,085	$	8,582
Medical Solutions		—		217		813		2,360
Robotics and Automation		633		238		4,206		5,601
Unallocated Corporate and Shared Services		—		2		29		173
Total	$	2,853	$	2,994	$	8,133	$	16,716

Roll-forward of Accrued Expenses Related to Restructuring

The following table summarizes the accrual activities, by component, related to the Company’s restructuring charges recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):


	Total			Employee Related			Facility Related			Other
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	2,686		$	2,107		$	550		$	29
Restructuring charges		4,408			2,029			1,995			384
Cash payments		(3,486	)		(2,198	)		(931	)		(357	)
Non-cash write-offs and other adjustments		(1,198	)		(36	)		(1,162	)		—
Balance at December 31, 2022		2,410			1,902			452			56
Restructuring charges		11,814			5,832			4,452			1,530
Cash payments		(8,867	)		(6,675	)		(1,379	)		(813	)
Non-cash write-offs and other adjustments (1)		(2,507	)		(21	)		(1,845	)		(641	)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	2,850		$	1,038		$	1,680		$	132

(1) Non-cash write-offs and other adjustments included impairment of assets amounting to $2.5 million.

Acquisition and Related Charges

Acquisition and related costs incurred in connection with business combinations, primarily including finders’ fees, legal, valuation and other professional or consulting fees, totaled $1.0 million, $1.4 million, and $5.9 million during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The Company incurred legal costs of $1.9 million during 2021 related to a dispute involving a company that was acquired in 2019. Acquisition related costs/(income) recognized under earn-out agreements in connection with acquisitions totaled zero, $(1.4) million, and $1.9 million during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The acquisition related costs of $1.0 million for 2023 was reported in Unallocated Corporate and Shared Services reportable segment.

18. Segment Information

Reportable Segments

The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) is the Chief Executive Officer. The CODM utilizes financial information to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire Company. The Company evaluates the performance of, and allocates resources to, its segments based on revenue, gross profit and operating profit. The Company’s reportable segments have been identified based on commonality and adjacency of technologies, applications and customers amongst the Company’s individual product lines. The Company determined that disclosing revenue by specific product was impracticable due to the highly customized and extensive portfolio of technologies offered to customers.

Based upon the information provided to the CODM, the Company has determined it operates in three reportable segments: Precision Medicine and Manufacturing, Medical Solutions, and Robotics and Automation. The reportable segments and their principal activities are summarized below:

Precision Medicine and Manufacturing

The Precision Medicine and Manufacturing segment designs, manufactures and markets photonics-based solutions, including laser scanning, laser beam delivery, CO2 laser, solid state laser, ultrafast laser, and optical light engine products to customers worldwide. The segment serves highly demanding photonics-based applications for advanced industrial processes, metrology, medical and life science imaging, DNA sequencing, and medical laser procedures, particularly ophthalmology applications. The vast majority of the segment’s product offerings are sold to OEM customers. The segment sells these products both directly, utilizing a highly technical sales force, and indirectly, through resellers and distributors.

Medical Solutions

The Medical Solutions segment designs, manufactures and markets a range of medical grade technologies, including medical insufflators, pumps and related disposables; visualization solutions; wireless technologies, video recorder and video integration technologies for operating room integrations; optical data collection and machine vision technologies; radio frequency identification technologies; thermal chart recorders; spectrometry technologies; and embedded touch screen solutions. The vast majority of the segment’s product offerings are sold to OEM customers. The segment sells these products both directly, utilizing a highly technical sales force, and indirectly, through resellers and distributors.

Robotics and Automation

The Robotics and Automation segment designs, manufactures and markets optical and inductive encoders, precision motors, servo drives and motion control solutions, integrated stepper motors, intelligent robotic end-of-arm technology solutions, air bearings, and air bearing spindles to customers worldwide. The vast majority of the segment’s product offerings are sold to OEM customers. The segment sells these products both directly, utilizing a highly technical sales force, and indirectly, through resellers and distributors.

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

Reportable Segment Financial Information

Revenue, gross profit, operating income (loss), depreciation and amortization expenses, accounts receivable and inventories by reportable segments were as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Revenue
Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	$	282,971	$	274,674	$	232,459
Medical Solutions		325,221		277,992		262,060
Robotics and Automation		273,470		308,237		212,274
Total	$	881,662	$	860,903	$	706,793


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Gross Profit
Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	$	139,060		$	129,173		$	107,993
Medical Solutions		135,640			108,713			100,890
Robotics and Automation		130,885			146,150			99,345
Unallocated Corporate and Shared Services		(5,688	)		(5,564	)		(7,900	)
Total	$	399,897		$	378,472		$	300,328


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Operating Income (Loss)
Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	$	69,283		$	63,760		$	46,792
Medical Solutions		41,883			28,244			17,694
Robotics and Automation		48,373			60,294			52,676
Unallocated Corporate and Shared Services		(49,043	)		(49,219	)		(53,108	)
Total	$	110,496		$	103,079		$	64,054


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Depreciation and Amortization Expenses
Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	$	10,285	$	10,999	$	11,600
Medical Solutions		15,941		17,402		20,812
Robotics and Automation		19,032		24,358		10,728
Unallocated Corporate and Shared Services		1,354		399		254
Total	$	46,612	$	53,158	$	43,394


	December 31,
	2023		2022
Accounts Receivable
Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	$	40,562	$	42,541
Medical Solutions		60,894		53,610
Robotics and Automation		37,954		41,546
Total accounts receivable	$	139,410	$	137,697
Inventories
Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	$	58,492	$	58,630
Medical Solutions		38,440		47,511
Robotics and Automation		52,439		61,856
Total inventories	$	149,371	$	167,997
Total segment assets	$	288,781	$	305,694

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023


	December 31,
	2023		2022
Total Assets
Total segment assets	$	288,781	$	305,694
Cash and cash equivalents		105,051		100,105
Prepaid income taxes and income taxes receivable		8,105		1,508
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		13,360		13,212
Property, plant and equipment, net		109,449		103,186
Operating lease assets		38,302		43,317
Deferred tax assets		27,862		15,113
Other assets		5,617		4,414
Intangible assets, net		145,022		175,766
Goodwill		484,507		478,897
Total	$	1,226,056	$	1,241,212

Geographic Information

The Company aggregates geographic revenue based on the customer location where products are shipped. Revenue from these customers is summarized as follows (in thousands, except percentage data):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023					2022					2021
	Revenue		% of Total			Revenue		% of Total			Revenue		% of Total
United States	$	418,265		47.4	%	$	372,345		43.3	%	$	270,833		38.4	%
Germany		128,229		14.5			133,728		15.5			101,865		14.4
Rest of Europe		137,027		15.6			137,803		16.0			138,863		19.6
China		73,444		8.3			97,178		11.3			95,045		13.4
Rest of Asia-Pacific		105,350		12.0			101,596		11.8			89,198		12.6
Other		19,347		2.2			18,253		2.1			10,989		1.6
Total	$	881,662		100.0	%	$	860,903		100.0	%	$	706,793		100.0	%

Long-lived assets consist of property, plant and equipment, net, and are aggregated based on the location of the assets. A summary of these long-lived assets is as follows (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2023		2022
United States	$	23,899	$	27,488
Germany		35,318		36,545
U.K.		28,734		18,457
Czech Republic		14,100		13,779
China		7,114		6,518
Rest of World		284		399
Total	$	109,449	$	103,186

NOVANTA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023

Revenue by End Market

The Company primarily operates in two end markets: the medical market and the advanced industrial market. Revenue by end market was approximately as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Medical		54	%		49	%		52	%
Advanced Industrial		46	%		51	%		48	%
Total		100	%		100	%		100	%

The majority of the revenue from the Precision Medicine and Manufacturing and Robotics and Automation segments is generated from sales to customers in the advanced industrial market. The majority of the revenue from the Medical Solutions segment is generated from sales to customers in the medical market.

Significant Customers

During the year ended December 31, 2023, an OEM customer primarily from the Medical Solution segment accounted for approximately 10% of the Company's consolidated revenue. No customer accounted for greater than 10% of the Company's consolidated revenue during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021, respectively.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

The required certifications of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer are included in Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The disclosures set forth in this Item 9A contain information concerning the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, management’s report on internal control over financial reporting and changes in internal control over financial reporting referred to in those certifications. Those certifications should be read in conjunction with this Item 9A for a more complete understanding of the matters covered by the certifications.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as of December 31, 2023. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023.

There has been no change to our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions and that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making their assessment, our management utilized the criteria set forth in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013), issued by COSO, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is contained in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Certain information required by Part III is omitted from this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

All of the Company’s directors, officers and employees must act in accordance with the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, which has been adopted by the Company’s Board of Directors. A copy of the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct is available on the Company’s website at https://www.novanta.com in the “About Us” section. (This website address is not intended to function as a hyperlink, and the information contained in our website is not intended to be a part of this filing). The Company intends to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Nasdaq rules regarding waivers or under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding disclosure of an amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of this Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, including with respect to its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, by posting such information on the Company’s website at https://www.novanta.com in the “About Us” section, unless a Form 8-K is otherwise required by law or applicable listing rules.

The following table sets forth information with respect to the Company’s directors and executive officers as of February 28, 2024:

The remainder of the response to this item is contained in the Proxy Statement for the Company’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held on May 8, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

The information required to be disclosed by this item is contained in the Proxy Statement for the Company’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held on May 8, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The financial statements required by this item are listed in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” herein.

All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or not required or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.

† Certain schedules or appendices to this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Regulation S-K Item 601(a)(5). A copy of any omitted schedule will be furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

†† This exhibit constitutes a management contract, compensatory plan, or arrangement.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.


New Brunswick, Canada		98-0110412
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

125 Middlesex Turnpike		01730
Bedford, Massachusetts, USA		(Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices)


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common shares, no par value	NOVT	The Nasdaq Global Select Market


Auditor Firm Id:	238	Auditor Name:	PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP	Auditor Location:	Boston, Massachusetts, United States


Item No.		Page No.

PART I
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	16
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	30
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	30
Item 2.	Properties	32
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	32
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	32

PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	33
Item 6.	[Reserved]	35
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	36
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	50
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	51
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	98
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	98
Item 9B.	Other Information	98
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	99

PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	99
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	100
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	100
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	101
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	101

PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	101
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	104
Signatures		105


Product Lines	Key End Markets	Brand Names	Description
Laser Beam Delivery Components	Advanced Industrial and Medical	Cambridge Technology	Galvanometer and polygon optical scanning components. These products provide precise control and delivery of laser beams through motorized manipulation of mirrors and optical elements and are integrated by OEM manufacturers with their controlling hardware and software. Advanced industrial applications include additive manufacturing, packaging converting, laser marking, micromachining and metrology. Medical applications include optical coherence tomography imaging, microscopy, and laser-based vision correction.

Laser Beam Delivery Solutions	Advanced Industrial and Medical	Cambridge Technology, Synrad, Laser Quantum	Galvanometer and polygon optical scan heads that provide precise control and delivery of laser beams through motorized manipulation of mirrors and optical elements in multi-axis scan heads, highly integrated scanning subsystems, and controlling hardware and software. Optical light engine products that integrate lasers into light engines with full beam parameter control. Advanced industrial applications include additive manufacturing, packaging converting, laser marking, micromachining and metrology. Medical applications include DNA sequencing, optical coherence tomography imaging, microscopy, super-resolution imaging, and laser-based vision correction.

CO2 Lasers	Advanced Industrial	Synrad	Continuous and pulsed CO2 lasers with power ranges from 5 to 400 watts. Applications include coding, marking, engraving, cutting and trimming of non-metals, fine materials processing, additive manufacturing, packaging converting, and medical applications in dental and dermatology.

Solid State and Ultrafast Lasers	Medical and Advanced Industrial	Laser Quantum	Diode-pumped solid-state lasers and ultrafast lasers in the visible to near-infrared. Applications include DNA sequencing, microscopy, micromachining and super-resolution imaging.


☑	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


Large Accelerated Filer	☑	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-accelerated Filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐


Company	Year of Acquisition	Total Purchase Price (in millions)
Motion Solutions Parent Corp.	2024	$	192.2
MPH Medical Devices S.R.O.	2022	$	22.6
ATI Industrial Automation, Inc.	2021	$	223.9
Schneider Electric Motion USA, Inc.	2021	$	118.6
ARGES GmbH	2019	$	73.2
Zettlex Holdings Limited	2018	$	32.0
Laser Quantum Limited (24%)(1)	2018	$	45.1
Laser Quantum Limited (35%)	2017	$	31.1
W.O.M. World of Medicine GmbH	2017	$	134.9
JADAK LLC	2014	$	94.8


	Revenue		Gross Profit Margin			Operating Profit
Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	$	283.0		49.1	%	$	69.3
Medical Solutions	$	325.2		41.7	%	$	41.9
Robotics and Automation	$	273.5		47.9	%	$	48.4


Location	Principal Use	Current Segment	Approximate Square Feet	Owned/Leased
Bedford, Massachusetts United States	Manufacturing, R&D, Marketing, Sales and Administration	Precision Medicine and Manufacturing, Medical Solutions, Robotics and Automation & Corporate	147,000	Leased; expires in 2031
Apex, North Carolina United States	Manufacturing, R&D, Marketing, Sales and Administration	Robotics and Automation	117,000	Leased; expires in 2028
Ludwigsstadt Germany	Manufacturing, and Administration	Medical Solutions	105,000	Owned
Přelouč Czech Republic	Manufacturing, and Administration	Medical Solutions	95,000	Owned
Wackersdorf Germany	R&D	Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	68,000	Owned
Mukilteo, Washington, United States	Manufacturing, R&D, Marketing, Sales and Administration	Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	63,000	Owned


	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2019		December 31, 2020		December 31, 2021		December 31, 2022		December 31, 2023
Novanta Inc.	$	100.00	$	140.38	$	187.65	$	279.89	$	215.67	$	267.32
Nasdaq Composite Index	$	100.00	$	139.95	$	198.10	$	242.03	$	163.28	$	236.17
Russell 2000 Index (1)	$	100.00	$	125.53	$	150.58	$	172.90	$	137.56	$	160.85


					% Change
	2023		2022		2023 vs. 2022
Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	$	282,971	$	274,674		3.0	%
Medical Solutions		325,221		277,992		17.0	%
Robotics and Automation		273,470		308,237		(11.3	)%
Total	$	881,662	$	860,903		2.4	%


	2023			2022
Gross profit:
Precision Medicine and Manufacturing	$	139,060		$	129,173
Medical Solutions		135,640			108,713
Robotics and Automation		130,885			146,150
Unallocated Corporate and Shared Services		(5,688	)		(5,564	)
Total	$	399,897		$	378,472
Gross profit margin:
Precision Medicine and Manufacturing		49.1	%		47.0	%
Medical Solutions		41.7	%		39.1	%
Robotics and Automation		47.9	%		47.4	%

Total		45.4	%		44.0	%


	2023			2022
Interest income (expense), net	$	(25,818	)	$	(15,616	)
Foreign exchange transaction gains (losses), net	$	(255	)	$	67
Other income (expense), net	$	(675	)	$	(371	)


	Requirement	Actual as of December 31, 2023
Maximum consolidated leverage ratio (1)	3.50	1.70
Minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio	1.50	4.67


	2023			2022
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	105,051		$	100,105
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	120,075		$	90,779
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(19,892	)	$	(42,541	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	(97,853	)	$	(60,154	)
Unused borrowing capacity available under the revolving credit facility, end of year	$	416,596		$	336,587


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP		52
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022		54
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021		55
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021		56
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021		57
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021		58
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		59


	Common Shares					Additional Paid-In			Retained Earning		Accumulated Other Comprehensive
	# of Shares			Amount		Capital			(Deficit)		Loss			Total
Balance at December 31, 2020		35,163		$	423,856	$	58,992		$	6,202	$	(12,241	)	$	476,809
Net income		—			—		—			50,331		—			50,331
Common shares issued under stock plans		660			—		—			—		—			—
Common shares withheld for taxes on vested stock awards		(222	)		—		(30,830	)		—		—			(30,830	)
Repurchases of common shares		—			—		—			—		—			—
Share-based compensation		—			—		25,606			—		—			25,606
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		—			—		—			—		(625	)		(625	)
Balance at December 31, 2021		35,601			423,856		53,768			56,533		(12,866	)		521,291
Net income		—			—		—			74,051		—			74,051
Common shares issued under stock plans		276			—		—			—		—			—
Common shares withheld for taxes on vested stock awards		(82	)		—		(11,721	)		—		—			(11,721	)
Repurchases of common shares		(84	)		—		(10,000	)		—		—			(10,000	)
Share-based compensation		—			—		23,108			—		—			23,108
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		—			—		—			—		(19,143	)		(19,143	)
Balance at December 31, 2022		35,711			423,856		55,155			130,584		(32,009	)		577,586
Net income		—			—		—			72,878		—			72,878
Common shares issued under stock plans		173			—		—			—		—			—
Common shares withheld for taxes on vested stock awards		(70	)		—		(10,563	)		—		—			(10,563	)
Repurchases of common shares		—			—		—			—		—			—
Share-based compensation		—			—		25,588			—		—			25,588
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		—			—		—			—		7,971			7,971
Balance at December 31, 2023		35,814		$	423,856	$	70,180		$	203,462	$	(24,038	)	$	673,460


	Total Accumulated
	Other			Cumulative			Pension
	Comprehensive			Translation			Liability
	Income (Loss)			Adjustments			Adjustments
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	(12,241	)	$	(2,296	)	$	(9,945	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		(1,584	)		(3,457	)		1,873
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss (1)		959			—			959
Balance at December 31, 2021		(12,866	)		(5,753	)		(7,113	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		(19,555	)		(18,674	)		(881	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss (1)		412			—			412
Balance at December 31, 2022		(32,009	)		(24,427	)		(7,582	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		6,951			7,823			(872	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss (1)		1,020			—			1,020
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	(24,038	)	$	(16,604	)	$	(7,434	)


Name	Age	Position with Novanta	Principal Employment
Executive Officers
Matthijs Glastra	55	Chair of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Novanta	Same
Robert Buckley	49	Chief Financial Officer of Novanta	Same
Michele Welsh	50	General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Novanta	Same
Brian Young	55	Chief Human Resources Officer of Novanta	Same
Non-Employee Directors
Lonny J. Carpenter	62	Director Independent Lead Director Chair of the Compensation Committee Member of the Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) Committee	Former Group President of Stryker Corporation, a medical technologies company
Barbara B. Hulit	57	Director Member of the ESG Committee	Former Senior Vice President of Fortive Corporation, a diversified industrial technology growth company, and President and Chief Executive Officer of Fortive’s Advanced Healthcare Solutions segment
Maxine L. Mauricio	52	Director Chair of the ESG Committee	Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of EMCOR Group, Inc., a provider of facilities construction and industrial services
Katherine A. Owen	53	Director Member of the Audit Committee	Former Vice President and Advisor to the CEO of Stryker Corporation, a medical technologies company
Thomas N. Secor	53	Director Member of the Audit Committee Member of the ESG Committee	Managing Director of Morningside Heights Capital, an investment firm
Darlene J. S. Solomon	65	Director Member of the Compensation Committee	Former Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer of Agilent Technologies, Inc. a global leader in the life sciences, diagnostics and applied chemical markets
Frank A. Wilson	65	Director Chair of the Audit Committee Member of the Compensation Committee	Former Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President of PerkinElmer, Inc., a life sciences diagnostics, discovery and analytical solutions company


	Novanta Inc.

	By:	/s/ Matthijs Glastra
		Matthijs Glastra
		Chief Executive Officer

Date: February 28, 2024


Name	Title	Date

/s/ Matthijs Glastra	Chair of the Board of Directors, Chief Executive Officer	February 28, 2024
Matthijs Glastra

/s/ Robert J. Buckley	Chief Financial Officer	February 28, 2024
Robert J. Buckley

/s/ Peter L. Chang	Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller	February 28, 2024
Peter L. Chang

/s/ Lonny J. Carpenter	Lead Director	February 28, 2024
Lonny J. Carpenter

/s/ Barbara B. Hulit	Director	February 28, 2024
Barbara B. Hulit

/s/ Maxine L. Mauricio	Director	February 28, 2024
Maxine L. Mauricio

/s/ Katherine A. Owen	Director	February 28, 2024
Katherine A. Owen

/s/ Thomas N. Secor	Director	February 28, 2024
Thomas N. Secor

/s/ Darlene J.S. Solomon	Director	February 28, 2024
Darlene J.S. Solomon

/s/ Frank A. Wilson	Director	February 28, 2024
Frank A. Wilson