UNPAID LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES

The establishment of the provision for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses is based on known facts and interpretation of circumstances and is, therefore, a complex and dynamic process influenced by a large variety of factors. These factors include the Company's experience with similar cases and historical trends involving loss payment patterns, pending levels of unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses, product mix or concentration, loss severity and loss frequency patterns.

Other factors include the continually evolving and changing regulatory and legal environment; actuarial studies; professional experience and expertise of the Company's claims departments' personnel and independent adjusters retained to handle individual claims; the quality of the data used for projection purposes; existing claims management practices including claims-handling and settlement practices; the effect of inflationary trends on future loss settlement costs; court decisions; economic conditions; and public attitudes.

Consequently, the process of determining the provision for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses necessarily involves risks that the actual loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred by the Company will deviate, perhaps materially, from the estimates recorded.

The Company's evaluation of the adequacy of unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses includes a re-estimation of the liability for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses relating to each preceding financial year compared to the liability that was previously established.

The results of this comparison and the changes in the provision for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of amounts recoverable from reinsurers, as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, were as follows:



(in thousands)				December 31,
	2018			2017
Balance at beginning of period, gross	$	1,329		$	2,202
Less reinsurance recoverable related to unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses	72			354
Balance at beginning of period, net	1,257			1,848
Incurred related to:
Current year	—			3
Prior years	1,631			401
Paid related to:
Current year	—			—
Prior years	(815		)	(995		)
Balance at end of period, net	2,073			1,257
Plus reinsurance recoverable related to unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses	—			72
Balance at end of period, gross	$	2,073		$	1,329

The Company reported unfavorable development on unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses of $1.6 million and $0.4 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The unfavorable development in 2018 and 2017 was related to an increase in loss adjustment expenses due to the continuing voluntary run-off of Amigo. During the second quarter of 2019, the Company agreed to settle three related open Amigo claims for an amount in excess of the provision for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses carried by the Company for these three open claims. The Company estimates it will incur a net loss of approximately $0.8 million related to the settlement of these claims, which the Company will report in its consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019. Original estimates are increased or decreased as additional information becomes known regarding individual claims.

The following tables contain information about incurred and paid loss and loss adjustment expenses development as of and for the year December 31, 2018, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of IBNR liabilities, including expected development on reported unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses included within the net incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses amounts. The information about incurred and paid loss and loss adjustment expenses development for the years ended December 31, 2009 through 2017, and the average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age as of December 31, 2018, is presented as supplementary information.



Non-standard automobile insurance - Private passenger auto liability
(in thousands)
	Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,										As of December 31, 2018
Accident Year	2009 Unaudited	2010 Unaudited	2011 Unaudited	2012 Unaudited	2013 Unaudited	2014 Unaudited	2015 Unaudited	2016 Unaudited	2017 Unaudited	2018	Total of IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Losses	Cumulative Number of Reported Claims

2009	35,209	37,387	38,486	40,219	40,436	40,308	40,211	40,177	40,091	40,085	4	—
2010		47,253	51,951	55,120	54,591	54,021	53,993	53,810	53,693	53,689	2	—
2011			29,034	29,458	28,744	28,094	27,865	27,613	27,597	27,851	15	—
2012				13,736	13,536	13,273	12,926	12,815	12,720	13,037	9	—
2013					6,456	6,434	5,474	4,488	4,617	4,654	228	—
2014						—	—	—	—	—	29	—
2015							—	—	—	—	—	—
2016								—	—	—	—	—
2017									—	—	—	—
2018										—	—	—

Total										139,316



Non-standard automobile insurance - Private passenger auto liability
(in thousands)
	Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2009 Unaudited	2010 Unaudited	2011 Unaudited	2012 Unaudited	2013 Unaudited	2014 Unaudited	2015 Unaudited	2016 Unaudited	2017 Unaudited	2018

2009	18,742	32,436	36,390	38,796	39,600	40,072	40,089	40,087	40,085	40,085
2010		25,659	46,356	50,591	51,944	52,889	53,451	53,484	53,518	53,570
2011			18,456	25,296	26,599	27,023	27,378	27,431	27,479	27,677
2012				7,060	11,724	12,284	12,530	12,618	12,635	12,738
2013					3,575	4,277	4,437	4,496	4,562	4,571
2014						—	—	—	—	—
2015							—	—	—	—
2016								—	—	—
2017									—	—
2018										—

									Total	138,641

Liabilities for non-standard automobile-private passenger auto liability unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses prior to 2009, net of reinsurance										5

Total liabilities for non-standard automobile-private passenger auto liability unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance										680



Non-standard automobile insurance - Auto physical damage
(in thousands)
	Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,										As of December 31, 2018
Accident Year	2009 Unaudited	2010 Unaudited	2011 Unaudited	2012 Unaudited	2013 Unaudited	2014 Unaudited	2015 Unaudited	2016 Unaudited	2017 Unaudited	2018	Total of IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Losses	Cumulative Number of Reported Claims

2009	9,829	7,343	6,857	6,451	6,458	6,476	6,482	6,480	6,482	6,482	—	—
2010		7,977	6,192	5,499	5,487	5,518	5,532	5,535	5,538	5,538	—	—
2011			4,366	3,247	3,241	3,263	3,262	3,260	3,269	3,261	—	—
2012				1,755	1,920	1,990	2,015	2,007	2,018	1,908	—	—
2013					1,085	996	1,001	999	1,003	988	—	—
2014						—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2015							—	—	—	—	—	—
2016								—	—	—	—	—
2017									—	—	—	—
2018										—	—	—

Total										18,177



Non-standard automobile insurance - Auto physical damage
(in thousands)
	Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2009 Unaudited	2010 Unaudited	2011 Unaudited	2012 Unaudited	2013 Unaudited	2014 Unaudited	2015 Unaudited	2016 Unaudited	2017 Unaudited	2018

2009	6,221	6,463	6,505	6,499	6,489	6,487	6,480	6,481	6,482	6,482
2010		5,155	5,583	5,548	5,526	5,537	5,537	5,537	5,538	5,538
2011			2,971	3,268	3,270	3,270	3,266	3,267	3,269	3,261
2012				1,783	1,951	2,006	2,016	2,017	2,018	1,908
2013					1,050	1,015	1,001	1,002	1,002	988
2014						—	—	—	—	—
2015							—	—	—	—
2016								—	—	—
2017									—	—
2018										—

									Total	18,177

Liabilities for non-standard automobile-auto physical damage unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses prior to 2009, net of reinsurance										—

Total liabilities for non-standard automobile-auto physical damage unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance										—



Commercial automobile
(in thousands)
	Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,										As of December 31, 2018
Accident Year	2009 Unaudited	2010 Unaudited	2011 Unaudited	2012 Unaudited	2013 Unaudited	2014 Unaudited	2015 Unaudited	2016 Unaudited	2017 Unaudited	2018	Total of IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Losses	Cumulative Number of Reported Claims

2009	10,450	6,739	7,016	7,743	7,738	7,662	7,625	7,612	7,591	7,585	2	—
2010		8,205	8,745	9,711	9,351	9,214	9,215	9,197	9,185	9,181	26	—
2011			8,521	9,784	8,990	8,752	8,791	8,812	8,816	8,901	2	—
2012				9,503	7,759	7,548	7,349	7,562	7,766	8,078	163	—
2013					597	477	489	350	364	316	58	—
2014						—	—	—	—	—	26	—
2015							—	—	—	—	—	—
2016								—	—	—	—	—
2017									—	—	—	—
2018										—	—	—

Total										34,061



Commercial automobile
(in thousands)
		Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
		For the Years Ended December 31,
Accident Year		2009 Unaudited	2010 Unaudited	2011 Unaudited	2012 Unaudited	2013 Unaudited	2014 Unaudited	2015 Unaudited	2016 Unaudited	2017 Unaudited	2018

2009		3,297	5,753	6,604	7,418	7,562	7,606	7,595	7,585	7,585	7,585
2010			4,177	7,716	8,658	8,922	9,069	9,149	9,142	9,132	9,136
2011				5,005	7,926	8,326	8,533	8,638	8,747	8,765	8,767
2012					5,034	6,607	7,028	7,150	7,457	7,681	7,943
2013						299	352	358	358	358	284
2014							—	—	—	—	—
2015								—	—	—	—
2016									—	—	—
2017										—	—
2018											—

										Total	33,715

Liabilities for commercial automobile unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses prior to 2009, net of reinsurance											410

	Total liabilities for commercial automobile unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance										756

The following table reconciles the unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance presented in the tables above to the unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses reported in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:



(in thousands)	December 31, 2018	December 31, 2017

Liabilities for loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
Non-standard automobile - private passenger auto liability	680	479
Non-standard automobile - auto physical damage	—	2
Commercial automobile	756	521
Other short-duration insurance lines	592	176
Liabilities for unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	2,028	1,178

Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses
Non-standard automobile - private passenger auto liability	—	64
Commercial automobile	—	8
Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses	—	72

Unallocated loss adjustment expenses	45	79

Total gross liability for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses	2,073	1,329

The following is supplementary information about average historical incurred loss duration as of December 31, 2018.



	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited)
		Year 1		Year 2		Year 3		Year 4		Year 5		Year 6		Year 7		Year 8		Year 9		Year 10
Non-standard automobile -private passenger auto liability		59.6	%	22.1	%	10.7	%	5.2	%	2.0	%	0.4	%	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
Commercial automobile		70.3	%	9.7	%	8.9	%	7.4	%	3.0	%	0.7	%	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%