10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______to _______

Commission File Number: 001-35737

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	94-3306718
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(240) 497-9024

(Registrant’s telephone number)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ☒      No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  ☒      No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	NWBO	OTCQB

As of May 8, 2023, the total number of shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding was 1,086,771,876.

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION		3
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	27
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	28
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION		29
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	29
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	29
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	29
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	29
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	29
Item 5.	Other Information	29
Item 6.	Exhibits	30
SIGNATURES		31

2

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	6,191	$	6,965
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		3,300		2,460
Total current assets		9,491		9,425
Non-current assets:
Property, plant and equipment, net		13,570		13,418
Construction in progress		3,321		2,028
Right-of-use asset, net		4,209		4,189
Indefinite-lived intangible asset		1,292		1,292
Goodwill		626		626
Other assets		362		345
Total non-current assets		23,380		21,898
TOTAL ASSETS	$	32,871	$	31,323
LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	11,892	$	10,687
Accounts payable and accrued expenses to related parties and affiliates		8,744		6,955
Convertible notes, net		135		135
Notes payable, net		10,471		15,403
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,451		8,668
Warrant liability		1,445		80,559
Investor advances		2,616		2,566
Share liability		585		678
Lease liabilities		369		354
Total current liabilities		44,708		126,005
Non-current liabilities:
Notes payable, net of current portion, net		16,019		5,991
Lease liabilities, net of current portion		4,370		4,370
Total non-current liabilities		20,389		10,361
Total liabilities		65,097		136,366
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 12)
Mezzanine equity:
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, 10,000,000 shares designated; 1.4 million and 1.4 million shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively; aggregate liquidation preference of $22.1 million		23,752		23,060
Stockholders’ deficit:
Preferred stock ($0.001 par value); 100,000,000 shares authorized as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		—		—
Common stock ($0.001 par value); 1,700,000,000 shares authorized; 1,083.1 million and 1,068.4 million shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		1,083		1,068
Additional paid-in capital		1,248,397		1,164,885
Stock subscription receivable		(79)		(79)
Accumulated deficit		(1,307,774)		(1,297,122)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		2,395		3,145
Total stockholders’ deficit		(55,978)		(128,103)
TOTAL LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT	$	32,871	$	31,323

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2023		2022
Revenues:
Research and other	$	880	$	403
Total revenues		880		403
Operating costs and expenses:
Research and development		6,861		4,820
General and administrative		6,983		7,869
Total operating costs and expenses		13,844		12,689
Loss from operations		(12,964)		(12,286)
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities		3,880		540
Change in fair value of share liabilities		(52)		—
(Loss) gain from extinguishment of debt		(1,408)		410
Interest expense		(1,027)		(1,903)
Foreign currency transaction gain (loss)		919		(975)
Total other income (loss)		2,312		(1,928)
Net loss		(10,652)		(14,214)
Deemed dividend related to warrant modifications		(395)		—
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(11,047)	$	(14,214)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(750)		808
Total comprehensive loss	$	(11,797)	$	(13,406)
Net loss per share applicable to common stockholders
Basic	$	(0.01)	$	(0.01)
Diluted	$	(0.01)	$	(0.01)
Weighted average shares used in computing basic loss per share		1,074,902		959,251
Weighted average shares used in computing diluted loss per share		1,074,902		959,251

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Mezzanine equity												Accumulated
	Series C Covertible						Additional						Other		Total
	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Paid-in		Subscription		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Par value		Capital		Receivable		Deficit		Income		Deficit
Balances at January 1, 2023	1,415	$	23,060	1,068,394	$	1,068	$	1,164,885	$	(79)	$	(1,297,122)	$	3,145	$	(128,103)
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock for cash	148		2,385	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock in lieu of debt redemption	43		806	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Series C convertible preferred stock conversion	(198)		(2,617)	4,946		5		2,612		—		—		—		2,617
Warrants exercised for cash	—		—	767		1		247		—		—		—		248
Cashless stock options exercise	—		—	710		1		(1)		—		—		—		—
Reclassification of warrant liabilities to stockholders’ deficit	—		—	—		—		76,258		—		—		—		76,258
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt and accrued interest	—		—	8,267		8		5,608		—		—		—		5,616
Stock-based compensation	8		118	—		—		918		—		—		—		918
Reclass earned but unissued milestone shares from equity to liability	—		—	—		—		(2,130)		—		—		—		(2,130)
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(10,652)		—		(10,652)
Warrants modfication	—		—	—		—		395		—		—		—		395
Deemed dividend related to warrants modification	—		—	—		—		(395)		—		—		—		(395)
Cumulative translation adjustment	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(750)		(750)
Balances at March 31, 2023	1,416	$	23,752	1,083,084	$	1,083	$	1,248,397	$	(79)	$	(1,307,774)	$	2,395	$	(55,978)

	For the three months ended March 31, 2022
										Accumulated
				Additional						Other		Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Subscription		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’
	Shares	Par value		Capital		Receivable		Deficit		Income		Deficit
Balances at January 1, 2022	948,445	$	948	$	1,066,873	$	(79)	$	(1,192,090)	$	357	$	(123,991)
Issuance of common stock for cash	4,553		5		3,359		—		—		—		3,364
Warrants exercised for cash	15,256		15		4,170		—		—		—		4,185
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to warrants exercised for cash	—		—		7,715		—		—		—		7,715
Cashless warrants exercise	26		—		—		—		—		—		—
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to cashless warrants exercise	—		—		4		—		—		—		4
Issuance of common stock conversion of debt and accrued interest	1,412		2		985		—		—		—		987
Stock-based compensation	5		—		617		—		—		—		617
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(14,214)		—		(14,214)
Cumulative translation adjustment	—		—		—		—		—		808		808
Balances at March 31, 2022	969,697	$	970	$	1,083,723	$	(79)	$	(1,206,304)	$	1,165	$	(120,525)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2023		2022
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net loss	$	(10,652)	$	(14,214)
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		335		100
Amortization of debt discount		552		809
Change in fair value of derivatives		(3,880)		(540)
Change in fair value of share liability		52		—
Loss (gain) from extinguishment of debt		1,408		(410)
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset		67		60
Stock-based compensation for services		933		617
Subtotal of non-cash charges		(533)		636
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(709)		(199)
Other non-current assets		(16)		679
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		975		795
Related party accounts payable and accrued expenses		(341)		(694)
Lease liabilities		37		30
Net cash used in operating activities		(11,239)		(12,967)
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchase of equipment and construction in progress		(1,333)		(58)
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,333)		(58)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock		2,385		—
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		—		3,140
Proceeds from exercise of warrants		248		4,185
Proceeds from investor advance		50		—
Proceeds from issuance of notes payable, net		10,000		600
Repayment of notes payable		(101)		(4,005)
Net cash provided by financing activities		12,582		3,920
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(784)		899
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(774)		(8,206)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the period		6,965		15,169
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the period	$	6,191	$	6,963
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Interest payments on notes payable	$	(30)	$	(702)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2023		2022
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Cashless warrants and stock options exercise	$	1	$	—
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to warrants exercised for cash	$	—	$	7,715
Reclassification of warrant liabilities to stockholders’ deficit	$	76,258	$	—
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to cashless warrants exercise	$	—	$	4
Reclass earned but unissued milestone shares from equity to liability	$	2,130	$	—
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt and accrued interest	$	5,616	$	987
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock in lieu of debt redemption	$	806	$	—
Series C convertible preferred stock conversion	$	2,617	$	—
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable	$	1,013	$	86
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued expenses to related parties and affiliates	$	—	$	11
Reclassification between shares payable and equity	$	—	$	250
Deemed dividend related to warrant modification	$	395	$	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

1. Organization and Description of Business

Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries Flaskworks, Aracaris Ltd, Aracaris Capital, Ltd, Northwest Biotherapeutics B.V., and NW Bio GmbH (collectively, the “Company”, “we”, “us” and “our”) were organized to discover and develop innovative immunotherapies for cancer. The Company has developed DCVax® platform technologies for both operable and inoperable solid tumor cancers. The Company has wholly owned subsidiaries in Boston, the U.K., the Netherlands and Germany. On August 28, 2020, the Company acquired Flaskworks, LLC (“Flaskworks”), a company that has developed a system designed to close and automate the manufacturing of cell therapy products such as DCVax®.

The Company relies upon contract manufacturers for production of its DCVax products, research and development services, distribution and logistics, and related services, in compliance with the Company’s specifications and the applicable regulatory requirements.

The Company has completed a Phase 3 clinical trial of its DCVax®-L product for glioblastoma brain cancer, has publicly reported the results in a peer reviewed publication in a medical journal as well as at a medical conference, and is working on prerequisites and preparations for filing an application for regulatory approval of the product.

2. Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans

The Company has incurred annual net operating losses since its inception. The Company had a net loss of $10.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Company used approximately $11.2 million of cash in its operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The Company does not expect to generate material revenue in the near future from the sale of products and is subject to all of the risks and uncertainties that are typically faced by biotechnology companies that devote substantially all of their efforts to research and development (“R&D”) and clinical trials and do not yet have commercial products. The Company expects to continue incurring annual losses for the foreseeable future. The Company’s existing liquidity is not sufficient to fund its operations, anticipated capital expenditures, working capital and other financing requirements until the Company reaches significant revenues. Until that time, the Company will need to obtain additional equity and/or debt financing, especially if the Company experiences downturns in its business that are more severe or longer than anticipated, or if the Company experiences significant increases in expense levels resulting from being a publicly-traded company or from expansion of operations. If the Company attempts to obtain additional equity or debt financing, the Company cannot assume that such financing will be available to the Company on favorable terms, or at all.

Because of recurring operating losses and operating cash flow deficits, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the date of this filing. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, however, they do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets, or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Certain immaterial reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation.

8

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and on the same basis as the Company uses to prepare its annual audited consolidated financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023, condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, condensed consolidated statement of stockholders’ deficit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are unaudited, but include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results and cash flows for the periods presented. The results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for any future interim period. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from audited financial statements; however, it does not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 and notes thereto included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K (the “2022 Annual Report”), which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.

Use of Estimates

In preparing condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be affected by changes in these estimates.

On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and judgments, including valuing equity securities in share-based payment arrangements, estimating the fair value of financial instruments recorded as derivative liabilities, useful lives of depreciable assets, and whether impairment charges may apply. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates, particularly given the significant social and economic disruptions and uncertainties associated with the ongoing coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”) and the COVID-19 control responses.

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies from those previously disclosed in the 2022 Annual Report other than those discussed below.

Sequencing

The Company adopted a sequencing policy under ASC 815-40-35 to determine if reclassification of contracts from equity to liabilities is necessary pursuant to ASC 815 due to the Company’s inability to demonstrate it has sufficient authorized shares. Certain contracts were classified as liabilities as the result of the instruments containing a potentially indeterminable number of shares and, most recently, due to the Company entering into agreements providing for the potential issuance of more shares than authorized. While temporary suspensions are in place to keep the potential exercises beneath the number authorized, certain instruments are classified as liabilities, after allocating available authorized shares on the basis of the earliest grant date of potentially dilutive instruments. Pursuant to ASC 815, issuance of stock-based awards to the Company’s employees, nonemployees or directors are not subject to the sequencing policy.

On January 9, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of the State of Delaware, which effected an increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, from 1.2 billion to 1.7 billion, par value $0.001 per share. As a result of this increase in authorized shares, the liability-classified warrants were reclassified to equity. Approximately 141 million warrants, with a value of approximately $76.3 million, to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock were reclassified from liabilities to equity on January 9, 2023. The remaining balance of $1.4 million in warrant liability as of March 31, 2023 was related to certain conditional rights to independently purchase shares from the Company in a future raise of capital (the “Piggy-back Rights”).

9

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

Modification of Equity Classified Warrants

A change in the terms or conditions of a warrant is accounted for as a modification. For a warrant modification accounted for under ASC 815, the effect of a modification shall be measured as the difference between the fair value of the modified warrant and the fair value of the original warrant immediately before its terms are modified, with each measured on the modification date. The accounting for incremental fair value of the modified warrants over the original warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to the modification. When a modification is directly attributable to an equity offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as an equity issuance cost. When a modification is directly attributable to a debt offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as a debt discount or debt issuance cost. For all other modifications, the incremental change in fair value is recognized as a deemed dividend.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, ASC Subtopic 820 “Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”. The FASB is issuing this Update (1) to clarify the guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) to amend a related illustrative example, and (3) to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820.

For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance.

The Company is still evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the consolidated financial statements.

4. Fair Value Measurements

In accordance with ASC 820 (Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures), the Company uses various inputs to measure the fair value of liabilities related to certain outstanding warrants, certain embedded conversion features associated with convertible debt and the contingent payable to Cognate BioServices on a recurring basis to determine the fair value of these liabilities. ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy categorizing inputs into three levels used to measure and disclose fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices available in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. An explanation of each level in the hierarchy is described below:

Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments that are accessible by the Company on the measurement date.

Level 2 - Quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs which are either directly or indirectly observable.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the instrument requiring the development of assumptions by the Company.

10

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

The following table classifies the Company’s liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the fair value hierarchy as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	Fair value measured at March 31, 2023
			Quoted prices in active		Significant other		Significant
	Fair value at		markets		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
	March 31, 2023		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Warrant liability	$	1,445	$	—	$	—	$	1,445
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,451		—		—		8,451
Share liability		585		—		—		585
Total fair value	$	10,481	$	—	$	—	$	10,481

	Fair value measured at December 31, 2022
			Quoted prices in active		Significant other		Significant
	Fair value at		markets		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
	December 31, 2022		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Warrant liability	$	80,559	$	—	$	—	$	80,559
Embedded redemption option		807		—		—		807
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,668		—		—		8,668
Share liability		678		—		—		678
Total fair value	$	90,712	$	—	$	—	$	90,712

There were no transfers between Level 1, 2 or 3 during the three-month period ended March 31, 2023.

The following table presents changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value for the three-month period ended March 31, 2023. Both observable and unobservable inputs were used to determine the fair value of positions that the Company has classified within the Level 3 category. Unrealized gains and losses associated with liabilities within the Level 3 category include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable (e.g., changes in unobservable long- dated volatilities) inputs (in thousands).

	Warrant			Embedded		Contingent Payable		Share
	Liability			Redemption Option		Derivative Liability		Liability		Total
Balance - January 1, 2023	$	80,559		$	807	$	8,668	$	678	$	90,712
Additional share liability		—			—		—		538		538
Redemption of share liability		—			—		—		(683)		(683)
Reclassification of warrant liabilities		(76,258)			—		—		—		(76,258)
Change in fair value		(2,856)			(807)		(217)		52		(3,828)
Balance - March 31, 2023	$	1,445	(1)	$	—	$	8,451	$	585	$	10,481

(1) The remaining balance of $1.4 million in warrant liability as of March 31, 2023 was related to certain conditional rights to independently purchase shares from the Company in a future raise of capital (the “Piggy-back Rights”). The Company accounted for the Piggy-back Rights as a freestanding financial instrument, which was classified as a liability at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

On January 9, 2023, the Company reclassified the fair value of the warrant liability of $76.3 million into the additional paid-in capital. The change in fair value of the common stock warrant liability of $2.3 million between December 31, 2022 and January 9, 2023 is reflected in “Change in fair value of derivative liabilities” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

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NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

A summary of the weighted average (in aggregate) significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs) used in measuring the Company’s warrant liabilities and embedded conversion feature that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as of January 9, 2023 (the reclassification date), March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows:

	As of January 9, 2023			As of March 31, 2023
	Warrant			Share			Contingent Payable
	Liability			Liability			Derivative Liability
Strike price	$	0.31		$	0.63	*	$	0.63	*
Contractual term (years)		1.5			0.04			1.3
Volatility (annual)		87	%		114	%		73	%
Risk-free rate		4.3	%		2.2	%		4.9	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

	As of December 31, 2022
	Warrant			Share			Contingent Payable
	Liability			Liability			Derivative Liability
Strike price	$	0.31		$	0.78	*	$	0.78	*
Contractual term (years)		1.5			0.1			0.6
Volatility (annual)		86	%		76	%		77	%
Risk-free rate		4.3	%		2.0	%		4.8	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

* The strike price assumes the current stock price as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The key unobservable inputs for Piggy-back rights that was included in the warrant liability as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was the assumption of the estimated remaining life which was based on the estimate of next qualified financing.

5. Stock-based Compensation

The following table summarizes total stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands).

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2023		2022
Research and development	$	296	$	510
Research and development - related party		—		—
Milestones achieved (1)		520		—
Future milestones (2)		100		—
General and administrative		17		107
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	933	$	617

The related party amounts were for milestone incentives that either were earned or are deemed probable to be achieved in the future and become issuable at that time (as detailed below in Restricted Stock Awards).

(1) During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized the remaining $0.5 million stock-based compensation related to the achieved milestone (obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA) and accrued for 3.0 million shares that will become issuable for this milestone. The Company has previously recognized $1.6 million stock-based compensation as of December 31, 2022.

(2) This is related to a one-time milestone (drafting key portions of the application for product approval) that is anticipated to be achieved and earned in the future. The Company recognized and expensed (but did not issue shares for) the pro-rata portion of the remaining potential milestone stock awards during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, of $0.1 million.

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NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

The total unrecognized compensation cost was approximately $0.8 million as of March 31, 2023 and will be recognized over the next 1.3 years.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the Company’s option plans during the three months ended March 31, 2023 (amount in thousands, except per share number):

				Weighted Average
		Weighted		Remaining
	Number of	Average		Contractual Life	Total Intrinsic
	Shares	Exercise Price		(in years)	Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	301,263	$	0.34	7.0	$	135,225
Cashless exercised	(1,325)		0.33	—		—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2023	299,938	$	0.34	6.8	$	90,543
Options vested (1)	281,009	$	0.33	6.8	$	85,618

(1) An aggregate 153 million stock options held by Ms. Linda Powers, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Leslie Goldman, the Company’s Senior Vice President, are subject to an agreement (the “Blocker Letter Agreement”) under which they cannot exercise any options or warrants except upon at least 61 days’ prior notice.

Restricted Stock Awards

During April 2022, the Company’s Board approved, and the Company entered into a Statement of Work #6 (the “SOW 6”) with Advent BioServices, a related party of the Company, for five workstreams that are prerequisites for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L, for three required licenses for the Sawston facility , and for drafting of key portions of the application for approval. The SOW provides for baseline costs and for milestone incentives for successful completion of each of the workstreams, for the completion and submission of each application for product approval, and for obtaining regulatory approval of each of the three Sawston licenses. The milestone incentives will be a combination of cash and stock and are not paid until they are achieved. On September 26, 2022, the Company amended the SOW6 (the “Amended SOW6”) to (1) extend the service period through September 30, 2023, and (2) clarify the assessment and application of the milestones, and (3) add a sixth workstream. (The potential cost for all unearned stock awards for milestones not yet achieved was re-measured on the modification date and will be further re-measured until the date the milestone award is achieved and the stock awards are earned.) If all of the 10 one-time milestones are achieved (i.e., for all six workstreams that are prerequisites for an application for product approval, for obtaining all three licenses required for the Sawston facility, and for the completion of key portions of the application for product approval), the aggregate stock-based compensation under the Amended SOW 6 will be 13.5 million shares (including the shares already earned and issued for the milestones already achieved) for an aggregate fair value of $10.1 million.

As of December 31, 2022, seven milestones were completed, including five of the workstreams, and the regulatory approvals of two licenses required for the Sawston facility. An eighth milestone was partly completed and the stock component of that milestone was earned, but the cash portion of that eighth milestone was not yet earned.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the eighth milestone workstream for Mechanism of Action and the milestone for obtaining the commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA were completed. For this license milestone,  the Company recognized the remaining $0.5 million in expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and accrued for 3.0 million shares that will become issuable.

For the remaining one-time milestone that is anticipated to be achieved and earned in the future, the Company recognized and expensed (but did not issue) the pro-rata portion of the remaining potential milestone stock awards during the three months ended March 31, 2023, of $0.1 million.

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NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

Other Service Agreement

On March 16, 2023, the Company issued 8,000 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock to an unrelated vendor who provided professional services for the Company. The fair value of the Series C convertible preferred stock on the issuance date was approximately $0.1 million, which will be expensed over a four-month service period. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized approximately $15,000 as part of general and administrative expenses.

6. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,		Estimated
	2023		2022		Useful Life
Leasehold improvements	$	13,213	$	13,070	Lesser of lease term or estimated useful life
Office furniture and equipment		445		300	3-5 years
Computer and manufacturing equipment and software		2,454		2,238	3-5 years
Land in the United Kingdom		84		82	NA
		16,196		15,690	NA
Less: accumulated depreciation		(2,626)		(2,272)
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	13,570	$	13,418
Construction in progress	$	3,321	$	2,028

Depreciation expense was approximately $0.3 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

14

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

7. Notes Payable

The following two tables summarize outstanding debt as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (amount in thousands):

		Stated
		Interest			Conversion				Remaining		Carrying
	Maturity Date	Rate			Price		Face Value		Debt Discount		Value
Short term convertible notes payable
6% unsecured	Due		6	%	$	3.09	$	135	$	—	$	135
								135		—		135
Short term notes payable
8% unsecured	Various		8	%		N/A		10,610		(859)		9,751
9% unsecured	Various		9	%		N/A		157		—		157
12% unsecured	On Demand		12	%		N/A		563		—		563
								11,330		(859)		10,471
Long term notes payable
8% unsecured	7/26/2024		8	%		N/A		16,510		(1,326)		15,184
6% secured	3/25/2025		6	%		N/A		835		—		835
								17,345		(1,326)		16,019
Ending balance as of March 31, 2023							$	28,810	$	(2,185)	$	26,625

		Stated									Embedded
		Interest			Conversion				Remaining		Redemption		Carrying
	Maturity Date	Rate			Price		Face Value		Debt Discount		Option		Value
Short term convertible notes payable
6% unsecured	Due		6	%	$	3.09	$	135	$	—	$	—	$	135
								135		—		—		135
Short term notes payable
8% unsecured	Various		8	%		N/A		14,540		(1,300)		807		14,047
9% unsecured	Various		9	%		N/A		793		—		—		793
12% unsecured	On Demand		12	%		N/A		563		—		—		563
								15,896		(1,300)		807		15,403
Long term notes payable
8% unsecured	7/26/2024		8	%		N/A		5,505		(432)		—		5,073
6% secured	3/25/2025		6	%		N/A		918		—		—		918
								6,423		(432)		—		5,991
Ending balance as of December 31, 2022							$	22,454	$	(1,732)	$	807	$	21,529

On March 2, 2023, the Company entered into a Commercial Loan Agreement (the “Commercial Loan”) with a commercial lender for an aggregate principal amount of $11.0 million. The Commercial Loan bears interest at 8% per annum with a 22-month term. There are no principal repayments during the first eight months of the term. The Commercial Loan is amortized in 14 installments starting on November 2, 2023. The Commercial Loan carries an original issue discount of $1.0 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued approximately 8.3 million shares of common stock with a fair value of $5.6 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $4.1 million of debt, including $0.2 million of accrued interest. In addition, pursuant to exchange agreements executed with various holders, the Company is required to potentially issue additional common stock (the “Share liability”) if the stock price is less than the price defined in the exchange agreement as of the true-up date. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company extinguished Share liabilities of $0.7 million and recognized an additional $0.5 million in Share liabilities. The Company recognized an approximately $1.3 million debt extinguishment loss during the three months ended March 31, 2023 from the debt redemption.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized $0.8 million change in fair value of embedded redemption option as this embedded feature had de minimis value based on the remaining life of the note and the next qualified financing.

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NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued approximately 43,000 shares of Series C preferred stock with a fair value of $0.8 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $0.7 million in debt, including $0.1 million of accrued interest. The Company recognized an approximately $0.1 million debt extinguishment loss.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, interest expense related to notes payable totaled approximately $0.5 million and $1.1 million including amortization of debt discounts totaling $0.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively.

8. Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders

Basic loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted loss per common share would be computed similar to basic loss per common share except that it reflects the potential dilution that could occur if dilutive securities or other obligations to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. Because of the net loss from operations for each period, inclusion of such securities in the computation of loss per share would be anti-dilutive and thus they are excluded. Potentially dilutive weighted average common shares include common stock potentially issuable under the Company’s convertible notes and preferred stock, warrants and vested and unvested stock options.

The following securities were not included in the diluted net loss per share calculation because their effect was anti-dilutive as of the periods presented (in thousands):

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2023	2022
Series C convertible preferred stock	35,412	—
Common stock options	299,938	304,867
Common stock warrants	140,244	208,705
Convertible notes and accrued interest	79	76
Potentially dilutive securities	475,673	513,648

9. Related Party Transactions

The Company had three operational programs with Advent: (a) an ongoing manufacturing program at the GMP facility in London, (b) an ongoing development and manufacturing program at the Sawston GMP facility, and (c) a one-time program for specialized work, organized into 10 sets of one-time milestones, for the following:

● Qualifying for and obtaining 3 required licenses for the Sawston facility: a license from the Human Tissue Authority to collect and process human cells and tissues, a license from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases, and a license from the MHRA for commercial manufacturing.

● 6 workstreams relating to product matters required for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L, including Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile, Mechanism of Action and Fill/Finish.

● Drafting of key portions of the application for product approval itself.

Each of the three operational programs is covered by a separate contract. The ongoing manufacturing in the London facility is covered by a Manufacturing Services Agreement (“MSA”) entered into on May 14, 2018. The development and manufacturing program at the Sawston facility is covered by an Ancillary Services Agreement entered into on November 18, 2019. The specialized work associated with the 10 one-time milestones is covered by an SOW 6 entered into under the Ancillary Services Agreement as of April 1, 2022 and amended on September 26, 2022.

The Ancillary Services Agreement establishes a structure under which the Company and Advent negotiate and agree upon the scope and terms for Statements of Work (“SOWs”) for facility development activities and compassionate use program activities. After an SOW is agreed and approved by the Company, Advent will proceed with, or continue, the applicable services and will invoice the Company pursuant to the SOW. Since both the facility development and the compassionate use program involve pioneering and

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NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

uncertainties in most aspects, the invoicing under the Ancillary Services Agreement is on the basis of costs incurred plus fifteen percent. The SOWs may involve ongoing activities or specialized one-time projects and related one-time milestone payments. The current term of the Ancillary Services Agreement ends in July 2023.

SOW 6 provides for ongoing baseline costs for manufacturing at the Sawston facility and one-time milestone incentives for (a) regulatory approval of each of the 3 licenses required for the Sawston facility, (b) successful completion of each of the 6 workstreams and (c) completion of drafting key portions of an application for product approval. The milestone incentives are a combination of cash and stock, and are not paid until the milestone is achieved and earned.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company paid an aggregate of $1.0 million in cash, which was related to two milestones that were completed and fully expensed but unpaid as of December 31, 2022, and accrued for 3.0 million shares that will become issuable for completion of the milestone (obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA).  The fair value of the 3.0 million shares was approximate $2.1 million, of which $0.5 million was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $1.6 million had already been recognized in 2022. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company also expensed (but did not pay) an aggregate of $0.5 million related to completed cash milestone payments; the Company also expensed (but did not pay) an aggregate of $0.2 million related to future cash milestone payments that the Company anticipates will be achieved and earned, and $0.1 million related to fair value of future shares milestone payments that the Company anticipates will be achieved and earned over the course of the contract period.

The following table summarizes total research and development costs from Advent for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (in thousands).

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2023		2022
Advent BioServices
Manufacturing cost in London	$	1,643	$	1,404
Manufacturing cost at Sawston facility		1,712		1,425
SOW 6 one-time milestones - Shares
Expensed but unpaid (milestone complete) (1)		520		—
Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete) (2)		100		—
SOW 6 one-time milestones - Cash
Expensed and due, but unpaid (milestone complete) (3)		550		—
Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete) (2)		150		—
Total	$	4,675	$	2,829

(1) This covers the one-time milestone for obtaining a commercial manufacturing license for the Sawston facility. The milestone was achieved and the shares will become issuable following final Board approval. The shares were not issued as of March 31, 2023.

(2) This covers the one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval.

(3) This covers two one-time milestones: Mechanism of Action and obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA.

Advent BioServices Sublease Agreement

On December 31, 2021, the Company entered into a Sub-lease Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Advent. The Agreement permits use by Advent of a portion of the space in the Sawston facility, which is leased by the Company under a separate head lease with a different counterparty (Huawei) that commenced on December 14, 2018. The Company subleased approximately 14,459 square feet of the 88,000 square foot building interior space, plus corresponding exterior support space and parking. The lease payments amount under the Agreement are two times the £5.75 rate per square foot (approximately $7.11 per square foot based on exchange rate as of March 31, 2023) payable under the head lease, but subject to a cap of $10 per square foot. Accordingly, the monthly lease payments under the Sublease are based on $145,000 annually for 2022. The total lease payments paid by the Company to Huawei for the facility, exterior spaces and parking under the head lease are 500,000 pounds (approximately $618,000) per year. The term of the Agreement shall end on the same date as the head lease term ends.

17

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized sub-lease income of $36,000.

Related Party Accounts Payable

As of March 31, 2023, there was approximately $0.4 million of unpaid board compensation to one of our Directors that was included in the accounts payable to related party on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of March 31, 2023, there were outstanding unpaid accounts payable and accrued expenses owed to Advent as summarized in the following table (in thousands). These unpaid amounts are part of the Related Party expenses reported in the above section.

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Advent BioServices - amount invoiced but unpaid	$	1,765	$	1,844
Advent BioServices - amount accrued but unpaid (1)		6,566		4,736
Total payable and accrued, but unpaid to Advent BioServices	$	8,331	$	6,580

(1) This includes $2.1 million which is not payable in cash but represents the value of 3 million shares that will become issuable to Advent, following final Board approval, for achievement of the one-time milestone for obtaining a commercial manufacturing license for the Sawston facility. Such shares were not issued as of March 31, 2023, and the total value, previously recognized as stock compensation expense, was reclassified from Additional Paid-in-Capital to Accounts payable and accrued expenses to related parties and affiliates.

10. Preferred Stock

Series C Convertible Preferred Stock

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company entered into various Subscription Agreements (the “Series C Subscription Agreements”) with certain investors (the “Series C Investors”). Pursuant to the Series C Subscription Agreements, the Company issued the Series C Investors an aggregate of 0.1 million shares of the Company’s Series C convertible preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series C Shares”), at a weighted purchase price of $16.11 per share for proceeds of approximately $2.4 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued approximately 43,000 Series C Shares with a fair value of $0.8 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $0.7 million in debt, including $0.1 million accrued interest. The Company recognized an approximately $0.1 million debt extinguishment loss.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, approximately 0.2 million Series C Shares with a book value of $2.6 million were converted into 4.9 million common shares at a ratio of 1:25.

The Company determined that the Series C Shares contain contingent redemption provisions allowing redemption by the holder upon certain defined events (“deemed liquidation events”). As the event that may trigger the redemption of the Series C Shares is not solely within the Company’s control, the Series C Shares are classified as mezzanine equity (temporary equity) in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

11. Stockholders’ Deficit

Common Stock

On January 9, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of the State of Delaware, which effected an increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, from 1.2  billion to 1.7 billion, par value $0.001 per share.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company received $0.2 million from the exercise of warrants with an exercise price between $0.22 and $0.85. The Company issued approximately 0.8 million shares of common stock upon these warrant exercises.

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NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, certain options holders elected to exercise some of their options pursuant to cashless exercise formulas. The Company issued approximately 0.7 million shares of common stock upon exercise of 1.3 million options at exercise prices between $0.25 and $0.35.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued approximately 8.3 million shares of common stock to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments on $4.1 million of outstanding debt, including $0.2 million interest (see Note 7).

Stock Purchase Warrants

The following is a summary of warrant activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

	Number of	Weighted Average		Remaining
	Warrants	Exercise Price		Contractual Term
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	141,048	$	0.31	1.46
Warrants exercised for cash	(767)		0.32	—
Warrants expired and cancellations	(38)		0.34	—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2023	140,243	$	0.31	1.42

The options and warrants held by Ms. Powers and Mr. Goldman are subject to an ongoing suspension on a rolling basis pursuant to the Blocker Letter Agreement.

At March 31, 2023, of the approximately 140 million total outstanding warrants listed above, approximately 97 million warrants were under the Blocker Letter Agreement or suspension agreements.

Warrant Modifications

Between January 10 and March 31, 2023, the Company amended multiple warrants whereby the maturity dates of certain warrants were extended for an additional approximately 3 months. The value of these modifications were calculated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model based on the following weighted average assumptions.

	Post-modification			Pre-modification
Exercise price	$	0.27		$	0.27
Expected term (in years)		2.1			1.9
Volatility		74	%		95	%
Risk-free interest rate		4.3	%		4.2	%
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%

The incremental fair value attributable to the modified awards compared to the original awards immediately prior to the modification was calculated at $0.4 million and was treated as a deemed dividend and is reflected as “Deemed dividend related to warrant modifications” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Lease- Lessee Arrangements

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices in the U.S. and U.K., and for manufacturing facilities in the U.K. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the balance sheet. The Company has elected the practical expedient to account for each separate lease component of a contract and its associated non-lease components as a single lease component, thus causing all fixed payments to be capitalized. The Company also elected the package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard, which among other things, allows the Company to carry forward historical lease classification. The lease renewal options have not been included in the calculation of the lease liabilities and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets as the Company has not yet determined whether to exercise the options. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease such as increases in lease payments based on changes in index rates or usage, are not included in the ROU assets or liabilities. These are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense.

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NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

At March 31, 2023, the Company had operating lease liabilities of approximately $4.7 million for both the 20-year lease of the building for the manufacturing facility in Sawston, U.K., and the current office lease in the U.S. and ROU assets of approximately $4.2 million for the Sawston lease and U.S. office lease are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The following summarizes quantitative information about the Company’s operating leases (amount in thousands):

	For the three months ended
	March 31, 2023
	U.K			U.S			Total
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	144		$	65		$	209
Short-term lease cost		23			—			23
Variable lease cost		—			4			4
Sub-lease income		(36)			—			(36)
Total	$	131		$	69		$	200
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	(152)		$	(73)		$	(225)
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases		8.4			1.1
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		12	%		12	%

	For the three months ended
	March 31, 2022
	U.K			U.S			Total
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	87		$	65		$	152
Short-term lease cost		13			—			13
Variable lease cost		—			10			10
Total		(36)			—			(36)
	$	64		$	75		$	138
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	(168)		$	(71)		$	(239)
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases		8.9			1.6
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		12	%		12	%

The Company recorded lease costs as a component of general and administrative expense during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Maturities of our operating leases, excluding short-term leases and sublease agreement, are as follows:

Nine months ended December 31, 2023	$	688
Year ended December 31, 2024		823
Year ended December 31, 2025		618
Year ended December 31, 2026		618
Year ended December 31, 2027		618
Thereafter		6,783
Total		10,148
Less present value discount		(5,409)
Operating lease liabilities included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2023	$	4,739

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NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

Maturities of our operating leases under the sublease agreement, are as follows:

Nine months ended December 31, 2023	$	109
Year ended December 31, 2024		145
Year ended December 31, 2025		145
Year ended December 31, 2026		145
Thereafter		1,740
Total	$	2,284

Advent BioServices Services Agreement

The Company had three operational programs with Advent: (a) an ongoing manufacturing program at the existing GMP facility in London, (b) an ongoing development and manufacturing program at the Sawston facility, and (c) a one-time program for specialized work, organized into 10 sets of one-time milestones, for the following:

● Qualifying for and obtaining 3 required licenses for the Sawston facility: a license from the Human Tissue Authority to collect and process human cells and tissues, a license from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases, and a license from the MHRA for commercial manufacturing.

● 6 workstreams relating to product matters required for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L, including Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile, Mechanism of Action and Fill/Finish.

● Drafting of key portions of the application for product approval itself.

On May 14, 2018, the Company entered into a DCVax®-L Manufacturing and Services Agreement (“MSA”) with Advent BioServices, a related party which was formerly part of Cognate BioServices and was spun off separately as part of an institutional financing of Cognate. The MSA provides for manufacturing of DCVax-L products at an existing facility in London. The MSA is structured in the same manner as the Company’s prior agreements with Cognate BioServices. The MSA provides for certain payments for achievement of milestones and, as was the case under the prior agreement with Cognate BioServices, the Company is required to pay certain fees for dedicated production capacity reserved exclusively for DCVax production and pay for manufacturing of DCVax-L products for a certain minimum number of patients, whether or not the Company fully utilizes the dedicated capacity and number of patients. The MSA remains in force until five years after the first commercial sales of DCVax-L products pursuant to a marketing authorization, accelerated approval or other commercial approval, unless cancelled. Either party may terminate the MSA on twelve months’ notice, to allow for transition arrangements by both parties. During the notice period services would still be provided. Minimum required payments for this notice period are anticipated to total approximately £4.4 million ($5.5 million).

On November 8, 2019, the Company and Advent entered into an Ancillary Services Agreement with an 8-month Term for U.K. Facility Development Activities and Compassionate Use Program Activities. The Ancillary Services Agreement establishes a structure under which Advent develops Statements of Work (“SOWs”) for the U.K. Facility Development Activities and Compassionate Use Program Activities and delivers those SOWs to the Company for review and approval. After an SOW is approved by the Company, Advent will proceed with, or continue, the applicable services and will invoice the Company pursuant to the SOW. Since both the U.K. Facility Development and the Compassionate Use Program involve pioneering and uncertainties in most aspects, the invoicing under the Ancillary Services Agreement is on the basis of costs incurred plus fifteen percent. The Agreement also provides for Statements of Work (SOWs) with operational milestones and related payments. The Ancillary Services Agreement had an original term of eight months, which ended in July 2020. The Company and Advent have entered into a series of modifications which have expanded the scope of work and milestones to be achieved and extended the term to September 2023.

21

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

The Company entered into SOW 6 with Advent, which was incorporated into the Ancillary Services Agreement on April 1, 2022 and amended it on September 26, 2022. The amended SOW 6 provides for six workstreams that are prerequisites for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L, for drafting of key portions of the application, and for obtaining three required licenses for the Sawston facility. The SOW provides for baseline costs and provides for milestone incentives for completion of each of the six workstreams, for obtaining regulatory approval of each of the three Sawston licenses, and for the completion of the key portions of an application for product approval. The milestone incentives involve a combination of cash and stock and are not paid until they are achieved and earned, as described in Note 9.

German Tax Matter

The German tax authorities have audited our wholly owned subsidiary, NW Bio GmbH, for 2013-2015 and assessed additional tax against the subsidiary. NW Bio GmbH submitted substantial documentation to refute certain aspects of the assessments and the German tax authorities agreed in principle with the Company’s proposed revised approach and settlement offer. A final settlement bill was received from the German Tax Authority confirming that only a portion of the original bill was owed, €277,000 (approximately $329,000), for corporate taxes, interest, and reduced penalty for the period under audit, which the Company paid on September 2, 2021. The Company also received and paid the final settlement bill from the local authority for trade taxes for the audit period in the amount of €231,000 (approximately $251,000). On November 4, 2021, the Company received a letter from the local tax authorities asking for additional late fees of €513,000 (now approximately $558,000) on reimbursable withholding taxes that had been waived during the settlement process. On December 8, 2021, the Company appealed the assessment of additional late fees. Additionally, the Company requested that NW Bio GmbH be deregistered from the trade register, as it no longer had current operations. The deregistration was granted effective December 31, 2021. Between January 2022 and July 2022, the Company received tax bills for the corporate and trade taxes for the 2016-2020 tax years that totaled approximately €222,000 (approximately $241,000). On July 27, 2022, the Company was informed that the German Tax Authorities were prepared to waive €135,000 (approximately $147,000) of the penalties. The Company offered to pay this reduced penalty if an extended payment plan was approved. A response was received dated November 14, 2022 indicating that the tax authority would not be able to grant a further deferral of payment of these penalties. In a letter dated December 27, 2022, the Leipzig tax authority sent letters to the former and current managing directors of NW Bio GmbH giving 30 days to respond to a tax liability questionnaire. Based on the responses to the liability questionnaires the tax authorities have currently not directed any further measures against former and current managing directors of NW Bio GmbH with respect to tax liability proceedings. The Company currently has accrued for the current amounts owed for these penalties of €377,000 (approximately $410,000) as well as for all unpaid taxes as of March 31, 2023. Based on the Company’s current operating state in Germany and the negotiations, the Company believes, based on its evaluation under ASC 740, that the resolution of these tax matters will not likely result in a net material charge to the Company.

13. Subsequent Events

In April 2023, approximately 45,000 Series C Shares with a book value of $0.7 million were converted into 1.1 million common shares in accordance with their terms at a ratio of 1:25.

On April 19, 2023, the Company the Company issued approximately 2.6 million shares of common stock to certain lender in lieu of cash payments on $1.3 million of outstanding debt, including $0.1 million interest.

On May 8, 2023, the Company received a $3.0 million prepayment for the purchase of securities for which the terms are in the process of being finalized.

22

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements included with this report. In addition to historical information, this report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Such forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. The words “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” and similar expressions are used to identify forward-looking statements, but some forward-looking statements are expressed differently. Many factors could affect our actual results, including those factors described under “Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and in Part II Item 1A of this report. These factors, among others, could cause results to differ materially from those presently anticipated by us. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a biotechnology company focused on developing personalized immune therapies for cancer. We have developed a platform technology, DCVax®, which uses activated dendritic cells to mobilize a patient’s own immune system to attack their cancer.

Our lead product, DCVax®-L, is designed to treat solid tumor cancers in which the tumor can be surgically removed. We have completed a 331-patient international Phase III trial of DCVax-L for glioblastoma brain cancer (GBM). As previously reported, the data collection and confirmation process was conducted by the independent contract research organization (CRO) who managed the trial and by other independent service firms, and the data were analyzed by independent statisticians.

On May 10, 2022, top line data from the Phase III trial of DCVax-L were presented in a scientific conference at the New York Academy of Sciences by one of the investigators in the trial. The presentation was made available publicly on a third-party site. On November 17, 2022, the Phase III trial results were reported in a peer reviewed publication in JAMA Oncology, a top scientific and medical journal.

The Company is now working on preparations for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L. The Company is working with teams of specialized consultants on pre-requisites for the application, and on portions of the application package itself. One of the pre-requisites - obtaining regulatory approval of a Pediatric Investigation Plan (PIP) - was completed during 2022 on an accelerated basis, including regulatory approval to use the same trial design with external controls as was used in the Company’s Phase 3 trial.

Additionally, substantial progress was made with the CRO and specialized consultants on preparing the Trial Master File to be inspection-ready for regulators.

Post-COVID difficulties continue to impact the Company’s programs and operations, due to backlogs in the supply chain, at clinical trial sites, and at regulators. The supply chain backlogs include service firms and also vendors and suppliers of a wide variety of items, ranging from major equipment to particular reagents required for the manufacturing process. Shortages of certain key materials and supplies have also occurred. The clinical trial site backlogs involve delays for various clinical trial follow-up matters, such as queries and additional documentation. With regulators, committee processes and regulatory processes were focused on COVID matters during the pandemic, and a substantial backlog of non-COVID matters accumulated. The Company is hopeful that the various backlog circumstances will improve in 2023.

In the future, we plan to conduct clinical trials of DCVax-L for other types of solid tumor cancers, beyond brain cancer, when resources permit. Our second product, DCVax®-Direct, is designed to treat inoperable solid tumors. A 40-patient Phase I trial has been completed and included treatment of a diverse range of more than a dozen types of cancers. We plan to work on preparations for Phase II trials of DCVax-Direct as resources permit.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses.

23

On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to derivative liabilities, accrued expenses and stock-based compensation. We based our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates, particularly given the significant social and economic disruptions and uncertainties associated with the ongoing coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”) and the COVID-19 control responses.

Our critical accounting policies and significant estimates are detailed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our critical accounting policies and significant estimates have not changed substantially from those previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 other than those included below.

Sequencing

The Company adopted a sequencing policy under ASC 815-40-35 to determine if reclassification of contracts from equity to liabilities is necessary pursuant to ASC 815 due to the Company’s inability to demonstrate if it has sufficient authorized shares. Certain contracts were classified as liabilities as a the result of the instruments containing a potentially indeterminable number of shares and, most recently, due to the Company entering into agreements providing for the potential issuance of more shares than authorized.. While temporary agreements are in place to keep the potential exercises beneath the number authorized, certain instruments are classified as liabilities, after allocating available authorized shares on the basis of the earliest grant date of potentially dilutive instruments. Pursuant to ASC 815, issuance of stock-based awards to the Company’s employees, nonemployees or directors are not subject to the sequencing policy.

On January 9, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of the State of Delaware, which effected an increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, from 1.2 billion to 1.7 billion, par value $0.001 per share. As a result of this increase in authorized shares, the liability-classified warrants were reclassified to equity. Approximate 141 million warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock were classified as liabilities through January 8, 2023.

Modification of Equity Classified Warrants

A change in the terms or conditions of a warrant is accounted for as a modification. For a warrant modification accounted for under ASC 815, the effect of a modification shall be measured as the difference between the fair value of the modified warrant over and the fair value of the original warrant immediately before its terms are modified, with each measured on the modification date. The accounting for any incremental fair value of the modified warrants over the original warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to the modification. When a modification is directly attributable to an equity offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as an equity issuance cost. When a modification is directly attributable to a debt financing, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as a debt discount or debt issuance cost. For all other modifications, the incremental change in fair value is recognized as a deemed dividend.

Results of Operations

Operating costs:

Our operating costs and expenses consist primarily of research and development (R&D) expenses. R&D expenses include clinical trial expenses, and additional costs related to completion of a trial, including substantial one-time expenses such as final site visits, query resolutions, additional data collection and documentation, and related matters. There are also increased costs after completion of a Phase III trial, such as statistical analyses, document collection and quality control checking of the documents, and preparations for an application for product approval.

In addition to clinical trial and post-trial costs, our operating costs may include ongoing work relating to our DCVax products, including R&D, product characterization, manufacturing process development, quality control process development, and related matters. Additional substantial costs relate to the development and expansion of manufacturing capacity.

24

Our operating costs also include the costs of preparations for the launch of new or expanded clinical trial programs, such as our planned Phase II clinical trials. The preparation costs include payments to regulatory consultants, lawyers, statisticians, sites and others, evaluation of potential investigators, the clinical trial sites and the CROs managing the trials and other service providers, and expenses related to institutional approvals, clinical trial agreements (business contracts with sites), training of medical and other site personnel, trial supplies and other.

Our operating costs also include legal and accounting costs in operating the Company.

The foregoing operating costs include the costs for Flaskworks’ ongoing operations and intellectual property filings, and the operations of our subsidiaries in the U.K., the Netherlands and Germany.

Research and development:

R&D expenses include costs for substantial external scientific personnel, technical and regulatory advisers, and others, costs of laboratory supplies used in our internal research and development projects, travel, regulatory compliance, and expenditures for preclinical and clinical trial operation and management when we are actively engaged in clinical trials.

Because we are a pre-revenue company, we do not allocate R&D costs on a project basis. We adopted this policy, in part, due to the unreasonable cost burden associated with accounting at such a level of detail and our limited number of financial and personnel resources.

General and administrative:

General and administrative expenses include personnel related salary and benefit expenses, cost of facilities, insurance, travel, legal services, property and equipment and amortization of stock options and warrants.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022

We recognized a net loss of $10.7 million and $14.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Research and Development Expense

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, research and development expense was $6.9 million and $4.8 million, respectively. The increase in R&D expense in 2023 was related in part to one-time milestone activities under the SOW 6 with Advent BioServices, and in part to increased activities by expert consultants. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we accrued for 3.0 million shares that will become issuable for completion of a milestone (obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA).  The fair value of the 3.0 million shares was approximately $2.1 million, of which $0.5 million was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $1.6 million had already been recognized in 2022. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company also expensed (but did not pay) an aggregate of $0.5 million related to completed milestones; the Company also expensed (but did not pay) an aggregate of $0.2 million related to future milestone payments and $0.1 million related to fair value of future shares milestone payments that the Company anticipates will be achieved and earned.

General and Administrative Expense

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, general and administrative expenses was $7.0 million and $7.9 million, respectively. The decrease in 2023 was mainly related to a decrease of $0.6 million in legal and professional expense and a decrease of $0.1 million in stock-based compensation.

Change in Fair Value of Derivatives

We recognized a non-cash gain of $3.9 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The non-cash gain was primarily due to the decrease of our stock price, Our closing stock prices as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
$	0.63	$	0.78

25

Debt Extinguishment

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we issued approximately 8.3 million shares of common stock with a fair value of $5.6 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $4.1 million of debt, including $0.2 million accrued interest. In addition, pursuant to exchange agreements executed with various holders, the Company is required to potentially issue additional common stock (the “Share liability”) if the stock price is less than the price defined in the exchange agreement as of the true-up date. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we extinguished Share liabilities of $0.7 million and recognized an additional $0.5 million of Share liabilities. We recognized an approximately $1.3 million debt extinguishment loss during the three months ended March 31, 2023 from the debt redemption.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we issued approximately 43,000 shares of Series C preferred stock at fair value of $0.8 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $0.7 million debt, including $0.1 million accrued interest. We recognized an approximately $0.1 million debt extinguishment loss.

Interest Expense

During the three months ended and March 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded interest expense of $1.0 million and $1.9 million, respectively. The decrease in interest expense in 2023 was mainly related to a decrease of outstanding debt as a result of the redemption of approximate $18.1 million debt in 2022.

Foreign currency transaction gain (loss)

During the three months ended and March 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized foreign currency transaction gain of $0.9 million and loss of $1.0 million, respectively. The gain during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was due to the weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to the British pound sterling, while the loss during the three months ended March 31, 2022 was due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the British pound sterling.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have experienced recurring losses from operations since inception. We have not yet established an ongoing source of revenues and must cover our operating expenses through debt and equity financings to allow us to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern depends on the ability to obtain adequate capital to fund operating losses until we generate adequate cash flows from operations to fund our operating costs and obligations. If we are unable to obtain adequate capital, we could be forced to cease operations.

We depend upon our ability, and will continue to attempt, to secure equity and/or debt financing. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Our management determined that there was substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year after the annual consolidated financial statements were issued, and management’s concerns about our ability to continue as a going concern within the year following this report persist.

Cash Flow

Operating Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, net cash outflows from operations were approximately $11.2 million and $13.0 million, respectively. The decrease in cash used in operating activities was primarily attributable to a decrease of $0.8 million in payments to external service providers and a decrease of $0.7 million interest payments to note holders.

Investing Activities

We spent approximately $1.3 million and $58,000 in cash for the purchase of additional equipment and our build out in Sawston, UK during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Financing Activities

We received approximately $2.4 million of cash from issuance of 0.1 million shares of Series C convertible preferred stock during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

26

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we received approximately $10.0 million in cash proceeds from the issuance of a loan to a commercial lender, and during the three months ended March 31, 2022, we received approximately $0.6 million in cash proceeds from the issuance of multiple loans to individual lenders.  

We received approximately $0.2 million and $4.2 million of cash from the exercise of warrants during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We received approximately $3.1 million of cash from issuance of 4.5 million shares of common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2022.

We made aggregate debt payments of $0.1 million and $4.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Other factors affecting our ongoing funding requirements include the number of staff we employ, the number of sites, number of patients and amount of activity in our clinical trial programs, the costs of further product and process development work relating to our DCVax products, the costs of preparations for Phase II trials, the costs of expansion of manufacturing, and unanticipated developments. The extent of resources available to us will determine which programs can move forward and at what pace.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Since our inception, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk represents the risk of loss that may result from the change in value of financial instruments due to fluctuations in its market price. Market risk is inherent in all financial instruments. Market risk may be exacerbated in times of trading illiquidity when market participants refrain from transacting in normal quantities and/or at normal bid-offer spreads. Our exposure to market risk is directly related to derivatives, debt and equity linked instruments related to our financing activities.

Our assets and liabilities are overwhelmingly denominated in U.S. dollars. We do not use foreign currency contracts or other derivative instruments to manage changes in currency rates. We do not now, nor do we plan to, use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. However, these circumstances might change.

The primary quantifiable market risk associated with our financial instruments is sensitivity to changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk represents the potential loss from adverse changes in market interest rates. We use an interest rate sensitivity simulation to assess our interest rate risk exposure. For purposes of presenting the possible earnings effect of a hypothetical, adverse change in interest rates over the 12-month period from our reporting date, we assume that all interest rate sensitive financial instruments will be impacted by a hypothetical, immediate 100 basis point increase in interest rates as of the beginning of the period. The sensitivity is based upon the hypothetical assumption that all relevant types of interest rates that affect our results would increase instantaneously, simultaneously and to the same degree. We do not believe that our cash and equivalents have significant risk of default or illiquidity.

The sensitivity analyses of the interest rate sensitive financial instruments are hypothetical and should be used with caution. Changes in fair value based on a 1% or 2% variation in an estimate generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in the estimate to the change in fair value may not be linear. Also, the effect of a variation in a particular estimate on the fair value of financial instruments is calculated independent of changes in any other estimate; in practice, changes in one factor may result in changes in another factor, which might magnify or counteract the sensitivities. In addition, the sensitivity analyses do not consider any action that we may take to mitigate the impact of any adverse changes in the key estimates.

Based on our analysis, as of March 31, 2023, the effect of a 100+/- basis point change in interest rates on the value of our financial instruments and the resultant effect on our net loss are considered immaterial.

27

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation as of March 31, 2023, of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such terms are defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in internal control over financial reporting occurred during the most recent quarter with respect to our operations, which materially affected, or is reasonable likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

28

Part II - Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

On December 1, 2022, we filed a Complaint in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against certain market makers. The Complaint alleges that the defendants engaged in manipulation of the Company’s stock, in violation of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and common law fraud, over a period of years. On March 20, 2023, the defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss the Complaint.  On April 10, 2020 we filed an Amended Complaint against Canaccord Genuity LLC, Citadel Securities LLC, G1 Execution Services LLC, GTS Securities LLC, Instinet LLC, Lime Trading Corp., and Virtu Americas LLC (Northwest Biotherapeutics Inc. v. Canaccord, et al., No. 1:22-cv-10185-GHW-GWG).  The Company plans to pursue this case vigorously.

In February and March, three stockholders filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery three similar derivative lawsuits against the Company and certain of its directors and officers, including J. Cofer Black, Marnix L. Bosch, Alton L. Boynton, Leslie J. Goldman, Jerry Jasinowski, Navid Malik, and Linda F. Powers (the “Individual Defendants”), alleging the Individual Defendants (i) breached their fiduciary duties, and (ii) were unjustly enriched by director and officer compensation awarded to the Individual Defendants—notwithstanding the fact that approximately 90% of shareholders voted to approve of the Company’s executive compensation (the same compensation that these three stockholders are seeking to challenge) through its Say on Pay vote, and the director awards are subject to shareholder approval. On March 31, 2022, the Delaware Court of Chancery consolidated these actions into a single action under the caption In re Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. Stockholder Litigation (the “Derivative Action”).

The Company believes these cases are baseless and is vigorously contesting the Derivative Action. On February 22, 2023, the Company filed a Motion to Dismiss the case. The parties fully briefed the motion in April 2023 and oral argument on the motion is scheduled for September 2023.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Applicable risk factors are set forth in the Company’s report on Form 10-K for 2022.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not Applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Not Applicable

29

Item 6. Exhibits

31.1	Certification of President (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer), Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certification of President, Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Schema Document.
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document.
104	The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101).

*    Filed herewith

**  Furnished herewith

30

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC
Dated: May 10, 2023	By:	/s/ Linda F. Powers
		Name:	Linda F. Powers
		Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
			Principal Executive Officer
			Principal Financial and Accounting Officer

31

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Linda F. Powers, certify that:

(1) I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc.;

(2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

(3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

(4) I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)), and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15 (f)), for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under my supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to me by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under my supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

(5) I have disclosed, based on my most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 10, 2023

By:	/s/ Linda F. Powers
	Name:	Linda F. Powers
	Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
		Principal Executive Officer
		Principal Financial and Accounting Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), I, Linda F. Powers, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 10, 2023

By:	/s/ Linda F. Powers
	Name:	Linda F. Powers
	Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
		Principal Executive Officer
		Principal Financial and Accounting Officer

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	Mar. 31, 2023	May 08, 2023
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Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-35737
Entity Registrant Name	NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	94-3306718
Entity Address, Address Line One	4800 Montgomery Lane
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 800
Entity Address, City or Town	Bethesda
Entity Address, State or Province	MD
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	20814
City Area Code	240
Local Phone Number	497-9024
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share
Trading Symbol	NWBO
Security Exchange Name	NONE
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		1,086,771,876
Entity Central Index Key	0001072379
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Amendment Flag	false

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 6,191	$ 6,965
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	3,300	2,460
Total current assets	9,491	9,425
Non-current assets:
Property, plant and equipment, net	13,570	13,418
Construction in progress	3,321	2,028
Right-of-use asset, net	4,209	4,189
Indefinite-lived intangible asset	1,292	1,292
Goodwill	626	626
Other assets	362	345
Total non-current assets	23,380	21,898
TOTAL ASSETS	32,871	31,323
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	11,892	10,687
Accounts payable and accrued expenses to related parties and affiliates	8,744	6,955
Convertible notes, net	135	135
Notes payable, net	10,471	15,403
Contingent payable derivative liability	8,451	8,668
Warrant liability	1,445	80,559
Investor advances	2,616	2,566
Share liability	585	678
Lease liabilities	369	354
Total current liabilities	44,708	126,005
Non-current liabilities:
Notes payable, net of current portion, net	16,019	5,991
Lease liabilities, net of current portion	4,370	4,370
Total non-current liabilities	20,389	10,361
Total liabilities	65,097	136,366
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Stockholders' deficit:
Preferred stock ($0.001 par value); 100,000,000 shares authorized as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively
Common stock ($0.001 par value); 1,700,000,000 shares authorized; 1,083.1 million and 1,068.4 million shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	1,083	1,068
Additional paid-in capital	1,248,397	1,164,885
Stock subscription receivable	(79)	(79)
Accumulated deficit	(1,307,774)	(1,297,122)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	2,395	3,145
Total stockholders' deficit	(55,978)	(128,103)
TOTAL LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY AND STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT	32,871	31,323
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock
Mezzanine equity:
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, 10,000,000 shares designated; 1.4 million and 1.4 million shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively; aggregate liquidation preference of $22.1 million	$ 23,752	$ 23,060

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	1,700,000,000	1,700,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	1,083,100,000	1,068,400,000
Common stock, shares outstanding	1,083,100,000	1,068,400,000
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock
Temporary equity, shares designated	10,000,000	10,000,000
Temporary equity, shares issued	1,400,000	1,400,000
Temporary equity, shares outstanding	1,416,000	1,415,000
Temporary equity, aggregate liquidation preference	$ 22.1	$ 22.1

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Revenues:
Research and other	$ 880	$ 403
Total revenues	880	403
Operating costs and expenses:
Research and development	6,861	4,820
General and administrative	6,983	7,869
Total operating costs and expenses	13,844	12,689
Loss from operations	(12,964)	(12,286)
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	3,880	540
Change in fair value of share liabilities	(52)
(Loss) gain from extinguishment of debt	(1,408)	410
Interest expense	(1,027)	(1,903)
Foreign currency transaction gain (loss)	919	(975)
Total other income (loss)	2,312	(1,928)
Net loss	(10,652)	(14,214)
Deemed dividend related to warrant modifications	395
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	(11,047)	(14,214)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(750)	808
Total comprehensive loss	$ (11,797)	$ (13,406)
Net loss earnings per share applicable to common stockholders, Basic	$ (0.01)	$ (0.01)
Net loss earnings per share applicable to common stockholders, Diluted	$ (0.01)	$ (0.01)
Weighted average shares used in computing basic loss per share	1,074,902	959,251
Weighted average shares used in computing diluted loss per share	1,074,902	959,251

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Series C Convertible Preferred Stock	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Subscription Receivable [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Total
Increase (Decrease) in Temporary Equity Deficit
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to warrants exercised for cash			$ 4				$ 4
Balance at the beginning at Dec. 31, 2021		$ 948	1,066,873	$ (79)	$ (1,192,090)	$ 357	(123,991)
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		948,445
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Deficit
Issuance of common stock for cash		$ 5	3,359				3,364
Issuance of common stock for cash ( in shares)		4,553
Warrants exercised for cash		$ 15	4,170				4,185
Warrants exercised for cash (in shares)		15,256
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to warrants exercised for cash			7,715				7,715
Cashless Warrants Exercised		26
Stock-based compensation		$ (5)	(617)				(617)
Cumulative translation adjustment						808	808
Net loss					(14,214)		(14,214)
Balance at the end at Mar. 31, 2022		$ 970	1,083,723	(79)	(1,206,304)	1,165	(120,525)
Balance at the end (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022		969,697
Balance at the end (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	1,415
Balance at the end at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 23,060
Balance at the beginning at Dec. 31, 2021		$ 948	1,066,873	(79)	(1,192,090)	357	(123,991)
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		948,445
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Deficit
Issuance of common stock and warrants for conversion of debt and accrued interest		$ 2	985				987
Issuance of common stock and warrants for conversion of debt and accrued interest (in shares)		1,412
Balance at the end at Dec. 31, 2022		$ 1,068	1,164,885	(79)	(1,297,122)	3,145	(128,103)
Balance at the end (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		1,068,394
Increase (Decrease) in Temporary Equity Deficit
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares)	148
Issuance of stock for cash	$ 2,385
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption (in shares)	43
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption	$ 806
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise (in shares)	(198)	4,946
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise	$ (2,617)	$ 5	2,612				2,617
Stock Based Compensation	$ 118
Balance at the end (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	1,416
Balance at the end at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 23,752
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Deficit
Issuance of stock for cash	$ 2,385
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares)	148
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption	$ 806
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption (in shares)	43
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise	$ (2,617)	$ 5	2,612				2,617
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise (in shares)	(198)	4,946
Warrants exercised for cash		$ 1	247				$ 248
Warrants exercised for cash (in shares)		767
Cashless stock options exercise		$ 1	(1)
Cashless stock options exercise (in shares)		710					1,325
Reclassification of warrant liabilities to stockholders' deficit			76,258				$ 76,258
Issuance of common stock and warrants for conversion of debt and accrued interest		$ 8	5,608				5,616
Issuance of common stock and warrants for conversion of debt and accrued interest (in shares)		8,267
Stock-based compensation			918				918
Reclass earned but unissued milestone shares from equity to liability			(2,130)				(2,130)
Cumulative translation adjustment						(750)	(750)
Warrants modfication			395				395
Deemed dividend related to warrants modification			(395)				(395)
Net loss					(10,652)		(10,652)
Balance at the end at Mar. 31, 2023		$ 1,083	$ 1,248,397	$ (79)	$ (1,307,774)	$ 2,395	$ (55,978)
Balance at the end (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023		1,083,084
Increase (Decrease) in Temporary Equity Deficit
Stock Based Compensation( in shares)	8

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net loss	$ (10,652)	$ (14,214)
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	335	100
Amortization of debt discount	552	809
Change in fair value of derivatives	(3,880)	(540)
Change in fair value of share liability	52
Loss (gain) from extinguishment of debt	1,408	(410)
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset	67	60
Stock-based compensation for services	933	617
Subtotal of non-cash charges	(533)	636
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(709)	(199)
Other non-current assets	(16)	679
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	975	795
Related party accounts payable and accrued expenses	(341)	(694)
Lease liabilities	37	30
Net cash used in operating activities	(11,239)	(12,967)
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchase of equipment and construction in progress	(1,333)	(58)
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,333)	(58)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		3,140
Proceeds from exercise of warrants	248	4,185
Proceeds from investor advance	50
Proceeds from issuance of notes payable, net	10,000	600
Repayment of notes payable	(101)	(4,005)
Net cash provided by financing activities	12,582	3,920
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(784)	899
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(774)	(8,206)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the period	6,965	15,169
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the period	6,191	6,963
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Cashless warrants and stock options exercise	1
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to warrants exercised for cash		7,715
Reclassification of warrant liabilities to stockholders' deficit	76,258
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to cashless warrants exercise		4
Reclass earned but unissued milestone shares from equity to liability	2,130
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt and accrued interest	5,616	987
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock in lieu of debt redemption	806
Series C convertible preferred stock conversion	2,617
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable	1,013	86
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued expenses to related parties and affiliates		11
Reclassification between shares payable and equity		250
Deemed dividend related to warrant modification	395
Convertible notes payable
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Interest payments on notes payable	(30)	$ (702)
Series C convertible preferred stock
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock	$ 2,385

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Organization and Description of Business

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Organization and Description of Business

Organization and Description of Business

1. Organization and Description of Business

Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries Flaskworks, Aracaris Ltd, Aracaris Capital, Ltd, Northwest Biotherapeutics B.V., and NW Bio GmbH (collectively, the “Company”, “we”, “us” and “our”) were organized to discover and develop innovative immunotherapies for cancer. The Company has developed DCVax® platform technologies for both operable and inoperable solid tumor cancers. The Company has wholly owned subsidiaries in Boston, the U.K., the Netherlands and Germany. On August 28, 2020, the Company acquired Flaskworks, LLC (“Flaskworks”), a company that has developed a system designed to close and automate the manufacturing of cell therapy products such as DCVax®.

The Company relies upon contract manufacturers for production of its DCVax products, research and development services, distribution and logistics, and related services, in compliance with the Company’s specifications and the applicable regulatory requirements.

The Company has completed a Phase 3 clinical trial of its DCVax®-L product for glioblastoma brain cancer, has publicly reported the results in a peer reviewed publication in a medical journal as well as at a medical conference, and is working on prerequisites and preparations for filing an application for regulatory approval of the product.

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Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans

Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans

2. Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans

The Company has incurred annual net operating losses since its inception. The Company had a net loss of $10.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Company used approximately $11.2 million of cash in its operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The Company does not expect to generate material revenue in the near future from the sale of products and is subject to all of the risks and uncertainties that are typically faced by biotechnology companies that devote substantially all of their efforts to research and development (“R&D”) and clinical trials and do not yet have commercial products. The Company expects to continue incurring annual losses for the foreseeable future. The Company’s existing liquidity is not sufficient to fund its operations, anticipated capital expenditures, working capital and other financing requirements until the Company reaches significant revenues. Until that time, the Company will need to obtain additional equity and/or debt financing, especially if the Company experiences downturns in its business that are more severe or longer than anticipated, or if the Company experiences significant increases in expense levels resulting from being a publicly-traded company or from expansion of operations. If the Company attempts to obtain additional equity or debt financing, the Company cannot assume that such financing will be available to the Company on favorable terms, or at all.

Because of recurring operating losses and operating cash flow deficits, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the date of this filing. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, however, they do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets, or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Certain immaterial reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and on the same basis as the Company uses to prepare its annual audited consolidated financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023, condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, condensed consolidated statement of stockholders’ deficit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are unaudited, but include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results and cash flows for the periods presented. The results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for any future interim period. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from audited financial statements; however, it does not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 and notes thereto included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K (the “2022 Annual Report”), which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.

Use of Estimates

In preparing condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be affected by changes in these estimates.

On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and judgments, including valuing equity securities in share-based payment arrangements, estimating the fair value of financial instruments recorded as derivative liabilities, useful lives of depreciable assets, and whether impairment charges may apply. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates, particularly given the significant social and economic disruptions and uncertainties associated with the ongoing coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”) and the COVID-19 control responses.

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies from those previously disclosed in the 2022 Annual Report other than those discussed below.

Sequencing

The Company adopted a sequencing policy under ASC 815-40-35 to determine if reclassification of contracts from equity to liabilities is necessary pursuant to ASC 815 due to the Company’s inability to demonstrate it has sufficient authorized shares. Certain contracts were classified as liabilities as the result of the instruments containing a potentially indeterminable number of shares and, most recently, due to the Company entering into agreements providing for the potential issuance of more shares than authorized. While temporary suspensions are in place to keep the potential exercises beneath the number authorized, certain instruments are classified as liabilities, after allocating available authorized shares on the basis of the earliest grant date of potentially dilutive instruments. Pursuant to ASC 815, issuance of stock-based awards to the Company’s employees, nonemployees or directors are not subject to the sequencing policy.

On January 9, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of the State of Delaware, which effected an increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, from 1.2 billion to 1.7 billion, par value $0.001 per share. As a result of this increase in authorized shares, the liability-classified warrants were reclassified to equity. Approximately 141 million warrants, with a value of approximately $76.3 million, to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock were reclassified from liabilities to equity on January 9, 2023. The remaining balance of $1.4 million in warrant liability as of March 31, 2023 was related to certain conditional rights to independently purchase shares from the Company in a future raise of capital (the “Piggy-back Rights”).

Modification of Equity Classified Warrants

A change in the terms or conditions of a warrant is accounted for as a modification. For a warrant modification accounted for under ASC 815, the effect of a modification shall be measured as the difference between the fair value of the modified warrant and the fair value of the original warrant immediately before its terms are modified, with each measured on the modification date. The accounting for incremental fair value of the modified warrants over the original warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to the modification. When a modification is directly attributable to an equity offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as an equity issuance cost. When a modification is directly attributable to a debt offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as a debt discount or debt issuance cost. For all other modifications, the incremental change in fair value is recognized as a deemed dividend.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, ASC Subtopic 820 “Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”. The FASB is issuing this Update (1) to clarify the guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) to amend a related illustrative example, and (3) to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820.

For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance.

The Company is still evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the consolidated financial statements.

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Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

4. Fair Value Measurements

In accordance with ASC 820 (Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures), the Company uses various inputs to measure the fair value of liabilities related to certain outstanding warrants, certain embedded conversion features associated with convertible debt and the contingent payable to Cognate BioServices on a recurring basis to determine the fair value of these liabilities. ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy categorizing inputs into three levels used to measure and disclose fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices available in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. An explanation of each level in the hierarchy is described below:

Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments that are accessible by the Company on the measurement date.

Level 2 - Quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs which are either directly or indirectly observable.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the instrument requiring the development of assumptions by the Company.

The following table classifies the Company’s liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the fair value hierarchy as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	Fair value measured at March 31, 2023
			Quoted prices in active		Significant other		Significant
	Fair value at		markets		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
	March 31, 2023		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Warrant liability	$	1,445	$	—	$	—	$	1,445
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,451		—		—		8,451
Share liability		585		—		—		585
Total fair value	$	10,481	$	—	$	—	$	10,481

	Fair value measured at December 31, 2022
			Quoted prices in active		Significant other		Significant
	Fair value at		markets		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
	December 31, 2022		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Warrant liability	$	80,559	$	—	$	—	$	80,559
Embedded redemption option		807		—		—		807
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,668		—		—		8,668
Share liability		678		—		—		678
Total fair value	$	90,712	$	—	$	—	$	90,712

There were no transfers between Level 1, 2 or 3 during the three-month period ended March 31, 2023.

The following table presents changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value for the three-month period ended March 31, 2023. Both observable and unobservable inputs were used to determine the fair value of positions that the Company has classified within the Level 3 category. Unrealized gains and losses associated with liabilities within the Level 3 category include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable (e.g., changes in unobservable long- dated volatilities) inputs (in thousands).

	Warrant			Embedded		Contingent Payable		Share
	Liability			Redemption Option		Derivative Liability		Liability		Total
Balance - January 1, 2023	$	80,559		$	807	$	8,668	$	678	$	90,712
Additional share liability		—			—		—		538		538
Redemption of share liability		—			—		—		(683)		(683)
Reclassification of warrant liabilities		(76,258)			—		—		—		(76,258)
Change in fair value		(2,856)			(807)		(217)		52		(3,828)
Balance - March 31, 2023	$	1,445	(1)	$	—	$	8,451	$	585	$	10,481

(1) The remaining balance of $1.4 million in warrant liability as of March 31, 2023 was related to certain conditional rights to independently purchase shares from the Company in a future raise of capital (the “Piggy-back Rights”). The Company accounted for the Piggy-back Rights as a freestanding financial instrument, which was classified as a liability at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

On January 9, 2023, the Company reclassified the fair value of the warrant liability of $76.3 million into the additional paid-in capital. The change in fair value of the common stock warrant liability of $2.3 million between December 31, 2022 and January 9, 2023 is reflected in “Change in fair value of derivative liabilities” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

A summary of the weighted average (in aggregate) significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs) used in measuring the Company’s warrant liabilities and embedded conversion feature that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as of January 9, 2023 (the reclassification date), March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows:

	As of January 9, 2023			As of March 31, 2023
	Warrant			Share			Contingent Payable
	Liability			Liability			Derivative Liability
Strike price	$	0.31		$	0.63	*	$	0.63	*
Contractual term (years)		1.5			0.04			1.3
Volatility (annual)		87	%		114	%		73	%
Risk-free rate		4.3	%		2.2	%		4.9	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

	As of December 31, 2022
	Warrant			Share			Contingent Payable
	Liability			Liability			Derivative Liability
Strike price	$	0.31		$	0.78	*	$	0.78	*
Contractual term (years)		1.5			0.1			0.6
Volatility (annual)		86	%		76	%		77	%
Risk-free rate		4.3	%		2.0	%		4.8	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

* The strike price assumes the current stock price as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The key unobservable inputs for Piggy-back rights that was included in the warrant liability as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was the assumption of the estimated remaining life which was based on the estimate of next qualified financing.

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Stock-Based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

5. Stock-based Compensation

The following table summarizes total stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands).

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2023		2022
Research and development	$	296	$	510
Research and development - related party		—		—
Milestones achieved (1)		520		—
Future milestones (2)		100		—
General and administrative		17		107
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	933	$	617

The related party amounts were for milestone incentives that either were earned or are deemed probable to be achieved in the future and become issuable at that time (as detailed below in Restricted Stock Awards).

(1) During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized the remaining $0.5 million stock-based compensation related to the achieved milestone (obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA) and accrued for 3.0 million shares that will become issuable for this milestone. The Company has previously recognized $1.6 million stock-based compensation as of December 31, 2022.

(2) This is related to a one-time milestone (drafting key portions of the application for product approval) that is anticipated to be achieved and earned in the future. The Company recognized and expensed (but did not issue shares for) the pro-rata portion of the remaining potential milestone stock awards during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, of $0.1 million.

The total unrecognized compensation cost was approximately $0.8 million as of March 31, 2023 and will be recognized over the next 1.3 years.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the Company’s option plans during the three months ended March 31, 2023 (amount in thousands, except per share number):

				Weighted Average
		Weighted		Remaining
	Number of	Average		Contractual Life	Total Intrinsic
	Shares	Exercise Price		(in years)	Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	301,263	$	0.34	7.0	$	135,225
Cashless exercised	(1,325)		0.33	—		—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2023	299,938	$	0.34	6.8	$	90,543
Options vested (1)	281,009	$	0.33	6.8	$	85,618

(1) An aggregate 153 million stock options held by Ms. Linda Powers, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Leslie Goldman, the Company’s Senior Vice President, are subject to an agreement (the “Blocker Letter Agreement”) under which they cannot exercise any options or warrants except upon at least 61 days’ prior notice.

Restricted Stock Awards

During April 2022, the Company’s Board approved, and the Company entered into a Statement of Work #6 (the “SOW 6”) with Advent BioServices, a related party of the Company, for five workstreams that are prerequisites for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L, for three required licenses for the Sawston facility , and for drafting of key portions of the application for approval. The SOW provides for baseline costs and for milestone incentives for successful completion of each of the workstreams, for the completion and submission of each application for product approval, and for obtaining regulatory approval of each of the three Sawston licenses. The milestone incentives will be a combination of cash and stock and are not paid until they are achieved. On September 26, 2022, the Company amended the SOW6 (the “Amended SOW6”) to (1) extend the service period through September 30, 2023, and (2) clarify the assessment and application of the milestones, and (3) add a sixth workstream. (The potential cost for all unearned stock awards for milestones not yet achieved was re-measured on the modification date and will be further re-measured until the date the milestone award is achieved and the stock awards are earned.) If all of the 10 one-time milestones are achieved (i.e., for all six workstreams that are prerequisites for an application for product approval, for obtaining all three licenses required for the Sawston facility, and for the completion of key portions of the application for product approval), the aggregate stock-based compensation under the Amended SOW 6 will be 13.5 million shares (including the shares already earned and issued for the milestones already achieved) for an aggregate fair value of $10.1 million.

As of December 31, 2022, seven milestones were completed, including five of the workstreams, and the regulatory approvals of two licenses required for the Sawston facility. An eighth milestone was partly completed and the stock component of that milestone was earned, but the cash portion of that eighth milestone was not yet earned.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the eighth milestone workstream for Mechanism of Action and the milestone for obtaining the commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA were completed. For this license milestone,  the Company recognized the remaining $0.5 million in expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and accrued for 3.0 million shares that will become issuable.

For the remaining one-time milestone that is anticipated to be achieved and earned in the future, the Company recognized and expensed (but did not issue) the pro-rata portion of the remaining potential milestone stock awards during the three months ended March 31, 2023, of $0.1 million.

Other Service Agreement

On March 16, 2023, the Company issued 8,000 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock to an unrelated vendor who provided professional services for the Company. The fair value of the Series C convertible preferred stock on the issuance date was approximately $0.1 million, which will be expensed over a four-month service period. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized approximately $15,000 as part of general and administrative expenses.

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Property, Plant and Equipment

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment

6. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,		Estimated
	2023		2022		Useful Life
Leasehold improvements	$	13,213	$	13,070	Lesser of lease term or estimated useful life
Office furniture and equipment		445		300	3-5 years
Computer and manufacturing equipment and software		2,454		2,238	3-5 years
Land in the United Kingdom		84		82	NA
		16,196		15,690	NA
Less: accumulated depreciation		(2,626)		(2,272)
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	13,570	$	13,418
Construction in progress	$	3,321	$	2,028

Depreciation expense was approximately $0.3 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

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Notes Payable

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Notes Payable

Notes Payable

7. Notes Payable

The following two tables summarize outstanding debt as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (amount in thousands):

		Stated
		Interest			Conversion				Remaining		Carrying
	Maturity Date	Rate			Price		Face Value		Debt Discount		Value
Short term convertible notes payable
6% unsecured	Due		6	%	$	3.09	$	135	$	—	$	135
								135		—		135
Short term notes payable
8% unsecured	Various		8	%		N/A		10,610		(859)		9,751
9% unsecured	Various		9	%		N/A		157		—		157
12% unsecured	On Demand		12	%		N/A		563		—		563
								11,330		(859)		10,471
Long term notes payable
8% unsecured	7/26/2024		8	%		N/A		16,510		(1,326)		15,184
6% secured	3/25/2025		6	%		N/A		835		—		835
								17,345		(1,326)		16,019
Ending balance as of March 31, 2023							$	28,810	$	(2,185)	$	26,625

		Stated									Embedded
		Interest			Conversion				Remaining		Redemption		Carrying
	Maturity Date	Rate			Price		Face Value		Debt Discount		Option		Value
Short term convertible notes payable
6% unsecured	Due		6	%	$	3.09	$	135	$	—	$	—	$	135
								135		—		—		135
Short term notes payable
8% unsecured	Various		8	%		N/A		14,540		(1,300)		807		14,047
9% unsecured	Various		9	%		N/A		793		—		—		793
12% unsecured	On Demand		12	%		N/A		563		—		—		563
								15,896		(1,300)		807		15,403
Long term notes payable
8% unsecured	7/26/2024		8	%		N/A		5,505		(432)		—		5,073
6% secured	3/25/2025		6	%		N/A		918		—		—		918
								6,423		(432)		—		5,991
Ending balance as of December 31, 2022							$	22,454	$	(1,732)	$	807	$	21,529

On March 2, 2023, the Company entered into a Commercial Loan Agreement (the “Commercial Loan”) with a commercial lender for an aggregate principal amount of $11.0 million. The Commercial Loan bears interest at 8% per annum with a 22-month term. There are no principal repayments during the first eight months of the term. The Commercial Loan is amortized in 14 installments starting on November 2, 2023. The Commercial Loan carries an original issue discount of $1.0 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued approximately 8.3 million shares of common stock with a fair value of $5.6 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $4.1 million of debt, including $0.2 million of accrued interest. In addition, pursuant to exchange agreements executed with various holders, the Company is required to potentially issue additional common stock (the “Share liability”) if the stock price is less than the price defined in the exchange agreement as of the true-up date. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company extinguished Share liabilities of $0.7 million and recognized an additional $0.5 million in Share liabilities. The Company recognized an approximately $1.3 million debt extinguishment loss during the three months ended March 31, 2023 from the debt redemption.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized $0.8 million change in fair value of embedded redemption option as this embedded feature had de minimis value based on the remaining life of the note and the next qualified financing.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued approximately 43,000 shares of Series C preferred stock with a fair value of $0.8 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $0.7 million in debt, including $0.1 million of accrued interest. The Company recognized an approximately $0.1 million debt extinguishment loss.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, interest expense related to notes payable totaled approximately $0.5 million and $1.1 million including amortization of debt discounts totaling $0.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively.

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Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders

Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders

8. Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders

Basic loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted loss per common share would be computed similar to basic loss per common share except that it reflects the potential dilution that could occur if dilutive securities or other obligations to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. Because of the net loss from operations for each period, inclusion of such securities in the computation of loss per share would be anti-dilutive and thus they are excluded. Potentially dilutive weighted average common shares include common stock potentially issuable under the Company’s convertible notes and preferred stock, warrants and vested and unvested stock options.

The following securities were not included in the diluted net loss per share calculation because their effect was anti-dilutive as of the periods presented (in thousands):

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2023	2022
Series C convertible preferred stock	35,412	—
Common stock options	299,938	304,867
Common stock warrants	140,244	208,705
Convertible notes and accrued interest	79	76
Potentially dilutive securities	475,673	513,648

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Related Party Transactions

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

9. Related Party Transactions

The Company had three operational programs with Advent: (a) an ongoing manufacturing program at the GMP facility in London, (b) an ongoing development and manufacturing program at the Sawston GMP facility, and (c) a one-time program for specialized work, organized into 10 sets of one-time milestones, for the following:

● Qualifying for and obtaining 3 required licenses for the Sawston facility: a license from the Human Tissue Authority to collect and process human cells and tissues, a license from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases, and a license from the MHRA for commercial manufacturing.

● 6 workstreams relating to product matters required for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L, including Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile, Mechanism of Action and Fill/Finish.

● Drafting of key portions of the application for product approval itself.

Each of the three operational programs is covered by a separate contract. The ongoing manufacturing in the London facility is covered by a Manufacturing Services Agreement (“MSA”) entered into on May 14, 2018. The development and manufacturing program at the Sawston facility is covered by an Ancillary Services Agreement entered into on November 18, 2019. The specialized work associated with the 10 one-time milestones is covered by an SOW 6 entered into under the Ancillary Services Agreement as of April 1, 2022 and amended on September 26, 2022.

The Ancillary Services Agreement establishes a structure under which the Company and Advent negotiate and agree upon the scope and terms for Statements of Work (“SOWs”) for facility development activities and compassionate use program activities. After an SOW is agreed and approved by the Company, Advent will proceed with, or continue, the applicable services and will invoice the Company pursuant to the SOW. Since both the facility development and the compassionate use program involve pioneering and

uncertainties in most aspects, the invoicing under the Ancillary Services Agreement is on the basis of costs incurred plus fifteen percent. The SOWs may involve ongoing activities or specialized one-time projects and related one-time milestone payments. The current term of the Ancillary Services Agreement ends in July 2023.

SOW 6 provides for ongoing baseline costs for manufacturing at the Sawston facility and one-time milestone incentives for (a) regulatory approval of each of the 3 licenses required for the Sawston facility, (b) successful completion of each of the 6 workstreams and (c) completion of drafting key portions of an application for product approval. The milestone incentives are a combination of cash and stock, and are not paid until the milestone is achieved and earned.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company paid an aggregate of $1.0 million in cash, which was related to two milestones that were completed and fully expensed but unpaid as of December 31, 2022, and accrued for 3.0 million shares that will become issuable for completion of the milestone (obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA).  The fair value of the 3.0 million shares was approximate $2.1 million, of which $0.5 million was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $1.6 million had already been recognized in 2022. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company also expensed (but did not pay) an aggregate of $0.5 million related to completed cash milestone payments; the Company also expensed (but did not pay) an aggregate of $0.2 million related to future cash milestone payments that the Company anticipates will be achieved and earned, and $0.1 million related to fair value of future shares milestone payments that the Company anticipates will be achieved and earned over the course of the contract period.

The following table summarizes total research and development costs from Advent for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (in thousands).

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2023		2022
Advent BioServices
Manufacturing cost in London	$	1,643	$	1,404
Manufacturing cost at Sawston facility		1,712		1,425
SOW 6 one-time milestones - Shares
Expensed but unpaid (milestone complete) (1)		520		—
Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete) (2)		100		—
SOW 6 one-time milestones - Cash
Expensed and due, but unpaid (milestone complete) (3)		550		—
Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete) (2)		150		—
Total	$	4,675	$	2,829

(1) This covers the one-time milestone for obtaining a commercial manufacturing license for the Sawston facility. The milestone was achieved and the shares will become issuable following final Board approval. The shares were not issued as of March 31, 2023.

(2) This covers the one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval.

(3) This covers two one-time milestones: Mechanism of Action and obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA.

Advent BioServices Sublease Agreement

On December 31, 2021, the Company entered into a Sub-lease Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Advent. The Agreement permits use by Advent of a portion of the space in the Sawston facility, which is leased by the Company under a separate head lease with a different counterparty (Huawei) that commenced on December 14, 2018. The Company subleased approximately 14,459 square feet of the 88,000 square foot building interior space, plus corresponding exterior support space and parking. The lease payments amount under the Agreement are two times the £5.75 rate per square foot (approximately $7.11 per square foot based on exchange rate as of March 31, 2023) payable under the head lease, but subject to a cap of $10 per square foot. Accordingly, the monthly lease payments under the Sublease are based on $145,000 annually for 2022. The total lease payments paid by the Company to Huawei for the facility, exterior spaces and parking under the head lease are 500,000 pounds (approximately $618,000) per year. The term of the Agreement shall end on the same date as the head lease term ends.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized sub-lease income of $36,000.

Related Party Accounts Payable

As of March 31, 2023, there was approximately $0.4 million of unpaid board compensation to one of our Directors that was included in the accounts payable to related party on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of March 31, 2023, there were outstanding unpaid accounts payable and accrued expenses owed to Advent as summarized in the following table (in thousands). These unpaid amounts are part of the Related Party expenses reported in the above section.

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Advent BioServices - amount invoiced but unpaid	$	1,765	$	1,844
Advent BioServices - amount accrued but unpaid (1)		6,566		4,736
Total payable and accrued, but unpaid to Advent BioServices	$	8,331	$	6,580

(1) This includes $2.1 million which is not payable in cash but represents the value of 3 million shares that will become issuable to Advent, following final Board approval, for achievement of the one-time milestone for obtaining a commercial manufacturing license for the Sawston facility. Such shares were not issued as of March 31, 2023, and the total value, previously recognized as stock compensation expense, was reclassified from Additional Paid-in-Capital to Accounts payable and accrued expenses to related parties and affiliates.

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Preferred Stock

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Preferred Stock.

Preferred Stock

10. Preferred Stock

Series C Convertible Preferred Stock

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company entered into various Subscription Agreements (the “Series C Subscription Agreements”) with certain investors (the “Series C Investors”). Pursuant to the Series C Subscription Agreements, the Company issued the Series C Investors an aggregate of 0.1 million shares of the Company’s Series C convertible preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series C Shares”), at a weighted purchase price of $16.11 per share for proceeds of approximately $2.4 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued approximately 43,000 Series C Shares with a fair value of $0.8 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $0.7 million in debt, including $0.1 million accrued interest. The Company recognized an approximately $0.1 million debt extinguishment loss.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, approximately 0.2 million Series C Shares with a book value of $2.6 million were converted into 4.9 million common shares at a ratio of 1:25.

The Company determined that the Series C Shares contain contingent redemption provisions allowing redemption by the holder upon certain defined events (“deemed liquidation events”). As the event that may trigger the redemption of the Series C Shares is not solely within the Company’s control, the Series C Shares are classified as mezzanine equity (temporary equity) in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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Stockholders' Deficit

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Stockholders' Deficit

Stockholders' Deficit

11. Stockholders’ Deficit

Common Stock

On January 9, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of the State of Delaware, which effected an increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, from 1.2  billion to 1.7 billion, par value $0.001 per share.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company received $0.2 million from the exercise of warrants with an exercise price between $0.22 and $0.85. The Company issued approximately 0.8 million shares of common stock upon these warrant exercises.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, certain options holders elected to exercise some of their options pursuant to cashless exercise formulas. The Company issued approximately 0.7 million shares of common stock upon exercise of 1.3 million options at exercise prices between $0.25 and $0.35.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued approximately 8.3 million shares of common stock to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments on $4.1 million of outstanding debt, including $0.2 million interest (see Note 7).

Stock Purchase Warrants

The following is a summary of warrant activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

	Number of	Weighted Average		Remaining
	Warrants	Exercise Price		Contractual Term
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	141,048	$	0.31	1.46
Warrants exercised for cash	(767)		0.32	—
Warrants expired and cancellations	(38)		0.34	—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2023	140,243	$	0.31	1.42

The options and warrants held by Ms. Powers and Mr. Goldman are subject to an ongoing suspension on a rolling basis pursuant to the Blocker Letter Agreement.

At March 31, 2023, of the approximately 140 million total outstanding warrants listed above, approximately 97 million warrants were under the Blocker Letter Agreement or suspension agreements.

Warrant Modifications

Between January 10 and March 31, 2023, the Company amended multiple warrants whereby the maturity dates of certain warrants were extended for an additional approximately 3 months. The value of these modifications were calculated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model based on the following weighted average assumptions.

	Post-modification			Pre-modification
Exercise price	$	0.27		$	0.27
Expected term (in years)		2.1			1.9
Volatility		74	%		95	%
Risk-free interest rate		4.3	%		4.2	%
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%

The incremental fair value attributable to the modified awards compared to the original awards immediately prior to the modification was calculated at $0.4 million and was treated as a deemed dividend and is reflected as “Deemed dividend related to warrant modifications” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies.

Commitments and Contingencies

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Lease- Lessee Arrangements

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices in the U.S. and U.K., and for manufacturing facilities in the U.K. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the balance sheet. The Company has elected the practical expedient to account for each separate lease component of a contract and its associated non-lease components as a single lease component, thus causing all fixed payments to be capitalized. The Company also elected the package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard, which among other things, allows the Company to carry forward historical lease classification. The lease renewal options have not been included in the calculation of the lease liabilities and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets as the Company has not yet determined whether to exercise the options. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease such as increases in lease payments based on changes in index rates or usage, are not included in the ROU assets or liabilities. These are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense.

At March 31, 2023, the Company had operating lease liabilities of approximately $4.7 million for both the 20-year lease of the building for the manufacturing facility in Sawston, U.K., and the current office lease in the U.S. and ROU assets of approximately $4.2 million for the Sawston lease and U.S. office lease are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The following summarizes quantitative information about the Company’s operating leases (amount in thousands):

	For the three months ended
	March 31, 2023
	U.K			U.S			Total
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	144		$	65		$	209
Short-term lease cost		23			—			23
Variable lease cost		—			4			4
Sub-lease income		(36)			—			(36)
Total	$	131		$	69		$	200
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	(152)		$	(73)		$	(225)
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases		8.4			1.1
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		12	%		12	%

	For the three months ended
	March 31, 2022
	U.K			U.S			Total
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	87		$	65		$	152
Short-term lease cost		13			—			13
Variable lease cost		—			10			10
Total		(36)			—			(36)
	$	64		$	75		$	138
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	(168)		$	(71)		$	(239)
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases		8.9			1.6
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		12	%		12	%

The Company recorded lease costs as a component of general and administrative expense during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Maturities of our operating leases, excluding short-term leases and sublease agreement, are as follows:

Nine months ended December 31, 2023	$	688
Year ended December 31, 2024		823
Year ended December 31, 2025		618
Year ended December 31, 2026		618
Year ended December 31, 2027		618
Thereafter		6,783
Total		10,148
Less present value discount		(5,409)
Operating lease liabilities included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2023	$	4,739

Maturities of our operating leases under the sublease agreement, are as follows:

Nine months ended December 31, 2023	$	109
Year ended December 31, 2024		145
Year ended December 31, 2025		145
Year ended December 31, 2026		145
Thereafter		1,740
Total	$	2,284

Advent BioServices Services Agreement

The Company had three operational programs with Advent: (a) an ongoing manufacturing program at the existing GMP facility in London, (b) an ongoing development and manufacturing program at the Sawston facility, and (c) a one-time program for specialized work, organized into 10 sets of one-time milestones, for the following:

● Qualifying for and obtaining 3 required licenses for the Sawston facility: a license from the Human Tissue Authority to collect and process human cells and tissues, a license from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases, and a license from the MHRA for commercial manufacturing.

● 6 workstreams relating to product matters required for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L, including Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile, Mechanism of Action and Fill/Finish.

● Drafting of key portions of the application for product approval itself.

On May 14, 2018, the Company entered into a DCVax®-L Manufacturing and Services Agreement (“MSA”) with Advent BioServices, a related party which was formerly part of Cognate BioServices and was spun off separately as part of an institutional financing of Cognate. The MSA provides for manufacturing of DCVax-L products at an existing facility in London. The MSA is structured in the same manner as the Company’s prior agreements with Cognate BioServices. The MSA provides for certain payments for achievement of milestones and, as was the case under the prior agreement with Cognate BioServices, the Company is required to pay certain fees for dedicated production capacity reserved exclusively for DCVax production and pay for manufacturing of DCVax-L products for a certain minimum number of patients, whether or not the Company fully utilizes the dedicated capacity and number of patients. The MSA remains in force until five years after the first commercial sales of DCVax-L products pursuant to a marketing authorization, accelerated approval or other commercial approval, unless cancelled. Either party may terminate the MSA on twelve months’ notice, to allow for transition arrangements by both parties. During the notice period services would still be provided. Minimum required payments for this notice period are anticipated to total approximately £4.4 million ($5.5 million).

On November 8, 2019, the Company and Advent entered into an Ancillary Services Agreement with an 8-month Term for U.K. Facility Development Activities and Compassionate Use Program Activities. The Ancillary Services Agreement establishes a structure under which Advent develops Statements of Work (“SOWs”) for the U.K. Facility Development Activities and Compassionate Use Program Activities and delivers those SOWs to the Company for review and approval. After an SOW is approved by the Company, Advent will proceed with, or continue, the applicable services and will invoice the Company pursuant to the SOW. Since both the U.K. Facility Development and the Compassionate Use Program involve pioneering and uncertainties in most aspects, the invoicing under the Ancillary Services Agreement is on the basis of costs incurred plus fifteen percent. The Agreement also provides for Statements of Work (SOWs) with operational milestones and related payments. The Ancillary Services Agreement had an original term of eight months, which ended in July 2020. The Company and Advent have entered into a series of modifications which have expanded the scope of work and milestones to be achieved and extended the term to September 2023.

The Company entered into SOW 6 with Advent, which was incorporated into the Ancillary Services Agreement on April 1, 2022 and amended it on September 26, 2022. The amended SOW 6 provides for six workstreams that are prerequisites for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L, for drafting of key portions of the application, and for obtaining three required licenses for the Sawston facility. The SOW provides for baseline costs and provides for milestone incentives for completion of each of the six workstreams, for obtaining regulatory approval of each of the three Sawston licenses, and for the completion of the key portions of an application for product approval. The milestone incentives involve a combination of cash and stock and are not paid until they are achieved and earned, as described in Note 9.

German Tax Matter

The German tax authorities have audited our wholly owned subsidiary, NW Bio GmbH, for 2013-2015 and assessed additional tax against the subsidiary. NW Bio GmbH submitted substantial documentation to refute certain aspects of the assessments and the German tax authorities agreed in principle with the Company’s proposed revised approach and settlement offer. A final settlement bill was received from the German Tax Authority confirming that only a portion of the original bill was owed, €277,000 (approximately $329,000), for corporate taxes, interest, and reduced penalty for the period under audit, which the Company paid on September 2, 2021. The Company also received and paid the final settlement bill from the local authority for trade taxes for the audit period in the amount of €231,000 (approximately $251,000). On November 4, 2021, the Company received a letter from the local tax authorities asking for additional late fees of €513,000 (now approximately $558,000) on reimbursable withholding taxes that had been waived during the settlement process. On December 8, 2021, the Company appealed the assessment of additional late fees. Additionally, the Company requested that NW Bio GmbH be deregistered from the trade register, as it no longer had current operations. The deregistration was granted effective December 31, 2021. Between January 2022 and July 2022, the Company received tax bills for the corporate and trade taxes for the 2016-2020 tax years that totaled approximately €222,000 (approximately $241,000). On July 27, 2022, the Company was informed that the German Tax Authorities were prepared to waive €135,000 (approximately $147,000) of the penalties. The Company offered to pay this reduced penalty if an extended payment plan was approved. A response was received dated November 14, 2022 indicating that the tax authority would not be able to grant a further deferral of payment of these penalties. In a letter dated December 27, 2022, the Leipzig tax authority sent letters to the former and current managing directors of NW Bio GmbH giving 30 days to respond to a tax liability questionnaire. Based on the responses to the liability questionnaires the tax authorities have currently not directed any further measures against former and current managing directors of NW Bio GmbH with respect to tax liability proceedings. The Company currently has accrued for the current amounts owed for these penalties of €377,000 (approximately $410,000) as well as for all unpaid taxes as of March 31, 2023. Based on the Company’s current operating state in Germany and the negotiations, the Company believes, based on its evaluation under ASC 740, that the resolution of these tax matters will not likely result in a net material charge to the Company.

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Subsequent Events

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

13. Subsequent Events

In April 2023, approximately 45,000 Series C Shares with a book value of $0.7 million were converted into 1.1 million common shares in accordance with their terms at a ratio of 1:25.

On April 19, 2023, the Company the Company issued approximately 2.6 million shares of common stock to certain lender in lieu of cash payments on $1.3 million of outstanding debt, including $0.1 million interest.

On May 8, 2023, the Company received a $3.0 million prepayment for the purchase of securities for which the terms are in the process of being finalized.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Certain immaterial reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and on the same basis as the Company uses to prepare its annual audited consolidated financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023, condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, condensed consolidated statement of stockholders’ deficit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are unaudited, but include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results and cash flows for the periods presented. The results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for any future interim period. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from audited financial statements; however, it does not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 and notes thereto included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K (the “2022 Annual Report”), which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

In preparing condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be affected by changes in these estimates.

On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and judgments, including valuing equity securities in share-based payment arrangements, estimating the fair value of financial instruments recorded as derivative liabilities, useful lives of depreciable assets, and whether impairment charges may apply. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates, particularly given the significant social and economic disruptions and uncertainties associated with the ongoing coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”) and the COVID-19 control responses.

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies from those previously disclosed in the 2022 Annual Report other than those discussed below.

Sequencing

Sequencing

The Company adopted a sequencing policy under ASC 815-40-35 to determine if reclassification of contracts from equity to liabilities is necessary pursuant to ASC 815 due to the Company’s inability to demonstrate it has sufficient authorized shares. Certain contracts were classified as liabilities as the result of the instruments containing a potentially indeterminable number of shares and, most recently, due to the Company entering into agreements providing for the potential issuance of more shares than authorized. While temporary suspensions are in place to keep the potential exercises beneath the number authorized, certain instruments are classified as liabilities, after allocating available authorized shares on the basis of the earliest grant date of potentially dilutive instruments. Pursuant to ASC 815, issuance of stock-based awards to the Company’s employees, nonemployees or directors are not subject to the sequencing policy.

On January 9, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of the State of Delaware, which effected an increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, from 1.2 billion to 1.7 billion, par value $0.001 per share. As a result of this increase in authorized shares, the liability-classified warrants were reclassified to equity. Approximately 141 million warrants, with a value of approximately $76.3 million, to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock were reclassified from liabilities to equity on January 9, 2023. The remaining balance of $1.4 million in warrant liability as of March 31, 2023 was related to certain conditional rights to independently purchase shares from the Company in a future raise of capital (the “Piggy-back Rights”).

Modification of Equity Classified Warrants

Modification of Equity Classified Warrants

A change in the terms or conditions of a warrant is accounted for as a modification. For a warrant modification accounted for under ASC 815, the effect of a modification shall be measured as the difference between the fair value of the modified warrant and the fair value of the original warrant immediately before its terms are modified, with each measured on the modification date. The accounting for incremental fair value of the modified warrants over the original warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to the modification. When a modification is directly attributable to an equity offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as an equity issuance cost. When a modification is directly attributable to a debt offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as a debt discount or debt issuance cost. For all other modifications, the incremental change in fair value is recognized as a deemed dividend.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, ASC Subtopic 820 “Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”. The FASB is issuing this Update (1) to clarify the guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) to amend a related illustrative example, and (3) to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820.

For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance.

The Company is still evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the consolidated financial statements.

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Fair Value Measurements

Schedule of fair value assets and liabilities measured on recurring basis

The following table classifies the Company’s liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the fair value hierarchy as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	Fair value measured at March 31, 2023
			Quoted prices in active		Significant other		Significant
	Fair value at		markets		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
	March 31, 2023		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Warrant liability	$	1,445	$	—	$	—	$	1,445
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,451		—		—		8,451
Share liability		585		—		—		585
Total fair value	$	10,481	$	—	$	—	$	10,481

	Fair value measured at December 31, 2022
			Quoted prices in active		Significant other		Significant
	Fair value at		markets		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
	December 31, 2022		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Warrant liability	$	80,559	$	—	$	—	$	80,559
Embedded redemption option		807		—		—		807
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,668		—		—		8,668
Share liability		678		—		—		678
Total fair value	$	90,712	$	—	$	—	$	90,712

Schedule of changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value

The following table presents changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value for the three-month period ended March 31, 2023. Both observable and unobservable inputs were used to determine the fair value of positions that the Company has classified within the Level 3 category. Unrealized gains and losses associated with liabilities within the Level 3 category include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable (e.g., changes in unobservable long- dated volatilities) inputs (in thousands).

	Warrant			Embedded		Contingent Payable		Share
	Liability			Redemption Option		Derivative Liability		Liability		Total
Balance - January 1, 2023	$	80,559		$	807	$	8,668	$	678	$	90,712
Additional share liability		—			—		—		538		538
Redemption of share liability		—			—		—		(683)		(683)
Reclassification of warrant liabilities		(76,258)			—		—		—		(76,258)
Change in fair value		(2,856)			(807)		(217)		52		(3,828)
Balance - March 31, 2023	$	1,445	(1)	$	—	$	8,451	$	585	$	10,481

(1) The remaining balance of $1.4 million in warrant liability as of March 31, 2023 was related to certain conditional rights to independently purchase shares from the Company in a future raise of capital (the “Piggy-back Rights”). The Company accounted for the Piggy-back Rights as a freestanding financial instrument, which was classified as a liability at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Schedule of Company's warrant liabilities and embedded conversion feature that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy

	As of January 9, 2023			As of March 31, 2023
	Warrant			Share			Contingent Payable
	Liability			Liability			Derivative Liability
Strike price	$	0.31		$	0.63	*	$	0.63	*
Contractual term (years)		1.5			0.04			1.3
Volatility (annual)		87	%		114	%		73	%
Risk-free rate		4.3	%		2.2	%		4.9	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

	As of December 31, 2022
	Warrant			Share			Contingent Payable
	Liability			Liability			Derivative Liability
Strike price	$	0.31		$	0.78	*	$	0.78	*
Contractual term (years)		1.5			0.1			0.6
Volatility (annual)		86	%		76	%		77	%
Risk-free rate		4.3	%		2.0	%		4.8	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

* The strike price assumes the current stock price as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Stock-Based Compensation

Schedule of stock based compensation

The following table summarizes total stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands).

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2023		2022
Research and development	$	296	$	510
Research and development - related party		—		—
Milestones achieved (1)		520		—
Future milestones (2)		100		—
General and administrative		17		107
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	933	$	617

The related party amounts were for milestone incentives that either were earned or are deemed probable to be achieved in the future and become issuable at that time (as detailed below in Restricted Stock Awards).

(1) During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized the remaining $0.5 million stock-based compensation related to the achieved milestone (obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA) and accrued for 3.0 million shares that will become issuable for this milestone. The Company has previously recognized $1.6 million stock-based compensation as of December 31, 2022.

(2) This is related to a one-time milestone (drafting key portions of the application for product approval) that is anticipated to be achieved and earned in the future. The Company recognized and expensed (but did not issue shares for) the pro-rata portion of the remaining potential milestone stock awards during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, of $0.1 million.

Schedule of stock option activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the Company’s option plans during the three months ended March 31, 2023 (amount in thousands, except per share number):

				Weighted Average
		Weighted		Remaining
	Number of	Average		Contractual Life	Total Intrinsic
	Shares	Exercise Price		(in years)	Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	301,263	$	0.34	7.0	$	135,225
Cashless exercised	(1,325)		0.33	—		—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2023	299,938	$	0.34	6.8	$	90,543
Options vested (1)	281,009	$	0.33	6.8	$	85,618

(1) An aggregate 153 million stock options held by Ms. Linda Powers, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Leslie Goldman, the Company’s Senior Vice President, are subject to an agreement (the “Blocker Letter Agreement”) under which they cannot exercise any options or warrants except upon at least 61 days’ prior notice.

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Property, Plant and Equipment (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment

Schedule of property and equipment

	March 31,		December 31,		Estimated
	2023		2022		Useful Life
Leasehold improvements	$	13,213	$	13,070	Lesser of lease term or estimated useful life
Office furniture and equipment		445		300	3-5 years
Computer and manufacturing equipment and software		2,454		2,238	3-5 years
Land in the United Kingdom		84		82	NA
		16,196		15,690	NA
Less: accumulated depreciation		(2,626)		(2,272)
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	13,570	$	13,418
Construction in progress	$	3,321	$	2,028

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Notes Payable (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Notes Payable

Schedule of outstanding debt

The following two tables summarize outstanding debt as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (amount in thousands):

		Stated
		Interest			Conversion				Remaining		Carrying
	Maturity Date	Rate			Price		Face Value		Debt Discount		Value
Short term convertible notes payable
6% unsecured	Due		6	%	$	3.09	$	135	$	—	$	135
								135		—		135
Short term notes payable
8% unsecured	Various		8	%		N/A		10,610		(859)		9,751
9% unsecured	Various		9	%		N/A		157		—		157
12% unsecured	On Demand		12	%		N/A		563		—		563
								11,330		(859)		10,471
Long term notes payable
8% unsecured	7/26/2024		8	%		N/A		16,510		(1,326)		15,184
6% secured	3/25/2025		6	%		N/A		835		—		835
								17,345		(1,326)		16,019
Ending balance as of March 31, 2023							$	28,810	$	(2,185)	$	26,625

		Stated									Embedded
		Interest			Conversion				Remaining		Redemption		Carrying
	Maturity Date	Rate			Price		Face Value		Debt Discount		Option		Value
Short term convertible notes payable
6% unsecured	Due		6	%	$	3.09	$	135	$	—	$	—	$	135
								135		—		—		135
Short term notes payable
8% unsecured	Various		8	%		N/A		14,540		(1,300)		807		14,047
9% unsecured	Various		9	%		N/A		793		—		—		793
12% unsecured	On Demand		12	%		N/A		563		—		—		563
								15,896		(1,300)		807		15,403
Long term notes payable
8% unsecured	7/26/2024		8	%		N/A		5,505		(432)		—		5,073
6% secured	3/25/2025		6	%		N/A		918		—		—		918
								6,423		(432)		—		5,991
Ending balance as of December 31, 2022							$	22,454	$	(1,732)	$	807	$	21,529

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Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders

Schedule of antidilutive securities were not included in the diluted net earnings (loss) per share

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2023	2022
Series C convertible preferred stock	35,412	—
Common stock options	299,938	304,867
Common stock warrants	140,244	208,705
Convertible notes and accrued interest	79	76
Potentially dilutive securities	475,673	513,648

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Related Party Transactions (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Related Party Transactions

Schedule of total research and development costs from related party

The following table summarizes total research and development costs from Advent for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (in thousands).

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
	2023		2022
Advent BioServices
Manufacturing cost in London	$	1,643	$	1,404
Manufacturing cost at Sawston facility		1,712		1,425
SOW 6 one-time milestones - Shares
Expensed but unpaid (milestone complete) (1)		520		—
Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete) (2)		100		—
SOW 6 one-time milestones - Cash
Expensed and due, but unpaid (milestone complete) (3)		550		—
Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete) (2)		150		—
Total	$	4,675	$	2,829

Schedule of outstanding unpaid accounts payable and accrued expenses held by related parties

As of March 31, 2023, there were outstanding unpaid accounts payable and accrued expenses owed to Advent as summarized in the following table (in thousands). These unpaid amounts are part of the Related Party expenses reported in the above section.

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Advent BioServices - amount invoiced but unpaid	$	1,765	$	1,844
Advent BioServices - amount accrued but unpaid (1)		6,566		4,736
Total payable and accrued, but unpaid to Advent BioServices	$	8,331	$	6,580

(1) This includes $2.1 million which is not payable in cash but represents the value of 3 million shares that will become issuable to Advent, following final Board approval, for achievement of the one-time milestone for obtaining a commercial manufacturing license for the Sawston facility. Such shares were not issued as of March 31, 2023, and the total value, previously recognized as stock compensation expense, was reclassified from Additional Paid-in-Capital to Accounts payable and accrued expenses to related parties and affiliates.

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Stockholders' Deficit (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Stockholders' Deficit

Schedule of warrant activity

The following is a summary of warrant activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

	Number of	Weighted Average		Remaining
	Warrants	Exercise Price		Contractual Term
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	141,048	$	0.31	1.46
Warrants exercised for cash	(767)		0.32	—
Warrants expired and cancellations	(38)		0.34	—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2023	140,243	$	0.31	1.42

Schedule of modifications to the warrants following weighted average assumptions

	As of January 9, 2023			As of March 31, 2023
	Warrant			Share			Contingent Payable
	Liability			Liability			Derivative Liability
Strike price	$	0.31		$	0.63	*	$	0.63	*
Contractual term (years)		1.5			0.04			1.3
Volatility (annual)		87	%		114	%		73	%
Risk-free rate		4.3	%		2.2	%		4.9	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

	As of December 31, 2022
	Warrant			Share			Contingent Payable
	Liability			Liability			Derivative Liability
Strike price	$	0.31		$	0.78	*	$	0.78	*
Contractual term (years)		1.5			0.1			0.6
Volatility (annual)		86	%		76	%		77	%
Risk-free rate		4.3	%		2.0	%		4.8	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

* The strike price assumes the current stock price as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Warrants

Stockholders' Deficit

Schedule of modifications to the warrants following weighted average assumptions

	Post-modification			Pre-modification
Exercise price	$	0.27		$	0.27
Expected term (in years)		2.1			1.9
Volatility		74	%		95	%
Risk-free interest rate		4.3	%		4.2	%
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies.

Schedule of quantitative information about the company's operating leases

The following summarizes quantitative information about the Company’s operating leases (amount in thousands):

	For the three months ended
	March 31, 2023
	U.K			U.S			Total
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	144		$	65		$	209
Short-term lease cost		23			—			23
Variable lease cost		—			4			4
Sub-lease income		(36)			—			(36)
Total	$	131		$	69		$	200
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	(152)		$	(73)		$	(225)
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases		8.4			1.1
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		12	%		12	%

	For the three months ended
	March 31, 2022
	U.K			U.S			Total
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	87		$	65		$	152
Short-term lease cost		13			—			13
Variable lease cost		—			10			10
Total		(36)			—			(36)
	$	64		$	75		$	138
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	(168)		$	(71)		$	(239)
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases		8.9			1.6
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		12	%		12	%

Schedule of maturities of our operating leases, excluding short-term leases

Maturities of our operating leases, excluding short-term leases and sublease agreement, are as follows:

Nine months ended December 31, 2023	$	688
Year ended December 31, 2024		823
Year ended December 31, 2025		618
Year ended December 31, 2026		618
Year ended December 31, 2027		618
Thereafter		6,783
Total		10,148
Less present value discount		(5,409)
Operating lease liabilities included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2023	$	4,739

Maturities of our operating leases under the sublease agreement, are as follows:

Nine months ended December 31, 2023	$	109
Year ended December 31, 2024		145
Year ended December 31, 2025		145
Year ended December 31, 2026		145
Thereafter		1,740
Total	$	2,284

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Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans
Net loss	$ 10,652	$ 14,214
Payments for operating activities	$ 11,200

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	Jan. 09, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jan. 08, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Common stock, shares authorized	1,700,000,000	1,700,000,000	1,200,000,000	1,700,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001		$ 0.001
Number of warrants to purchase shares of common stock reclassified from liability to equity	141,000,000
Reclassification of fair value of the warrant liability to equity	$ 76.3
Remaining balance in warrant liability		$ 1.4

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Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Measurements
Warrant liability	$ 1,445	$ 80,559
Embedded redemption option		807
Contingent payable derivative liability	8,451	8,668
Share liability	585	678
Total fair value	10,481	90,712
Fair value, transfer between level 1, 2 or 3	0
Level 3
Fair Value Measurements
Warrant liability	1,445	80,559
Embedded redemption option		807
Contingent payable derivative liability	8,451	8,668
Share liability	585	678
Total fair value	$ 10,481	$ 90,712

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Fair Value Measurements - Changes in Level 3 liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Jan. 09, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023
Fair Value Measurements
Balance		$ 90,712
Additional share liability		538
Redemption of share liability		(683)
Reclassification of warrant liabilities		(76,258)
Change in fair value		(3,828)
Balance		10,481
Warrant liability related to purchase shares in a future raise of capital		1,400
Reclassification of fair value of the warrant liability into the additional paid-in capital	$ 76,300
Change in fair value of the common stock warrant liability	$ 2,300
Warrant Liability
Fair Value Measurements
Balance		80,559
Reclassification of warrant liabilities		(76,258)
Change in fair value		(2,856)
Balance		1,445
Embedded Redemption Option
Fair Value Measurements
Balance		807
Change in fair value		(807)
Contingent Payable Derivative Liability
Fair Value Measurements
Balance		8,668
Change in fair value		(217)
Balance		8,451
Share liability
Fair Value Measurements
Balance		678
Additional share liability		538
Redemption of share liability		(683)
Change in fair value		52
Balance		$ 585

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Fair Value Measurements - Weighted average (in aggregate) significant unobservable inputs (Details) - Level 3 - $ / shares		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jan. 09, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Warrant Liability
Fair Value Measurements
Strike price	$ 0.31		$ 0.31
Contractual term (years)	1 year 6 months		1 year 6 months
Volatility (annual)	87.00%		86.00%
Risk-free rate	4.30%		4.30%
Dividend yield (per share)	0.00%		0.00%
Contingent Payable Derivative Liability
Fair Value Measurements
Strike price		$ 0.63	$ 0.78
Contractual term (years)		1 year 3 months 18 days	7 months 6 days
Volatility (annual)		73.00%	77.00%
Risk-free rate		4.90%	4.80%
Dividend yield (per share)		0.00%	0.00%
Share liability
Fair Value Measurements
Strike price		$ 0.63	$ 0.78
Contractual term (years)		14 days	1 month 6 days
Volatility (annual)		114.00%	76.00%
Risk-free rate		2.20%	2.00%
Dividend yield (per share)		0.00%	0.00%

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Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of stock-based compensation expense (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) Milestone	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Stock-Based Compensation
Number of milestones completed	2
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 933	$ 617
Total unrecognized compensation cost	800
Stock based compensation recognized and expensed but not yet paid	500
Shares related to all milestones	3,000
Restricted Stock Awards
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock based compensation			$ 1,600
Stock based compensation recognized and expensed but not yet paid			$ 100
Shares related to all milestones	3,000
Research and development
Stock-Based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense	296	510
Milestone achieved
Stock-Based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense	520
Future milestone
Stock-Based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense	100
General and administrative
Stock-Based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 17	$ 107

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock option activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Stock-Based Compensation
Number of Shares, Outstanding	301,263
Number of Shares, Cashless exercised	(1,325)
Number of Shares, Outstanding	299,938	301,263
Number of Shares, Options vested	281,009
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding	$ 0.34
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Cashless exercised	0.33
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding	0.34	$ 0.34
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options vested	$ 0.33
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years), Outstanding	6 years 9 months 18 days	7 years
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years), Options vested	6 years 9 months 18 days
Total Intrinsic Value, Outstanding	$ 135,225
Total Intrinsic Value, Outstanding	90,543	$ 135,225
Total Intrinsic Value, Options vested	$ 85,618

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Stock-based Compensation - Restricted Stock Awards (Details) $ in Thousands			1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 16, 2023 USD ($) shares	Sep. 26, 2022 Milestone item shares	Apr. 30, 2022 item	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) Milestone shares	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) item Milestone
Stock-Based Compensation
Proceeds from issuance of common stock to investors					$ 3,364
Total intrinsic value of all outstanding options				$ 90,543		$ 135,225
Amended Statement of Work 6
Stock-Based Compensation
Number of milestones | Milestone		10
Other Service Agreement
Stock-Based Compensation
Proceeds from issuance of common stock to investors				15
Service period	4 months
Restricted Stock Awards
Stock-Based Compensation
Number of milestones | Milestone						7
Number of workstreams | Milestone						5
Number of required licenses for the Sawston facility | item						2
Amount recognized and expensed related to stock component				$ 100
Share based compensation arrangement by share based payment award number of shares available for grant | shares				13,500,000
Total intrinsic value of all outstanding options				$ 10,100
Restricted Stock Awards | Statement of Work 6
Stock-Based Compensation
Number of workstreams | item		6
Restricted Stock Awards | Amended Statement of Work 6
Stock-Based Compensation
Number of required licenses for the Sawston facility | item		3
Remaining cash component milestones that are anticipated to be achieved and earned in the future | Milestone				3
Amount recognized and expensed related to cash component				$ 500		$ 3,000
Share based compensation arrangement by share based payment award number of shares available for grant | shares		6,000,000
Restricted Stock Awards | Other Service Agreement
Stock-Based Compensation
Number of shares issued during the period | shares	8,000
Proceeds from issuance of common stock to investors	$ 100
Restricted Stock Awards | Advent BioServices | Statement of Work 6
Stock-Based Compensation
Number of workstreams | item			5
Number of required licenses for the Sawston facility | item			3

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Stock-based Compensation - Additional Information (Details) shares in Millions, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares
Stock-Based Compensation
Total unrecognized compensation cost | $	$ 0.8
Unrecognized compensation cost recognized period (in years)	1 year 3 months 18 days
Notice for exercising any option or warrant (in days)	61 days
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]
Stock-Based Compensation
Number of Shares, Vested | shares	153

XML

Property, Plant and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment
Construction in progress	$ 3,321	$ 2,028
Property, plant and equipment, net	13,570	13,418
Domestic
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, gross	16,196	15,690
Less: accumulated depreciation	(2,626)	(2,272)
Construction in progress	3,321	2,028
Leasehold improvements | Domestic
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 13,213	13,070
Leasehold improvements useful life	Lesser of lease term or estimated useful life
Office furniture and equipment | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	5 years
Office furniture and equipment | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	3 years
Office furniture and equipment | Domestic
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 445	300
Computer and manufacturing equipment and software | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	5 years
Computer and manufacturing equipment and software | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	3 years
Computer and manufacturing equipment and software | Domestic
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 2,454	2,238
Land | U.K
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 84	$ 82

XML

Property, Plant and Equipment - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment
Depreciation	$ 0.3	$ 0.1

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Notes Payable - Outstanding debt (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Notes Payable
Face Value	$ 28,810	$ 22,454
Remaining Debt Discount	(2,185)	(1,732)
Embedded Redemption Option		807
Carrying Value	26,625	21,529
Short term convertible notes payable
Notes Payable
Face Value	135	135
Carrying Value	$ 135	$ 135
Short term convertible notes payable | 6% unsecured
Notes Payable
Maturity Date	Due	Due
Stated Interest Rate	6.00%	6.00%
Conversion Price	$ 3.09
Face Value	$ 135	$ 135
Carrying Value	135	135
Short term notes payable
Notes Payable
Face Value	11,330	15,896
Remaining Debt Discount	(859)	(1,300)
Embedded Redemption Option		807
Carrying Value	$ 10,471	$ 15,403
Short term notes payable | 8% unsecured
Notes Payable
Maturity Date	Various	Various
Stated Interest Rate	8.00%	8.00%
Face Value	$ 10,610	$ 14,540
Remaining Debt Discount	(859)	(1,300)
Embedded Redemption Option		807
Carrying Value	$ 9,751	$ 14,047
Short term notes payable | 9% unsecured
Notes Payable
Maturity Date	Various	Various
Stated Interest Rate	9.00%	9.00%
Face Value	$ 157	$ 793
Carrying Value	$ 157	$ 793
Short term notes payable | 12% unsecured
Notes Payable
Maturity Date	On Demand	On Demand
Stated Interest Rate	12.00%	12.00%
Face Value	$ 563	$ 563
Carrying Value	563	563
Long term notes payable
Notes Payable
Face Value	17,345	6,423
Remaining Debt Discount	(1,326)	(432)
Carrying Value	$ 16,019	$ 5,991
Long term notes payable | 8% unsecured
Notes Payable
Maturity Date	7/26/2024	7/26/2024
Stated Interest Rate	8.00%	8.00%
Face Value	$ 16,510	$ 5,505
Remaining Debt Discount	(1,326)	(432)
Carrying Value	$ 15,184	$ 5,073
Long term notes payable | 6% secured
Notes Payable
Maturity Date	3/25/2025	3/25/2025
Stated Interest Rate	6.00%	6.00%
Face Value	$ 835	$ 918
Carrying Value	$ 835	$ 918

XML

Notes Payable - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Mar. 02, 2023 USD ($) installment	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Notes Payable
Fair value of debt converted		$ 2,100
Aggregate principal amount		28,810		$ 22,454
Share liabilities extinguished		700
Additional share liability recognized		500
Gain (loss) from debt extinguishment		1,300
Change in fair value of embedded redemption option		800
Notes
Notes Payable
Cash payments		$ 4,100
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares		8,300,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock		$ 5,600
Accrued interest expense on debt		200
Interest expense including amortization of debt discount		500	$ 1,100
Amortization of debt discount		600	$ 800
Notes | Series C convertible preferred stock
Notes Payable
Aggregate principal amount		700
Accrued interest expense on debt		100
Gain (loss) from debt extinguishment		$ 100
Notes | Senior Convertible Notes [Member]
Notes Payable
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares		43,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock		$ 800
Commercial Loan
Notes Payable
Aggregate principal amount	$ 11,000
Debt instrument, interest rate	8.00%
Term of debt instrument	22 months
Term when no principal repayments was made	8 months
Number of installments for amortization | installment	14
Original issue discount	$ 1,000

XML

Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders
Potentially dilutive securities	475,673	513,648
Series C convertible preferred stock
Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders
Potentially dilutive securities	35,412
Common stock options
Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders
Potentially dilutive securities	299,938	304,867
Common stock warrants
Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders
Potentially dilutive securities	140,244	208,705
Convertible notes and accrued interest
Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders
Potentially dilutive securities	79	76

XML

Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands, shares in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Notes Payable
Aggregate principal amount	$ 28,810		$ 22,454
Face Value	28,810		$ 22,454
Extinguishment of debt including accrued interest	700
Gain from debt extinguishment	$ 1,300
Notes [Member]
Notes Payable
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments	8.3
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock	$ 5,600
Interest expense including amortization of debt discount	500	$ 1,100
Amortization of debt discount	600	$ 800
Notes [Member] | Series C Convertible Preferred Stock
Notes Payable
Aggregate principal amount	700
Face Value	700
Gain from debt extinguishment	$ 100

XML

Related Party Transactions (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) Milestone item Program	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Related Party Transactions
Percentage of margin	15.00%
Number of milestones completed	2
Amount recognized and expensed related to Current cash component	$ 1.0
Number of shares issuable for the accrued milestone	3.0
Fair value of debt converted	2.1
Stock-based compensation related to the achieved milestone	0.5	$ 1.6
Stock based compensation recognized and expensed but not yet paid	0.5
Amount related to future cash milestone payments anticipated to achieve and earn	0.2
Fair value of future shares milestone payments anticipate to achieve and earn	$ 0.1
Advent Bio services agreement
Related Party Transactions
Number of operational programs | Program	3
Number of sets of one-time milestones | Milestone	10
Number of required licenses for the Sawston facility | item	3

XML

Related Party Transactions - Research and development Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Related Party Transactions
Total	$ 4,675	$ 2,829
Expensed and paid (milestone complete)
Related Party Transactions
Related party costs, SOW 6 one-time milestones - Shares	520
Expensed and paid (partial milestone earned)
Related Party Transactions
Related party costs, SOW 6 one-time milestones - Cash	550
Expensed and due, but unpaid (milestone complete)
Related Party Transactions
Related party costs, SOW 6 one-time milestones - Shares	100
Related party costs, SOW 6 one-time milestones - Cash	150
Advent BioServices | Manufacturing cost in London
Related Party Transactions
Related party costs, Manufacturing costs	1,643	1,404
Advent BioServices | Manufacturing cost at Sawston facility
Related Party Transactions
Related party costs, Manufacturing costs	$ 1,712	$ 1,425

XML

Related Party Transactions - Advent BioServices Sublease Agreement (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 GBP (£) ft² item	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) ft² item	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Related Party Transactions
Lease payments		$ 225,000	$ 239,000
Sub-lease income		$ 36,000	$ 36,000
Advent BioServices
Related Party Transactions
Area of sublease (in sqft) | item	14,459	14,459
Total area of lease (in sqft) | ft²	88,000	88,000
Number of times calculated for lease payment under sub-lease | item	2	2
Rate per square foot under sub-lease	£ 5.75	$ 7.11
Cap rate per square foot under sub-lease		10
Sub-lease payments receivable		145,000
Lease payments | £	£ 500,000
Approximate lease payments		$ 618,000

XML

Related Party Transactions - Related Party Accounts Payable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Related Party Transactions
Fair value of debt converted	$ 2,100
Number of shares issuable for the accrued milestone	3,000
Accounts payable to related party
Related Party Transactions
Unpaid board compensation	400
Advent BioServices - amount invoiced
Related Party Transactions
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	1,765	$ 1,844
Advent BioServices - amount invoiced but unpaid
Related Party Transactions
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	6,566	4,736
Advent BioServices
Related Party Transactions
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	8,331	$ 6,580
Advent BioServices | Accounts payable to related party
Related Party Transactions
Fair value of debt converted	2,100
Number of shares issuable for the accrued milestone	$ 3,000

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Preferred Stock (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) shares
Preferred Stock
Extinguishment of debt including accrued interest	$ 700,000
Proceeds from exercise of warrants	248,000	$ 4,185,000
Aggregate principal amount	28,810,000		$ 22,454,000
Gain (loss) from debt extinguishment	$ 1,300,000
Notes
Preferred Stock
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares	8,300,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock	$ 5,600,000
Accrued interest expense on debt	$ 200,000
Notes | Senior Convertible Notes [Member]
Preferred Stock
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares	43,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock	$ 800,000
Minimum
Preferred Stock
Warrants exercise price | $ / shares	$ 0.22
Maximum
Preferred Stock
Warrants exercise price | $ / shares	0.85
Series C Subscription Agreements | Series C Investors
Preferred Stock
Temporary equity, par value | $ / shares	$ 0.001
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock
Preferred Stock
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares) | shares	148,000
Temporary equity, shares designated | shares	10,000,000		10,000,000
Proceeds from issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock	$ 2,385,000
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock | Notes
Preferred Stock
Aggregate principal amount	700,000
Accrued interest expense on debt	100,000
Gain (loss) from debt extinguishment	$ 100,000
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock | Common Stock
Preferred Stock
Number of shares converted | shares	200,000
Value of shares converted	$ 2,600,000
Number of shares issued on conversion | shares	4,900,000
Conversion ratio from preferred stock to common stock	0.04
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock | Series C Subscription Agreements | Series C Investors
Preferred Stock
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares) | shares	100,000
Purchase price | $ / shares	$ 16.11
Gross proceeds from issuance of shares	$ 2,400,000
Price per share | $ / shares	$ 16.11

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Stockholders' Deficit - Stock Purchase Warrants (Details) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Stockholders' Deficit
Number of Warrants, Outstanding	141,048
Number of Warrants, Warrants exercised for cash	(767)
Number of Warrants, Warrants expired and cancellations	(38)
Number of Warrants, Outstanding	140,243	141,048
Weighted Average Exercise Price - Outstanding	$ 0.31
Weighted Average Exercise Price - Warrants exercised for cash	0.32
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Warrants expired and cancellations	0.34
Weighted Average Exercise Price - Outstanding	$ 0.31	$ 0.31
Remaining Contractual Term	1 year 5 months 1 day	1 year 5 months 15 days

XML

Stockholders' Deficit - Warrant Modifications (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares
Stock-Based Compensation
Deemed dividend related to warrant modifications | $	$ 395
Post Modification
Stock-Based Compensation
Exercise price | $ / shares	$ 0.27
Expected term (in years)	2 years 1 month 6 days
Volatility	74.00%
Risk-free interest rate	4.30%
Dividend yield	0.00%
Pre Modification
Stock-Based Compensation
Exercise price | $ / shares	$ 0.27
Expected term (in years)	1 year 10 months 24 days
Volatility	95.00%
Risk-free interest rate	4.20%
Dividend yield	0.00%
Deemed dividend related to warrant modifications | $	$ 400

XML

Stockholders' Deficit - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Jan. 09, 2023	Jan. 08, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Stockholders' Deficit
Common stock, shares authorized	1,700,000,000		1,700,000,000	1,200,000,000	1,700,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001		$ 0.001		$ 0.001
Aggregate proceeds from exercise of warrants	$ 248	$ 4,185
Stock issued on exercise of warrants	800,000
Number of shares issued for repayments of debt	8,300,000
Amount of debt redeemed from issuance of shares	$ 4,100
Amount of interest on debt redeemed from issuance of shares	$ 200
Number of warrants outstanding	140,243				141,048
Class of warrant or right, extended in suspension	97,000,000
Warrants issued as consideration for warrants suspension
Stockholders' Deficit
Number of warrants outstanding	140,000,000
Cashless Warrants Exercise
Stockholders' Deficit
Number of Warrants, cashless warrants exercise	1,300,000
Common Stock
Stockholders' Deficit
Stock issued on exercise of warrants	700,000
Minimum
Stockholders' Deficit
Warrants exercise price	$ 0.22
Minimum | Common Stock | Cashless Warrants Exercise
Stockholders' Deficit
Warrants exercise price	0.25
Maximum
Stockholders' Deficit
Warrants exercise price	0.85
Maximum | Common Stock | Cashless Warrants Exercise
Stockholders' Deficit
Warrants exercise price	$ 0.35

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$ 209,000	$ 152,000
Short-term lease cost	23,000	13,000
Variable lease cost	4,000	10,000
Sub-lease income	(36,000)	(36,000)
Total	200,000	138,000
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	(225,000)	(239,000)
U.K
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	144,000	87,000
Short-term lease cost	23,000	13,000
Sub-lease income	(36,000)	(36,000)
Total	131,000	64,000
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ (152,000)	$ (168,000)
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	8 years 4 months 24 days	8 years 10 months 24 days
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases	12.00%	12.00%
U.S
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$ 65,000	$ 65,000
Variable lease cost	4,000	10,000
Total	69,000	75,000
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ (73,000)	$ (71,000)
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	1 year 1 month 6 days	1 year 7 months 6 days
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases	12.00%	12.00%

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Commitments and Contingencies - Maturities of our operating leases (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies
Nine months ended December 31, 2023	$ 688
Year ended December 31, 2024	823
Year ended December 31, 2025	618
Year ended December 31, 2026	618
Year ended December 31, 2027	618
Thereafter	6,783
Total	10,148
Less present value discount	(5,409)
Operating lease liabilities included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2023	4,739
Sublease agreement
Commitments and Contingencies
Nine months ended December 31, 2023	109
Year ended December 31, 2024	145
Year ended December 31, 2025	145
Year ended December 31, 2026	145
Thereafter	1,740
Total	$ 2,284

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Commitments and Contingencies - Additional Information (Details) £ in Millions								3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Sep. 26, 2022 item	Jul. 27, 2022 USD ($)	Jul. 27, 2022 EUR (€)	Nov. 04, 2021 USD ($)	Nov. 04, 2021 EUR (€)	May 14, 2018 USD ($)	May 14, 2018 GBP (£)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 EUR (€)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 EUR (€)	Mar. 31, 2023 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies
Operating lease liabilities								$ 4,739,000
Lease, practical expedient, lessor single lease component [true false]								true				true
Operating lease, term of contract								20 years				20 years
ROU asset								$ 4,209,000					$ 4,189,000
Original term of the agreement								8 months	8 months
Litigation settlement waiver of penalty		$ 147,000	€ 135,000
Loss contingency accrual								$ 410,000				€ 377,000
Advent Bioscience accrued
Commitments and Contingencies
Number of workstreams | item	6
Advent Bio services agreement
Commitments and Contingencies
Term of agreement						12 months	12 months
Advent Bio services agreement | Minimum
Commitments and Contingencies
Minimum required payments for this notice period						$ 5,500,000	£ 4.4
German tax authority
Commitments and Contingencies
Settlement expense								329,000	€ 277,000
Received tax bills										$ 241,000	€ 222,000
State and local jurisdiction
Commitments and Contingencies
Settlement expense								$ 251,000	€ 231,000
Additional late fees				$ 558,000	€ 513,000

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Subsequent Events (Details) $ in Millions			1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
	May 08, 2023 USD ($)	Apr. 19, 2023 USD ($) shares	Apr. 30, 2023 USD ($) shares	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares	Mar. 31, 2022 shares	May 05, 2023
Common Stock
Subsequent Events
Number of shares issued during the period					4,553,000
Series C convertible preferred stock | Common Stock
Subsequent Events
Number of shares converted				200,000
Value of shares converted | $				$ 2.6
Number of shares issued on conversion				4,900,000
Conversion ratio from preferred stock to common stock				0.04
Subsequent event
Subsequent Events
Proceeds from prepayments of purchase of securities | $	$ 3.0
Subsequent event | Common Stock
Subsequent Events
Number of shares issued during the period		2,600,000
Cash payments | $		$ 1.3
Interest | $		$ 0.1
Subsequent event | Series C convertible preferred stock | Common Stock
Subsequent Events
Number of shares converted			45,000
Value of shares converted | $			$ 0.7
Number of shares issued on conversion			1,100,000
Conversion ratio from preferred stock to common stock						0.04