Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2015

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation: 

The consolidated financial statements include Central Federal Corporation (the “Holding Company”) and its wholly-owned subsidiary, CFBank.  The Holding Company and CFBank are sometimes collectively referred to herein as the “Company”.  Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.  The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and in compliance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).  Because this report is based on an interim period, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted.

In the opinion of the management of the Company, the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial condition and the results of operations for the periods presented.  These adjustments are of a normal recurring nature, unless otherwise disclosed in this Form 10-Q. The financial performance reported for the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2015 is not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year.  This information should be read in conjunction with the Company’s latest Annual Report to Stockholders and Form 10-K.  Reference is made to the accounting policies of the Company described in Note 1 to the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Company’s 2014 Annual Report that was filed as Exhibit 13.1 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 (referred to herein as the “2014 Audited Financial Statements”).  The Company has consistently followed those policies in preparing this Form 10-Q.

Loans

Loans:  Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at the principal balance outstanding, adjusted for purchase premiums and discounts, deferred loan fees and costs and an allowance for loan losses (ALLL).  Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance.  Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the level yield method without anticipating prepayments. 

The accrual of interest income on all classes of loans, except other consumer loans, is discontinued and the loan is placed on nonaccrual status at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in process of collection.  Other consumer loans are typically charged off no later than 90 days past due.  Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan for all classes of loans.  In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.  Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days still on accrual include both smaller balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified impaired loans.  Commercial loans, multi-family residential real estate loans and commercial real estate loans placed on nonaccrual status are individually classified as impaired loans.

All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income in the period in which it is placed in a nonaccrual status.  Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual status.  Loans are considered for return to accrual status provided all the principal and interest amounts that are contractually due are brought current, there is a current and well documented credit analysis,  there is reasonable assurance of repayment of principal and interest, and the customer has demonstrated sustained, amortizing payment performance of at least six months.

Allowance for Loan Losses (ALLL)

Allowance for Loan Losses (ALLL):  The ALLL is a valuation allowance for probable incurred credit losses.  Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed.  Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.  Management estimates the allowance balance required using past loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, and other factors.  Allocations of the allowance may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off.

The allowance consists of specific and general components.  The specific component relates to loans that are individually classified as impaired. A loan is impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that CFBank will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement.  Loans within any loan class for which the terms have been modified resulting in a concession, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, are considered troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) and classified as impaired.  

Factors considered by management in determining impairment for all loan classes include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired.  Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed.

Loans of all classes within the commercial, multi-family residential and commercial real estate segments, regardless of size, and loans of all other classes with balances over $250 are individually evaluated for impairment when they are 90 days past due, or earlier than 90 days past due if information regarding the payment capacity of the borrower indicates that payment in full according to the loan terms is doubtful.  If a loan is impaired, a portion of the allowance is allocated so that the loan is reported, net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate, or at the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell, if repayment is expected solely from the collateral.  Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as consumer and single-family residential real estate loans, are collectively evaluated for impairment, and accordingly, they are not separately identified for impairment disclosures.

TDRs of all classes of loans are separately identified for impairment disclosures and are measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s effective rate at inception.  If a TDR is considered to be a collateral dependent loan, the loan is reported, net, at the fair value of the collateral. If the payment of the loan is dependent on the sale of the collateral, then costs to liquidate the collateral are included when determining the impairment.  For TDRs that subsequently default, the amount of reserve is determined in accordance with the accounting policy for the ALLL.

Interest income on all classes of impaired loans that are on nonaccrual status is recognized in accordance with the accounting policy on nonaccrual loans.  Cash receipts on all classes of impaired loans that are on nonaccrual status are generally applied to the principal balance outstanding.  Interest income on all classes of impaired loans that are not on nonaccrual status is recognized on the accrual method.  TDRs may be classified as accruing if the borrower has been current for a period of at least six months with respect to loan payments and management expects that the borrower will be able to continue to make payments in accordance with the terms of the restructured loan.

The general reserve component covers non-impaired loans of all classes and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for current factors.  The historical loss experience is determined by loan class and is based on the actual loss history experienced by CFBank over a three-year period.  The general component is calculated based on CFBank’s loan balances and actual three-year historical loss rates.  For loans with little or no actual loss experience, industry estimates are used based on loan segment. This actual loss experience is supplemented with other economic and judgmental factors based on the risks present for each loan class.  These economic and judgmental factors include consideration of the following:  levels of and trends in delinquencies and impaired loans; levels of and trends in charge-offs and recoveries; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of any changes in risk selection and underwriting standards; other changes in lending policies, procedures, and practices; experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; national and local economic trends and conditions; industry conditions; and effects of changes in credit concentrations.

CFBank’s charge-off policy for commercial loans, single-family residential real estate loans, multi-family residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and home equity lines of credit requires management to record a specific reserve or charge-off as soon as it is apparent that the borrower is troubled and there is, or likely will be a collateral shortfall related to the estimated value of the collateral securing the loan.  Other consumer loans are typically charged off no later than 90 days past due.

Earnings (Loss) Per Common Share

Earnings (Loss) Per Common Share: The two-class method is used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share.  Under the two-class method, earnings available to common stockholders for the period are allocated between common stockholders and participating securities (unvested share-based payment awards) according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings.  The factors used in the earnings per share computation follow: 

	Three months ended March 31,
	2015		2014
Basic
Net earnings (loss)	$	251	$	(214)
Dividends on Series B preferred stock and accretion of discount		(214)		-
Earnings (loss) allocated to common stockholders	$	37	$	(214)
Weighted average common shares outstanding including unvested share-based payment awards		15,823,710		15,823,710
Less: Unvested share-based payment awards		-		-
Average shares		15,823,710		15,823,710
Basic earnings (loss) per common share	$	0.00	$	(0.01)
Diluted
Net earnings (loss) allocated to common stockholders	$	37	$	(214)
Weighted average common shares outstanding for basic loss per common share		15,823,710		15,823,710
Add:  Dilutive effects of assumed exercises of stock options		7,444		-
Add:  Dilutive effects of assumed exercises of stock warrants		-		-
Average shares and dilutive potential common shares		15,831,154		15,823,710
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share	$	0.00	$	(0.01)

The following securities exercisable for or convertible into common shares were anti-dilutive and not considered in computing diluted earnings (loss) per common share.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2015	2014
Stock options	456,396	632,126
Series B preferred stock	6,857,143	-
Stock warrants	1,152,125	-

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

Adoption of New Accounting Standards:

In January 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU” or “Update”) 2014-01, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects (January 2014).  This Update permits entities to make an accounting policy election to account for their investments in qualified affordable housing projects using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met.  The ASU modifies the conditions that an entity must meet to be eligible to use a method other than the equity or cost methods to account for qualified affordable housing project investments.  The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2014.  The amendments in this Update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented.  Adoption of the ASU is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-04, Receivables - Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors (Subtopic 310-40): Reclassification of Residential Real Estate Collateralized Consumer Mortgage Loans upon Foreclosure (January 2014).  The objective of this Update is to reduce diversity by clarifying when a creditor should be considered to have received physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan such that the loan receivable should be derecognized and the real estate property recognized.  The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2014.  The amendments in this Update may be adopted using either a modified retrospective transition method or a prospective transition method.  Adoption of the ASU is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In April 2014 the FASB issued ASU 2014-08, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant, and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity (April 2014).This Update seeks to better define the groups of assets which qualify for discontinued operations, in order to ease the burden and cost for preparers and stakeholders.  This update changed “the criteria for reporting discontinued operations” and related reporting requirements, including the provision for disclosures about the “disposal of an individually significant component of an entity that does not qualify for discontinued operations presentation.”  The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2014.  Early adoption is permitted only for disposals or classifications as held for sale.  The Company will adopt the methodologies prescribed by this ASU by the date required.  Adoption of the ASU is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014 the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (May 2014).  Section A - Summary and Amendments That Create Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) and Other Assets and Deferred Costs - Contracts with Customers (Subtopic 340-40).  Section B - Conforming Amendments to Other Topics and Subtopics in the Codification and Status Tables.  Section C - Background Information and Basis for Conclusions.  The topic of Revenue Recognition had become broad with several other regulatory agencies issuing standards, which lacked cohesion.  The new guidance establishes a “comprehensive framework” and “reduces the number of requirements to which an entity must consider in recognizing revenue” and yet provides improved disclosures to assist stakeholders reviewing financial statements.  The amendments in this Update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016.  Early adoption is not permitted.  The Company will adopt the methodologies prescribed by this ASU by the date required.  Adoption of the ASU is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In June 2014 the FASB issued ASU 2014-11, Transfers and Servicing (Topic 860): Repurchase-to-Maturity Transactions, Repurchase Financings, and Disclosures (June 2014).  This Update addresses the concerns of stakeholders’ by changing the accounting practices surrounding repurchase agreements.  The new guidance changes the “accounting for repurchase-to-maturity transactions and linked repurchase financings to secured borrowing accounting, which is consistent with the accounting for other repurchase agreements.”  The amendments in this Update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2014. Early adoption is prohibited.  The Company will adopt the methodologies prescribed by this ASU by the date required.  Adoption of the ASU is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In June 2014 the FASB issued ASU 2014-12, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period (June 2014).  This Update defines the accounting treatment for share-based payments and “resolves the diverse accounting treatment of those awards in practice.” The new requirement mandates that “a performance target that affects vesting and that could be achieved after the requisite service period be treated as a performance condition.”  Compensation cost will now be recognized in the period in which it becomes likely that the performance target will be met.   The amendments in this Update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted.  The Company will adopt the methodologies prescribed by this ASU by the date required.  Adoption of the ASU is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

The FASB has issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40):  Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern.  ASU 2014-15 is intended to define management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an organization’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures.  Under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), financial statements are prepared under the presumption that the reporting organization will continue to operate as a going concern, except in limited circumstances.  Financial reporting under this presumption is commonly referred to as the going concern basis of accounting.  The going concern basis of accounting is critical to financial reporting because it establishes the fundamental basis for measuring and classifying assets and liabilities.  Currently, GAAP lacks guidance about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about the organization’s ability to continue as a going concern or to provide related footnote disclosures. This ASU provides guidance to an organization’s management, with principles and definitions that are intended to reduce diversity in the timing and content of disclosures that are commonly provided by organizations today in the financial statement footnotes. Adoption of the ASU is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

COSO’s Internal Control Framework has been updated and enhanced.  Since its release in 1992, COSO’s Internal Control – Integrated Framework has been widely accepted and adopted around the world. The updated framework, issued on May 14, 2013, maintains the fundamental elements of the original:  five components of an internal control system—control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication—and monitoring activities supporting three categories of objectives:  effectiveness and efficiency of operations, reliability of reporting and compliance with applicable laws and regulations, structured through management’s judgment.  The five components are evaluated through principles and recommended points of focus.  A significant enhancement, however, is the expansion of the reporting objective to include nonfinancial and internal reporting objectives.  The mandatory principles have been updated to reflect today’s business environment—an environment of increased governance, regulatory and compliance demands and increased use of technology and complex business models. The original framework still may be used through December 15, 2014; beyond that date, COSO will consider the original framework obsolete. Adoption of the updated COSO Integrated Framework is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s internal control environment or financial reporting.

General Litigation

General Litigation

The Company is subject to claims and lawsuits that arise primarily in the ordinary course of business.  It is the opinion of management that the disposition or ultimate resolution of such claims and lawsuits will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company.