The following table summarizes the total stock-based compensation expense included in the Company’s statements of operations for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cost of product sales	$	168	$	323
Research and development		3,972		5,464
Selling, general and administrative		10,565		9,176
	$	14,705	$	14,963

The fair value of each employee stock option and each employee stock purchase plan right granted is estimated on the grant date under the fair value method using the Black-Scholes valuation model, which requires the Company to make a number of assumptions including the estimated expected life of the award and related volatility. The fair value of restricted stock units is estimated based on the market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The estimated fair values of stock options, purchase plan rights, and restricted stock units are then expensed over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. For restricted stock units requiring satisfaction of both market and service conditions, the estimated fair values are generally expensed over the longest of the explicit, implicit and derived service periods. Performance-based stock awards vest upon the achievement of certain pre-defined company-specific performance-based criteria. Expense related to these performance-based stock awards is generally recognized ratably over the expected performance period once the pre-defined performance-based criteria for vesting becomes probable.