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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes:

As of June 30, 2018, we had approximately $0.3 million in total gross unrecognized tax benefits and of this amount, all if recognized, would be recorded through the Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of June 30, 2018, we had an insignificant amount in interest recognized in income tax expense in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 740.

We are currently under examination for our U.S. federal income taxes under the Internal Revenue Service's Compliance Assurance Program for 2018, and 2017 and are subject to examination by numerous other taxing authorities in the U.S. and in jurisdictions such as France, India and Germany. We are generally no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by taxing authorities for years prior to 2011.

Since January 1, 2018, several states have enacted legislation effective for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2018, including changes to tax rates and apportionment methods. The impact of these changes is immaterial.

On October 24, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Accounting for Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Asset Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory, which requires companies to recognize the income tax effects of intercompany sales and transfers of assets other than inventory in the period in which the transfer occurs. Prior to ASU 2016-16, companies were required to defer the income tax effects of intercompany transfers of assets until the asset had been sold to an outside party or otherwise recognized. The new guidance is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those annual periods. The guidance requires companies to apply a modified retrospective approach with a cumulative catch-up adjustment to opening retained earnings in the period of adoption. Accordingly, we recorded a $5.1 million decrease to opening retained earnings in the period ending March 31, 2018.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code, including, but not limited to, the new global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") tax rules. Because of the complexity of the new GILTI tax rules, we are continuing to evaluate this provision of the Tax Act and the application of ASC 740. Under U.S. GAAP, we are allowed to make an accounting policy choice of either (1) treating taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred (the “period cost method”) or (2) factoring such amounts into a company’s measurement of its deferred taxes (the “deferred method”). Our selection of an accounting policy with respect to the new GILTI tax rules will depend, in part, on analyzing our global income to determine whether we expect to have future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI and, if so, what the impact is expected to be. We are not currently able to reasonably estimate the effect of the new GILTI tax rules on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income as the expected future impact of this provision of the Tax Act depends on our current structure and business. Therefore, although we have considered the current effects of GILTI when estimating our annual effective tax rate, we have not made any adjustments related to potential GILTI tax in our deferred taxes and have not made a policy decision regarding whether to record deferred taxes on GILTI.

On February 14, 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which permits companies to reclassify stranded tax effects caused by 2017 tax reform between accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) and retained earnings. We have elected to adopt ASU 2018-02 to reclassify the income tax effects of the 2017 Act from AOCI to retained earnings for the period ending March 31, 2018. Accordingly, we recorded a $22.7 million increase to opening retained earnings in the period ending March 31, 2018 to reclassify the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate, including the reduction in the federal benefit associated with state taxes, on the gross deferred tax amounts and related valuation allowances at the date of enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act related to items remaining in AOCI.

The SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the Tax Act enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740. In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the Act for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. To the extent that a company’s accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act is incomplete but it is able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provisional estimate in the financial statements. If a company cannot determine a provisional estimate to be included in the financial statements, it should continue to apply ASC 740 on the basis of the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect immediately before the enactment of the Tax Act.

Due to the Tax Act, several applications for changes in accounting method have been filed with the IRS to accelerate deductions into the 2017 U.S. federal income tax return. As of June 30, 2018 we have recognized discrete tax benefits of $3.8 million associated with the finalization of the calculations for accounting method changes for prepaid expenses, IBNR medical expenses and depreciable asset reclassifications and repairs.