Goodwill and other intangible assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2015

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

(11)

Goodwill and other intangible assets

A reconciliation of the change in the carrying value of goodwill is as follows (in millions).


	December 31,
	2015			2014
Balance at beginning of year	$	60,714		$	57,011
Acquisitions of businesses		2,563			4,006
Other, including foreign currency translation		(569	)		(303	)

Balance at end of year	$	62,708		$	60,714

Other intangible assets are summarized as follows (in millions).


	December 31, 2015				December 31, 2014
	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization
Insurance and other	$	14,610	$	5,462	$	13,667	$	4,464
Railroad, utilities and energy		888		239		2,254		1,551

	$	15,498	$	5,701	$	15,921	$	6,015

Trademarks and trade names	$	3,041	$	765	$	3,105	$	599
Patents and technology		4,252		2,050		5,425		3,133
Customer relationships		5,474		2,131		5,573		1,757
Other		2,731		755		1,818		526

	$	15,498	$	5,701	$	15,921	$	6,015

Amortization expense was $1,106 million in 2015, $1,155 million in 2014 and $1,090 million in 2013. Estimated amortization expense over the next five years is as follows (in millions): 2016 – $1,009; 2017 – $905; 2018 – $839, 2019 – $733 and 2020 – $628. Intangible assets with indefinite lives as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $2,964 million and $2,586 million, respectively.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the aggregate amount of goodwill and a description of intangible assets, which may include (a) for amortizable intangible assets (also referred to as finite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, the amount of any significant residual value, and the weighted-average amortization period, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization (also referred to as indefinite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, and (c) the amount of research and development assets acquired and written off in the period, including the line item in the income statement in which the amounts written off are aggregated, if not readily apparent from the income statement. Also discloses (a) for amortizable intangibles assets in total and by major class, the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization, the total amortization expense for the period, and the estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization the carrying amount in total and by major class, and (c) for goodwill, in total and for each reportable segment, the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the period (including the aggregate amount of goodwill acquired, the aggregate amount of impairment losses recognized, and the amount of goodwill included in the gain (loss) on disposal of a reporting unit). If any part of goodwill has not been allocated to a reportable segment, discloses the unallocated amount and the reasons for not allocating. For each impairment loss recognized related to an intangible asset (excluding goodwill), discloses: (a) a description of the impaired intangible asset and the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method for determining fair value, (c) the caption in the income statement or the statement of activities in which the impairment loss is aggregated, and (d) the segment in which the impaired intangible asset is reported. For each goodwill impairment loss recognized, discloses: (a) a description of the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method of determining the fair value of the associated reporting unit, and (c) if a recognized impairment loss is an estimate not finalized and the reasons why the estimate is not final. May also disclose the nature and amount of any significant adjustments made to a previous estimate of an impairment loss.

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