Investments in equity securities are summarized as follows (in millions).


	Cost Basis		Net Unrealized Gains		Fair Value
December 31, 2023 *
Banks, insurance and finance	$	27,136	$	51,176	$	78,312
Consumer products		34,248		166,895		201,143
Commercial, industrial and other		48,032		26,355		74,387
	$	109,416	$	244,426	$	353,842

* Approximately 79% of the aggregate fair value was concentrated in five companies (American Express Company – $28.4 billion; Apple Inc. – $174.3 billion; Bank of America Corporation – $34.8 billion; The Coca-Cola Company – $23.6 billion and Chevron Corporation – $18.8 billion).


	Cost Basis		Net Unrealized Gains		Fair Value
December 31, 2022 *
Banks, insurance and finance	$	25,893	$	43,663	$	69,556
Consumer products		40,508		112,384		152,892
Commercial, industrial and other		65,209		21,136		86,345
	$	131,610	$	177,183	$	308,793

* Approximately 75% of the aggregate fair value was concentrated in five companies (American Express Company – $22.4 billion; Apple Inc. – $119.0 billion; Bank of America Corporation – $34.2 billion; The Coca-Cola Company – $25.4 billion and Chevron Corporation – $30.0 billion).

In 2019, we invested $10 billion in non-voting Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock of Occidental Petroleum Corporation (“Occidental”) and in Occidental common stock warrants. During 2022, we began acquiring common stock of Occidental. Our aggregate voting interest in Occidental common stock exceeded 20% on August 4, 2022, and we adopted the equity method as of that date. See Note 5. Our investments in the Occidental preferred stock and Occidental common stock warrants are recorded at fair value and included as equity securities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, as such investments are not in-substance common stock under GAAP and are not eligible for the equity method.

The Occidental preferred stock accrues dividends at 8% per annum and is redeemable at the option of Occidental commencing in 2029 at a redemption price equal to 105% of the liquidation value. As of December 31, 2023, our investment in Occidental preferred stock had an aggregate liquidation value of approximately $8.5 billion. During 2023, Occidental issued mandatory redemption notifications for approximately $1.5 billion of the aggregate liquidation value at a price of 110% of the liquidation value, plus accrued and unpaid dividends. The mandatory redemptions were due to excess distributions by Occidental to its common stockholders, as defined under the terms of the Occidental preferred stock certificate of designations.

The Occidental common stock warrants allow us to purchase up to 83.86 million shares of Occidental common stock at an exercise price of $59.62 per share. The warrants are exercisable in whole or in part until one year after the date the preferred stock is fully redeemed.

As of December 31, 2023, we owned 151.6 million shares of American Express Company (“American Express”) common stock representing 21% of the outstanding common stock of American Express. Since 1995, we have been party to an agreement with American Express whereby we agreed to vote a significant portion of our shares in accordance with the recommendations of the American Express Board of Directors. We have also agreed to passivity commitments as requested by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, which collectively, in our judgment, restrict our ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of American Express. Accordingly, we do not use the equity method with respect to our investment in American Express common stock and we continue to record our investment at fair value.