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Hedges and Derivative Financial Instruments
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2017
General Discussion of Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities [Abstract]  
Hedges and Derivative Financial Instruments
HEDGES AND DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Derivative instruments are accounted for at fair value based on market rates. Derivatives where we elect hedge accounting are designated as either cash flow or fair value hedges. Derivatives that are not accounted for based on hedge accounting are marked to market through earnings. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends on the intended use and designation of the derivative instrument. Hedging ineffectiveness and a net earnings impact occur when the change in the fair value of the hedge does not offset the change in the fair value of the hedged item. The ineffective portion of the gain or loss is recognized in earnings.
Using derivative instruments means assuming counterparty credit risk. Counterparty credit risk relates to the loss we could incur if a counterparty were to default on a derivative contract. We generally deal with investment grade counterparties and monitor the overall credit risk and exposure to individual counterparties. We do not anticipate nonperformance by any counterparties. The amount of counterparty credit exposure is limited to the unrealized gains, if any, on such derivative contracts. We do not require nor do we post collateral or security on such contracts.
Hedging Strategy
In the normal course of business, we manage risks relating to our ongoing business operations including those arising from changes in foreign exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. Fluctuations in these rates and prices can affect our operating results and financial condition. We use a variety of strategies, including the use of derivative instruments, to manage these risks. We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
We incur expenses associated with the procurement and production of products in a limited number of countries, while we sell in the local currencies of a large number of countries. Our primary foreign currency exchange exposures result from cross-currency sales of products. As a result, we enter into foreign exchange contracts to hedge certain firm commitments and forecasted transactions to acquire products and services that are denominated in foreign currencies.
We enter into certain undesignated non-functional currency asset and liability hedges that relate primarily to short-term payables, receivables and intercompany loans. These forecasted cross-currency cash flows relate primarily to foreign currency denominated expenditures and intercompany financing agreements, royalty agreements and dividends. When we hedge a foreign currency denominated payable or receivable with a derivative, the effect of changes in the foreign exchange rates are reflected currently in interest and sundry (income) expense for both the payable/receivable and the derivative. Therefore, as a result of this economic hedge, we do not elect hedge accounting.


Commodity Price Risk
We enter into commodity derivative contracts on various commodities to manage the price risk associated with forecasted purchases of materials used in our manufacturing process. The objective of these hedges is to reduce the variability of cash flows associated with the forecasted purchase of commodities.
Interest Rate Risk
We may enter into interest rate swap agreements to manage interest rate risk exposure. Our interest rate swap agreements, if any, effectively modify our exposure to interest rate risk, primarily through converting certain floating rate debt to a fixed rate basis, and certain fixed rate debt to a floating rate basis. These agreements involve either the receipt or payment of floating rate amounts in exchange for fixed rate interest payments or receipts, respectively, over the life of the agreements without an exchange of the underlying principal amounts. We also may utilize a cross-currency interest rate swap agreement to manage our exposure relating to certain intercompany debt denominated in one foreign currency that will be repaid in another foreign currency. At June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there were no outstanding interest rate swap agreements.
We may enter into treasury rate lock agreements to effectively modify our exposure to interest rate risk by locking in interest rates on probable long-term debt issuances.
Net Investment Hedging
As of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the outstanding principal amount of foreign currency denominated debt instruments designated as net investment hedges totaled €800 million and €500 million, respectively.
The following table summarizes our foreign currency denominated debt designated as net investment hedges at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:
 
 
Notional (Local)
 
Notional (USD)
 
Maturity
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2017
 
2016
 
 
Instrument
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior note - 0.625%
 
€
500

 
€
500

 
$
571

 
$
527

 
March 2020
Commercial Paper
 
€
300

 
€
—

 
$
343

 
$
—

 
July 2017

For instruments that are designated and qualify as a net investment hedge, the effective portion of the instruments' gain or loss is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI) and recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The gain or loss will be subsequently reclassified into net earnings when the hedged net investment is either sold or substantially liquidated. The remaining change in fair value of the hedge instruments represents the ineffective portion, which is immediately recognized in interest and sundry (income) expense on our consolidated statements of income. As of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there was no ineffectiveness on hedges designated as net investment hedges.
The following table summarizes our outstanding derivative contracts and their effects on our Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:
 

 

Fair Value of

Type 
of
Hedge(1)

 


Notional Amount

Hedge Assets

Hedge Liabilities

Maximum Term (Months)
Millions of dollars

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

 

2017

2016
Derivatives accounted for as hedges


















Foreign exchange forwards/options

$
2,167


$
1,813


$
12


$
32


$
54


$
10


(CF)

52

58
Commodity swaps/options

290


299


12


7


3


11


(CF)

42

36
Total derivatives accounted for as hedges





$
24


$
39


$
57


$
21







Derivatives not accounted for as hedges


















Foreign exchange forwards/options

$
2,818


$
3,262


$
15


$
39


$
38


$
16


N/A

29

35
Commodity swaps/options

1


2


—


—


—


—


N/A

11

2
Total derivatives not accounted for as hedges





15


39


38


16







Total derivatives





$
39


$
78


$
95


$
37






























Current





$
34


$
54


$
73


$
35







Noncurrent





5


24


22


2







Total derivatives





$
39


$
78


$
95


$
37








(1) Derivatives accounted for as hedges are considered cash flow (CF) hedges.

The following tables summarize the effects of derivative instruments on our Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended as follows:
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
Gain (Loss)
Recognized in OCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Gain (Loss) Reclassified from
OCI into Earnings
(Effective Portion) (1)
 
Cash Flow Hedges - Millions of dollars
 
2017
 
2016
 
2017
 
2016
 
Foreign exchange forwards/options
 
$
(50
)
 
$
10

 
$
(37
)
 
$
3

(a)
Commodity swaps/options
 
2

 
9

 
8

 
(8
)
(a)
Interest rate derivatives
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

(b)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Investment Hedges
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency
 
(40
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
$
(88
)

$
19

 
$
(29
)
 
$
(5
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain (Loss) Recognized on Derivatives not
Accounted for as Hedges (2)
 
Derivatives not Accounted for as Hedges - Millions of dollars
 
 
 
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
Foreign exchange forwards/options
 
 
 
 
 
$
(41
)
 
$
9

 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
Gain (Loss)
Recognized in OCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Gain (Loss) Reclassified from
OCI into Earnings
(Effective Portion) (1)
 
Cash Flow Hedges - Millions of dollars
 
2017
 
2016
 
2017
 
2016
 
Foreign exchange
 
$
(60
)
 
$
(6
)
 
$
(42
)
 
$
12

(a)
Commodity swaps/options
 
17

 
21

 
18

 
(24
)
(a)
Interest rate derivatives
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

(b)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Investment Hedges
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency
 
(40
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
$
(83
)
 
$
15

 
$
(24
)
 
$
(12
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain (Loss) Recognized on Derivatives not
Accounted for as Hedges (2)
 
Derivatives not Accounted for as Hedges - Millions of dollars
 
 
 
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
Foreign exchange forwards/options
 
 
 
 
 
$
(79
)
 
$
(34
)
 

(1) Gains and losses reclassified from accumulated OCI and recognized in income are recorded in (a) cost of products sold or (b) interest expense.
(2) Mark to market gains and losses recognized in income are recorded in interest and sundry (income) expense.
For cash flow hedges, the amount of ineffectiveness recognized in interest and sundry (income) expense was nominal for the periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016. There were no hedges designated as fair value for the periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016. The net amount of unrealized gain or loss on derivative instruments included in accumulated OCI related to contracts maturing and expected to be realized during the next twelve months is a gain of $13 million at June 30, 2017.