The following table summarizes restructuring reserve activity for the period indicated (in millions):


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Accrued liability, beginning of period	$	102

Payments	(36)
Adjustments	(9)
Accrued liability, end of period	$	57

During the first quarter of 2023, management approved plans to drive operational improvement that included the reduction of workforce. The reduction was substantially completed in the first quarter of 2023 and resulted in a pre-tax charge of $42 million.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, management approved plans to drive operational improvement that included the reduction of workforce. The reduction resulted in a pre-tax charge of $99 million. We expect the reduction to be substantially completed in the second quarter of 2024.

The restructuring charges incurred in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023 are included in general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of income.