Restructuring

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

The following table summarizes restructuring reserve activity during 2021 (in millions):


	Employee Severance and Benefits
Accrued liability as of January 1, 2021	$	—
Charges	35
Payments	(34)

Accrued liability as of December 31, 2021	$	1

During the first quarter of 2021, management approved plans that included the reduction in workforce and other exit costs. The reduction was substantially completed in the first quarter of 2021 and resulted in a pre-tax charge of $35 million.

During the first quarter of 2020 we substantially completed the reduction in workforce that was approved by management during the fourth quarter of 2019. We incurred pre-tax restructuring charges of approximately $7 million primarily during the first quarter of 2020 in connection with the action taken in the fourth quarter of 2019 and made payments of approximately $34 million during 2020.

During the first quarter of 2019, management approved a plan to drive operational improvement that included the reduction of workforce. The reduction was substantially completed in the first quarter of 2019 and resulted in pre-tax restructuring charges of approximately $39 million. During the fourth quarter of 2019, management approved a plan to drive operational improvement that included the reduction of workforce. We incurred a pre-tax charge of $25 million, which was primarily related to employee severance and benefits.

The restructuring charges incurred in 2021, 2020 and 2019 were included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of income.