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Accounting Policies
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2015
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Accounting Policies
Accounting Policies
(a) Presentation and Use of Estimates
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, which require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of results of operations and financial condition for the interim periods shown, including normal recurring accruals and other items.
Examples of significant estimates include the allowance for doubtful accounts, revenue reserves, the depreciation of property, plant and equipment, valuation of intangible assets, qualified pension and other post-employment benefit plan assumptions, stock-based compensation and income taxes.
(b) Revenue Recognition
Revenues are recognized as services are rendered and are primarily derived from the usage of the Company's networks and facilities or under wholesale arrangements with other communications carriers. Revenues are primarily derived from: voice services, access (including pooling), certain CAF receipts, Internet and broadband services and other miscellaneous services. Local access charges are billed to local end users under tariffs approved by each state's Public Utilities Commission ("PUC") or by rates, terms and conditions determined by the Company. Access revenues are derived for the intrastate jurisdiction by billing access charges to interexchange carriers, wireless carriers and to other LECs. These charges are billed based on toll or access tariffs approved by the local state's PUC. Access charges for the interstate jurisdiction are billed in accordance with tariffs filed by the National Exchange Carrier Association ("NECA") or by the individual company and approved by the Federal Communications Commission (the "FCC").
Revenues are determined on a bill-and-keep basis or a pooling basis. If on a bill-and-keep basis, the Company bills the charges to either the wholesale provider or the end user and keeps the revenue. If the Company participates in a pooling environment (interstate or intrastate), the toll or access billed is contributed to a revenue pool. The revenue is then distributed to individual companies based on their company-specific revenue requirement or similar distribution methods. This distribution is based on individual state PUC's (intrastate) or the FCC's (interstate) approved settlement mechanisms, separation rules and rates of return. Distribution from these pools can change relative to changes made to expenses, plant investment or rate-of-return. Some companies participate in federal and certain state universal service programs that are pooling in nature but are regulated by rules separate from those described above. These rules vary by state. Revenues earned through the various pooling arrangements are initially recorded based on the Company's estimates. Rule changes associated with the FCC's CAF/ICC Order (as defined hereinafter) impact the NECA interstate pooling, in that a portion of the Company's interstate Universal Service Fund ("USF") revenues, which are administered through the NECA pools and which prior to January 1, 2012 were based on costs, are now based on rules from the FCC's CAF/ICC Order, including CAF Phase II support where FairPoint accepted CAF Phase II support, continued CAF Phase I frozen support where FairPoint did not accept CAF Phase II support and CAF/ICC rules in states where FairPoint is eligible for such support under the ICC Transition Rules for price cap and rate-of-return carriers. FairPoint accepted CAF Phase II support in all states except Kansas and Colorado.
Long distance switched retail and wholesale services can be recurring due to coverage under an unlimited calling plan or be usage sensitive. In either case, they are billed in arrears and recognized when earned. Internet and data services revenues are substantially all recurring revenues and are billed one month in advance and deferred until earned.
As of September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, unearned revenue of $21.5 million and $19.0 million, respectively, was included in other accrued liabilities and unearned revenue of $7.6 million and $9.3 million, respectively, was included in other long-term liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The majority of the Company's other miscellaneous services revenue is generated from ancillary special projects at the request of third parties, video services, directory services and late payment charges to end users and wholesale carriers. The Company requires customers to pay for ancillary special projects in advance. As of September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, customer deposits of $2.2 million and $2.4 million, respectively, were included in other accrued liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Once the ancillary special project is completed or substantially complete and all project costs have been accumulated for proper accounting recognition, the advance payment is recognized as revenue with any overpayments refunded to the customer, as appropriate. The Company recognizes revenue upon the provision of video services in certain markets by reselling DirecTV and providing cable and IP television video-over-digital subscriber line services. The Company also publishes telephone directories in some of its Telecom Group markets and recognizes revenues associated with these publications evenly over the time period covered by the directory, which is typically twelve months. The Company bills late payment fees to customers who have not paid their bills in a timely manner. In general, late payment fee revenue is recognized based on collection of these charges.
Non-recurring customer activation fees, along with the related costs up to, but not exceeding, the activation fees, are deferred and amortized over the customer relationship period.
On June 26, 2014, the Maine PUC ("MPUC") adopted a final rule (Chapter 201), establishing new provider of last resort ("POLR") service quality index ("SQI") standards and reporting requirements which began August 1, 2014. Under Chapter 201, the MPUC may open an investigation into the failure to meet any of the established standards and has the authority to impose penalties of up to $500,000 per standard. On January 13, 2015, the MPUC issued a Notice of Investigation to review the Company's service quality in Maine. In addition, the Vermont Public Service Board opened an investigation into service quality on December 3, 2014 at the request of the Vermont Department of Public Service. Penalties, if any, would be recorded as a reduction to revenue.
The Company also adopted a separate performance assurance plan ("PAP") for certain services provided on a wholesale basis to competitive local exchange carriers ("CLECs") in each of the states of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont. Pursuant to the PAPs, FairPoint was required to provide service credits in the event the Company was unable to meet the provisions of the respective PAP. Effective June 1, 2015, the PAP was retired and the Company began measuring and reporting certain wholesale local service performance results pursuant to the terms of a simplified measurement plan. The new plan, called the Wholesale Performance Plan ("WPP"), was developed collaboratively with CLECs over several years and was approved by the Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont regulatory commissions. Under the WPP, the Company is subject to significantly fewer performance criteria and its annual service credit exposure was reduced.
Revenue is recognized net of tax collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities.
Customer arrangements that include both equipment and services are evaluated to determine whether the elements are separable. If the elements are deemed separable and separate earnings processes exist, the revenue associated with each element is allocated to each element based on the relative estimated selling price of the separate elements. The Company has estimated the selling prices of each element by reference to vendor-specific objective evidence of selling prices when the elements are sold separately. The revenue associated with each element is then recognized as earned.
Management makes estimated adjustments, as necessary, to revenue and accounts receivable for billing errors, including certain disputed amounts.
(c) Impairment of Indefinite-lived Intangible Asset
In accordance with the Intangibles-Goodwill and Other Topic of the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"), non-amortizable intangible assets are assessed for impairment at least annually. The Company performs its annual impairment test as of the first day of the fourth fiscal quarter of each year and assesses the fair value of the trade name based on the relief from royalty method. If the carrying amount of the trade name exceeds its estimated fair value, the asset is considered impaired.
For its non-amortizable intangible asset impairment assessment of the FairPoint trade name, the Company makes certain assumptions including an estimated royalty rate, a long-term growth rate, an effective tax rate and a discount rate and applies these assumptions to projected future cash flows, exclusive of cash flows associated with wholesale revenues and other revenues not generated through brand recognition. As of October 1, 2014, the estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value in the Company's quantitative analysis; therefore, an impairment was not necessary. The Company performed another quantitative analysis as of December 31, 2014 and the estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value by approximately 4%; therefore, an impairment was not necessary. However, future changes in one or more of the assumptions discussed above may result in the recognition of an impairment loss.
(d) Accounting for Income Taxes
In accordance with the Income Taxes Topic of the ASC, income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management determines its estimates of future taxable income based upon the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities and tax planning strategies. The Company establishes valuation allowances for deferred tax assets when it is estimated to be more likely than not that the tax assets will not be realized.
FairPoint Communications files a consolidated income tax return with its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.
(e) Operating Segments
Management views its business of providing data, video and voice communication services to residential, wholesale and business customers as one operating segment as defined in the Segment Reporting Topic of the ASC. The Company's services consist of retail and wholesale telecommunications and data services, including voice and HSD in 17 states. The Company's chief operating decision maker assesses operating performance and allocates resources based on the consolidated results.
(f) Interest Rate Swap Agreements
In the third quarter of 2013, the Company entered into interest rate swap agreements. For further information regarding these interest rate swap agreements, see note (7) "Interest Rate Swap Agreements." The interest rate swap agreements, at their inception, qualified for and were designated as cash flow hedging instruments. In accordance with the Derivatives and Hedging Topic of the ASC, the Company records its interest rate swaps on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The effective portion of changes in fair value are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) and are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. Any ineffective portion is recognized in earnings. Both at inception and on a quarterly basis, the Company performs an effectiveness test.