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Accounting Policies (Policies)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2014
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Principles of Consolidation
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include all majority-owned subsidiaries of the Company. Partially owned equity affiliates are accounted for under the cost method or equity method when the Company demonstrates significant influence, but does not have a controlling financial interest. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Presentation and use of estimates
Presentation and Use of Estimates
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, which require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of results of operations and financial condition for the interim periods shown, including normal recurring accruals and other items.
Within the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2013, the Company has reclassified the deferred income tax expense associated with the gain on sale of business to a net presentation and has separately reported stock-based compensation, which had been included in other non-cash items, to be consistent with current period presentation.
Examples of significant estimates include the allowance for doubtful accounts, revenue reserves, the depreciation of property, plant and equipment, valuation of intangible assets, qualified pension and post-retirement healthcare plan assumptions, stock-based compensation and income taxes.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue Recognition
Revenues are recognized as services are rendered and are primarily derived from the usage of the Company's networks and facilities or under revenue-sharing arrangements with other communications carriers. Revenues are primarily derived from: voice services, access (including pooling), Connect America Fund ("CAF") receipts, Internet and broadband services and other miscellaneous services. Local access charges are billed to local end users under tariffs approved by each state's Public Utilities Commission ("PUC") or by rates, terms and conditions determined by the Company. Access revenues are derived for the intrastate jurisdiction by billing access charges to interexchange carriers, wireless carriers and to other local exchange carriers ("LECs"). These charges are billed based on toll or access tariffs approved by the local state's PUC. Access charges for the interstate jurisdiction are billed in accordance with tariffs filed by the National Exchange Carrier Association ("NECA") or by the individual company and approved by the Federal Communications Commission (the "FCC").
Revenues are determined on a bill-and-keep basis or a pooling basis. If on a bill-and-keep basis, the Company bills the charges to either the access provider or the end user and keeps the revenue. If the Company participates in a pooling environment (interstate or intrastate), the toll or access billed is contributed to a revenue pool. The revenue is then distributed to individual companies based on their company-specific revenue requirement. This distribution is based on individual state PUC's (intrastate) or the FCC's (interstate) approved separation rules and rates of return. Distribution from these pools can change relative to changes made to expenses, plant investment or rate-of-return. Some companies participate in federal and certain state universal service programs that are pooling in nature but are regulated by rules separate from those described above. These rules vary by state. Revenues earned through the various pooling arrangements are initially recorded based on the Company's estimates. Rule changes associated with the FCC's CAF/ICC Order (as defined hereinafter) impact the NECA interstate pooling, in that a portion of the Company's interstate Universal Service Fund ("USF") revenues, which are administered through the NECA pools and which prior to January 1, 2012 were based on costs, are now based on the CAF Phase I rules and will be based on CAF Phase II rules when those are put into effect.
Long distance retail and wholesale services can be recurring due to coverage under an unlimited calling plan or be usage sensitive. In either case, they are generally billed in arrears and recognized when earned. Internet and data services revenues are substantially all recurring revenues and are billed one month in advance and deferred until earned.
As of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, unearned revenue of $15.5 million and $18.0 million, respectively, was included in other accrued liabilities and unearned revenue of $9.9 million and $10.5 million, respectively, was included in other long-term liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The majority of the Company's other miscellaneous services revenue is generated from ancillary special projects at the request of third parties, video services, directory services and late payment charges to end users and interexchange carriers. The Company requires customers to pay for ancillary special projects in advance. As of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, customer deposits of $2.3 million and $6.8 million, respectively, were included in current other accrued liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Once the ancillary special project is completed or substantially complete and all project costs have been accumulated for proper accounting recognition, the advance payment is recognized as revenue with any overpayments refunded to the customer as appropriate. The Company recognizes revenue upon the provision of video services in certain markets by reselling DirecTV content and providing cable and IP television video-over-digital subscriber line services. The Company also publishes telephone directories in some of its Telecom Group markets and recognizes revenues associated with these publications evenly over the time period covered by the directory, which is typically twelve months. The Company bills late payment fees to customers who have not paid their bills in a timely manner. In general, late fee revenue is recognized based on collection of these charges.
Non-recurring customer activation fees, along with the related costs up to, but not exceeding, the activation fees, are deferred and amortized over the customer relationship period.
The Company was subject to retail service quality plans for a portion of 2013 in Maine and Vermont, pursuant to which service quality index ("SQI") penalties are imposed upon the Company's failure to meet the requirements of the respective plans. Penalties resulting from these commitments were recorded as a reduction to revenue and to other accrued liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company also adopted a separate performance assurance plan ("PAP") for certain services provided on a wholesale basis to competitive local exchange carriers ("CLECs") in each of the states of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont, pursuant to which FairPoint is required to provide performance credits in the event the Company is unable to meet the provisions of the respective PAP. Penalties resulting from these commitments are recorded as a reduction to revenue. In Maine and New Hampshire, these penalties are recorded as a reduction to accounts receivable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets since they are paid by the Company in the form of credits applied to CLEC bills. PAP penalties in Vermont are recorded to other accrued liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as a majority of these penalties are paid to the Vermont Universal Service Fund ("VUSF"), while the remaining credits assessed in Vermont are paid by the Company in the form of credits applied to CLEC bills.
Revenue is recognized net of tax collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities.
Customer arrangements that include both equipment and services are evaluated to determine whether the elements are separable. If the elements are deemed separable and separate earnings processes exist, the revenue associated with each element is allocated to such element based on the relative estimated selling price of the separate elements. We have estimated the selling prices of each element by reference to vendor-specific objective evidence of selling prices when the elements are sold separately. The revenue associated with each element is then recognized as earned.
Management makes estimated adjustments, as necessary, to revenue and accounts receivable for billing errors, including certain disputed amounts.
Accounting for Income Taxes
Accounting for Income Taxes
In accordance with the Income Taxes Topic of the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"), income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management determines its estimates of future taxable income based upon the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities and tax planning strategies. The Company establishes valuation allowances for deferred tax assets when it is estimated to be more likely than not that the tax assets will not be realized.
FairPoint Communications files a consolidated income tax return with its subsidiaries. All intercompany tax transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.
Operating Segments
Operating Segments
Management views its business of providing data, video and voice communication services to residential, wholesale and business customers as one operating segment. The Company's services consist of retail and wholesale telecommunications and data services, including voice and high-speed data ("HSD") in 17 states. The Company's chief operating decision maker assesses operating performance and allocates resources based on the consolidated results.
Interest Rate Swap Agreements
Interest Rate Swap Agreements
In the third quarter of 2013, the Company entered into interest rate swap agreements. For further information regarding these interest rate swap agreements, see note (7) "Interest Rate Swap Agreements." The interest rate swap agreements, at their inception, qualified for and were designated as cash flow hedging instruments. In accordance with the Derivatives and Hedging Topic of the ASC, the Company records its interest rate swaps on the condensed consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The effective portion of changes in fair value are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss and are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. Any ineffective portion is recognized in earnings. Both at inception and on a quarterly basis, the Company performs an effectiveness test.